Home – Home – Jornals – Professional Education in the Modern World 2019 number 3

In this article the author traces the history of the term "digit" and its derivatives ("digital") from the original to the modern meaning and the process of changing its content. He comes to the conclusion that currently “digital technologies” refers to information technology, as well as industrial technology controlled by computer systems operating on the basis of the binary number system. The author makes a brief excursion into the history of positional number systems and emphasizes that the binary system was not the most popular in the past, but it was known, and a number of major thinkers foresaw its relevance in the future. The author states that digital devices are resistant to interference, and their advantages are in signal processing. At the same time, the meaning (content) has always belonged of the actors of communication. The author notes that, as is often the case, the term "digit" ("digital")has undergone metonymic transformation: being a representative of the class (science-intensive technologies), it started to mean the whole class. In addition, it began to denote qualitative novelty - not only technical, but also social. But in contrast to the "classical" metonymy, in which the rhetorical character and figurative meaning are perceived, in most "digital" cases there is no reflection. As a result, largely for career and/or opportunistic reasons, the term begins to denote something that actually cannot denote, for the technical characteristics of the economy and production do not make them qualitatively different. Thus, we obviously have a typical case: a signifier without a significate, that is, the simulacrum.

The article is devoted to the study of the leading trends in the educational space, caused by its digitalization. The latest information technologies, according to the author, are simultaneously the cause and effect of sociocultural transformations, which largely affect education as a social institution. The author focuses on changing the role of learning individuals in the educational process on the way to obtaining relevant information. Special attention is paid to the principles of differentiation of information and knowledge, taking into account the specifics of the educational process. As a leading factor in the choice of a cognitive algorithm by an individual in the educational process, the author introduces an axiological factor. The article emphasizes that the pursuit of operational information poses a particular danger at the level of the educational process, since sometimes false worldviews can be built. A distinctive feature of the article is the author's attempt to prove the illegitimacy of the thesis on information as a converted form of knowledge, which implies identifying knowledge with the concept content. The attempts of logical positivists (neo-positivists) to create a single universal scientific language are of fundamental importance in this regard. Despite the failure to solve this global problem, neo-positivists prepared the ground for studying the particularities of the cognitive process as dialectics of the form and content, represented as the sequence: information - knowledge - information - knowledge, etc. The author also emphasizes the difference between humanitarian and scientific knowledge, which arises from the various narrative of learning individuals regarding information resources of a particular cognitive subject. The article focuses on the fact that the knowledge holder and its consumer form one whole system of person-to-person educational interaction, always creating an individual pair passing a unique and special way. These trends are considered by the author with due regard to the traditions of the national educational system, on the one hand, and social philosophy, on the other. The formation of a relationship system in the environment of new participants in the modern education contexts requires historical and philosophical substantiation of the very essence of the person-to-person educational interaction.

The changes taking place in world education, within the framework of global trends, dictate new standards for the development of Russian higher education. On the one hand, universities are increasingly focused on the formation of specialists with “higher-order thinking skills”, on the other hand, a constant race for quantitative indicators, formalizes the educational process, eliminating elements of creativity and freedom. The purpose of this article is to examine the influence of global trends on domestic education and science through the prism of the history of Russian higher education. The study was conducted on the basis of a system-historical approach, using descriptive and comparative methods. From the very first years of its existence, the Russian high school combined elements of Prussian and French universities. The level of its autonomy and development was directly dependent on domestic policy. The American education system, which has become an example for many world universities today, relying on the English model of the college, focused on democracy, electivity, widespread availability, pragmatism and competition. The combination of these qualities allowed US universities by the end of the twentieth century. become a guideline for the idea of unifying the principles of learning and evaluating the effectiveness of universities in the world. Russian higher education also joined the process of modifying higher education according to the American model. However, the absence of economic preconditions and the features of the organization of the Russian educational process, that were formed over several centuries, allowed only formally conform to new standards. In the conditions of priority of quantitative indicators, over qualitative ones, the formation of specialists with “thinking of a higher order” becomes difficult to achieve.

Nowadays processes of internationalization cover all spheres of human activity. The intensification of these processes in the modern educational space requires developing new content and educational methods that will be aimed at preparing graduates both for professional and life-sustaining activities at this historical stage of development. The aim of this article was determined by the necessity to analyze the theoretical and practical aspects of vocational training of university graduates in the context of internationalization. The authors used the system method as the main one. To understand and clarify the essence and prerequisites of the internationalization of the educational process at the university at the present stage, the authors turned to general logical research methods and techniques. To identify and justify the general and distinctive features and properties of the content and organization of the educational process, based on the principles of internationalization, the structural and functional analysis principles were used. The analysis of theoretical aspects of internationalization in higher education suggests that this process is characterized by the inclusion of an international component in existing curricula and programs, international academic mobility, and the creation of strategic educational alliances. The article notes that there are several approaches to understanding and defining the processes of internationalization in higher education. It is revealed that at the moment the views of foreign and Russian scientists on the processes of internationalization in higher education differ. The authors find it logical that the main focus of work at the present stage should be on evaluating the content and organization of the educational process in Russian universities, taking into account various aspects of internationalization and also in terms of their importance for improving the quality of professional training of a university graduate. The authors conclude that the preparation of a modern, mobile specialist, demanded and competitive, is impossible without effective teaching of a foreign language.The current trend in teaching foreign languages is associated with the increased integration of a language and particular subject area. A positive point is the strengthening of interdepartmental cooperation, which, ultimately, “works” for the CLIL concept implementation (subject-language integration) in the vocational training of university graduates.

The article is devoted to one of the most important aspects of international security, namely the formation of global strategic stability adequate to the realities of the modern world. The author offers to consider regulated multi-polarity as a model for prospective global system of strategic stability that responds to the challenges of modernity, and simultaneously takes into account the national interests of Russia. The political changes that occurred in the late 20th century, did not only lead to a new configuration of forces on the planet. Such transformation also stimulated growth of threats and challenges to international security in the new century. Conflicts exacerbated between states, related to uneven development as a result of globalization processes. The author provides evidence that today the gap in the levels of the countries welfare is deepening. The article notes that at this stage universal human values are ignored, and different models of development have become a subject of global competition. According to the author, the development of an effective model of global strategic sustainability implies a multipolar system, the foundations of which should be studied at the level of university education.

Philosophy of balance; New economy; Empty world; NIBEP; New enlightenment; Worldview; Responsibility for ongoing crises, etc. Today these constructs increasingly fill a wide variety of studies. The purpose of this article is to address them more specifically. How does education today relate to that abstraction that is called a profession? What is a profession? Does today's education provide the required professionalization as a vital process? Each of these questions today requires a separate analysis, but if we summarize the possible answers in one article, it is quite clear that only the interdisciplinary approach with its synergetic effect is possible here as a methodological one. Today's reality clearly indicates that new technologies are developing faster than the education system, and the pace of human capital adaptation is lagging behind. The change in the need for professions and skills leads to the fact that one third of employees will have to be retrained by 2022. Does the concept of “profession” retain its ontological status today? What is necessary for maintaining the status of the profession as a subjective value and a means of achieving an individual good? What does (or does not) the modern education system - the main processor for the reproduction of professions - do for this? In the future, the “man-robot” relationship will change the modern “world of professions” from the current ratio of “71-29” to “58-42” and a lot of professions will be unclaimed. Discussing these problems, the authors come to the conclusion that if modern education develops towards narrow specialization, the prospects for the human capital reproduction will be dead-end. It is no coincidence that the main motives of the latest report of the Club of Rome were “Come on! Capitalism, Chort - termism, Population and Destruction of the Planet”, together with the harsh criticism of capitalism, the rejection of materialism and reductionism, the call for a new Enlightenment, the recitation of a holistic worldview and planetary civilization. The main thesis, shared by us completely and unconditionally, is that for the future development, "Education for the Economy" and "Education for the Person" come down to the negation of the absolutism of the principle "Education for Employment". New education is a worldview based on the whole “spectrum of conflicting and complementary perspectives”, on integrity and complementarity, on adaptation to cultural diversity. That is, education itself turns into a profession, the main status sign of which is the reproduction of the subject (individual) by himself and for himself, thereby determining his social and biological evolution.

The study is devoted to the implementation of the "third mission" of universities, the relevance of which is due to the expansion of traditional functions, tasks and areas of responsibility of education. At the same time, the scientific community lacks a unified approach to understanding the nature, characteristics and forms of the "third mission" and the parameters of its Russian model have not yet been determined. The authors consider this problem through the prism of global challenges facing the system of higher education in Russia, which give universities new meanings and guidelines. The authors include mass characterization, globalization, utilitarianism and commercialization of higher education, innovation, the emergence of the social mission of universities associated with the reproduction of culture, Informatization, leading to the emergence of new forms of communication and organization of the educational process. Having analyzed the main scientific approaches to the definition of the essence, characteristics and directions of the "third mission" by the method of socio-philosophical analysis, the authors determine the positive effects of this activity for universities and regional society. They include the formation of a stable social environment in which it is possible to build long-term development strategies and the University and the region, increasing the attractiveness of the University for students, getting students competencies in demand in the economy and social sphere of the region. At the same time, the region has the opportunity to involve the University in the implementation of its development strategy. The main problems that prevent the introduction of the elements of the "third mission" in the practical work of educational institutions of higher education are identified, and ways to solve them are proposed. Conclusions are drawn about the need for universities to develop strategies for their development, taking into account the global transformation processes, changing needs of society, the peculiarities of interaction with the territorial authorities, the local community and other regional stakeholders.

a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:2134:"He study of the consistent transformation patterns and present state of the traditional for the Russian scientific field mechanisms and institutions is of undoubted importance and relevance. It is connected with the forthcoming radical reform of the institute of postgraduate education. The personnel situation is a litmus test of the state of affairs in science as a whole, an assessment of its real prestige and development prospects. The assessment of the “graduate postgraduate studies” practice, which was widely used at the NSC institutions in the mid-2000s, was also important. In this study the author based himself on the classic type of postgraduate school, where teacher - student model works. The empirical base of the study was interviews with supervisors of full-time postgraduate students; the sample was 52 respondents - representatives of all scientific fields. The greatest emphasis was placed on a survey of scientists engaged in natural and exact sciences. The scientific supervisors of postgraduate students assessed the problem of recruiting young people as one of the key problems for Russian science, and according to the majority of respondents, postgraduate school solves it “only partly”. The prestige of postgraduate school "remains unchanged"; a significant proportion of the respondents also expressed confidence that a big number of high school graduates are still characterized by "the desire to devote their lives to science." Assessing the level of requirements for dissertation works, the majority of respondents were of the opinion that they have always been of “high level”. Evaluating the “graduate postgraduate education” system, the majority of respondents considered it “an acceptable way to replenish science with capable young employees”. Most of the Experts evaluated the resolving role of the graduate school as quite successful, recognizing that the change in the place of science in the system of social institutions of Russian society could not but affect postgraduate school. This gave grounds to state the presence of qualitative deformations in the system of reproduction of science.";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"text";}

The article discusses the relevance and the main problems of the implementation of Lifelong Learning (LLL) in the system of higher education as a continuum and the basis for the full inclusion of the individual in the life of a knowledge-based society. The key normative documents, principles and conditions for the formation of LLL are identified, the terminological characteristics of the concepts of continuing education and the knowledge as a product of society are determined. Particular emphasis is placed on the change of the axiological paradigm of education and self-improvement of the individual in the process of transformation to the Knowledge society. The problem of LLL in higher education is considered by us from the standpoint of the dialectical unity of the interpretative framework of holistic and individualistic approaches, including those, based on the results of study by T. Parsons, A. Geddens. The search for new meanings and values of education should be associated with the study of the individual as an educational subject, and not only with the consideration of the University in its social role and functional purpose, depending on the world's education models. The idea of continuing education is not the latest of modern concepts of society related to the reform of the education system. Nevertheless, the creation of a new infrastructure for self-improvement of the individual in the conditions of the University, based on technological and methodological opportunities developed within the framework of the concept of continuing education, is becoming an urgent problem of Russian society, in which the professional development of people of all ages is complicated by the rapidly changing structure of the labor market and structural unemployment, largely associated with hyperproduction of graduates with higher education. The mechanisms of adaptation of Knowledge to the changing needs of the individual and society should also be well studied and in demand by all actors of the higher education system, contributing to the development of a just and socially oriented society.

Introduction. At the beginning of the XXI century, social processes are becoming more complex, diverse, interconnected, proceeding with acceleration. Some processes are moving towards development, others are destructive, and still others are uncertain. This creates special conditions for social transformations, in which not only scenarios for the development and harmonization of global society, but also a sharp increase in global problems with the subsequent degradation of society and the nature of the planet are possible. Understanding modern social events and transformations requires of humanitarian specialists broad socio-philosophical worldview, based not only on modern knowledge, but also on the rich experience of the philosophical culture of the past age about possible manifestations of order and chaos in people's lives. The purpose of the article is to make a certain contribution to the formation of the modern socio-philosophical worldview by studying the opposite world processes and paired categories that reflect them, starting with the fundamental ones - space and chaos. Methodology and research methods. Applied: dialectical methodology; systemic and synergistic approaches; methods: the relationship of historical and logical, axiological, comparative, analogies, as well as the integration of the results. Results. The deep knowledge of the essence of modern processes is impossible without the cultural-philosophical analysis of a similar experience of past. The study showed that notions of the life instability not only of people and society, but also of the world as a whole, developed starting with the oldest primitive and archaic cultures. These fundamental views have undergone their transformation in later years of the mankind development, up to the present. Therefore, the experience of knowing past social events, enclosed in culture and social philosophy, contains a number of important knowledge that can serve as a basis for developing ways to stabilize, streamline modern social life and prevent the most dangerous crisis phenomena in modern civilization. The pairs of categories have been investigated: space and chaos, order and chaos, formation and destruction. Different aspects of the relations of the cosmos (order) and chaos (in statics, dynamics, self-movement), as well as the forms of manifestation of order and chaos in the past and present are determined. Conclusion. The important aspects of the socio-philosophical understanding of the relations of the cosmos (order) and chaos (in statics, dynamics, self-movement), as well as the forms of manifestation of order and chaos, which took place not only in the past, but in modern life as well, have been identified.

Having passed a long way of development, distance learning from the category of innovation is going to the one of common sight. The gap in space and (until modern phase) in time has been the intact sign of each stage of its development. Distance learning is also characterized by the presence of technology, dialogue between the learner and the trainer, a high proportion of self-study, formal organization. As it is demonstrated by our study, distance learning in higher education, has a number of problems. To solve them, we proposed the subject-centered approach, since there are always people behind all economic, political, legal, pedagogical, psychological problems of distance learning. After identifying the main difficulties, the ways to minimize them were proposed: permanent two-way communication between teachers and students, instructors and students, teachers and instructors; encouragement and support of communication between students, conducting face-to-face meetings between students and teachers; duplication of academic and organizational information; interaction of students with students-tutors.

The article raises the question of the need of teaching a number of profile disciplines in a foreign language (the subject-language integrated training) for students of the faculty of service and tourism. After graduating from a higher education institution, graduates of the Bachelor’s and Master’s degree programmes of specialisms «Service", "Tourism", and "Hospitality" have to know a foreign language at the level sufficient for the solution of problems of interpersonal and cross-cultural interaction, and for the implementation of business communications in professional activity: working in a contact zone with the consumer, consulting, coordinating, maintaining documentation, etc. The article describes the experience of teaching the course "Restaurant and Hotel Service" - one of the profile disciplines taught at the faculty of service and tourism of the FGBOU VO "Volga region state academy of physical culture, sport and tourism" - in English. The method of delivering lectures involving dialogue, not only in the direction Teacher ↔ Student but also Student ↔ Student, when students become active participants in delivering lecture material, is presented in the article. While conducting practical training, two methods were used. At the core of the first method there is preliminary preparation of presentations on given subjects by a subgroup of students (in 4-5 people), with further performance and discussion of material in English and Russian. The second method of conducting practicals is based on problem training with the solution of cases directly at practical sessions without preliminary training of students. The comparative analysis of the results of the entering (at the beginning of a semester) and intermediate (at the end of a semester) students’ tests regarding their language competence on the basis of the All-European scale (Common European Framework of Reference), and the questionnaire of the students showed the efficiency of teaching profile disciplines in English. The most pronounced dynamics of language competence was shown by the students of the experimental group. The prospects of the subject- language integrated training, including the use of the «Flipped Class” method, are presented in the article.

This paper describes a cylindrical container of finite dimensions, filled with two resting immiscible heat-conducting liquids with a common flat interface. The side walls and base of the vessel are solid, there are no external forces, and the contact angle of the interface with the side wall of the container is π/2. The interface has a surface tension whose strength linearly depends on temperature. When one of the container bases is heated to a critical temperature, there is movement inside the vessel. When modeling takes into account the energy spent on the interface deformation. The emerging spectral problem is solved by the modified Galerkin method. For various liquids, in the case of monotonous vibrations, the dependence of the critical Marangoni number on the container size and the temperature ratio, specified on the cylinder bases, is obtained, and a perturbed motion velocity field is constructed.

The Wiener-Hopf technique was used to obtain an analytical solution of the problem of waves arising in a liquid and ice sheet during uniform motion of a pressure region modeling an air-cushion vessel on the free surface of the liquid in an ice sheet fracture. The ice sheet is modeled by two thin semi-infinite viscoelastic plates of constant thickness, floating on the surface of an ideal incompressible liquid of finite depth and separated by a liquid free surface zone. In the moving coordinate system, the plate deflection and the liquid elevation are assumed to be steady-state. The wave forces, the elevation of the liquid free surface, the deflection and deformation of the plates at different vessel speeds and ice sheet thicknesses are investigated. It is shown that for some values of the speed, ice sheet thickness, and current pressure, destruction of the ice sheet near the edge is possible.

Barotropic geostrophic flows are investigated using rectangular and polar coordinate systems. It is shown that, for the analysis of geostrophic flows with radial symmetry, the use of a polar coordinate system is preferable. Relations between the hydrodynamic characteristics, including the expressions of the fluid particle velocity components and vorticity through pressure, are obtained. It is established that, in the case of stationary barotropic flows, isobaths coincide with current lines. Stationary radially symmetric geostrophic flows are considered.

Steady air blowing (suction) into a turbulent boundary layer on the NACA 0012 airfoil through singular slots located on its neighboring sides near the trailing edge is studied experimentally and numerically. The investigations are performed at the Reynolds number Re_c = 0.7 x 10⁶ in the range of the angles of attack α = -6 &divede; 6^oC; the intensity of the injected and sucked jet characterized by a dimensionless momentum coefficient does not reach 10^-3. It is demonstrated that the result of blowing is not only an increase in the lift force, but also significant enhancement of the drag force of the airfoil. In the case of suction, the increase in the lift force is appreciably smaller despite airfoil drag reduction.

A theoretical model of the development of a reservoir with high-viscosity oil using the technology of paired horizontal wells was developed. The problem was solved numerically assuming that a two-well system is replaced by one hypothetical well through which heating of the reservoir and simultaneous oil extraction are performed. Heat consumption for heating the reservoir, the change in flow rate, and the mass of extracted oil for a certain period of time were analyzed for various heating temperatures, pressure drops, and induction period of the well. The obtained solutions can be used to determine heating conditions optimal in energy consumption.

The temperature distribution in a well and reservoir are studied by numerical simulation of the nonisothermal movement of gas-cut oil in a multiple-zone well taking into account the Joule-Thomson effect, the adiabatic effect, and the heat of degassing. It is shown that the position of the boundary of the oil degassing area in the borehole can be evaluated from the temperature distribution.

This paper presents a three-dimensional thermoelastic analysis of a rotating cylindrical functionally graded shell subjected to inner and outer pressures, surface shear stresses due to friction, an external torque, and a uniform temperature distribution. A power-law distribution is considered for thermal and mechanical properties of the material. The first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is employed to express the displacement field. The system of six constitutive differential equations of the problem includes the Euler equations for the energy functional. It is found that the material grading index has a significant effect on the stress and displacement fields.

An approach for investigating the strain energy release rate for longitudinal cracks in nonlinear elastic inhomogeneous beams is derived. The Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain relation is applied to describe the unsymmetrical mechanical behaviour of the material with respect to tension and compression. It is assumed that the beams have continuous material inhomogeneity in the height direction. Cracks can be located arbitrarily along the beam height. The approach is applied to investigate a longitudinal crack in a cantilever beam. The J-integral is used for verification of the solution.

This paper presents the theory of irreversible deformations that allows one to analyze large deformations of metals and determine the characteristics of the stress-strain state, deformation damage, and structural characteristics at various structural levels.

This paper describes a study of the dynamic strength characteristic - the natural vibration frequency of a supporting wall comprised of two orthotropic cylindrical shells reinforced by discretely distributed annular rods. The problem is solved using the Hamilton-Ostrogradsky variational principle. A frequency equation is constructed, its roots are determined, and their dependence on the physical and geometric parameters of the problem is investigated.

This paper describes energy distribution in a block medium simulated by a one-dimensional chain of masses connected by springs and dampers. Equations describing the motion of masses are solved by the methods of the theory of ordinary differential equations. The effect of the block medium parameters on energy dissipation is investigated. An approximate analytical solution is obtained that describes the total energy of a block medium at large values of time.

The concept of a loading surface corresponding to creep strains is formulated similarly to how the concept of a loading surface corresponding to plastic strains is introduced. An equation for the loading surface corresponding to creep strains is obtained. It is proven that, in the absence of viscosity of the material, the equation of the loading surface corresponding to creep strains coincides with the equation of the loading surface corresponding to plastic strains.

Within the framework of a model of a perfectly plastic body, the strength of a two-layer waterproof barrier adjacent to the trunk of a production well in a porous medium is investigated. The barrier is formed by injecting (with subsequent solidification) synthetic resin into the porous layer through the production well. In the problem parameter space, the domains are determined, in which the strength and yield conditions of the outer and inner layers of the barrier are satisfied.

Based on the results of experiments carried out using a gas gun, data are obtained on the fracture of a VNZh-90 alloy (tungsten - nickel - iron) under a shock wave load in a pressure range of 2.5-4.0 GPa. Spall strength, which, depending on the degree of fracture, varies in a range of 1.00 to 1.25 GPa, and the nature of fracture are determined. Metallographic analysis is used to determine the damage parameter values. It is revealed that, under these conditions, the fracture comprises several stages, occurs in a (Ni-Fe) bond, and the W particles do not fracture. It is shown that experimental results are in good agreement with the results of numerical calculations.

Oscillations of a structure of a catastrophic type, comprised of a bearing and controlling surfaces are under study. It is shown that this process is self-oscillatory. Calculation results are given.

Transverse (out-of-plane) vibrations of a rotating nanobeam tapered both in width and thickness are studied on the basis on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The nonuniform nanobeam is modeled with allowance for a small-scale effect contained in the nonlocal Eringen elasticity theory. The axial force due to rotating movement (centrifugal stiffening) of the beam is included into the model. The governing partial differential equation of the structure is solved by implementing the differential transform method (DTM). The variations of the taper ratio, rotational velocity, hub radius, and nonlocal small-scale parameter are taken into consideration. Comparisons of the present results with available data are performed.

A laboratory technique for accelerating a measuring probe in a ballistic experiment was used to perform a series of experiments with high-speed video recording of the process from the start of motion of the measuring probe and electric wire in the starting device to the end of motion of the probe in the target. Advantages of the developed probing technique are discussed. The conditions and technical solutions providing continuous recording of the motion parameters of measuring probe on the flight path and in the target medium are proposed based on the result of video recording of the dynamic gas flow in the starting device and the evolution of the electric wire shape.

The review considers the phenomenon of phylogenetic immobilization, which was first described by I. I. Schmalhausen and consists in a loss of evolutionary plasticity as a result of stabilizing selection and deleterious mutations with habitat-specific fitness effects. Examples of immobilization are described and their classification proposed. Stability of the environment and morphological conservatism are considered as factors in immobilization. The issues under discussion include the role of the immobilization concept in solving problems of the theory of evolution, the possibility of taking advantage of immobilization in breeding, and the problem of preserving taxa having a lower evolutionary plasticity.

The composition and ecological-geographical features of the rarest endemic species of vascular plants of Siberia, including 50 species, known so far only from the classical location (the so-called stenoendemics) are considered. Their share is about 1 % of the flora of vascular plants of Siberia. For the first time, according to the floristic zoning, the composition of the chorological groups of the stenoendemics of Siberia has been established. The zones of concentration of their ranges are determined. The largest number of species studied (23) is concentrated in the Altaic Siberian ecoregion. A significant number of stenoendemic species are also represented in the Baikal Siberian (10) and West Siberian (8) regions. It has been quantitatively proved that the conditions for the existence of stenoendemics are most favorable in Southern Siberia. The mountain systems of Altai and Sayan provide the most diverse spectra of habitats for the successful implementation of microevolutionary processes, as well as the level of isolation sufficient to isolate new species. To determine the environmental conditions conducive to the processes of speciation, the grouping of the studied species according to their belonging to floristic complexes was carried out. More than a third of the studied species of the Altaic Siberian ecoregion (9 out of 23) are confined to the high-mountain floristic complex. Stenoendemics of the forest floristic complex are concentrated in the Altaic Siberian and West Siberian ecoregions and form a grouping comparable in value to the types of the high-mountain floristic complex. In the Baikal Siberia, species of the steppe floristic complex predominate, which is due to the diversity of the steppe areas and their insular character. It has been established that the level of state protection of the studied species is unacceptably low, since none of them are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. To assess the degree of study and the prospects for further research on endemic species, a methodology for their ranking by quantitative indicators has been developed and tested. The recommendations presented in the article should be the basis for consideration of questions on the inclusion of the studied endemic species of vascular plants of Siberia into the lists of rare and endangered plants of the Russian Federation.

On the basis of an investigation of epiphytic ferns and taking into account the literature data, information on ecological classifications of vascular epiphytes is summarized and a multiple ecological classification is proposed, in which vascular epiphytes are grouped into 3 blocks of morpho-functional types (MFT): facultative epiphytes (protoephiphytes), obligate epiphytes (holoepiphytes) and hemiepiphytes, and obligate epiphytes (holoepiphytes) and hemi-epiphytes and hemi-epiphytes and hemiepiphytes and obligate epiphytes (holoepiphytes) and hemi-epiphytes. The main criterion underlying this division is the degree of specialization of plants to the epiphytic way of life. Each group includes several subgroups diverged on the basis of presence of special morphological structures providing epiphytes with nutrients and water under conditions of their deficit as well as life in the conditions of low irradiation and high hydrature. Within the subgroups, the variants are distinguished and inside them - preadaptive and adaptive mechanisms used by the epiphytes in order to cope with the specific environment. Physiofunctional types with specialization to epiphytic mode of life are distinguished as well.

The features of the distribution of climate-forming factors in Siberia are considered. The study area is represented by three regions: the West Siberian plain, the Central Siberia and the mountain systems of Southern Siberia. Climate and environmental resources (air and soil temperature and snow cover) in each region are estimated. A detailed analysis of the temperature along the soil profiles (to a depth of 0.8 m) was made. Vertical soil profiles are grouped according to the degree of summer heating and winter cooling. Differentiation of the territory of Siberia is made on the basis of soil temperatures. The paper proposes a new approach to the assessment of integrated climate and environmental resources for a large area. The generalization of the revealed regularities for the Siberia region is presented.

His study analyzes the present distribution of the Tuva mountain voles based on literary data, museum collections, and the own materials. The bioclimatic model of potential species distribution has been constructed using 25 localities which were identified as the presence of Tuva mountain vole in the territory of Russia and Mongolia. It is shown that the species range of the Tuva voles consists of three large isolated parts: the northern one, located mainly in Khakassia; southern, located in Tuva and the adjacent territory of Mongolia; small area on the northern shore of Lake Khuvsgul in Mongolia. The examination of habitats of the Tuva mountain voles in the territory of Khakassia showed that in recent decades there has been a significant decrease in the number of inhabited sites, which indicates a significant decline of population and intensification of fragmentation of the northern part of the range of the Tuva mountain vole.

Data on the population dynamics and dominance structure in the community of shrews in the surroundings of Magadan (2011-2018) are represented. In general, the even-toothed shrew (S. isodon) and the Laxmann’s shrew (S. caecutiens) dominated in the catch; species of secondary abundance were the slender shrew (S. gracillimus), the Siberian large-toothed shrew (S. daphaenodon), the Kamchatka shrew (S. camtschaticus) and the least shrew (S. minutissimus). Increases and decreases of number of all species coincided to varying degrees, and the differences in the dominance structure between years were relatively small. Only the status of the Laxmann’s shrew, characterized by the largest amplitude of number fluctuations, and the slender shrew, the abundance of which has increased recently in the region, has varied. The role of some factors in the regulation of the number of animals is discussed.

The results of studying the structural and functional characteristics of phytoplankton in the coastal region of the Black Sea with the help of flow cytometry are presented. Data of the seasonal variability of the biomass of three algal groups (Synechococcus, pico-eukaryotic phytoplankton, nano-phytoplankton), chlorophyll a content, percentage of living cells, and fluorescence FDA (diacetate fluorescein), which characterizes the functional state of algae were obtained. A significantly positive relationship between the values (biomass, autofluorescence of chlorophyll), determined on the flow cytometer and the total content of chlorophyll a , calculated using standard methods, was revealed. Influence of environmental factors such as temperature, illumination and content of nutrients in the medium on biomass and fluorescence of the FDA of three isolated groups of algae is shown. It was noted that the nitrate content and temperature had no significant effect on the abundance of pico and nano-phytoplankton, while a reliable relationship was established between the biomass of nano-phytoplankton and the concentrations of dissolved forms of mineral phosphorus. An inverse statistically significant correlation was established between the intensity of light and the biomass of pico-eukaryotic phytoplankton. It was noted that the abiotic environmental factors considered in the study did not significantly affect the FDA fluorescence value, except for temperature: in the warm period of the year in the Black Sea the picophytoplankton are most active, while the cold period of the year s favorable for the development of nanophytoplankton.

The growth and reproduction parameters in progeny of abundant (Lymnaea stagnalis) and rare (Stagnicola corvus) pulmonate species originated from the specimens captured in water bodies with the different forms and levels of anthropogenic pollution were determined in the reproduction experiment by cross-fertilization (CF) and self-fertilization (SF). It has been shown that SF leads to increasing of pre-reproductive age, fertility decline, decreasing amount of breeding individuals and growth rate of population numbers. Increasing of waterbodies’ pollution level leads to decrease of ability to SF in L. stagnalis. S. corvus as compared with L. stagnalis is characterized by reduced ability to SF. It could be one of the most crucial reasons for low abundance of S. corvus in nature.

Forest disturbances induced by the clear-cutting (CC) leads to the transformation of the natural biogeochemical processes, which determining main greenhouse gas fluxes (principally CO₂) between forest ecosystems and the atmosphere. Effects of clear-cutting on CO₂ exchange substantially vary depending on local environmental and climate conditions. This study is focused on estimation of net ecosystem exchange of СО₂ (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (TER) and soil respiration in southern taiga in European Russia. The results are based on continious eddy covariance measurements during the 2 growing seasons (2016 and 2017). The research showed that the clear-cut was a consistent source of CO₂ for the atmosphere during the first years following harvest (NEE since May to october is 553.3 2016 and 193.3 g С∙m^-2 in 2017). Interannual variability of the cumulative NEE, of GPP (777.5 g С∙m^-2 in 2016 and 1020.5 g С∙m^-2) and decrease in TER (1330.95 g С∙m^-2 in 2016 and 1213.7 g С∙m^-2 in 2017). The results of chamber measurements showed, that soil respiration in the midday hours in summer changed between 3.6 ± 0.7 and 11.8 ± 3.0 μmol∙m^-2∙s^-1 in 2016 and between 6.0±1.3 and 14.8±3.5 μmol∙m^-2∙s^-1 in 2017 at the different plots within the clear-cut site. The estimates of the cumulative GPP at the clear-cut in southern taiga of European Russia exceed the GPP rates obtained previously in the other clear-cut forest ecosystems, located in boreal and sub-boreal ecozones.

The article is devoted to the ecological problem of effective urban landscaping and increasing the role of green plantings in environment stabilizing. The paper summarizes the material on the complex bio-ecological assessment of functionally different urban green areas of Vladivostok. There are six types of urban plantings: ordinary plantings, squares, intra-quarter gardening, old city public gardens, city parks, intra-urban recreational forests. The questions of specificity of their species composition, conditions of growth and the intensity of influencing anthropogenic press are considered. It is noted almost fourfold increase of environmental stress in following series: city parks → intra-quarter gardening → intra-urban recreational forests → old city public gardens → ordinary plantings → squares. The greatest attention is paid to the comparative analysis of tree-shrub species and plantations accumulation of heavy metals - the main markers of technogenic pollution of the urban environment. The correlation regularities in the accumulation of heavy metals by plants in the conditions of Vladivostok urban ecosystems were found out and the geochemical association of the main metal-pollutants was established: Fe_4.1 Zn_2.0 Pb_1.9 Cu_1.4 Ni_1.3. It is shown that the intensity of heavy metals transformation by green plantings increases 3 times in a ranked series: intra-urban recreational forest → city parks → old city public gardens → intra-quarter gardening → squares → ordinary plantings. On the basis of the conducted researches and attraction of the received earlier results the complex assessment of a functional condition of city green plantings is performed. For its practical solution the author offers the functional status index (IFS) of plantings as an integral indicator of ecological condition of vegetation and soils of green plantings, their ability of heavy metals transformation in the conditions of the urbanized environment. The high functional status of ordinary plantings and squares, caused mainly by the active accumulation of heavy metals by soils and plants, is noted. This index is one and a half times lower for old city gardens and intra-urban recreational forests. In conclusion, the author recommends using the obtained results in the organization of a rational system of urban landscaping and differentiated measures of care for plantations of various functional purposes.