Home – Home – Jornals – "Philosophy of Education" 2017 number 2

The purpose of the work is to identify the reasons of the problems of Russian education: commercialization, bureaucratization and managerization. The research method is the system approach. The study subject is the ideology of individualistic society. It is shown that, at the post-industrial stage of evolution of this society, education turns into the services sector functioning under laws of the market and operated by managers. Regularity of emergence of problems of commercialization and managerization of education is derived from this regularity. It is shown that the reason behind the bureaucratization problem is low financing and, respectively, the low status of teaching work. The reasons of such low financing are defined.

The article deals with the essence of the project of upbringing, realized in the Soviet society in 1920-1930-s. Its authors formulated the target and informative elements of the project of upbringing, guided by the interests of Russian modernization and by the interests of the formation of etacratic socio-cultural system in the USSR. The article states that the "real socialism" was a simulacrum which concealed the true nature of the soviet society. This nature differed from the essence of capitalism and Marxist socialism. Accordingly, postulating the Marxist character of upbringing project was a representation of this phantom in the USSR in 1920-1930-s. While authentic Marxism regarded free individual as a goal of upbringing, the Bolshevist theorists of upbringing considered the goal of upbringing as the person which guided by the transpersonal interests. «The impersonal collectivism» of Bolshevist theorists of upbringing has not grown on the empty place. The founders of Marxism did not reject, as a fundamental motive of vital functions, collective interests. However, their «guiding star» was not a traditional collectivism, naturally arising in the earliest stages of human history, but the association, freely created by free individuals. In other words, the ideal of Marx and Engels was a collective that does not prevail over the individual, but creates conditions for the free development of each of its members. Bolshevist ideal (distinct from classical Marxism) was formulated by I. V. Stalin in 1945 as «man a cog». However, some Bolsheviks tried to remain faithful to the authentic Marxism. Specifically, A. V. Lunacharsky wrote that genuine collectivism does not deny the creative, unique individuality, and Marxists have always sought to liberate individuality and give scope to human creativity. But sociocentristic version of ideal won. This was due, firstly, by the orientation of the Bolsheviks on the ideals and values of mass pedagogical consciousness and, secondly, by the need to complete the industrial modernization of the country in the shortest time. Marxism was only an ideological cover for camouflage of the traditional Russian policy of catch-up development and the value orientation of Bolsheviks on the personality, which to give priority to the transpersonal interests. Ultimately, the ideal of upbringing 1920-1930-s acquired a hybrid nature, combining elements of sociocentrism and anthropocentrism.

The article analyzes the university as a sphere of social interaction, the role of contemporary university in the development of social communication processes and constructive social collaboration. The problem of social interaction has become especially topical in the time of uncertainty and turbulence. Under the circumstances of transformation and deformation of traditional social structures, which determined the social connections and relations, it is important to investigate contemporary social institutions in terms of their integrational effectiveness. The university in that aspect is examined as a specific form of arranging the social whole. The role of university in the elaboration the meanings context of social interaction and in the forming the subject of social action is revealed. It is shown that contemporary university simultaneously moves on several planes and trajectories that results in widening the space of university`s activity and enhancing its potential as a factor of developing the social interrelations. Special emphasize is made on the idea of synergetic interacting as a strategical principle of functioning of the contemporary university. The article then moves on to examine the potential of the university as a space of socialization of youth and the «third mission» of the university in its social dimension. The conclusion is made that the university may be considered to be an influential integrative force of society, as a factor of providing the stability of the society.

In the article the mechanism of mastering the system of values of military culture is considered. We examine the concept of «Russian officer», propose a definition of the concept of the mechanism of mastering the system of values of military culture as the process of absorbing, mastering and developing in the person and the military team of the interconnected value elements (value consciousness), which are manifested through the activity (value activity) and expressing relation to the surrounding world and the person himself (value relations). We propose such methods of mastering the system of values of military culture as moralizing, personal example, indirect interference, aid in understanding the values, which realize through two basic forms of educational action: direct and indirect ones. The mastering of values as the bases of the directivity of person and their transfer into status of the qualities of personality is achieved through practical inclusion of the subject into social relations and includes such stages as the presentation of values to cadet (absorption), realization of value orientations by personality, adoption of value orientations (mastery and reinforcement at the theoretical level), the realization of value orientations in the activity and behavior (culture).

The article is devoted to the problems of analysis of social and methodological bases of modern terrorism. It is noted that today in scientific literature quite diverse approaches are presented and the most various points of view on terrorism problems are stated. It is caused by the fact that the studied phenomenon is extremely difficult, diverse and contradictory. Features and defects of some scientific approaches to studying of this phenomenon are considered. Social and philosophical analysis provides an opportunity to analyze the phenomenon of modern terrorism both from the point of view of its intrinsic signs, and at the level of its structure, functions, subjects, types and dynamic characteristics.

The article substantiates the need to increase the motivation of students in the learning process by involving all available methods, including questionnaires. The analysis of a two-stage questionnaire survey before the beginning of training and at the end allows making corrections in the process of acquiring both theoretical and practical skills. The authors present the results of the questionnaire survey conducted among the students of the Chair of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, showing how the expectations of the students change in the process of acquiring knowledge.

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of axiological approach to the upbringing of students in the formation of outlook of future specialists. The authors substantiate the philosophical and pedagogical problem of upbringing and socialization of students in the educational process, analyze the forms, methods and techniques for the formation of the value relation of students to future careers. Quality organization and support of the educational process, as the authors point out, will form worldview attitudes for the future professional activity.

Nowadays the problem of interaction between the man and the environment is a subject of many publications. This is due to the fact that the new virtual space - information-communicative environment based on the Internet has appeared. The real impact of the network transforms human relationships and has a significant influence on the formation of personality. In these conditions, the relevant pedagogical ideas are topical. They help build the University educational process, the leading characteristics of which are complexity, openness, non-equilibrium, nonlinearity. These concepts together determine the conditions of self-organizing systems of entities. Several studies have substantiated the thesis that the man becomes self-developing system when he does not only form a decision-making subject depending on external conditions, but also when he becomes a subject for external circumstances through which he converts his internal program management. As the basis for modeling the specific conditions of the educational system to encourage the student to self-organization a special vision of human nature, its structure and the laws of internal development can be considered. Scientists developing their research in the anthropic principle have proved that educational process (processes) focused on the role of the student must contain the conditions and factors that update all facets of the person. These circumstances attach particular importance to coordinated interaction (joint action) of the subjects of education by achieving synergy through the operation in the same time-world, including the development of «resonance» learning through topologically correct exposure. During the pedagogical activities teachers are capable of «resonance» actions to lay the selection mechanism, the most successful student-centric options for the development of the students. This circumstance is explained by the fact that by varying the initial impact on the micro level some structures may appear and serve as attractors or development goals. Practical experience shows that with this approach, the educational process is a continuous single movement, sequential state transition system, the combination of certain consistent actions to achieve a student-centered result. The involvement of the student in self-organizing educational processes makes it possible to form personalities capable of living in varying conditions of the society able to reflect the world as holistic, open and multi-faceted. Therefore, knowledge of the student’s self-organization process requires the study of this phenomenon from the perspective of the systemic-dynamic approach to the position of a person's ability to discover and expand their own «space of free movement».

The authors of the article are engaged in research of human problems from different positions: P. V. Ushakov investigates the phenomenon of man as a whole, on the basis of the system-philosophical approach, and P. G. Vorontsov, in the applied aspect: human perfection in the field of physical education and sports. The joint work of the authors led to interesting results at the junction of general, private and applied anthropological knowledge. The applied complex approach to knowledge about the person showed the following results. Firstly, a variant of systematization of anthropological knowledge was proposed, both on the basis of common traditions and taking into account innovative approaches and knowledge on the basis of human philosophy, human studies (and similar fields) - with the prospect of forming a unified science of man (the goal which was already set in the XIX century). Secondly, it is justified that existing knowledge about the man, but existing separately in different cognitive-practical spheres, should be appropriately identified and included in the form of special anthropological objects in human studies. This include, for example, the developing (dialectical) Ethical, Aesthetic, Valeological, Labor, Adaptive, Military, Robotics, Deviant, Relaxation, and Extreme anthropology. This approach contributes to the most diverse and complete integration of knowledge about the person. Thirdly, arguments are presented for distinguishing a special anthropological science in the system of knowledge about the man, the physical education and sports anthropology, which studies in detail the being of the person in the system of physical culture, sports, and also the ways of perfection of the body and spirit of man through special types of motor activity and familiarization to a healthy lifestyle.

The Soviet system of education with its values, norms and attitudes has been destroyed, and no new national idea of determining the moral, spiritual, patriotic development of the individual has been created to the present day. It is worth noting that in recent years the topic of patriotism has acquired an urgent importance. Active work is under way to develop a regulatory legal, educational and methodological base, the need is discussed to improve and update material and technical equipment, improve the system of patriotic work in educational institutions of different levels and working collectives. This is due to the fact that in difficult socio-economic, political, geopolitical conditions for the preservation of the national identity and territorial integrity of the country, the revival of its economic stability and protection in case of external danger, patriotism appears as a necessary condition for the future existence of Russia. The purpose of this article is to study the axiological foundations of adult patriotism, as it serves as a vehicle for values and a model for the younger generation, transferring their experience through the processes of upbringing and education. In the article the etymology of the concept of "patriotism" is considered from the point of view of the axiological approach, since it is axiology that allows in the context of scientific knowledge to consider the deep processes of human society, the interconnection and interaction of people from the perspective of values, above all in their moral basis. The problems of the patriotism of adults are revealed; we claim that the conduct of an educational policy and work to increase the level of their patriotism is possible through various social institutions. The methods of patriotic upbringing of adults are singled out. It is concluded that in the first place, attention should be paid to the upbringing of patriotism in adults, since they are examples of value orientations for the younger generation.

The Russian and Mongolian peoples have long-standing friendly relations, but during the years of democratic and market reforms, the positive connection was lost. In recent years, Russian-Mongolian relations have come to a qualitatively new level. In the conditions of the need of the development of Russian-Mongolian relations in a positive manner, there arose the need of training qualified personnel with knowledge of languages of both countries. The article presents the results of research of professional orientation of youth as a possible research directions, as well as information about the real needs and opportunities of the education system of Mongolia on their satisfaction in obtaining a population of higher and secondary special education. Conducted in Western Mongolia, in Ulaanbaatar, the study identified the most promising opportunities of educational cooperation between Siberia and Mongolia in the field of training for the Mongolian economy. The importance of the development of scientific and educational cooperation between Russia and Mongolia is not only the possibility of training highly qualified specialists for the promotion of new technologies and joint business projects, but, in general, the mechanism of reproduction of groups of translators of the Russian language and culture in the neighboring territories in the future.

This article analyzes the current status of professional education of future teachers-artists in the context of changing educational paradigm. The authors consider the specifics, the current state of training of future teachers of fine arts. The authors highlight the problems and outline the trends of the system of professional development of undergraduate students. Basic organizational and pedagogical condition is determined as the integration of scientific knowledge, experience of creative activities and special training in the field of pedagogy and psychology. In general, the process is seen as based on science-based innovative pedagogical technologies.

The article deals with the specifics of training the masters to crafts in the first third of the twentieth century, which were linked to a new State policy. We describe its economic premise, which was that traditionally in the middle zone of Russian State handicrafts and their fabrication have made substantial contributions to the income of a peasant. The authors draw attention to the fact that industrial approach, with its samples, bulk copy system has also a negative influence on the artistic side of the manufactured products. In the work it is claimed that the greatest harm that crafts and decorative-applied arts development suffered was from industrial attitudes towards the manufactured products that ultimately led to the closure of many original and interesting handicraft workshops in the 1930-ies. Based on historical analysis, the important role of folk art in the organization of cottage graft industry is emphasized. The article reveals the positive and negative sides of artisanal workshops, their rebirth in folk art crafts enterprises. We describe three levels of the system of training artists in the form of: training and demonstration workshops, training schools, technical schools and museums of cottage craft industry, the concept of organization of instructor schools and their obligations. The authors conclude that the instructor of the school, and the entire system of training for crafts was a prototype artist-teacher training system for schools and after-school educational institutions. Instructor schools comply with today's feature art colleges, art schools and clubs and electives in applied art. The fact is underlined that some negative points that emerged in the work of training schools, the attitude toward them, moved into the modern system of additional education and conducting classes for the applied arts. At the same time, a lot of positive experience proved to be forgotten and can be successfully applied in modern training of professionals in the field of arts and crafts.

The article is devoted to revealing the potential of the basic disciplines in the development of professional competence of future teachers of the fine arts on the example of academic drawing, painting and academic composition. The authors believe that the study of these basic disciplines provides, first of all, provides fundamental training in the development of professional skills of the future teacher of the fine arts. Although the appropriate professional level is formed throughout the entire period of professional activity, already during the student years the foundations are laid of what is called «learning to do», i.e. certain level of professional artistry. This is, in fact, one of the aspects of the professional competence of the future teacher of the fine arts.

This article is devoted to the analysis and study of modern problems of additional mathematical education, and also to the research of further ways of developing of this field of education. The authors consider the already existing system of mathematical education and trace influence of the traditions of the Soviet era on the current picture of this kind of education. It is noteworthy that in the article mathematics is regarded not only as a discipline and subject of teaching, but also as an educational practice that can be represented in different forms. The existing forms of additional mathematical education are exposed to the critical analysis, their effective components and deficits are distinguished. Such forms as clubs for mathematics lovers, the subject-specific mathematical olympiads (competitions), specialized physical and mathematical schools, etc. are considered. Special attention is paid to summer schools. The focus is on the practice of selection and support of mathematically gifted students as having a key influence on the construction of mathematical education in the XX century as well as now. Besides the analysis of the bases of the existing approaches and purposes of mathematical education, modern contexts and priorities of mathematical education following from them are studied. Prospects for mathematical education of such formats as games and simulators (including computer games), TV series (as a form of promoting some specific knowledge), etc. are analyzed. The authors set forth a hypothesis concerning the vectors within which an expansion of mathematical additional education should occur. The paper attempts to answer the following question: what kinds of new formats should appear in the field of mathematics education; with what popular media trends this sphere could be synthesized; in what modern public practical circumstances the specificity of mathematical knowledge can be applied. In particular, the formats of intensive schools, elective courses, clubs and the variety of their types are considered as perspective and promising.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the problems of formation of professional orientation of the education of students on the basis of studying the graphic disciplines. Graphical presentation of information facilitates visualization and modeling of various processes in the study of theoretical and practical material in the process of studying technical subjects. A special role is played by the language of graphics in creating the information and communication environment in engineering education. Graphic training as a component of engineering education should perform the following interrelated functions: the educational, technical, special, and general cultural ones.

This article focuses upon special aspects of teaching students of the Department of Foreign Languages to construct teacher-made tests for effective application at school. Teacher-made tests estimate the pupil achievements. Their objectivity improves the learners’ development. The mathematical-statistical measurement of test results, including reliability and validity, is used to the foundation of objectivity of the procedure. The article emphasizes the professional orientation of learning process, a new vision of assessment materials according to modern trends of pedagogy. We offer a curriculum for teaching the test theory, peculiar aspects of language tests, as well as their role in forming the communicative competence. It is important to understand what can be tested, what different tests measure, including cloze-tests. Practical classes are held to form students’ skills to construct tests and estimate the items statistical characteristics using computer program.

The article focuses on the role of the Museum space in the preservation of cultural and historical heritage of humanity. Museum education is a new field of educational activity and can be considered as an innovative pedagogical technology. Modern innovative technologies improve the process of perception of Museum information through the creation of the effect of belonging. The development of interactive technology promotes a more intimate communication of the Museum visitor with the exposition. In recent years there has been quite a different understanding of the relationship between Museum and visitor, established the new term of «cultural-educational activity», which involves education in the cultural space. Integrated use of socio-cultural opportunities cultural and educational organization provides an effective interaction of traditional and innovative methods of education - the revival of the historical continuity of culture based on national traditions, the reconstruction of the largely lost system of holidays, rituals, traditional forms of entertainment, the renewed interest in folk art, crafts, folk games, development of creative potential of personality, patriotism and citizenship.

The article is devoted to socio-pedagogical problems of overcoming of deviant behavior of children and adolescents by means of social tourism in the Orenburg region. The category of consumers of tourist services is children and adolescents who are in difficult life situation characterized by deviant behavior. The paper describes the importance and the need to achieve educational and social goals - the formation of the spiritual foundations of children and adolescents in the traditions of the Orenburg Cossacks by means of social tourism. The author of the article revealed the specific features of spiritual and material culture of the Orenburg Cossacks, which is theoretical-methodological basis of technology of upbringing and education of children and adolescents, characterized by deviant behavior; the author proved that social tourism is a powerful tool and an effective pedagogical form for the formation of positive models of behavior of children and adolescents.