Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2019 number 11

We consider the geologic structure, composition, and age of early Paleozoic intrusive rock associations of the Tugrug, Udzur-Hunga, Hatan-Hunga, Mandalt, Bayasgalant, and Dut Uul plutons. The plutons are located among late Neoproterozoic-early Cambrian volcanic and volcanosedimentary strata in the southern part of the island-arc system of the Lake Zone in Western Mongolia. We have recognized plagiogranitoid and gabbroid associations of different petrochemical compositions, ages, and geodynamic settings of formation in these plutons. The results of geochronological studies show that the plagiogranitoid associations in the south of the Lake Zone formed in the period from 531 to 481 Ma. Two major stages of intrusive magmatism in the zone have been established in this time interval: island-arc, 531-517 Ma, and accretion-collision, 504-481 Ma. The plagiogranitoid associations that formed at the island-arc stage are the most widespread, whereas those formed at the accretion-collision stage are much scarcer. The intrusive plutons of all ages are composed predominantly of granitoid associations of the tonalite-trondhjemite series, which are calc-alkalic rocks. Study of xenogenic and inherited zircons from plagiogranitoid associations formed at the island-arc and accretion-collision stages of the regional evolution has shown their age range 664-520 Ma. Four age groups of inherited zircon have been recognized (~664, 570-560, 545-531, and 530-520 Ma), which generally correspond to the stages of island-arc (volcanic and intrusive) and ophiolite magmatism and, most likely, reflect the additional magma-generating sources of parental plagiogranitic melts.

A continuous solid-solution series between the end-members eskolaite (98 wt.% Cr₂O₃) and karelianite (93 wt.% V₂O₃) has been revealed in Cr-V-bearing rocks of the Sludyanka metamorphic complex. Chromium and vanadium oxides crystallized as karelianite-eskolaite minerals during regional high-temperature prograde (granulite facies) metamorphism and participated in the formation of other Cr-V and Cr-V-bearing phases. Ferrian karelianite (up to 12 wt.% Fe₂O₃) and three-component solid solutions Esk_12-50Kar_45-60Hem_6-30 occur in metamorphic rocks that have particular protolith compositions (Fe-Kar) and in later metasomatic rocks ((Cr, V, Fe)₂O₃). Natural eskolaite and karelianite are discussed in terms of paragenesis, and their crystallization conditions are compared with the conditions of their laboratory synthesis.

The mineral composition of ores from the Gornyi occurrence of the Valunistoe epithermal Au-Ag deposit (Chukchi Peninsula) has been studied. It has been found that, in addition to native gold, the Au-Ag mineralization comprises chalcogenides (uytenbogaardtite, petrovskaite, acanthite, naumannite, and cervelleite) and minerals of the pearceite-polybasite series, which occur as microinclusions in fine-grained pyrite. The physicochemical conditions of formation of productive mineral assemblages have been estimated based on the chemical composition of Au and Ag minerals and their relationships with other minerals. It is shown that ores were deposited from weakly acid solutions at the late stages, on the background of a temperature decrease from 350 to 100 ºС, a decrease in the fugacities of sulfur (lg ƒ _S2, from -2 to -23), tellurium (lg ƒ _Te2, from -5 to -27), and selenium (lg ƒ _Se2, from -16.5 to -28), and changes in the redox conditions (lg ƒ _O2 , from -23 to -48).

We present the results of quasi-equilibrium directional crystallization of melt of the composition (mol.%): Fe_31.9Ni_1.7Cu_16.0S_50.4. The produced ingot consisted of the following zones: monosulfide solid solution mss + + isocubanite icb (CuFe₂S₃) + Cu₃Fe₄S₇ // icb + intermediate solid solution iss (~Cu₂Fe₃S₅) + pentlandite // mixture of unidentified decay products of solid solution iss ₁ // chalcopyrite cp + putoranite put // cp + talnakhite tal + bornite bn . The results of chemical analysis of the ingot were used to construct the distribution curves of the components in the solid and to calculate the change in the composition of sulfide melt ( L ) during directional crystallization in four zones of the ingot. Phase reactions involving a melt have been established. It is shown that the Cu-Fe-Ni-S system has a two-phase equilibrium region L + icb *. A similar region was earlier found in the ternary Cu-Fe-S system. A crystallization zone of two intermediate solid solutions iss ₁ and iss ₂, which were earlier obtained by the common method of isothermal annealing and quenching, has been revealed. The peritectic character of crystallization of the phases icb *, iss ₁, and iss ₂ from the melt is established. The results obtained show the fundamental possibility of the existence of a new type of zoning in the formation of copper-nickel low-sulfur sulfide orebodies.

We consider the factors determining the mineral composition of hydrothermal clays in recent thermal anomalies of the Pauzhetka-Kambal’nyi-Koshelevskii region and Ebeko (Paramushir Island) and Mutnovskii Volcanoes. The composition of mineral assemblages is influenced by a number of interdependent factors: the type of discharge (steam-gas jets, heated grounds, and mud water pools), temperature, pH, and Eh of a thermal solution. Mineral assemblages including sulfur, opal, α-quartz, and alunite group minerals form on the heated grounds of the craters of active volcanoes (Ebeko and Mutnovskii). Mud water pools of the craters contain mainly sulfur, opal, and α-quartz. An assemblage of kaolinite, opal, alunite group minerals (in small amounts), and goethite forms in mud water pools with pH = 2-3 in the thermal fields of the Pauzhetka-Kambal’nyi-Koshelevskii region. An assemblage of newly formed kaolinite, smectite, pyrite, marcasite, and, sometimes, opal is specific to mud water pools with pH > 3.5-4.0 At pH > 5, smectite, pyrite, and opal are produced. In the thermal fields of the Pauzhetka-Kambal’nyi-Koshelevskii region, the walls of steam-gas jets that are often flooded with water and dry out are formed by kaolinite, smectite, opal, α-quartz, pyrite, marcasite, and goethite. The walls of steam-gas jets that are not flooded with water for a long time consist of kaolinite, opal, α-quartz, smectite (traces), alunite group minerals, pyrite, and marcasite in close amounts. The heated grounds of the thermal fields of the Pauzhetka-Kambal’nyi-Koshelevskii region are composed of kaolinite, alunite group minerals, opal, and goethite or an assemblage of kaolinite, smectite, opal, pyrite, and marcasite.

We present results of study of the chemical composition of organic matter (C, H, N, and S) from Holocene sections of lake sapropels with undisturbed stratification penetrated by vibratory drilling of the bottom sediments, down to the underlying rocks, of lakes Bol’shie Toroki (1.8 m), Minzelinskoe (5 m), Ochki (4.5 m), Dukhovoe (7 m), and Kotokel’ (6 m). We consider methodological approaches to the identification of the sources and genesis of buried organic matter in marine and lacustrine sediments by a number of organo-geochemical indicators: data of a biological analysis (biostratification based on layer-by-layer determination of organic relics in bottom sediment sections); hydrocarbon biomarkers (molecular composition of normal aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alkanes), nitrogen compounds of a protein complex, etc.); and C/N ratio reflecting a difference in the biochemical compositions of bioproducers. The results of biological analysis (biostratification) show that planktonogenic sapropel (phyto- and zooplankton, the autochthonous source of organic matter) in Lake Ochki formed for 10,760 years, and sphagnum and hypnum moss were supplied from the bogged shores (allochthonous source of organic matter). In Lake Minzelinskoe, peaty sapropel formed at the stage of a flooded lowland bog (5905 years ago); since 3980 years ago and till the present, macrophytogenic sapropel has formed. Pyrolytic study (RE pyrolysis and Pyr-GC-MS analysis) of bioproducers and sapropel from Lake Ochki has shown that phytoplankton and zooplankton were the main autochthonous source of OM in the lake, which is confirmed by the identified macromolecules of nitrogen compounds of different compositions. The presence of hopanes indicates the contribution of microorganisms to the formation of OM in the sediments. The organic matter of sapropel has a terrigenous component, which is confirmed by the presence of high-molecular odd-numbered n-alkanes, ketones, and methyl esters of fatty acid. The C/N ratios in the stratified sections of macrophytogenic sapropels of Lakes Bol’shie Toroki and Minzelinskoe fall in the range of values specific to higher aquatic and terrestrial vegetation (C/N = 15-18), whereas the C/N ratios in planktonogenic sapropel of Lake Dukhovoe are typical of marine and lake plankton (C/N = 5.7-8.6).

Methods of deriving FeO and TiO₂ contents from Clementine spacecraft data are discussed, and our own approach is developed for deriving the contents from measurements made by the M³ instrument on Chandrayaan-1. The density of lunar soil bedrock is modeled based on the derived FeO and TiO₂ information. The FeO and TiO₂ abundance we derived from the_{M³ data is compared with previous results from the Clementine data and is in good agreement. The FeO abundance data also agree well with the Lunar Prospector data, which were used as an independent source. The previous Clementine and new M³-derived abundances are compared with the laboratory-measured FeO and TiO2 contents in the Apollo and Luna returned samples. The Clementine-derived FeO content was systematically 1-2% lower in all the returned samples than the laboratory measurements. The M³-derived content agrees better with the returned Apollo samples and is within ±2.8% of the laboratory-measured ones. The Clementine-derived TiO2 abundance is systematically 0.1-4% higher than the laboratory measurements of the returned samples. The M³-derived TiO2 content agrees well (±0.6%) with the laboratory measurements of the returned samples, except for the samples with a high TiO2 content. However, caution should be taken when interpreting these results, as the error range needs further study. Unfortunately, no error analysis was provided with the previous Clementine-derived contents.}

Using new computer technologies for the northern part of the South Urals, the structural features of the anomalous magnetic field have been studied, magnetic anomalies from different layers of the Earth’s crust have been identified, and corresponding volume models of the sources of anomalies (the boundaries of basite-ultrabasite massifs, deep-seated belts, and basalt layer) have been constructed. The new data on the structure of the South Urals Earth’s crust make it possible to clarify the position of deep faults and their connection with deep-seated basite-ultrabasite belts. Deep-seated root blocks have been identified for large hyperbasite massifs. Within the Taratash anticlinorium, the constructed models of the sources of magnetic anomalies allow us to conclude that the oldest Taratash complex in the Urals is an elevated part of the deep-seated basite-ultrabasite belt of the East European Platform.

Lateral logging sounding (LLS) is currently the only widely used Russian method of resistivity measurements, sensitive to vertical electrical resistivity in vertical wells. However, interpreting data measured by this method in thin-layered sections is difficult and requires the utilization of resource-intensive numerical simulation algorithms. Today, the development of computational methods and an increase in computer performance allow us to invert LLS data in the class of two-dimensional axisymmetric models. However, in virtue of the large number of difficulties associated with the nonlocal responses of the probes and their asymmetry, this process requires the active participation of a log analyst. One of the first issues is the creation of an initial approximation of the geoelectric model. It consists in splitting the target interval into layers within which the properties of the medium can be considered constant in the vertical direction, since LLS signals have a very complex shape in the intervals of alternation of beds with different resistivities. We propose applying a fully connected convolutional artificial neural network to automatically create sectional layering suitable for constructing the initial approximation of the geoelectric model for two-dimensional LLS data inversion, including vertical resistivity estimation. The neural network was trained and tested on the synthetic and field data measured in West Siberia. Based on the results of the testing, we established the workability of the proposed approach.

Contributions of the water dimer absorption to the continuum absorption within the IR water vapor spectrum are examined. They are deduced as the difference between experimental data and the asymptotic line wing theory (ALWT) calculation data. In the ALWT calculations, the line contours are used with parameters fitted to the Burch experimental data and to the FTIR measurements in the IR water vapor windows. Calculation with the line contour describing the Burch data in the 2000-3000 m^-1 region gives a good agreement with the CRDS data between other water vapor bands. Within the water vapor bands both contour types provide close absorption values presumably due to stable dimers.

To determine the degree of anisotropy of wind turbulence from measurements of the Stream Line lidar during experiments, we used a conical scanning by the probing beam, alternately setting the elevation angle equal to 35.3 and 60° after each scan. An experiment with such measurement geometry was carried out at the Basic Experimental Complex of IAO SB RAS in July 2018. The analysis of the measurement results at night in the presence of a low-level jet (LLJ) in the atmosphere showed that the variance (integral scale) of the horizontal component of the wind velocity is 2.26 (3.4) times larger than that of the vertical component. In the central part of the LLJ, the integral scales of the horizontal and vertical wind components are on average equal to 183 and 54 m, respectively.

Possibilities of retrieving the vertical profiles of atmospheric turbulence from measurements of local wavefront slopes are discussed. The estimates of characteristics of amplitudes of the wavefront distortions for different atmospheric altitudes are given. The height of atmospheric layer when maximum angles of light arrival correspond to mean image jitter from total atmosphere is found.

The article is devoted to the study of micro- and macrophysical characteristics of clouds and radiative effect according to the operational and experimental schemes of cloud-radiation interaction of the COSMO mesoscale model and ground-based measurements at the Meteorological Observatory in Lindenberg (Germany). Statistically significant deviations of the model cloud characteristics from the measurements are found. The probable reasons of ice cloud water content deviations in the upper troposphere are determined.

A method of regression correction of the real part of the refractive index of the aerosol matter is suggested for solving the inverse problem of spectral measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) t(l). The correction is based on the use of similarity relations that must be fulfilled for the microstructure parameters of the scattering media with equivalent spectral extinction at variations in the refractive index of the aerosol. For the correction, the minimization of the discrepancy between the volume concentrations of the aerosol retrieved from the solution of the inverse problem and calculated using the regression equations, which are constructed for a certain reference period, is carried out by the refractive index. The results of testing the method are presented based on the AOD measurements with a multiwave sun photometer, performed at IAO SB RAS during an annual cycle of observations.

The results of studies of the emission spectra of the Earth’s atmosphere in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectral regions are presented. The input window of the spectrometer was directed to the Sun or located at different angles to the axis passing through the center of the solar disk. For the first time, a Vavilov-Cherenkov (VCh) emission spectrum was recorded with a standard spectrometer in the region 200-300 nm. The threshold energy of electrons for the occurrence of VCh emission in air and the maximum angle of propagation of VCh emission with respect to the direction of electron motion are calculated. It is assumed that the VCh emission occurs when high-energy particles of the solar wind are braked in the Earth’s atmosphere.

The effect of thin clouds and aerosols in the upper troposphere and stratosphere on the solar light transmission by the tropospheric cloudiness is considered. A simplified model of the radiation transfer in the near-IR range with the different values of the single-scattering albedo in the lower troposphere is suggested. The analytic formulae are derived which show a possible increase in the transmission of the solar light by the tropospheric cloudiness under twilight conditions in the case of the emerging of high thin tropospheric clouds and aerosol layers over it. This effect may play a key role in the climatic changes and sea ice melting in the Arctic.

Saltating aleurite and sand particle size distributions have been measured in a windsand flux over desertified area in Astrakhan oblast and approximated using lognormal distributions for aleurite - sand and aleurite modes. A wind velocity threshold for the total saltating particle concentration during non-intermittent saltation was determined. The threshold velocity dependence on the saltating particle size has been derived. Empirical dependences of the total particle concentration and differential number aleurite and sand particle concentrations on the wind velocity have been received.

Based on the analysis of the radiative transfer equation in the integral form, we investigate the physical causes of changes in the Earth outgoing thermal radiation (OTR) due to increasing atmospheric CO₂ content. CO₂ concentration growth can lead to both increase and decrease in various components of the OTR depending on the optical density of a spectral interval. We calculate and analyze the spectra of OTR fluxes in the range 3-30 µm for five climate atmospheric models and various concentrations of carbon dioxide from pre-industrial (280 ppm) to present (407 ppm) and projected in the future values (800 and 1200 ppm). Seasonal and spatial variations in CO₂ radiative forcing (RF) currently reach about 20% and 40%, respectively. Comparison of OTR measurements with different instruments in different years (for example, SI-1 in 1977 and 1979 and IKFS-2 in 2015-2017) demonstrates a decrease in the OTR values in the CO₂ absorption bands caused by the upward displacement of radiating layers in the troposphere. We estimate the RF due to the growth of CO₂ concentrations from pre-industrial to present values to be in the range -(0.94-1.62) W/m².

The annual and diurnal variations and trends in the concentrations of CO (during 2013-2017) and CO₂ and CH₄ (2013-2018) in a suburb of Saint-Petersburg (Peterhof, 59.88 N, 29.83 E) are studied. The growth rate of CO₂ concentrations is 2.43 ± 0.15 ppmv/year, of СН₄, 8.7 ± 0.6 ppbv/year, and of CO, -3.3 ± 0.5 ppbv/year. The results are comparable with the gas concentration variations on the global scale.

Prospects of the optical precipitation gauge OPTIOS for determination of dangerous weather phenomena associated with atmospheric precipitates are considered. The results of the heavy shower (more than 50 mm/h) measurement are presented. It is shown that the optical precipitation gauge OPTIOS allows estimation of precipitation characteristics to provide prompt warning of dangerous phenomenon occurrence.

The sedimentation of pollen particles of the weeds of several species growing in Western Siberia is studied. The percentage of individual grains and their clusters resulting from spraying is calculated. The sedimentation rate of clusters, consisting of one to six pollen grains, is determined. The sedimentation rate of clusters is found to depend on the number of pollen grains involved.

The features of the aerosol microstructure are investigated in the near-surface layer and vertical column of the atmosphere when smoke enters the atmosphere. The aerosol microstructure parameters were determined by solving the inverse problem for spectral measurements of the aerosol extinction coefficient using the base method, and of the aerosol optical thickness, using the solar photometry method in the clean atmosphere and under conditions of the smoke-polluted atmosphere near Tomsk. The geometric cross section, volume concentration, and mean radius of aerosol particles of submicron and coarse fractions were calculated. For background conditions, the coarse fraction prevails in the total volume of the aerosol. The submicron fraction becomes dominant under the condition of the smoke-polluted atmosphere. As a result, the particle radius averaged over the total ensemble decreases in the smoke-polluted atmosphere. The regression relations between the microstructure parameters of different aerosol fractions and the spectral characteristics of the light extinction significantly change in the smoke-polluted atmosphere.

The generalized statistical characteristics of the results of long-term two-point measurements of atmospheric aerosol parameters carried out in the Middle Urals are presented. The characteristics of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the features of the temporal variability of aerosol atmospheric turbidity in Yekaterinburg and the rural background area are compared. The differences in the mean values, interannual, annual, and diurnal variability of AOD, and of coarse and fine AOD modes are found.

A differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system based on optical parametric oscillators (OPO) with nonlinear KTA and KTP crystals is designed. The crystals allow laser radiation tuning in the IR wavelength region. A series of experiments on remote monitoring of methane along a horizontal surface sounding path in the 3300-3430-nm spectral range was carried out. Based on the experimental results, the CH₄ concentrations along the 800 m surface path are retrieved in the spectral range under study with a spatial resolution of 100 m.

The series of long-term average temperatures obtained at 927 weather stations of the Northern hemisphere from 1955-2014 are compared with the known data on astronomical insolation for the same intervals and localizations. It is shown that the average annual astronomical insolation as a function of latitude subjected to linear transformation should be considered as the average value of long-term average temperatures at weather stations of the corresponding latitudes for the period under consideration, i.e., like mid-latitude temperature. The justification of this result is carried out by regression of the compared data and by grouping the weather stations. The estimates of the increase in the mid-latitude temperature in the period 1985-2014 are compared with those in 1955-1984. The contributions to the temperature variability of the components, determined by astronomical insolation and by stochastic processes in the geosphere, do not contradict well-known estimates, which verifies the introduced linear transformation of astronomical insolation.

This paper deals with the solution of the degenerate Neumann problem for the diffusion equation by the finite element method. First, an extended generalized formulation of the Neumann problem in the Sobolev space H¹(Ω) is derived and investigated. Then a discrete analogue of this problem is formulated using standard finite element approximations of the space H¹(Ω). An iterative method for solving the corresponding SLAE is proposed. Some examples of solving the model problems are used to discuss the numerical peculiarities of the algorithm proposed.

Two algorithms for an effective calculation of the Bessel function are presented: a fast algorithm with an increasing accuracy of computation and a computational algorithm for the case of a large argument of the Bessel function.

An approach to increasing the stability of triangular decomposition of a dense positive definite matrix with a large condition number with the use of the Gauss and the Cholesky methods is considered. It is proposed to introduce additions to standard computational schemes, which consist in the use of an incomplete scalar product of two vectors, which is formed by cutting off the lower digits of the sum of the products of two numbers. Cutting off being performed in the process of factorization leads to an increase in the diagonal elements of triangular matrices to a random number and prevents the appearance of very small numbers during the decomposition according to Gauss and a negative radical expression in the Cholesky method. The number of additional operations required to obtain an accurate solution is estimated. The results of computational experiments are presented.

In the previous studies, the author has obtained the conservation laws for the 2D eikonal equation in an inhomogeneous isotropic medium. These laws represent the divergent identities of the form div F =0. The vector field F is expressed in terms of the solution to the eikonal equation (the time field), the refractive index (the equation parameter) and their partial derivatives. Also, there were found equivalent conservation laws (divergent identities) for the families of rays and the families of wavefronts in terms of their geometric characteristics. Thus, the geometric essence (interpretation) of the above-mentioned conservation laws for the 2D eikonal equation was discovered. In this paper, the 3D analogs to the results obtained are presented: differential conservation laws for the 3D eikonal equation and the conservation laws (divergent identities of the form div F =0) for the family of rays and the family of wavefronts, the vector field F is expressed in terms of classical geometric characteristics of the ray curves: their Frenet basis (unit tangent vector, a principal normal and a binormal), the first curvature and the second curvature, or in terms of the classical geometric characteristics of the wavefront surfaces, i. e. their normal, principal directions, principal curvatures, the Gaussian curvature and the mean curvature. All the results have been obtained based on the vector and geometric formulas (differential conservation laws and some formulas) obtained for the families of arbitrary smooth curves, the families of arbitrary smooth surfaces and arbitrary smooth vector fields.

In this paper, we consider a mathematical model of a new type of a microgenerator, based on generating the oscillations of a mobile electrode in a micro-gap due to electrostatic forces. The principle of operation of the generator is analogous to the well-known theory of the clock-escapement mechanism, with the difference that in the equation of motion the form of the right-hand side corresponds to the electrostatic nature of the impulse action. The numerical analysis shows that the bounded oscillations with an increase in time tend towards a stable limit cycle in the phase plane and, thereby, the emerging oscillations are stable with respect to external perturbations. In studying periodic oscillations, depending on the parameters of a model, we use the solution of the boundary value problem for the equation with a discontinuous right-hand side, transformed to a form allowing the application of the numerical continuation method. In this way, the area in the plane of the model parameters is defined, in which stable limit cycles exist.

Population density, species richness and total biomass of birds in Central Siberia are increasing in the southern direction. In terrestrial natural landscapes, the greatest values are noted: the total abundance of birds - in the southern forest type of the communities, species richness - in the meadow-field type, and total biomass - in the subarctic plain-tundra type. In the industrial-technogenic and southern residential types, the density and biomass of the bird communities increase, and the species richness decreases in comparison with natural ornithocomplexes. In aquatic habitats, the total abundance of birds and their species richness are decreasing and biomass is increasing compared to terrestrial ones. The representation of the types of fauna in the bird communities (by the number of individuals) is determined by the zones of their landscape preference, which have ecological similarity with the areas of their formation. Since birds actively choose tiers with the most favorable thermal, trophic and protective conditions, their vertical biotopic distribution to some extent does not correspond to the tier structure of their habitats.

Soil-ecological division into districts is a new approach to the study of soils, which allows consider soil cover as a holistic ecological system. On the basis of many years of research in Russia and Mongolia, the authors ranked the same type of territories according to the structure of the soil cover and soil forming factors combination. The squares of the areas were established. All data were unified, using a single for two countries methodological and classifying approach. Soil groups with relatively similar bioclimatic factors (M. Budyko’s dryness index, the sum of biologically active temperatures, type and productivity of vegetation) were combined into soil-ecological provinces (9), which are dominant in soil forming. Soils with the similar lithology and geomorphology features (rocks, relief) were grouped into districts (28) with the regional level. The presented soil-ecological map is a kind of integrated information source, which reflects exogenous factors of soil formation: climate, relief, rocks, vegetation.

In the course of research conducted in the continuous and discontinuous permafrost zone of the north of Western Siberia, the values of autotrophic (root) and heterotrophic (microbial) soil respiration and their ratio for typical ecosystems of the area were estimated. The data were obtained on the basis of a complex of field, laboratory and calculation methods: shading; root exclusion method (comparing emissions at similar sites with and without vegetation); method of components integration or separate incubation; regression method. For soils of plateau palsa, the root contribution to total soil respiration was 16-30 % by shading method and 14 ± 6 % by the components integration method. For soils of shrub-green moss pine forests, the contribution of root respiration was 60 %, for lichen pine forests - 30 %. It can be assumed that in forest ecosystems of the studied area the contribution of root-derived respiration is even higher, which is due to undercount in some methods tree roots respiration and / or rhizomicrobial microorganisms respiration and priming effect. The contribution of root respiration in soils of mound palsa averaged 40 %. For tundra with frost boil ecosystems, the variation of the contribution of root respiration was 15-70 %, depending on the location on the cryogenic micro-relief (boils, inter-boils). All used methods have disadvantages, some assumptions. These require additional studies to clarify or correct the results. The interpretation of the results are not always obvious. When using different techniques, similar results were obtained with a large number of replications of experiments over several seasons. The paper also presents data on the absolute values of the specific roots respiration for different species and size fractions, the value of the root biomass and the microbial respiration of the soils of different permafrost landscapes.

The system of the Naroch Lakes, including eutrophic lake Batorino, mesotrophic lake Myastro and oligo-mesotrophic lake Naroch, served as a model object for the study of the factors which initially influence the state of particular lake ecosystem affected by variable nutrient loading. During the 1970s - 2000s, these lakes have been going through the stages of anthropogenic eutrophication, de-eutrophication and bentification. The set of continuous data based on the seasonal means of the eight parameters form each lake for the period 1978-2015 had been analyzed by Principal Component and Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA, or “Caterpillar”). In addition, we considered the dynamics of the trophic index of each lake, which had been calculated earlier at the same data set. The first main component contributed to the condition of the lakes Batorino, Myastro and Naroch on 63 %, 65 % and 43 % respectively. Comparison of all results allowed us to interpret the first main component as the stability of the lake ecosystem under variable nutrient loading, which is inversely related to the water body trophic state.

In the review information about the main organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), which were widely used in world agriculture in 1940-60 and continue to be used in some developing countries, are presented. The patterns of their distribution in the environment, toxicity, metabolism and degradation are described. The distribution in ecosystem components of different regions of the World Ocean and, specifically, in the Far Eastern seas of Russia (the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea) in the period 2000-2016 is shown. In the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, the content of OCPs in marine organisms is lower than in other regions of the world ocean, and, in particular, in the Sea of Japan. The results show that a background of pesticides has formed on the planet. OCP concentrations in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea can be considered background, while the Sea of Japan is affected by countries using these substances in agriculture.

In April - June, the dynamics and interrelationships of planktonic algae, bacteria, protozoa, invertebrates and viruses were studied in different types of coastal shallow water zones of the Rybinsk reservoir (Upper Volga). The features of seasonal succession of different components of the littoral plankton community are revealed. The spring peak in the development of phytoplankton, caused by diatoms and cryptophyte algae, is poorly expressed in coastal shallow waters. An increase in the number of bacteria, development of protozoa and zooplankton in the littoral occurs earlier than in the open part of the reservoir. Accordingly, the «pure water phase» comes earlier and has a shorter duration. An important role in the nutrition of the littoral zooplankton, in addition to phytoplankton, is played by heterotrophic protozoa and bacteria, developing through the use of both auto and allochthonous organic substances.

The diversity and functional activity of the microbial community in the zone of discharge of groundwater of the thermal lake Umkhei (Barguzinskaya depression, Baikal rift zone) was examined. It is shown that the lake waters are thermal hydrocarbonate-sulphate-sodium type and belong to the Kuldur type of mineral waters. Lake sediments were distinguished by higher temperatures and greater microelements saturation. A comparative analysis of the species richness of the microbial community of water and bottom sediments showed high indices of diversity in all layers of sediments, the diversity in water was lower. Analysis of taxonomic diversity revealed the domination of representatives of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Chloroflexi in the community of water and bottom sediments. The presence of bacteria with various metabolic pathways of substance and energy transformation, both in production and in destruction processes, was established. Sequences belonging to the genus Hydrogenophaga of the β- Proteobacteria class, which is an indicator of the deep geochemical processes of hydrogen formation, were found in the lower layers of sediments. The functional activity was studied and the rates of microbial processes of photosynthesis, dark assimilation of CO₂, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis were determined. It is established that the main part of the organic matter production in water occurs as a result of the activity of chemolithoautotroph prokaryotes. The producers of the microbial community synthesize organic matter by using volcanogenic carbon dioxide enriched in the ᵟ¹³C heavy isotope. Analysis of the terminal processes rates shows that the main process is sulfate reduction.

Variability of macro- and trace elements’ content and fractions of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in organs of the honeysuckle Lonicera caerulea subsp . altaica plants collected from indigenous populations in the Mountain Altai (Seminsky Ridge), Russia, was examined. Statistically significant positive correlations with the plant growth site altitude were found for Cu content in leaves, Ca, Zn and Cd in stems and K and Na uptake rate by leaves. Physiologically important ratio of some biophylic elements, such as Fe/Mn in leaves, were found to decrease with increasing altitude. The main polyphenolic components of L.caerulea subsp. аltaica leaves showed the following altitudinal range: 1176-3216 mg/100g for hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (chlorogenic and dicoffeylcinchonic acids), 1176-3216 mg/100g, 342-1442 mg/100g for phlavonols (quercetin glucosides), 757-1988 mg/100g for flavons (luteoline and apigenine glucosides). Flavons’ content displayed positive correlation with the growth site altitude. The flavonols’ content, on the contrary, decreased with increased altitude. The flavons’ and flavonols’ accumulation levels were oppositely correlated with Cu content in leaves, Ca, Zn and Cd in stems, as well as K/Na in leaves and K/Ca in stems. The hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were correlated with Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Mn, Sr and Cd accumulation rates as well as ratios K/Ca, Ca/Na and Cu/Zn in leaves.

The natural quantity of Pied flycatcher in deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests and reproductive parameters in deciduous and mixed stands of subtaiga forests at south-east of Western Siberia was studied comparatively. The natural quantity of the species at nesting period is greater in mixed and deciduous forests. Nesting density, clutch size, volume of eggs, success and productivity of reproduction in nests boxes are higher in deciduous forest. The natural quantity of pied flycatchers at nesting period in dark-coniferous and deciduous forests of subtaiga of Western Siberia does not differ from similar indices in Europe part of Russia. In pine and mixed stands of Western Siberia this parameter is higher. The nesting density, clutch size and number of fledglings for a successful breeding attempt in nest boxes in deciduous and mixed forests of Western Siberian are larger than those in European part of the area. Breeding success in Europe and Western Siberia differ slightly. Number of fledglings per breeding attempt in deciduous forests more in Western Siberia, in mixed forests this parameter differs slightly.

The aim of this work is to identify the main environmental factors of the formation of plant communities with Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. on the periphery of the mass distribution zone in the Central Chernozem region. 4 types of communities with Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. were identified in the study area. Their ecological determination is demonstrated as a result of the analysis of different species and species with the greatest activity, by identifying differences in ecological regimes of habitats and DCA-ordination of relevs. Habitat disturbance is a leading factor in the formation of studied phytocenoses. The degree of habitat disturbance affects the abundance of Ambrosia artemisiifolia . Monodominant communities with this species are formed on severely disturbed sites with sparse vegetation cover. In ruderal phytocenoses with denser herbage, ambrosia is not abundant, but can be present in them for a long time due to their periodic disturbances. Moisture of soils and substrates is the second strongest influenced factor on the differentiation of communities. The studied communities are formed on a rather wide gradient of this factor. In the study area, we identified not only xerophytic communities common in many regions of Central and Eastern Europe, but also communities emerging in coastal ecotopes with variable moisture regimes. These phytocenoses are formed in sites disturbed both under human influence and under the influence of natural factors such as river spills, heavy rains. As a result, along with xerothermic technogenic ecotopes, banks of rivers are habitats of phytocenoses with high density of Ambrosia artemisiifolia .