Home – Home – Jornals – Region: Economics and Sociology 2013 number 1

A model of the direction-finding characteristic of a moving point object for a persistent photodetector is proposed. The model ensures the calculation of the direction-finding characteristic as a function of photodetector parameters and object velocity, which form the basis for calculating the probability of detection of moving point objects. Results of numerical experiments are reported

Codes and algorithms are developed for detecting small-size dynamic thermal objects on the basis of searching for space-time anomalies in the observation field formed by a sequence of infrared images. Results of studying the method effectiveness, based on data obtained under conditions of a real background-target environment, are presented

This paper describes a new method for choosing a distribution law from a given set of experimental data that provides the best fit to a measured random variable. The method is based on a comparison of empirical distributions constructed for the original sample with the set of given laws using a continuous mapping of the distribution function onto the interval [0, 1]. As a result, the distribution for which the corresponding value of the functional is maximal is taken as the most probable distribution law for the original sample. Examples of implementing the method using statistical Monte Carlo simulation are given

The problem of computing spline approximation functions taking into account the possibility of optimizing the location of spline nodes is considered. Algorithms are developed to compute spline approximation functions with free conditions at the ends of observation intervals, with controlling of splines by the zero and first derivatives at the ends of observation intervals, and with the provision of optimal locations of spline nodes. The results of mathematical modeling of the algorithms for computing spline approximation functions are presented

The influence of various methods of obtaining surface images on the calculated value of their fractal dimension as a quantitative characteristic of the surface state is studied. It is demonstrated that images obtained both by a scanning electron microscope and by a photocamera are characterized by a noticeable noise level, which alters the behavior of the fractal dimension. Various methods of correction of the observed effect are discussed

The exchange rate formation process is represented as the sum of a low-frequency deterministic trend and a high-frequency stationary random component for which the covariance function, the spectral density, and the increment correlation function are obtained. Theoretical results are in good agreement with the results of processing of observed data. The model explains the occurrence of Elliott waves on exchange rate paths and generates a parametric family of random processes with spectral characteristics ranging from white noise to a first-order autoregression process

A method for determining the optimal internal parameters of technical systems, based on the analytical description of the operational capability range, which is defined as a set of linear constraints, is considered. An expression for the objective function, which allows one to use any known search method for optimizing the system by the criterion of the operational capability reserve, is derived

By solving coupled-mode equations in laser Doppler tomography, expressions for output signals are found, which describe light diffraction on a volume grating with a mutual (in the general case) shift of the amplitude and phase components. Signal parameters that are least prone to the influence of uncontrolled characteristics of the optical system and studied medium are found. The phase shift between the signals of a two-channel heterodyne detector of scattered light is obtained as a function of the character of the amplitude-phase components of the test grating

An experimental model of a test rig for formation of images in a computer and insertion of these images into the optical-electron path of an infrared imaging system is considered. Experiments on synthesizing images in the range of 3–5 µm and dynamic scenes are performed. Experimental estimates of the model test rig are given

This paper reports on theoretical and experimental studies of a new class of zero-order diffractive elements — diffractive light attenuators with variable transmission. Results of tests of circular diffractive attenuators for wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm with amplitude and phase transmission functions are presented. Methods of fabrication of the attenuators are discussed, and the characteristics of prototype modles are considered. It is shown that phase attenuators in the form of embossed circular diffractive gratings with a period of 2 to 6 µm and a variable duty cycle are not selective to polarization and allow controlling the radiation power of pulsed (including femtosecond) and continuous lasers over a wide range (> 100 times)

A microbeam X-ray lithography apparatus, a new device for the direct production of microstructures in thick layers of X-ray resists, in particular, for the fabrication of X-ray lithography masks, was developed on the basis at the LIGA station of the VEPP-3 storage ring of the Siberian Center of Synchrotron and Terahertz Radiation. A microstructure pattern with given arbitrary topology was produced directly in a SU-8 negative resist layer up to 1 mm thick on a substrate moved in a vector mode using a collimated beam of synchrotron radiation with a special software. The design of the device and its technological capabilities and limitations are described. Examples of the fabricated microstructures with a high aspect ratio and X-ray lithography masks are presented

It is predicted theoretically that the combination of elliptically polarized radiation and an antirelaxation coating of the walls of a vacuum cell containing alkali metal vapor provides an asymmetric shape of the magneto-optical resonance. The cause of the asymmetry is the optical pumping of the ground-state hyperfine component which is not destroyed upon collision of the atom with the wall. The effect is most pronounced when the laser frequency is tuned to the resonance with the the F → F + 1 transition

Results of the research aimed at improving the strength of hybrid photodetectors (PD) based on mercury—cadmium—telluride heteroepitaxial layers are presented. It is shown that annealing of silicon multiplexers at 157 ºC in a hydrogen flow in vacuum changes the shape of indium bumps to hemispherical and levels off their mechanical properties over the plate. Controlled recovery of the natural curvature of silicon multiplexer plates and photosensitive element arrays in hybrid photodetectors at 120 ºC extends their operation time. A sequence of technological operations on PD hybridization providing an increase in the efforts needed for separating photosensitive elements from silicon multiplexers at least by 75 % compared to the PD with fused indium bumps is proposed

Results of numerical 2D and 3D-simulations of the performance of nanowire sensors on the basis of silicon-on-insulator structures aimed at determining the optimum conditions for the response to dielectric particles, are given. The effect of screening of nanowires by dielectric particles in solutions with pH = 7 used as a medium for transporting biological objects is considered

The paper analyses the strategic documents on the development of natural resources adopted by subarctic countries. This allows us to identify what coincidences and differences in the strategies, goals, priorities and trends can be observed in different countries. The paper considers the opportunity of applying partnership and cooperation to the Arctic development, and what institutions could be regarded as those of the most valuable for transnational regulation in the Arctic. We also present what positive and negative trends can be observed in the Arctic policy carried out by the Russian Federation.

The paper considers the features of a model of the population aging in Russia caused by such factors as a demographic wave, short lifetime, and migration processes. We can state that Russia approximates to the aging model observed in developed countries. We show, by the example for the Komi Republic, a specific character of the population aging in the Northern regions of Russia caused by the more young age structure of the population in these regions, short lifetime, and a massive migration outflow observed over last 25 years.

The paper considers what difficulties Russia faced in establishing local government. Such difficulties were caused, first of all, by significant differentiation of the spatial socio-economic development of the country and peculiar regulatory environment of fiscal federalism pertaining to regulation of local government. We present our recommendations on improving federal laws concerning tax and fiscal relations.

The paper analyses institutional conditions of the development of the Baikal region which can be seen in the Socio-Economic Development for the Far East and Baikal region and other documents. We can identify three types of institutions which impact on regional development such as organizing, distributive and transformational ones. We show that the quality of the Baikal region transformational institutions reduces the effectiveness of the governmental programs aimed at the development and enhancement of competitiveness of this region in open markets.

Main functionаl and structural characteristics of zooplankton communities of 35 arctic lakes from catchment basin of the Anabar river (Yakutia) were analyzed. The ecological state of the lakes was evaluated. CCA has revealed main abiotic factors that have the greatest influence on the formation and structuring of zooplankton communities.

The results of long-term (1993–1996, 1999–2007) monitoring study of the species composition of trematode larvae parasitizing in their first intermediate hosts of Lymnaea (Stagnicola) saridalensis from Chany Lake, Western Siberia are presented. It was established that 50% of L. saridalensis population were infected with 11 trematode species of parthenitae and cercariae belonging to the families: Plagiorchiidae, Echinostomatidae, Diplostomatidae, Strigeidae, Notocotylidae, Schistosomatidae. Double infections were detected in 0.8% of infected snails. The trematodae of Plagiorchiidae family dominate in larval community. There is a very similar spectrum of the most common species of cercariae still stable during the period of study. Cercariae P. mutationis and P. multiglandularis are registered for the first time in Lymnaea saridalensis snail in West Siberia.

The structure of earthworm communities and their distribution in the ecosystems of the southern part of Middle Siberia at the local (biogeocenotic), topological (facies) and landscape-regional levels were studied. Long-term observations from permanent stations were used to construct schematic maps portraying the landscape-ecological patterns of variation in quantitative characteristics and species composition of lumbricides depending on abiotic factors and anthropogenic impact.

Results of the investigation of species composition, abundance and biomass of Gastropoda in the ecosystems of the south of West Siberia are presented, for the Karasuk river and Lake Krotovo (Karasuk District of the Novosibirsk Region) as examples. We detected 18 species of 7 families: Lymnаeidae, Planorbidae, Bulinidae, Bithynhdae, Physidae, Succineidae, Zonitidae. The fractions of mollusks of the Вithyniidae family among Gastropoda in the species composition, abundance and biomass were evaluated; their role as the hosts for 20 trematode species of 11 families was revealed. The species diversity of mollusks and trematodes was estimated using the K. Shannon – U. Weaver index.

Species composition, number and vertical distribution of Collembola (53), Lumbricidae (6) and Elateridae (12 species) in alluvial soil of middle taiga flood plain forests were evaluated. The role of separate species in the formation of invertebrate communities in various biotopes was demonstrated, the species adapted to increased humidity conditions were revealed. Preference of invertebrates in inhabiting the soils of higher elements of flood plain relief was detected. The effect of relative deepening of the groups of collembola and earth worms in overwetted soil of interhill troughs was revealed.

Discovery of bark beetle Dryocoetes krivolutzkajae Mandelshtam, 2001 (Scolytidae) (Crassulaceae) on the Verkhoturov island (Bering sea, North-Eastern Kamchatka) in the roots of Rhodiola rosea L. is reported. This is the first and solitary bark beetle of tundra forestless landscapes; the species is ranked as endemics of Kamchatka and Russia in general.

Color preferences of Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758) in relation to its foraging behavior were investigated in the experiment with artificial flower models. It was revealed that newly emerged inexperienced butterflies searching for nectar prefer visiting blue or red flower models, yellow ones are chosen considerably more rarely. Subsequently the individuals exhibit color constancy, showing a strong preference for the first chosen color. Males and females of the studied species have the same color preferences.

Results of bird route surveys over the territory of the Central Altay during summer seasons of the years 1968–2001 were analyzed. Hierarchic classifications of species by the similarities of residence and distribution were compiled on the basis of multivariate factor analysis. The basic environmental factors determining non-uniformity of bird distribution were revealed. It was demonstrated that the classifications of bird species in the central Altay province and in the Altay physiogeographic mountainous region in general are close to each other in their structures. The provincial specificity of distribution of bird enhances with an increase in the altitude of the territory.

Changes of the vegetation on Ostrovnoy peninsula with its large rookery of sea birds are described. The number of birds increased substantially since early 1990es. The most intensive effect of birds falls at the middle of 2000es, resulting in the disappearance of about ten species from the flora, while the dry grass meadow was substituted by ornithogenic reedgrass-wormwood meadow. At present the action of birds somewhat weakened, and changes in the composition of vegetation slowed down; partial recovery of thr grass cover on previously distorted regions is observed. The equilibrium in the “island” ecosystem is disturbed. Further processes that will take place in the vegetation cover are unpredictable yet and depend first of all on the dynamics of bird number.

The structure of Siberian Crane range and population in the regular breeding area, in the tundra of north-eastern Yakutia, as well as migration terms, intensity, routes and transit stops were studied. Territorial pairs (71.7–97.1 % of summer population) represented by birds in ages of +8 – +21, mainly 20 (45.4 %) years old in 2006, held permanently in an area of 7.3–16.5 km², regardless of their participation in breeding. Breeding success of the population varies from 4.3–8.7 to 65.0–83.3% and depends on climatic conditions during the beginning of egg-laying. The climatic conditions are unpredictable from year to year and notable for seasonal volatility. For this reason, the population has generations that are particularly vulnerable to natural eliminating factors because of low number. Bird migration in Yakutia occurs in a narrow corridor and most intensively in the valley of the Middle Aldan. From 30 to 50 % of the total population are visually counted here at the fall time.

Ecological features of booted warbler in the central part of its range were analyzed on the basis of the data collected in 1973–2005 in the vicinity of Lake Chany (south of West Siberia). Special attention was paid to the parameters of reproduction as the basis of adaptations of this species to habitat condtiions.

For the purpose of zoning on the basis of theriofauna, Northern Eurasia taken within the boundaries of the USSR in 1991, was divided into 245 grounds. This was made over the vegetation map of the world with plotting scale 1 2 000 000 so that each ground occupied a territory within the limits of natural subzone extended over the latitude for 10°. A list of met species was compiled for the ranges of mammals. Jacquard quotients of similarity were calculated according to these lists; the quotients were taken as the basis to perform cluster analysis of theriofauna of the assigned grounds. The hierarchic classification was composed on the basis of calculation results; it includes three theriofaunistic regions divided into seven subregions that can be represented in the form of two series of changes, mainly on the islands or on the continent. All the subregions except one were divided into 18 provinces and 17 districts; one of the districts was divided into four subdistricts. Environmental factors correlating with theriofaunistic inhomogeneity of the studied territory were revealed. The proposed division is 1.9–3 times more informative than previously developed schemes and takes into account 69 % dispersion of similarity coefficients of the faunas of specific regions (coefficient of multiple correlation is 0.83). Connection with environmental factors and natural regimes may explain 83 % of the inhomogeneity of theriofauna (correlation coefficient is 0.91). Comparing the results of zoning carried out over different classes of ground vertebrates we followed substantial similarity of the reasons of faunas inhomogeneity (zonal features, provincial features, heat supply and the integral effect of these factors). Along with this, the differences in tolerance to environment between the considered classes of animals raise during zoning substantial mismatch of the boundaries of assigned taxons and their hierarchy. Because of this, the general concept concerning inhomogeneity of the fauna of ground vertebrata can be achieved only after the joint analysis of their fauna in general.

Fossil and modern faunas of small mammals of the end of Pleistocene to modern time in the south of West and Middle Siberia were anаlyzed. It is shown that during Sartan the typical hyperborean complex of mammals was spread to the middle reach of the Yenisey. In the north-west of the Altay, the hyperborean complex of the mammals of southern type existed at the end of Pleistocene; it had its specific regional features. Warming and an increase in humidity in Holocene caused the disappearance of periglacial landscape and reduction of the area occupied by the tundra-steppe ecotopes. Expansion of the forest belt caused degradation of the hyperborean complex of mammals. In the second half of Holocene, the formation of forest and forest-steppe complexes of small mammals occurred.

Data on population communicative systems of brown bear obtained in the reserves of the Upper Pechora (2002, 2004 and 2005) and West Sayan (2007–2009) were compared. The described bear trees were subdivided according to the marking regime into four groups. The fractions of bear trees of different groups, intensity of marking and occurrence of the marks of 18 types were determined, Explanations of the originality of bear trees from different groups were proposed. Differences between the bears of the Upper Pechora and West Sayan in the parameters of communicative systems under discussion were revealed. The possibilities to use these parameters for monitoring the brown bear populations are discussed.

The work presents a detailed description of the basic types of behavior of Asiatic black bears cubs, which were fostered for reintroduction. The research of behavior of orphaned bear cubs in the Ussuri reserve of the Primorye Territory showed that behavior formation is caused by the parameters of the environment among which trees and bushes are the most influential ones. Bear cubs start to eat vegetative parts of plants since the age of 2 months. Trees are used by them for games and as refuges. The skills of defensive behavior initially arising in games on a congenital basis help further survival. This is confirmed by the data received after placing bear cubs in natural environment and recognizing their destiny in the wild. Success of the development of adaptive behavior showed the correctness of elaborated techniques of fostering.

Basic causes of the death of hoofed mammals in the Ussury Reserve and at the adjacent territory during the years 1974 to 2011 are hunting and poaching, tiger predatoriness and exhaustion. The largest number of established death facts since 90es relate to sika deer because this species became dominating in the fauna of hoofed mammals in the reserve as a result of acclimatization. Before 80es, the main preys for tigers were red deer (52 %) and wild boars (44 %); the fraction of sika deer in preys was 4 %. During the recent 10 years, the fraction of sika deer in the trophic link tiger-prey in separate stations of the reserve is 68 %, wild boar 20.6 %, red deer 6.9 %.

TThe structure of oxides obtained by the calcination of layered Mg–Al and Ni–Al (Mg/Al = Ni/Al = 2 : 1) double hydroxides with the structure of hydrotalcite. It is demonstrated that the formation mechanisms for the oxides are different: the Mg–Al oxide retains the original cation ratio, whereas the structure of the oxide formed represents a kind of layered defective spinel. Calcining the Ni–Al hydroxide results in the fact that the majority of Al³⁺ ions reaches the surface of the oxide particles, thereby forming aluminum hydroxide with retaining the nickel oxide phase in the course of hydration. It is established that, depending on the number of aluminum atoms in the bulk of the particles there are different structures of oxides formed, those determine the oxide ability either of restoring the layered oxide structure in the case of Mg–Al hydrotalcite, or saving the structure Ni–Al oxide in the course of hydration.

Studies concerning supported aluminum-palladium catalysts obtained via surface self-propagating thermal synthesis (SSTS) for the selective liquid-phase hydrogenation of acetylene into ethylene in the presence of CO were performed. According to the results of catalytic testing, in the case of running the reaction at 60 °C the SSTS catalysts are inferior to the samples prepared in a conventional manner. At a temperature of 90 °C, the catalyst prepared via SSTS with using citric acid as a fuel additive is almost similar to the sample prepared via traditional method, in the catalytic properties thereof. According to the results obtained by EXAFS and XPS, the original SSTS catalysts contain palladium in oxidized and reduced forms, whose ratio depends on the nature and content of the fuel additive. It has been found that palladium oxide in SSTS catalysts can be quickly reduced under the reaction conditions to produce zero-valent Pd, which is indicated by the results of studying the SSTS catalysts before and after the reaction by means of EXAFS.

The effect of reaction conditions (methane concentration, flow rate, catalyst position, gas dynamic mode) on methane pyrolysis within temperature range 700–1200 °C on preliminarily annealed Fechral wire heated with electric current, at a ratio СН₄/О₂ = 15 : 1 was investigated. It was shown that independently of conditions the process runs in two temperature regions differing in the selectivity of the formation of major products – С₂–hydrocarbons. Reaction conditions have a substantial effect on methane conversion and selectivity with respect to reaction products. The maximal selectivity with respect to С₂ products can be achieved with the transversal coil position to the gas flow and with the use of flow-circulation set-up instead of flow one. An increase in methane concentration in the initial mixture has ambiguous effect on the selectivity with respect to С₂ hydrocarbons within different temperature ranges: for temperature not hgiher than 1000 °C, this causes an increase in selectivity with respect to ethylene and acetylene, while at 1000 °С and above this causes a decrease in selectivity with respect to these components.

Catalysts of liquid-phase hydrogenation of acetylene deposited on the oxides of aluminium, gallium, and indium were studied. According to the results of catalytic tests and examination using the physical methods, decoration of the active component by partially reduced support is observed in Pd/Ga₂O₃ and Pd/In₂O₃ catalysts. An increase in the atomic catalytic activity for the samples deposited on gallium and indium oxides can be connected with the change of the electron density of the active component or with the formation of bimetallic phases.

The structural features and morphology of the particles (globules) of technical carbon (TC) samples, both initial and those treated with pulsed laser radiation, were studied by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Measurements were carried out; the average distances between graphene layers (<i>d</i>₀₀₂), length and curvature of graphene layers in TC globules were calculated. Results of the investigation of structural transformations in TC samples irradiated with nanosecond laser pulses are presented. Changes of the average diameter of globules in TC samples determine the essential difference in the morphology of irradiated nanoparticles and in the lattice parameter <i>d</i>₀₀₂.

The possibility to use available and easily synthesized borate-containing aluminium oxide as an acidic support for the catalyst of hydroisomerization of benzene-containing gasoline fractions was demonstrated for the first time. The phase composition, texture characteristics and acid properties of B₂O₃–Al₂O₃ systems with boron oxide content 0.9–39.0 mass %, obtained by mixing pseudo-boehmite with solid ortho–boric acid followed by annealing at a temperature of 600 °C were studied. For hydroisomerization of the model mixture of n-heptane with benzene it was shown that the most efficient sample is Pt/B₂O₃–Al₂O₃ with the support containing 27.5 mass % of boron oxide. This catalyst provides almost complete benzene hydrogenation Данный and the maximal yield of methylcyclopentane (12.1 mass %) and isoheptanes (43.5 mass %) at a temperature of 350 °C. Higher selectivity of isomerization reactions in this case is connected with the smaller amount of strong acid centres on the catalyst surface.