Home – Home – Jornals – Contemporary Problems of Ecology 2013 number 2

The employed method of 3D gravity modeling is based on calculation of the gravity effects of the main density boundaries of the lithosphere, subtraction of these effects from the observed gravity field, and the subsequent conversion of the residual gravity anomalies first to the Moho depth and then to the total thickness of the Earth’s crust and the thickness of its consolidated part. On the modeling, we also took into account the gravity effects due to an increase in the sediment density with increasing sediment depth and a rise of the top of the asthenosphere beneath the mid-ocean Gakkel Ridge. The resulting 3D models of the Moho topography and crustal thickness are well consistent with the data of deep seismic investigations. They confirm the significant differences in crustal structure between the Eurasian and Amerasian Basins and give an idea of the regional variations in crustal thickness beneath the major ridges and basins of the Arctic Ocean.

Phase change of dielectric magnesiowüstite in the lower mantle may leave signatures in geomagnetic records of the globally distributed array of observatories. We investigate theoretically the assumed contribution of magnesiowüstite metallization to geomagnetic data and how the variations of magnetic susceptibility associated with this phase change may influence the Earth’s field. The modeling is performed using spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) of mantle electromagnetic (EM) responses in observatory geomagnetic data at periods of decades, 11 years, 1 year, and 27 days. The existence of a lower mantle conductor is checked against monthly means of real observatory records from 1920 through 2009 obtained by preliminary processing.

This paper presents results of U–Pb dating (SHRIMP-II) and Lu–Hf (LA–ICP MS) isotope study of zircon from Paleoarchean plagiogneisses and plagiogranitoids of the Onot and Bulun blocks of the Sharyzhalgai uplift. Magmatic zircons from the Onot plagiogneiss and Bulun gneissic trondhjemite are dated at 3388 ± 11 and 3311 ± 16 Ma, respectively. Magmatic zircons from plagiogneisses and plagiogranitoids of the studied tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) complexes are characterized mainly by positive values of ε _Hf indicating that felsic melts were generated mainly from juvenile (mafic) sources, which are derived from a depleted mantle reservoir. The variable Hf isotope composition in magmatic zircons and the lower average ε _Hf values in comparison with the depleted mantle values suggest the contributions of both mafic and more ancient crustal sources to magma formation. Metamorphic zircons from the gneissic plagiogranite and migmatized plagiogneiss either inherited the Hf isotope composition from magmatic zircon or are enriched in radiogenic Hf. The more radiogenic Hf isotope composition of metamorphic zircons from the migmatized plagiogneisses is due to their interaction with melt during partial melting. Variations in the Lu–Hf isotope composition of zircon from the Bulun rocks in the period 3.33–3.20 Ga are due to the successive melting of mafic crust or the growing contribution of crustal material to their genesis. Correlation between the Lu–Hf isotope characteristics of zircon and the Sm–Nd parameters of the Onot plagiogneisses points to the contribution of ancient crustal material to their formation. The bimodal distribution of the model Hf ages of zircons reflects two stages of crustal growth in the Paleoarchean: 3.45–3.60 and ~3.35 Ga. The isotope characteristics of zircon and rocks of the TTG complexes, pointing to recycling of crustal material, argue for the formation of plagiogneisses and plagiogranitoids as a result of melting of heterogeneous (mafic and more ancient crustal) sources in the thickened crust.

Detailed geochemical, isotope, and geochronological studies were carried out for the granitoids of the Chuya and Kutima complexes of the Baikal marginal salient of the Siberian craton basement. The obtained results indicate that the granitoids of both complexes are confined to the same tectonic structure (Akitkan fold belt) and are of similar absolute age. U–Pb zircon dating of the Kutima granites yielded an age of 2019 ± 16 Ma, which nearly coincides with the age of 2020 ± 12 Ma obtained earlier for the granitoids of the Chuya complex. Despite the close ages, the granitoids of these complexes differ considerably in geochemical characteristics. The granitoids of the Chuya complex correspond in composition to calcic and calc-alkalic peraluminous trondhjemites, and the granites of the Kutima complex, to calc-alkalic and alkali-calcic peraluminous granites. The granites of the Chuya complex are similar to rocks of the tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) series and are close in CaO, Sr, and Ba contents to I -type granites. The granites of the Kutima complex are similar in contents of major oxides to oxidized A-type granites. Study of the Nd isotope composition of the Chuya and Kutima granitoids showed their close positive values of εNd(T) (1.9–3.5), which indicates that both rocks formed fr om sources with a short crustal history. Based on petrogeochemical data, it has been established that the Chuya granitoids might have been formed through the melting of a metabasic source, wh ereas the Kutima granites, through the melting of a crustal source of quartz–feldspathic composition. Estimation of the PT-conditions of granitoid melt crystallization shows that the Chuya granitoids formed at 735–776ºC (zircon saturation temperature) and >10 kbar and the Kutima granites, at 819–920ºC and >10 kbar. It is assumed that the granitoids of both complexes formed in thickened continental crust within an accretionary orogen.

The depths of mantle melting zones can be constrained by forward (in terms of physicochemical thermodynamics) or inverse (in terms of equilibrium thermodynamics) modeling. However, there is discrepancy in this respect between fluid-dynamic models of decompression melting in convecting upper mantle and thermodynamic models of basaltic magma sources beneath mid-ocean ridges. We investigate the causes of the mismatch in melting depth predictions with reference to the magmatic systems of the Basin and Range Province in the western margin of North America. The inverse solutions turn out to represent melts from different substrates (depth facies) in the lithospheric mantle, while modeling decompression melting in convecting fertile upper mantle refers to the depths the faults in spreading zones never reach. The discrepancy between forward and inverse solutions may be due to the fact that the respective depth estimates correspond to different levels of the same mantle–crust magmatic systems.

Study of the sections of Neopleistocene–Holocene deposits filling the basins in central Gorny Altai has revealed earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformations (seismites). They formed as a result of the brittle deformation of deposits and liquefaction of loose water-saturated sediments under vibration seismic impact. The paleoearthquakes resulting in such seismites had the minimum intensity I = 6 and magnitude M = 5–6. Hence, the study region underwent strong earthquakes in the Neopleistocene–Holocene.

The results of this study were used to identify a reversed polarity magnetozone, referred to as M17r, in Berriasian sections of the Nordvik Peninsula (northern East Siberia) within the normal polarity magnetozone (M18n) from previous studies. The new magnetozone embraces the Volgian–Ryazanian boundary (Chetaites chetae/C. sibiricus zonal boundary). It was also found that the former magnetozone M17r at Nordvik, which includes the C. sibiricus/Hectoroceras kochi zonal boundary, should correspond to magnetozone M16r. Using magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic criteria proves that the Boreal C. sibiricus Zone is correlated with at least the major part of the Tethyan Tirnovella occitanica Zone, and the Boreal H. kochi Zone is correlated with the lower part of the Malbosiceras paramimounum Subzone of the Tethyan Fauriella boissieri Zone.

In this study we analyze the importance of new magnetostratigraphic data on the Nordvik section for solving the problem of detailed Tethyan–Boreal correlation around the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary with a special emphasis on the aspects of interpretation of the paleomagnetic data in magnetostratigraphic studies and the need for the integrated (paleontological and paleomagnetic) approach to recognition of the base of the Berriasian.

The results of the influence of tooth components of a core on amplitudes of traction characteristics of the electromagnetic motor at an original volume are presented. The problem was solved by the finite-element magnetic field modulation. The preliminary estimation of the influence of tooth components arrangement is given.

The results of 3D-modeling of geoelectric fields for different sources of electromagnetic field employed in marine electrical prospecting technologies for the hydrocarbon deposit survey are presented.

The thermal processes of topological patterns formation by LCVD method with nanosecond and subnanosecond laser pulse duration are investigated. The temperature rate at irradiated spot on surface exert significant influence on resolving power of method, as described. An effect of nonlinear dependence of optical film’s absorption from it’s thickness on initial growth rate of film on transparent substrates is estimated.

Innovations and modernization are among the most discussed themes in the modern social and economic and political discourse. Thus, the reactions of this or that type of the society to the calls of the present in the form of financial and economic crises or transformations of the habitual way of life and the cultural environment testify to propensity of the society to destructive or creative changes. The answer to the question about the subject of this cardinal action – whether it is the civil society, state, business, culture or the person as individual – is non-evident. Certainly, it is possible to say that all of them together is the subject, in a certain consortium; however, both in the most objective reality in a broad sense and in the reality concerning the transformational sequence of events a certain hierarchy is built, and there is distinguished this or that dominating factor, for example, the state or the person.

The philosophy of education should overcome randomness and uncertainty of the trajectories of modern education reforms, to substantiate certain basic priorities, ways and means of achievement of universal availability of education, improvement of its quality and competitiveness in the world market of educational services. It is especially important because of the fact that we exist in the global world which today is tough, competitive, and dangerous; therefore, it is vital to have a forward-directed strategy of development of education. In the article it is shown that the subject and object of research of the philosophy of education (as a section of social philosophy) is interaction of the society and education. The problem field of the philosophy of education is connected with the reflection upon the transformations which occur very fast in the society and education, in their interaction and interrelation. Russia has completed the post- Soviet period of development, but the modern strategy of development of the society and education system is still not clear; there is still no precise concept about where and how to develop further. Someone would say, “how can we talk about a forecast, about the domestic education system in the conditions of very acute problems of economy, social sphere, all-pervading corruption?” However, transformation of the education system as a subsystem of this society is objective; and the philosophy of education is called to reflect upon the tendencies of its development, fulfilling the prognostic function to use the accumulated knowledge about education for the selection of priority directions of its scientific-innovative development.

In the article the attention is drawn to the problem of development of the reflective-professional competence of the subjects of continuous education with the expedient usage of innovative educational technologies. There is demonstrated the importance of positive influence of modern educational technologies on the development of reflective-professional competence of the students. The topicality is proved of such methods as the method of projects, moderating, case-study, and also innovative games and trainings. The game-reflective method is characterized in more detail as an innovative method, allowing effectively solving the task of formation of a new reflective-humanistic mentality of the subjects of continuous formation.

While studying at the university, the natural-science students are introduced to the semantic relations between the notion of information and the concepts of other fields of knowledge, which helps them to enter into human society with the help of information technology. This problem is solved by the interdisciplinary connections between the social, natural and technical sciences and informatics. The essential point is the semantic analysis of the concept of “information”. It suggests three components of this concept: the form, the content, and the subject that puts the content into the form. First of all, these three components are connected with the philosophical view of the paradigm. The examples of the “information” lexeme usage in social communication and biology, provided with the relevant subjects, can reveal the properties of information that are not evident but that are crucial for the further studying of informatics, namely processuality, expediency and reductionality.

In the article the methodological problems connected with the pressing questions of teaching the «Self-preserving technologies» course are considered. The authors engage large theoretical and sociological material connected with the modern state of the discussed problem in the Russian society.

On the basis of analysis of modern research on the complex usage of technical training in the military training of the cadets of military schools, there are identified the criteria and indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the complex usage of the training facilities.

The article considers the variants of application of interactive technologies while carrying out a lecture or a seminar, such as the problem lecture, lecture-together, lecture-visualization, lecture “ press conference. These versions are aimed at the improvement of the quality of the knowledge mastering and the ability to apply it in practice. A special attention is given to the method of «business game», which allows one to simulate professional activities and role-based cooperation according to the rules of the game which are followed by the participating specialists in a certain conditional time, in an atmosphere of uncertainty and the clash of positions, with the game of roles and evaluation. In addition, the «method of projects» deserves attention, in which students acquire knowledge and skills in the process of self-development and fulfillment of the gradually evolving practical tasks-projects. Thus, the discussed in this article interactive technologies of training are directed not only on improvement of activity of the students and their motivation to educational and vocational activities, but also on the opportunities for their active use in the model or real situations of professional activities, which certainly improves the quality of training of the future specialists of the real sector of economy.

The questions related to the phenomenon of cognitive destructions of students in modern educational space are examined in the article. In the center of attention there are such problems as formation of cognitive destructions at the anxious states and the mechanism stipulating destructive behavior of the person in the young age. Some attention is dedicated to the classification of the categories of students with cognitive destructions and determination of the strategies of prophylaxis.

The social order for the creative journalists and the increasing demand of the individual in the use of the internal potential resources for professional growth and self-realization actualize the problem of development of the creative potential of personality The article is devoted to the philosophical, pedagogical, psychological and journalistic approaches to the understanding of the phenomenon of creative potential of personality and journalistic professionalism; the questions of creative activity of students; define the conditions of development of creative potential of the future of the journalist in the process of professional training. The author emphasizes that one of the signs of professionalism of the journalists is his creative approach to fulfilling professional functions and social roles, which eventually leads to success and competitiveness in the sphere of journalism.

The problem of individuality and the ideas of the researchers about it in the psychological- philosophical context are considered. There are analyzed different concepts of the nature of individuality due to foreign and domestic researchers. There are presented the approaches of various scholars in comparing such constructs as personality and individuality.

The functional significance of linguistic culture as a decisive factor of the national education development is analyzed in the article. The linguistic culture phenomenon is considered in the context of historical development of the educational process in the Siberian Germans enclave in the 20-30s of the XX-th century. The author emphasizes the idea that the destruction of the linguistic culture as one of substantive bases of national identity is a violation of the officially proclaimed right to be educated in native language, and its reconstruction is one of the conditions for modern Russia to enter the global world.

In the article the author discuss the nature of the educational reform management in Russia, in particular, about its orientation towards business. It is shown that the contradictory nature of the process of reforming is connected with the uncertainty of the social structure of the society and with the fact that business is not really interested in the development of the domestic system of education.

The article is devoted to the methodological and methodical analysis of repeated commission of crimes. The author argues for the necessity to focus students of the specialty 030501 “jurisprudence” already during training, in view of their further practical activities, on the resolving the pressing questions of law application, connected with this problem. In any crime, including in its repeated commission, there is manifested the unity of internal and external human activity, unity of the internal promptings based on the needs of the person, motivation, purposefulness – the presence of a certain purpose, the unity of consciousness and will in the behavioral acts directed on achievement of the desirable socially-harmful result. The objective basis and source of various forms of activity of the person and his/her behavior are the needs of the person. The person, committing repeated crimes, aspires to satisfy his/her needs by a criminal way.

The author considers the humanitarian practice of understanding the scientific concepts of pedagogics in higher education as a movement along the hermeneutic circle, a method of introducing the student into the pedagogic culture.

The article is devoted to the study of the special features of construction of an optional course of economic education of junior schoolchildren. The structure of the optional course is considered in detail: the aims, tasks, criteria; the examples are given of the tasks that contribute to the economic education of junior schoolchildren in the context of moral education.

There is analyzed the nature of the world outlook images localized in the scientific picture of the world. Their special feature is that they are realized in the sensual form by the carriers of scientific idea. The scientific picture of the world is considered as the subject side of scientific outlook which figurative components are structured into integrity by philosophical and scientific ideas and principles.

The problem of ecological education in the context of complete understanding of socio- ecological and natural regularities is considered. The aspect of the human culture, representing experience of creative activity on transformation and preservation of the environment, is considered. In the conceptual aspect, the regularities of the relations between the person and the world are revealed; in the applied one, a way is charted to reconstruction of optimal dynamic of the natural-cultural-social existence (the aspect of the human culture) of the person in the world.

During the last two centuries the children’s literature have had a huge significance for mankind, carrying out some fundamental functions of transferring the cultural codes, formation of the outlook, inculcation of interest to various sciences. The books of childhood opened the world into all directions, stunning with the shine of its sides, generated amazement and delight. Truly, it is possible to name no more than three hundred worthy books which can be refer to as belonging to «the children’s literature» And this concept covers not only the adventure literature though, certainly, there exists much of it, but also a slow autobiographical narration of the «Childhood years of Bagrov grandson» by S. Aksakov, science fiction, geographical descriptions, historical chronicles. Such a powerful attractive force is contained in these books, such an inexhaustible interest they can excite toward serious sciences, systematic knowledge, creativity, discoveries, and systematic education!

The acuteness of the problem of pedagogical education (PE) in the system of modern education in the humanities (MEIH) (right constructing of pedagogical education, taking into account the adequate development of MEIH) is connected with the necessity of searching for an alternative to the consumer society which is beginning to exhaust its possibilities. The consumer society forms consciousness of the people, who are easily exposed to manipulations, absorb the instrumental values and are directed toward material prosperity as the criterion of social success. And in PE the term «market of educational services » is used, PE is declared as a commodity, and offering educational services in PE and MEIH is declared as a profitable business. As a result of the process of transformation of the entire education, including the pedagogical one, into an element of the system of consumer society (consumerization), PE becomes a part of the status hierarchy, as a means of entering the significant for the consumer social group. Decreasing of the real quality of PE grows out of the expansion of the consumer ideology in this social sphere, which, in principle, cannot have the market nature. The goals and mission of PE is not only and is not so much the training of professionals for the educational practice, but formation new moral and intellectual values, new human qualities of the professionals.

This paper is an extension of [1], where a new decision algorithm was proposed. In its operation, the unit resembles artificial neural networks. However the functioning of the algorithm proposed is based on the different concepts. It does not use the concept of a net, a neuron. The theorem of training for the new competition algorithm is proved.

A boundary value problem for a second order nonlinear singular perturbation ordinary differential equation is considered. We propose the method based on the Newton and the Picard linearizations using known modified Samarskii scheme on the Shishkin mesh in the case of a linear problem. It is proved that the constructed difference schemes are of second order and uniformly convergent. To decrease the number of the arithmetical operations, we propose a two-grid method. The results of some numerical experiments are discussed.

A family of interior point algorithms is considered. These algorithms can be used for solving mathematical programming problems with nonlinear inequality constraints. The weighted Euclidean rates are applied to find a descent direction for improving a solution. These rates are varying in iterations. Theoretical justification of the algorithms with some assumptions (such as non-degeneracy of a problem) is presented.

In this paper, we consider the inverse problem of determining the initial condition of the initial boundary value problem for the wave equation with additional information about solving the direct initial boundary value problem that is measured at the boundary of the domain. The main objective of our research is to construct a numerical algorithm for solving the inverse problem based on the method of simple iteration (MSI) and to study the resolution of the inverse problem and its dependence on the number and location of measurement points. We consider three two-dimensional inverse problems. The results of numerical calculations are presented. We show that the MSI for each iteration step reduces the value of the object functional. However, due to the ill-posedness of an inverse problem the difference between the exact and the approximate solutions of the inverse problem decreases up to some fixed number k_min and then monotonically increases. This reflects the regularizing properties of the MSI, in which the iteration number is a regularization parameter.

In order to simulate the interaction of seismic waves with microheterogeneities (like cavernous/fractured reservoirs), a finite difference technique based on locally refined in time and in space grids is used. The need to use these grids is due to essentially different scales of heterogeneities in the reference medium and in the reservoir. Parallel computations are based on Domain Decomposition of the target area into elementary subdomains in both the reference medium (a coarse grid) and the reservoir (a fine grid). Each subdomain is assigned to its specific Processor Unit which forms two groups: for the reference medium and for the reservoir. The data exchange between PU within the group is performed by non-blocking iSend/iReceive MPI commands. The data exchange between the two groups is done simultaneously with coupling a coarse and a fine grids and is controlled by a specially designated PU. The results of numerical simulation for a realistic model of fracture corridors are presented and discussed.

An algorithm of searching for the best (in a sense) cubature formulas on a sphere that are invariant with respect to a dihedral group of rotations with inversion D_6h has been veloped. This algorithm was applied to find parameters of all the best cubature formulas of this group of symmetry up to the 23rd order of accuracy n . In the course of the study carried out, the exact values of parameters of the corresponding cubature formulas were found for n ≤ 11, and the approximate ones were obtained by the numerical solution of systems of nonlinear algebraic equations by a Newton-type method for the other n. For the first time, the ways of obtaining the best cubature formulas for the sphere were systematically investigated for the case of the group which is not a subgroup of the groups of symmetry of the regular polyhedrons.

In this paper, a numerical scheme of constructing approximate generally periodical solutions of a complicatedtructure of a non-autonomous system of ordinary differential equations with the periodical right-hand sides on the surface of a torus is considered. The existence of such solutions as well as convergence of the method of successive approximations are shown. There are given results of the computational experiment.

In this article, on the basis of nonnegative matrices, some preconditioners from class of (I+S)-type based on the SOR method have been studied. Moreover, we prove the monotonicity of spectral radiuses of iterative matrices with respect to the parameters in [12]. Also, some splittings and preconditioners are compared and derived by comparisons. A numerical example is also given to illustrate our results.

We consider application of the least square method to the numerical solution of a linear system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with an identically singular matrix multiplied a higher derivative by the desired vector-function. We discuss the behavior of the gradient method for minimizing the functional of the residual square in the Sobolev space and some other issues. The results of the numerical experiments are given.

Results of the palynological analysis of peat profile Fomka in the northern part of the Kas river catchment area (Kranoyarsk Region, Russia) are presented. Research based on pollen data reveals changes in forest composition during the last 8 kyr. Forest with predominance of birch (Betula sect. Albae) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) spread between ca. 7.5 and 8.5 kyr BP; with birch, Siberian spruce and Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) between 6.85 and 7.5 kyr BP, and with Siberian spruce and Siberian fir – between 6.6 and 6.85 kyr BP. Prevalence of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch in arboreal composition was revealed from ca. 4.4 till 6.6 kyr BP. Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica) with Scotch pine and birch spread from ca. 4.4 kyr BP onwards in the Kas river basin.