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Earth’s Cryosphere

2022 year, number 4

1.
DEVELOPMENT OF GEOCRYOLOGICAL MONITORING OF NATURAL AND TECHNICAL FACILITIES IN THE REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION BASED ON GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING SYSTEMS OF FUEL AND ENERGY SECTOR

V.P. Melnikov1,2,3,4, V.I. Osipov5, A.V. Brouchkov6, A.G. Alekseev7,8, S.V. Badina6,9, N.M. Berdnikov1, S.A. Velikin10, D.S. Drozdov1,11, V.A. Dubrovin12, M.N. Zheleznyak10, O.V. Zhdaneev13, A.A. Zakharov14, Ya.K. Leopold15, M.E. Kuznetsov16, G.V. Malkova1, A.B. Osokin17, N.A. Ostarkov18, F.M. Rivkin1, M.R. Sadurtdinov1, D.O. Sergeev5, R.Yu. Fedorov1, K.N. Frolov13, E.V. Ustinova1,3, A.N. Shein15
1Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Malygina str. 86, Tyumen, 625026, Russia
2Tyumen State University, Volodarskogo str. 6, Tyumen, 625003, Russia
3Tyumen Industrial University, Volodarskogo str. 38, Tyumen, 625000, Russia
4Cryosphere interdisciplinary research methodology, TSC SB RAS, Malygina str. 86, Tyumen, 625026, Russia
5Sergeev Geoecology Institute, RAS, Ulanskiy per. 13, bldg. 2, Moscow, 101000, Russia
6Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
7Research Center of Construction, Ryazanskiy prosp. 59, Moscow, 109428, Russia
8Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Yaroslavskoe sh. 26, Moscow, 129337, Russia
9Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanniy per. 36, Moscow, 117997, Russia
10Melnikov Permafrost Institute, SB RAS, Merzlotnaya str. 36, Yakutsk, 677010, Russia
11Sergo Ordzhonikidze Russian State University for Geological Prospecting, Miklukho-Maklaya str. 23, Moscow, 117997, Russia
12Gidrospetsgeologiya, Marshalla Rybalko str. 4, Moscow, 123060, Russia
13Russian Energy agency, Prospect Mira 105, bldg 1, Moscow, 129085, Russia
14Transneft, Presnenskaya nab. 4, bldg 2, Moscow, 123112, Russia
15Arctic Research Center, Respubliki str. 20, office 203, Salekhard, 629008, Russia
16FASI "Vostokgosplan", Zaparina str. 67, Khabarovsk, 680000, Russia
17Nadymgazprom, Pionerskaya str. 14, Nadym, 629730, Russia
18Ministry of the Russian Federation for the Development of the Far East and the Arctic, Bolshoy Mogiltsevskiy per. 7, bldg 2, Moscow, 119002, Russia
Keywords: global change of climate, permafrost, fuel and energy complex, background monitoring, geotechnical monitoring, geocryological station, thaw, damage, Arctic

Abstract >>
Over the past 30 years, there have been marked significant increase in the temperature of the upper horizons of permafrost: by an average of 2.5 °C in the Russian Federation. This is related to the degradation trends in permafrost, which negatively affect both natural landscapes and engineering infrastructure. Economic entities try to protect their enterprises by investing both in engineering measures and in monitoring of changes in frozen soils under structures. One of the leading places in this area is occupied by the fuel and energy complex. A system of automated geotechnical monitoring of permafrost soils is beginning to be implemented at its enterprises, and in the near future (5-10 years) this will become mandatory for every structure located in the permafrost zone. But so far, in different regions and organizations, geotechnical monitoring of permafrost is carried out according to different methods, often in a reduced volume without taking into account natural trends and in the absence of appropriate analysis and forecast. At the same time, background changes occurring independently of economic activity are ignored by almost everyone. This drastically reduces the effectiveness of monitoring. The reason, on the one hand, in the shortcomings of the regulations for observations and data processing, and on the other hand, in the fact that in the Russian Federation background geocryological monitoring of natural conditions is carried out in an extremely insufficient volume. As a result, the possibility of a medium-termand long-term forecast of changes in permafrost soils is extremely limited. For the fuel and energy complex, the problem is aggravated by the lack of data exchange between its individual companies both within the regions and at the federal level. The scheme of the federal permafrost monitoring system is proposed based on the creation of a system of federal geocryological polygons, where 2 types of monitoring are combined: background natural environmental monitoring and geotechnical monitoring of land and subsoil users (primarily in the fuel and energy complex).



2.
ORIGIN AND ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION AT EXTREMELY LOW TEMPERATURES IN YAKUTSK (EASTERN SIBERIA)

A.A. Galanin, M.R. Pavlova, A.N. Vasil'eva, G.I. Shaposhnikov, N.V. Torgovkin
Melnikov Permafrost Institute, SB RAS, Merzlotnaya str. 36, Yakutsk, 677010, Russia
Keywords: stable isotopes of water, atmospheric precipitation, snow, crystalline hoar, ice fog, low temperatures, technogenic sources of precipitation, fractionation, Yakutsk, Eastern Siberia

Abstract >>
Isotopic (18O, D) and chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation (1-2-cm snow layer on the surface of the snow cover and crystalline hoar), that fell in December 2020-January 2021 at anticyclonic weather, extremely low temperatures from -47 to -52 °C and dense ice fogs, has been studied at 6 sites along a 25-kilometer profile from Yakutsk. Samples from the surface of the snow cover are characterized by the lightest compositions (d18O = -41.04 ± 5.11 ‰, dD = -326.43 ± 34.16 ‰, dexc = 1.91 ± 7.72 ‰) and are noticeably depleted with deuterium. From the outskirts to the center of Yakutsk, a significant weighting of the compositions has been established (by 10 ‰ in d18O, by 80 ‰ in dD), a decrease in dexc (from +10 to -6 ‰), and a 4-fold increase in mineralization due to impurities of calcium carbonate. The isotopic compositions (d18O = = -30.89 ± 5.62 ‰, dD = -285.88 ± 12.82 ‰, dexc = -28.79 ± 32.53 ‰) have been established for samples of crystalline rime, which are not typical for any atmospheric sediments, waters and ice of the region. They experience the greatest variations in d18O (from -24 ‰ in Yakutsk to -37 ‰ at a distance of 25 km from its center); the value of dD varies from -255.4 to -285.9‰, dexc increases from -80 to +11.5 ‰. The isotopic and chemical compositions of the investigated sediments indicate a significant proportion of technogenic water vapor entering the atmosphere during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel. Based on the model of the Gaussian mixture and deuterium excess of the studied samples, it has been found that in crystalline hoar, the maximum share of technogenic moisture reaches 26-32 % near heat-generating stations, in the central part of the city - 13-18 %, and on the outskirts - 6.5-8.8 %; in the surface layer of the snow cover - 5-6 % in the central part of Yakutsk and decreases to the outskirts to 1 % or less.



3.
PHYSICAL MODELING OF FREEZING OF DEEP SOIL. METHODS AND DEVICES

V.G. Cheverev1, S.A. Polovkov2, E.V. Safronov1, A.S. Chernyatin2
1Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, Russia
2Scientific Research Institute of Pipeline Transport, Sevastopolsky prosp. 47A, Moscow, 117186, Russia
Keywords: physical modeling, methods, devices, freezing, soils, heaving, process parameters

Abstract >>
We give the substantiation of the choice of methods and devices for physical laboratory modeling of the process of freezing and heaving of soils in order to study their heaving properties, as well as the parameters of the freezing process to verify the developed mathematical methods of the process modeling. The methods under consideration make it possible in freezing soils to set and control in automated mode the dynamics of the temperature state, the heat and water flows, the sheaving and shrinkage deformations, the moisture and density, the pore hydraulic pressure and the segregation ice release through the use of time-lapse video recording, the simulation of external mechanical and hydraulic loads.



4.
MAPPING OF GIANT AUFEIS FIELDS OF NORTH-EAST RUSSIA

O.M. Makarieva1,2, V.R. Alexeev1, A.N. Shikhov3, N.V. Nesterova2,4, A.A. Ostashov4, A.A. Zemlyanskova2,4, A.V. Semakina5
1Melnikov Permafrost Institute, SB RAS, Merzlotnaya str. 36, Yakutsk, 677010, Russia
2St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya embankment 7-9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
3Perm State University, Bukireva str. 15, Perm, 614990, Russia
4North-Eastern Permafrost Station, Portovaya str. 16, Magadan, 685070, Russia
5Roslesinforg, Marshrutnaya str. 14, Perm, 614990, Russia
Keywords: aufeis fields, mapping, atlas, Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite data, aufeis Cadastre, GIS database, North-East Russia

Abstract >>
Aufeis fields (or icings) are widespread in the North-East of Russia, and have a substantial impact on many components of landscapes. The public availability of Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite data has opened up new opportunities for aufeis mapping. Based on satellite images, we have compiled an up-to-date GIS dataset of aufeis fields in the North-East of Russia, and also have analyzed the long-term and seasonal variability of the largest aufeis. Based on the synthesis of historical (obtained in the middle of the 20th century using aerial photography) and satellite data on aufeis, we have prepared a new cartographic product - the Atlas of giant aufeis-taryn of the North-East of Russia. The Atlas had been published in 2021. In this paper, we have considered the approaches to aufeis mapping used in creating the Atlas, and have presented the main characteristics of the aufeis fields based on historical and satellite data. In total, according to Landsat images obtained in 2013-2020, we have found and delineated 9306 aufeis with a total area of 4854.5 km2. According to satellite images, 1146 are giant aufeis, i.e. they cover an area of over 1 km2. For these giant aufeis, we have analyzed long-term and seasonal dynamics of their area based on satellite images obtained for the period from the 1970s to the present. On this basis, a series of image-based maps have been created, which are also included in the content of the Atlas. We have not found a substantial reduction in their area between 1970s and the present for most of the giant aufeis. We also have found that the largest aufeis in the north-east of Russia is located in the basin of the Syuryuktyah river. Its area immediately after snowmelt period is on average 14.4 km2 larger than the area of the Bolshaya Momskaya aufeis, which had been previously considered as the largest aufeis in Russia.



5.
USE OF ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF FUNCTIONING OF THE "HET" SYSTEM FOR EXPRESS ESTIMATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ITS WORK

G.V. Anikin1, A.A. Ishkov2,3
1Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Malygina str. 86, Tyumen, 625000, Russia
2Tyumen Industrial University, Volodarskogo str. 38, Tyumen, 625000, Russia
3LLC "PetroTrace", Letnikovskaya str. 10, bldg 4, Moscow, 115114, Russia
Keywords: permafrost, soil, seasonal cooling device, "HET" system, condenser, pipeline, evaporator

Abstract >>
This paper presents the developed analytical model of the functioning of the system of temperature stabilization of soils of the "HET" type, based on the integral method. The paper presents the solutions of numerical and analytical models for temperature stabilization systems of soils of the "HET" type with different lengths of the evaporating part, as well as for the Arctic cities with different climates - Salekhard, Varandey, Igarka. By comparing the results obtained within the framework of numerical and analytical solutions, it has been concluded that the developed analytical model can be used for an express assessment of the functioning of the system of temperature stabilization of soils of the "HET" type for various design solutions and climatic characteristics.