Home – Home – Jornals – Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 2013 number 6

Based on new data on the age, mineralogy, and geochemistry of ultramafic–mafic complexes in the Precambrian structures of the southern periphery of the Siberian Platform, the East Siberian metallogenic (PGE–Cu–Ni) province is recognized. It includes the Yenisei Ridge, Precambrian Kan uplift, Alkhadyr terrane with the adjacent structures of the Biryusa block, and northern Baikal region (Yoko-Dovyren and other massifs of the Baikal–Patom basin). We have established that the U–Pb and Ar–Ar ages of ore-bearing complexes of dunite–peridotite–pyroxenite–gabbro association correspond to the Late Riphean (728–710 Ma). The mineralogical and geochemical similarity of ore-bearing complexes in different areas testifies to their genetic entity. All parental melts were similar in composition to picrites. The calculation results and the PGE enrichment of rocks and ores show high degrees of melting of the mantle source, which agrees with the plume model of formation of the ore-magmatic system. The recognized province is similar in the type of magmatism and time of its occurrence to the Franklin LIP in northern Canada. It is one of the highly promising ore districts of East Siberia.

The Tomino–Bereznyaki ore field lies in the western part of the East Urals volcanic megazone (20–30 km southwest of Chelyabinsk). The commercial Tomino porphyry (Mo, Au)–Cu deposit is localized in the east of the field, within a small mesoabyssal intrusion of quartz–diorite composition. The epithermal Au–Ag Bereznyaki deposit is confined to subvolcanic dioritic porphyrites in the west of the field. The western and eastern parts of the ore field have a tectonic boundary. Granitoids belong to a single volcanoplutonic complex of K–Na-quartz–diorite composition. The U–Pb concordant age of zircons from the ore-bearing dioritic porphyrite of the Tomino and Bereznyaki deposits is 428 ± 3 Ma (MSWD = 0.9) and 427 ± 6 Ma (MSWD = 1.1), respectively. A Silurian absolute age has been established for the Urals porphyry Cu ore-magmatic system for the first time. The diorites and acid metasomatites of both deposits contain a unique three-mica assemblage (Mu, Pa, and Mu0.36Pa0.64). The metasomatized diorites are of similar isotope-petrogeochemical compositions; they have close total REE contents (24–52 ppm) and REE patterns. Their Zr–Hf, Nb–Ta, and La–Ce diagrams show similar trends. The obtained data indicate the close time of formation of the porphyry and epithermal deposits and their probable genetic entity. The vertical evolution of the porphyry Cu column from meso- and hypabyssal to subvolcanic level includes the isotope (Sr, S, and O) crust–mantle interaction. The deposits formed at different depths expose on the modern surface as a result of the block tectonic processes in the ore field.

Geological observations and petrological and geochemical criteria are used to detect hybrid rocks at the endocontact of a dolerite dike. The hybrid rocks were produced when the material of a mafic intrusion mixed with a felsic melt. The latter was produced by the melting of the metamorphic rocks making up the Goloustnaya basement inlier of the Siberian craton, under the thermal effect of the intruded dike. Two age groups of zircons have been identified in the hybrid rock by SHRIMP analysis. The Paleoproterozoic age of inherited zircon (1902, 1864, 1859, and 1855 Ma) reflects the contribution of ancient sources to the hybrid-rock composition. The young, primary-magmatic, zircon grains, produced by melting at the endocontact of the mafic intrusion (494 ± 5 Ma), are coeval with the hybrid rocks, and their age indicates when the mafic rocks intruded the metamorphic framework. Dikes of close age, with similar geochemical characteristics, are present on the southern margin of the Siberian craton — from Goloustnaya to Biryusa salients.

The new petrological and geochrological data are used to constrain the nature of garnet-clinopyroxene and lawsonite-bearing rocks, which contain a rare variety of Fe-Ca-rich garnets. These rocks associated with antigorite serpentinites have no equivalents in the other units of the Maksyutov eclogite-glaucophane schist complex and, thus, can be regarded as a separate “mafic-ultramafic” unit. Based on their mineral and chemical composition, the garnet-clinopyroxene and lawsonite-bearing rocks can be interpreted as HP associations formed within a deep continental rifting setting. They experienced a series of metasomatic alterations during decompression exhumation and were accreted to the Maksyutov Complex as a result of the arc-continent collision. The U–Pb zircon data indicate that a Late Riphean–Lower Paleozoic age (824 and 440–470 Ma) was a crystallization age of garnet-clinopyroxene rocks and Ar–Ar white mica age (341 ± 2 Ma) represents the timing of the final accretion of all structural unit to the Maksyutov Complex.

We consider the rare graphic textures of the cinnabar–stibnite and cinnabar–chalcopyrite pairs from the Khaidarkan Sb–Hg deposit (Kyrgyzstan) and the Idermeg–Bayan-Khan-Ula polysulfide–fluorite complex deposit (Mongolia). They resemble the ridge pattern on finger skin. Typical signs suggest the formation of the cinnabar–stibnite graphic texture in two stages of hypogene mineralization: (1) interstitial replacement of granulated stibnite by cinnabar and (2) local recrystallization of combined aggregates during the dynamic metamorphism of the ores with partial migration of substance and the formation of “ordered” graphic textures. This texture is named “the graphic texture of hypogene recrystallization.” The formation of the cinnabar–chalcopyrite graphic texture, which has been observed for the first time, is attributed to direct hypogene replacement of cinnabar by chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite crystallization along the contacts of cinnabar grains is accompanied by the growth of the replacement area. It is proposed to name this texture “the graphic texture of hypogene replacement.” The causes of the selective replacement of cinnabar by chalcopyrite, which gave rise to this peculiar texture, remain uncertain.

The paleogeography of the Earth, including the East European Platform, is very inaccurately defined for the interval 500–700 Ma. The quantity and quality of Late Precambrian–Cambrian paleomagnetic data on this platform are absolutely insufficient for reliable paleogeographical or paleotectonic reconstructions. Since there are almost no unstudied objects in the platform that could be used for paleomagnetic studies, it seems reasonable to consider the deformed platform margins. Of particular interest is the Bashkir anticlinorium (South Urals) with numerous Ediacaran sedimentary sections, some of which contain tuff beds suitable for isotope dating. We present paleomagnetic and geochronological data on the Upper Ediacaran Zigan Formation, sampled in the western part of the western limb of the Bashkir anticlinorium. The East European Platform must have been at near-equatorial latitudes at ~550 Ma.

The relative paleointensity of sedimentation is studied for sediments stripped by deep-water drilling in Lake Baikal (BDP-99 borehole). Two intervals are considered: 0–420 ka (Brunhes chron) and 1.05–1.09 Ma (before, during, and after the Matuyama–Jaramillo reversal). For these intervals, curves of the ideal magnetization of samples are plotted. The paleointensity data obtained along the borehole section reveal four excursions for the Baikal sediments whose identification on the inclination—depth curve is complicated. The lower part of the section (Matuyama–Jaramillo subzones) shows a paleointensity decrease by a factor of five or more relative to periods of invariable polarity.

Algorithms and software for numerical modeling and inversion of electromagnetic logs in the wells drilled with biopolymer and oil-based mud are developed. The algorithms are based on linearized solutions of the forward and inverse problems of electromagnetic logging and permit fast modeling of induction logs and efficient recovery of electric conductivity around the well. Mathematical modeling is based on numerical-analytical solution of 2D forward problem taking into account high conductivity contrast between the well and the formation. Linear inversion is based on SVD-decomposition of information matrix. The results of numerical modeling and inversion of synthetic and field logs at the intervals of fluid-saturated terrigenous and carbonate formations drilled using biopolymer and oil-based mud are given.

A special attention is paid to the Human being, his/her role and place in the society, state and the geopolitics of modern civilization. How can we evaluate the human being? We can do this on the basis of two opposite philosophical and world view concepts: a subject-centered and an object-centered positions which are the source for the international and domestic policy of the state, ideology, laws, law ethics, morality and law, technologization of life, science, knowledge and education. Some quotations from well-known modern scientists are presented.

The author describes the outlines of a new model of socialization of the emerging post-industrial society, which should be a convergence of two opposite models of socialization, which have been worked out in the traditional and industrial societies. The article indicates a number of areas of convergence which concern the system of education.

This article is a continuation of the previous publications by the author, whose purpose was to analyze the general status of geopolitics as a science. The article is devoted to the problems of development of geopolitics in the Russian scientific community and its status in the Russian higher education system. The author emphasizes the necessity of correction of the content of the educational literature in order to make it conformable to the modern scientific standards.

The author analyzes the possibilities and prospects of the forms of professional education that are alternative to the state professional education: distance learning, information and computer technologies, corporate education. The author believes that business and, to a lesser degree, the non-profit organizations, reinforced by various means and tools of new technologies, will take up the place of the state in professional education.

The social-philosophical problems of globalization and education are analyzed. The notion of «social limits of innovative development» in the society and, in particular, in global education is useful for the modern research. Philosophical understanding of the processes of dynamics and instability in education should be based on the idea that the limit states in the educational life of the society are a significant element in the functioning of social systems and, together with new opportunities, contain substantial risks and the dangers of making erroneous decisions.

In the article the philosophical bases of the changes in modern educational system are analyzed. It is marked, that the modern social development is characterized by global transformations of human life and by formation of the new system of valuable orientations of the person. In new conditions search of the philosophical bases of process of introduction of new samples in system and practice of education is necessary. The philosophy analyzes educational process as integrity, covers all variety of displays of education.

Analyzes the importance of education in the information stage of development of mankind, education requirements and major landmarks.Focuses on such components of education, as socialization and inculturation of the person, education and self-education. Analyzed are the meanings of the notion «education» and the author's definition of this term. Special emphasis is placed on development of the personality of the scientific Outlook in the course of education, formation of a scientific picture of the world, the armament of the student scientific method. The focus is on the individualization of education, turning to a specific person, personality, as the leading educational trends. Shows the role of humanization of education in the modern society.

Modernization of education determines the main directions in the development of higher education system, which leads to the search of new approaches to resolving the development issues of higher education: working out the conceptions, reviewing the traditional educational paradigms and the «key» competences.

The main topic of the article is a social-philosophical analysis of the major problems faced by students and teachers of the technical higher education institutions. Referring to the author’s case studies, the authors reasonably argue that many of them are connected with Unified State Examinations. Of fundamental importance is the author’s research, which gives an idea about the origins of the main difficulties in the era of global information technology. The authors not only summarize the diverse teaching experience, but also offer concrete ways out of the crisis, which would help the domestic engineering education to become competitive.

The authors analyze the content and essence of ethical problems in science, using the example of bioethics and the medical deontology. The positive and negative aspects of introducing modern technology into the social practice are demonstrated. The ethical aspect of such phenomena as cloning and transplantation is revealed. In conclusion the authors emphasize that technical progress poses new ethical problems. In order to solve them it is necessary to avoid a gap between knowledge and morality.

The article analyzes the changes in the philosophical concept of education in modern Russia that concern the gnoseological aspect of the philosophy of education. The article, based on the methodological principles and the concept of knowledge due to J. F. Lyotard, describes the changes taking place in the Russian educational environment. In the article the characteristics of the phenomenon of knowledge alienation are revealed, and the ethical consequences of this phenomenon in the Russian universities are traced.

The article focuses on an important topic: studying the modernization of the education sphere. The aim is the development of a regional model of assessment the certification quality management in the educational sphere, using the methods of philosophical reflection and conceptual modeling. Two main functions connected with certification are distinguished: an invariant function which is common to all the subjects of the Russian Federation, and a variative function which provides the development priorities of the regional system of certification. The issue of the relation between the volume and content of the invariant and variative parts is discussed. It is concluded that the development of a regional model of assessment of the certification quality management in the educational sphere is caused by the necessity of forming a unified national system for evaluation of the quality management of teacher certification, taking into account the needs and characteristics of the regions.

Education cannot be reduced to simple transfer and mastering of facts, skills and algorithms of solution of tasks; it represents an integral, very sophisticated process of formation of a complete system of knowledge. Education in humanities plays in it an important role. Unfortunately, today the tendency of elimination of education in humanities is widespread. At that, the role of simplified tests and standards is absolutized. Therefore, today it is very important to consider at a new level the value of education in humanities for the formation of high quality experts. Education in humanities promotes formation of creative potential, develops abilities of generalization, substantiation, argumentation, forecasting, as well as synthetic thinking. A holistic picture of the world and scientific-philosophical worldview can be created on the basis of education in humanities.

The article deals with the problems of formation of professional competences of the law student. The author discusses the need for orienting the students of the study field “Law 030900.62” (the Bachelor qualification (degree)) to acquire practical skills already in the process of learning and to address various topical issues of administration of the law. Currently, an urgent task of the universities is to change the system of training: not only a high level of theoretical training of the law students is required, but also it is necessary to develop practical skills to apply this knowledge, to form a professional sense of justice at the earliest possible stage of preparation of young professionals. The learning process should be similar to the actual conditions.

The author analyses the specifics of integration of education and science on the basis of a cluster approach. The realities and problems of the educational systems in Russia are described. The definition of the notion of “scientific-educational cluster” is given; essential features of the considered cluster are distinguished. It is shown that the scientific-educational cluster is an initial element of a regional innovation system (RIS). There is given an example of a cluster which is functioning on the territory of Novosibirsk region. We propose a set of recommendations for the creation and development of scientific-educational clusters.

The article deals with the content of the “Health-creative culture” concept by means of analysis of modern educational theory and practice. Based on the content of some notions (“culture”, “health”, “creativity”, etc.), the author proposes to consider the health-creative culture as a subsystem of the artificial life-activity program, which determines the models of conscious activity of preserving and increasing the biological potential in the interests of the personality formation according to the independently chosen ideal. The author claims that the ultimate goal of pedagogical practice (including the health-creative activity) is the formation of the subject of the socio-cultural transition of Russia. The ideal of health-creativity is considered as a version of the kalokagathia (kaloskagathos) ideal, which was formed in antiquity and revived during the Renaissance period.

The article reveals new trends, characterizing the military progress of the modern world. In particular, the peculiarities of military progress after the end of the Cold War, after the abolition of bipolar world system are analyzed. NATO continues moving towards the Russian border, justifying this by the needs of fighting the international terrorism. However, the real aims are the same, although they have acquired more rational character.

Educational process is a sophisticated system, which is connected with an infinite variety of conditions, forms of behavior, relations, connection between its components. The result of this activity should be to ensure the maximum success in the solution of tasks of training highly skilled military experts in the system of military education.

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the topicality of the development of communicative culture of the cadets of the Military Institute of Internal Troops of Russia, taking into account the requirements to the professional military personnel in the modern conditions of the society. There is emphasized the importance of the communicative culture of students in the educational process in such higher education institutions in view of formation of the humanistic and value-based relationship with the subject of interrelationship within the framework of professional activities.

In order to explore the possibilities of using the biographical method in studying the development of the leadership qualities of the officer of the Russian Interior Ministry, there is considered in the article the essence of the biographical method as a form of scientific investigation; there is revealed the content of the stages of life as a form of personal development. Based on this study, there is determined the relation between the conditions and mechanisms of development of the leadership qualities and the logical direction of the life path, which allows one to apply a biographical method in studying the leadership qualities development of the officer of the Interior Ministry of Russia.

The article considers the legal foundations of the military education in Russia as a part of modern higher education in general. A special attention is paid to the consideration of contemporary problems of legal regulation of military education, taking into account the recent legislative changes. The main methods in the course of the work are: analysis, synthesis, comparison, analogy, induction, deduction, generalization, systematization. A comparative analysis of the military education in Russia and the United States is conducted. Based on this, a conclusion is made that the genuine reform of military education and science should have its own vector of development aimed at implementing the accumulated experience.

The article presents the results of research and experimental study of social perception of the civic-patriotic values of “people” and “state” among the cadets of the Military Institute of Internal Troops of Russia. The aim of our research is to study the system of civic-patriotic values of the cadets of military schools through the study of the attitude of the students toward the core values that represents the system: their own people and their state. This attitude is expressed in the form of social perception. The result of the work is a conclusion that the social perception of the own people and state, revealed by the study, reflects a highly positive attitude of the cadets toward them, which indicates a high significance of patriotic values in their minds.

The survey is devoted to a new field of bubble dynamics that studies the behavior of ultrasound contrast agents. This name denotes man-made encapsulated microbubbles applied in diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasonic medicine to enhance the quality of ultrasonic images and to deliver drugs to target sites in the human body. The survey analyzes theoretical models that are currently applied for the description of the bubble shell, the interaction of bubbles with blood vessel walls, and the acoustical action of bubbles on the cell membrane.

It is demonstrated that the method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics can be used to study the flow structure in a cavitating medium with a high concentration of the gas phase and to describe the process of inversion of the two-phase state of this medium: transition from a cavitating fluid to a system consisting of a gas and particles. A numerical analysis of the dynamics of the state of a hemispherical droplet under shock-wave loading shows that focusing of the shock wave reflected from the free surface of the droplet leads to the formation of a dense, but rapidly expanding cavitation cluster at the droplet center. By the time t = 500 μs, the bubbles at the cluster center not only coalesce and form a foam-type structure, but also transform to a gas–particle system, thus, forming an almost free rapidly expanding zone. The mechanism of this process defined previously as an internal “cavitation explosion” of the droplet is validated by means of mathematical modeling of the problem by the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method. The deformation of the cavitating droplet is finalized by its decomposition into individual fragments and particles.

The dynamics of a circular film membrane with attached current-carrying conductors in zero gravity is studied. Equations are derived which describe the vibrations of the membrane stabilized by the Ampère force. The spectrum of natural vibrations and their corresponding strains are calculated. Constrained vibrations of the membrane are studied. The effect of the geomagnetic field on the stability of the membrane and the damping of its vibration is investigated for unsteady modes of application of mechanical forces in zero gravity.

The results of a study of the feasibility of magnetic pulse welding of flat conductors are given. Various inductor circuits and sheet configurations are investigated experimentally. An optimized inductor circuit for accelerating flat conductors by a magnetic field is presented and the necessary diagnostic equipment is developed. Results of experiments on the acceleration of flat conductors and production of aluminum—aluminum and aluminum—steel welded joints are presented. The characteristics of the welds are investigated.

This paper discusses the particle-laden flow development from a cloud of particles in an accelerated flow behind a normal moving shock. The effects of the aspect ratio of a rectangular and ellipsoidal cloud and the cloud's angle of attack with respect to the carrier flow are studied. Computations are performed with an in-house high-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO-Z) finite-difference scheme-based Eulerian–Lagrangian solver that solves the conservation equations in the Eulerian frame, while particles are traced in the Lagrangian frame. Streamlined elliptically shaped clouds exhibit a lower dispersion than blunt rectangular clouds. The averaged and root-mean-square locations of the particle coordinates in the cloud show that the cloud's streamwise convection velocity increases with decreasing aspect ratio. With increasing rotation angle, the cross-stream dispersion increases if the aspect ratio is larger than unity. The particle-laden flow development of an initially moderately rotated rectangle is qualitatively and quantitatively comparable to the dispersion of an initially triangular cloud.

The aim of the present work is to study the entropy generation in the natural convection process in square cavities with hot wavy walls through numerical simulations for different undulations and Rayleigh numbers, while keeping the Prandtl number constant. The results show that the hot wall geometry affects notably the heat transfer rate in the cavity. It has been found in the present numerical study that the mean Nusselt number in the case of heat transfer in a cavity with wavy walls is lower, as compared to heat transfer in a cavity without undulations. Based on the obtained dimensionless velocity and temperature values, the distributions of the local entropy generation due to heat transfer and fluid friction, the local Bejan number, and the local entropy generation are determined and plotted for different undulations and Rayleigh numbers. The study is performed for Rayleigh numbers 10³ < Ra < 10⁵, irreversibility coefficients 10^–4 < φ < 10^–2, and Prandtl numbers Pr = 0.71. The total entropy generation is found to increase with increasing undulation number.

The method of energy separation in a high-speed flow proposed by A.I. Leontyev is investigated numerically. The adiabatic compressible gas flow (of a helium-xenon mixture) with a low Prandtl number in a planar narrow duct and a flow with heat exchange in a duct partitioned by a heat-conducting wall are analysed. The temperature recovery factor on the adiabatic wall, degree of cooling the low-speed flow part, temperature efficiency, and the adiabatic efficiency in a duct with heat exchange are estimated. The data are obtained for the first time, which make it possible to compare the efficiency of energy separation in a high-speed flow with the efficiency of similar processes in vortex tubes and other setups of gas-dynamic energy separation.

The effect of the expansion of hollow micro-spherical droplets due to their heating at their motion in a plasma jet is considered by the example of ZrO₂. A fairly simple model is proposed, which accounts for the variation of the droplets size and shell thickness because of the thermal expansion of the gas cavity as well as their possible evaporation. The conducted computations have enabled the assessment of the scale of the variation of diameter (10-20 %) and shell thickness (up to 50 %) of ZrO₂ particles under the conditions typical of the plasma treatment of powder materials and producing the coatings. The influence of the given effect on the dynamics of particles heating and acceleration is investigated, and a comparative analysis of the behavior of hollow and dense particles in plasma jet is done.