Home – Home – Jornals – Professional Education in the Modern World 2014 number 2

The author analyzes the contradictions of development both within education and science and between them and other social spheres, in particular, the sphere of labor. There are conceptualized the possibilities and threats of the incremental development of education and science. Among the features of the incremental development strategy there are:  predictability of the effects of new policy, regulatedness of the transition procedures to new conditions, sufficiency and adequacy of resources, stability of the system of education and science.

There are substantiated seven principles to minimize the threats of the incremental strategy of education and science: systematic character, adequacy, proactivity, efficiency, personal orientation, adequacy, necessity.

It is shown that the strategy of the incremental development in science and education should be based not on voluntaristic transfer of technical standardization into the sphere of humanities, but on the manifestation of universality of the laws of self-organization. It is shown that standardization of education is just one side of the general phenomenon of incrementalism, which is conceived as a universal law of nature and the self-organization of society.

Stochastic evolution equations are investigated using a new approach to the group analysis of stochastic differential equations. It is shown that the proposed approach reduces the problem of group analysis for this type of equations to the same problem of group analysis for evolution equations of special form without stochastic integrals.

This paper studies the stability of the front of chemoconvective finger patterns spontaneously formed in a two-layer system of reacting liquids placed in a narrow gap between two solid plates. The mathematical model of this process includes a system of equations that take into account chemical reaction, diffusion, and convection, written in the Hele-Shaw approximation. Numerical analysis of the model shows that with increasing intensity of heat release, the envelope of the salt fingers is smoothed and chemoconvection occurs in a narrow region adjacent to the interface.

This paper presents a closure relation which describes hydraulic jumps in two-layer flows with a free surface over a flat bottom. This relation is derived from the momentum equations for each layer, which, subject to the condition of conservation of the total momentum and mass of each layer, become conservative in a sense. It is shown that use of this relation provides a reduction in the total energy at the jump.

Different approximations of the Kompaneets equation are studied using approximate symmetries, which allows consideration of the contributions of all terms of this equation previously neglected in the analysis of the limiting cases.

The effect of internal heat sources on the flow pattern in the filtration convection problem with cosymmetry is studied numerically. Low-intensity heat sources, whose presence leads to violation of cosymmetry and breakdown of the one-parameter family of steady regimes are considered. Theoretically predicted scenarios for the breakdown of the family into a finite number of steady regimes and the occurrence of slow periodic motions are confirmed. The existence of relaxation oscillations is established for large Rayleigh numbers.

Exact solutions of the equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics describing the class of unsteady flows of an electrically conducting fluid with a constant total pressure are constructed. The solutions are written in the Lagrange coordinate system; arbitrariness in its choice was used to parameterize magnetic field lines. The wide functional arbitrariness the solutions provide a significant variation in the picture of the described fluid motions. An example of unsteady flow of an ideal electrically conducting fluid in a cylindrical channel with fixed magnetic tubes is given.

Stationary two-layer liquid and gas flows with fluid evaporation at the interface are studied. On the solid impermeable boundaries of the channel, no-slip conditions are satisfied and a linear temperature distribution along the longitudinal coordinate and a condition for the vapor concentration at the upper boundary are specified. On the thermocapillary interface, remaining undeformed, the following conditions are specified: kinematic and dynamic conditions, a condition for thermal flows with mass transfer, continuity conditions for the velocity, temperature, and mass balance, and a relation for the saturated vapor concentration. An exact solution of the stationary problem for a given gas flow rate is obtained. Examples of velocity profiles are given for stationary flows of the ethanol-nitrogen system under normal and reduced gravity are given. The effect of longitudinal temperature gradients specified at the boundaries of the channel on the flow pattern is investigated.

Stability of the Couette flow of a vibrationally excited diatomic gas with a parabolic profile of static temperature is studied within the framework of the linear theory. A set of explicit asymptotic estimates are obtained for inviscid disturbances described by a system of linearized equations of two-temperature gas dynamics. It is shown that the first Rayleigh condition (theorem) is satisfied for unstable modes, and the classification of inviscid modes into even and odd modes is valid. A generalized condition of the presence of an inflection point on the velocity profile, which is necessary for disturbances to evolve, is obtained. The sufficient condition in Howard's semi-circle theorem is refined. Complex phase velocities of two-dimensional even and odd inviscid modes are numerically calculated as functions of the Mach number, degree of excitation of vibrational levels of energy, and characteristic relaxation time. In the Couette flow problem, in contrast to the case of a free shear layer, the growth rate of the most unstable second mode increases with increasing Mach number and tends to a certain limit for which an asymptotic expression in the form of an ordinary differential equation is obtained. The calculated results show that the effect of reduction of the growth rate on the background of the relaxation process is clearly expressed in the range of flow parameters considered.

Synthesis of diamond-like coatings from a high-velocity flow of gas mixtures in flow regimes from free-molecular to continuum with flow velocities from hundreds to thousands meters per second at different specific flow rates and temperatures in the case of activation of gases on hot surfaces is studied experimentally. Deposition of carbon films at low (less than 0.15 Pa) and high (2600 Pa) pressures from a mixture of hydrogen and methane is considered. The hydrogen flow is computed by the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method in accordance with test conditions with given surface temperatures and chemical transformations on the surfaces. It is found that coatings obtained at the high pressure contain particles typical for diamonds and unusual inclusions shaped as prisms with a hexagonal cross section.

The formation of zones with anomalously high values of the basic flow characteristics in decompression waves in a heavy cavitating magma with an intense increase in the density of cavitation nuclei is numerically studied within the framework of a mathematical model of multiphase media with a system of kinetic equations. The basic effects leading to the formation of the anomalous zone are identified.

Axisymmetric steady conical and locally conical non-swirled flows of an ideal (inviscid and non-heat-conducting) gas are considered. Like two-dimensional conical flows, the examined one-dimensional (axisymmetric) flows can be conically subsonic and supersonic. If the uniform flow is not considered as a conical flow, then the type of one-dimensional conical flows can change only on the shock wave, except for the junction of two one-dimensional conical flows of different types on the C⁺ characteristic. C^± characteristics and streamlines are constructed for a number of locally conical flows and some already known and new conical flows.

In the long-wave approximation, the flow of a homogeneous fluid with a free surface in the gravity field is considered. Mathematical models of the surface turbulent layer in shear flows are derived. Steady solutions of the problem of evolution of the mixing layer under the free surface and formation of a surface turbulent jet are constructed. In particular, the problem of the structure of a turbulent bore in a supercritical flow is solved, and the conditions for the formation of a local subcritical zone ahead of the obstacle are studied.

A problem of steady internal waves in subcritical flows of a stratified liquid over a finite sequence of bottom elevations is considered. An asymptotic solution of the second order of accuracy, which takes into account nonlinear effects, is constructed by the method of perturbations in terms of the small parameter of the obstacle height. Near-field interference wave structures are studied.

A theoretical and experimental analysis of the influence of the dispersed transition layer between a coating and a substrate on the development of deformation structures near the interface has been performed as part of an interdisciplinary study of the deformation and fracture of coating-substrate compositions under contact interaction. Elastic energy transfer from an indenter was simulated using excitable cellular automata taking into account the self-organization of translations and rotations of the structure near the interface. The effect of the transition layer between the coating and the substrate on the development of deformation structures during contact interaction with the indenter in three-point bending was studied experimentally using a TOMSC television-optical measuring complex.

An exact solution of equations of steady motion of a self-gravitating gas is found. This solution describes a vortex flow of the gas from the surface of a spherical source and is partly invariant with respect to the group of rotations (Ovsyannikov vortex, singular vortex). The factor-system of the solution is reduced to finite formulas and one ordinary differential equation of the third order. Various regimes of gas motion described by this solution are determined: unlimited spreading of the gas with swirling from the surface of a spherical source and gas exhaustion with formation of a sphere with elevated density at a finite distance from this source.

A straightline unsteady motion of a load over a floating elastic sheet in a pool whose depth changes in the direction of load motion is studied. The influence of the pool depth, sheet thickness, load size and intensity, and velocity of uniform motion on the amplitude and maximum deflection of the sheet is analyzed.

A plane steady problem of a point vortex in a domain filled by a viscous incompressible fluid and bounded by a solid wall is considered. The existence of the solution of Navier-Stokes equations, which describe such a flow, is proved in the case where the vortex circulation Γ and viscosity ν satisfy the condition | Γ | < 2πν. The velocity field of the resultant solution has an infinite Dirichlet integral. It is shown that this solution can be approximated by the solution of the problem of rotation of a disk of radius γ with an angular velocity ω under the condition 2πγ²ω → Γ as γ → 0 and ω → ∞.

Wavy downflow of viscous fluid films is studied. The full Navier-Stokes equations are used to calculate the hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow. The stability of calculated nonlinear waves to arbitrary two-dimensional perturbations is considered within the framework of the Floquet theory. It is shown that, for small values of the Kapitza number, the waves are stable over a wide range of wavelengths and values of the Reynolds number. It is found that, as the Kapitza number increases, the parameter range where nonlinear waves are calculated is divided into a series of alternating zones of stable and unstable solutions. A large number of narrow zones where the solutions are stable are revealed on the wavelength-Reynolds number parameter plane for large values of the Kapitza number. Optimal regimes of film downflow that correspond to the minimum value of average film thickness for nonlinear waves with different wavelengths are determined. The basic characteristics of these waves are calculated in a wide range of Reynolds and Kapitza numbers.

A differentially invariant solution of rank 1 for gas dynamics equations is considered in a seven-dimensional subalgebra of all translations including Galilean translations. Exact solutions with a uniformly accelerated plane of the level of invariant functions are obtained. A nonisentropic wave depends on two arbitrary functions and constants. A general solution of an isentropic simple wave depends on the constants only.

An exact solution is obtained for the boundary-value problem of oil flow to a slit-like well in a reservoir containing other fluids adjacent to its top and base. This solution is used to compare the maximum possible oil production from slit-like and tubular wells in the double critical regime.

Reflecting on the problems of interaction between society and nature, the author reveals a number of contradictions regarding the existence of two basic models of education: the techno-economic and environmental-humanistic ones, which correspond to the techno-economic or eco-humanistic world outlooks. A certain role in changing the public world outlook is played by education; more precisely, by its new models and principles which will allow in the future to minimize or eliminate the insoluble contradictions in the «society - nature» system. In view of these contradictions, there is considered in the article the problem of development of environmental education in the ethnopedagogics of the Buryat people taking into account the ethnoecological traditions, which are demanded in modern conditions of reforming the domestic education. The ethnoecological traditions of the titular nation of Buryatia, the accumulated unique experience of harmonious human interaction with the natural environment, the methods of its transmission, on one hand, and the threat of loss of this uniqueness, on the other, all this requires a special study involving a variety of sources and should be taken into account when developing the concept of development of the Buryat national school in the modern conditions.

A new method of the children intellectual development is suggested: a trilogy of intellect, the basic thinking operation of which is the logical operation of comparison. The method is created on the basis of Aristotle’s understanding of philosophy as “the science about the first reasons and origins” of cognition that must be a starting point of the surrounding world’s cognition at school. In addition to the generally accepted teaching the rational and mental thinking to schoolchildren, a new method is an effective mean of advanced development of the rational thinking of children with the help of general scientific comparative notions - the kinds of opposition, promoting a holistic world perception of schoolchildren.

The question is considered of organizing the educational activity in the schools of the North, taking into account the climatic, socio-cultural conditions and the traditional kind of economic management. The results are presented of monitoring the organization of educational activities in the educational institutions in the places of traditional residence and economic activities of the indigenous peoples of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). As a result, the authors have developed a teaching-methodical set of traditional knowledge for the pupils of lower grades taking into account the Federal State Educational Standards.

The article deals with the influence of the main philosophical and linguistic theories on the formation of multilingual education of schoolchildren in the European countries. As is shown in the present paper, the development of knowledge in philosophy has been tightly connected with new directions in linguistic studies aimed on understanding the nature of language and existing ties of language and thought, the ways of formation of the individual multilingualism and preservation of the multilingualism of the society. The solution of the modern problems concerning the European language education is entrusted to the school multilingual education, which is a multidimensional and multifunctional pedagogical phenomenon.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors that limit the freedom in the context of social security in modern Russia. This problem in the consideration of any of its aspects is crucial for the development of the society. At present, the values of freedom and social security of the person are interlinked, because they are influenced by various factors: the territorial, social, cultural, and environmental ones. Today, the person cannot determine for him/herself the importance and role of freedom, which leads to limitations in the implementation of his/her rights.

Scientific and technical progress, besides its positive role in the development of mankind, is accompanied by a number of negative side effects. Among them are the excessive technocratization of modern life; deepening world-outlook crisis; the loss of a number of humanistic orientations; the loss of understanding that it is the human being, his/her personality and welfare that should be the main goal of social development. The corresponding deformations are observed in all spheres of public life, including education; this is a destabilizing factor in the development of the society. The necessity is substantiated of humanization of science education for improving the educational space of Russia, eliminating the negative effects associated with scientific and technological progress. The author distinguishes and specifies possible directions of humanization of education, using the example of the physics course in the higher education institutions.

In the article there is considered the problem of formation of the spiritual-moral potential of the individual, his/her values through the introduction to the basic values of the traditional musical culture of singing on the example of accordionists. In the society, there is underestimation of the folk music creative work, patriotic education on the basis of the development of cultural traditions. The ideological and spiritual orientations of the young generation are blurred; and this often leads to undesirable actions and pursuit of false targets in life. Not only the education system in Russia has not become culture-centered and spiritually oriented, but it is increasingly becoming technocratic. Playing the Russian folk musical instruments is not widespread among children and adolescents. In schools, the art classes in folk music are virtually absent, pupils are not singing Russian folk songs but they are rather fond of the Western musical trends and avant-garde. Already the pre-revolutionary Russian philosophers expressed concern about the loss of national upbringing. In modern times, the problem has become even more acute. The author gives a brief analysis of the current periodicals, professional journals, provides interesting data obtained through sociological and cultural studies among the schoolchildren. There is revealed a clear relationship between hobbies, interests and priorities in the field of art, music, on one hand, and the spiritual-moral values, life orientations, aspirations and beliefs, on the other. Based on the materials of the conducted studies, there is proposed a set of measures of the spiritual-moral education of the young generation, a concept of educational and social activities in the field of preservation and dissemination of cultural values, introducing schoolchildren to them.

The author analyses the content of the systems of modern public education, considers their ability to reproduce "the people of the future" and reveals the reasons for their failing to meet the requirements of time. On the basis of this analysis, a way is offered in the article of modernization the content of public education for functioning according to the principle of working ahead of the "future requirements", which presupposes active and constructive participation of philosophers in the formation of public education programs and their content. The necessity of such philosophical activity is justified, some contemporary examples are given, and the basic directions are outlined.

The article analyzes the history of development of the interdisciplinary connections. The chronological sequence is given of their studying beginning from the researchers of the seventeenth century to the contemporary scholars. The features of the definitions of interdisciplinary connections suggested in the XIX and XX centuries, their differences and similarities are described. The lack of the quantitative approaches to the interdisciplinary connections is indicated. The expediency of developing the research of the quantitative estimates of interdisciplinary connections is demonstrated.

The problem of the first-year students’ motivation to active learning has always been topical for the teachers of natural sciences, especially physics. Recently, this problem has worsened due to the general changes in school education, the most significant among which is a decrease in the number of classroom hours devoted to the study of physics at school, which is the main reason of deterioration of the level of school preparation in physics. The authors analyze the problem of motivation to studying physics for the first-year natural science students using a model of the system of mental reflection, as well as the features of the achievement motive. There is studied the possibility of freshmen students’ achieving a high level of mental reflection by forming the motive of achievement. The article gives the examples of organizations of the purpose-oriented independent activity of students in learning physics during lectures and seminars.

The author analyzes and compares the content of professional competence of Bachelors and Masters of the “Linguistics” profile of training in the conditions of reforming the Russian system of higher education and organizing professional training in accordance with the requirements of the modern state educational standards. The article defines the terms of «professional competence of the Bachelor», «professional competence of the Master»; it reveals the similarities and differences of their characteristics for Bachelors and Masters of linguistics on the basis of comparison of the objects and kinds of professional activity, capacities and other components.

In the article the author examines the psycho-pedagogical conditions for transformation of the non-adaptive forms of victim behavior of teenagers in the educational space. A concept of non-adaptive forms of victim behavior is presented; its characteristics and the specific factors of its appearance are described. The results of experimental studies conducted among the adolescents in the Novosibirsk region are presented. There are identified and described the conditions under which the work of transformation of the non-adaptive forms of victim behavior in adolescents can be effective. There are given the results of the study of the safety parameters of the educational environment, serving as a basis for the formation of safe behavior. There are characterized the parameters of psycho-educational support, providing opportunities of transformation of the adolescents’ behavior.

The paper discusses the use of the cluster approach as one of the most effective ways of territorial development. This is a new form of partnership between business, education and culture. It is shown that the essence of the cluster approach is to create such a concept of territorial development that consists in developing the activity of maximum density and the value added chain of maximum length in the territory. The main goal is to maximize economic benefit and profit, which is to remain in the territory and to be used for developing infrastructure, living conditions and standards of life. Three types of clustering in the field of culture and education are analyzed. They are considered in the paper in the light of what is done in this respect in the Novosibirsk region.

The article considers the principles of connection between the artistic picture of the world and the socio-cultural phenomena. The contemporary art processes are characterized by dynamic changes that require specifying and understanding the prospects of development in the context of their dependence on the culture of society. The connection principle is built on the basis of a systematic approach using the concepts of art and social codes that are a kind of content translator of the world view and culture of the society directly in the works of art and artistic picture of the world.

The webinar was led by academician Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor J. S. Turbovskogo January 30, 2014