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Contemporary Problems of Ecology

2005 year, number 4

1.
On the Tasks of Russian Dendrology in the XXI Century

I. Yu. KOROPACHINSKY

Abstract >>
The latest analysis of the state of dendrological studies in Russia was carried out by V. N. Sukachev in 1921 and published in the Works of the All-Russia Forest Conference. For the past 83 years many new botanical gardens have been created (in Russia, there are over 80 of them), dendrological studies in many biological institutes and universities have been enlarged. New tasks associated with development of eastern regions of Russia and with the necessity of solving the problem of comprehensive investigation and protection of genetic pool of arboreal plants in nature and culture have arisen before dendrologists. In the present paper, tasks are considered that it is necessary to solve in the first place and in more remote perspective. Therein, a special attention is paid to introduction of arboreal species of various botanic-geographical regions of Eurasia and North America in Russia, and modern notions of the state of arboreal plants of the n



2.
Use of Poplar in the Landscaping of Industrial Cities of Siberia: a Brief Analysis of the Problem

V. T. BAKULIN

Abstract >>
The modern state of poplar plantations in an industrial city is shown on the example of Novosibirsk. The main causes suppressing their growth and decreasing their longevity are noted. The assortment of poplars for landscaping including decorative forms of Siberian breeding is presented.



3.
Caryological and

E. N. MURATOVA, T. S. SEDELNIKOVA, T. V. KARPYUK, O. S. VLADIMIROVA, A. V. PIMENOV, N. A. MIKHEEVA, E. V. BAZHINA, O. V. KVITKO

Abstract >>
Results of caryological and cytogenetic studies of conifers of the boreal zone carried out at the Institute of Forest during many years are summarized. These species belong to four genera of the Pinaceae family: Larix (larch), Pinus (pine), Picea (spruce) and Abies (fir). Totally, more than 100 populations and habitats of various species from these genera have been studied. Species of both optimal and extreme growing conditions have been studied. Studies of representatives of the Cupressaceae family have been started. A special attention was paid to conifers growing on swamps and in forest cultures.



4.
Interspecific and Intraspecific Differentiation of Siberian Larch Species Using the in vitro Cell Culture Technique

Yu. M. KONSTANTINOV, V. N. SHMAKOV

Abstract >>
Possibility of differentiation of two Siberian larch species (Larix sibirica and L. gmelinii) at species and . population levels using long-living cell cultures in vitro was studied. For the first time interspecific and intraspecific differences in proliferative activity of calluses were found in Siberian larch species on a medium with sodium fluoride were found. A conclusion was made that larch callus culture can be used effectively for the studies of inter-and intraspecific polymorphism in larch with respect to sensitivity to fluorine and other technogenous pollutants when studying possible genetic consequences of action of industrial emissions on cell genome of larch.



5.
Problems of

Yu. I. MANKO, DONG KU LI

Abstract >>
The state of biodiversity is considered in the forest resources of the Primorye at the species and ecosystem levels. A strategic approach to conservation of biological diversity is formulated: 1) conservation of endemic and rare plant species by means of giving them the rank of especially protected objects, 2) a complete withdrawal of forest ecosystems from economical use in especially protected natural territories, 3) reglamentation of nature management in the rest of the territories. The task is set of setting up special genetic reserved territories for the main forest formers. Coordination of international efforts for conservation of biodiversity is considered necessary.



6.
The Role of Arboreal Plants in High Mountain Communities of Asian Russia

V. P. SEDELNIKOV

Abstract >>
The role of 96 species of arboreal plants in the structure of high mountain vegetation of Asian Russia is considered. Systematic, arealogical and zonal structures of high mountain arbiflora, as well as the dominant life forms are demonstrated. Data on phytocenotic significance of arboreal plants in 16 large high mountain phytosystems are presented, on whose basis the most active dominant and co-dominant species are detached. The found rules witness to a considerable role of arboreal plants in the structure of high mountain vegetation and landscapes of Asian Russia.



7.
Peculiarities of Reproduction and Protection of Rare Decorative Forms of Alder

E. V. BANAEV, T. I. KISELEVA, T. I. NOVIKOVA, E. V. CHERNYKH

Abstract >>
Data on peculiarities of reproduction of decorative forms of speckled alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench. f. laciniata Loudon), experiments on germination of pollen and obtaining hybrid seeds, as well as ways of reproduction and conservation under in vitro conditions are presented.



8.
Use of the Hairiness Character of Young Shoots for Identification of the Species of the Genus Picea A. Dietr.

O. N. POTEMKIN

Abstract >>
In 24 populations of the Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.), 14 populations of Yeddo spruce (Picea ajanensis (Lindl. et Gord.) Fisch. ex. Carr. and 5 populations of Korean spruce (Picea koraiensis Nakai.), polymorphism of hairiness of young shoots - one of the main characters for identification of independent spruce species - has been studied. Dependence of variation of this character on the geographical conditions of the population habitat has been found. Due to the high level of polymorphism of the character, it is recommended not to use it as a diagnostic when defining spruce species.



9.
Vegetative Reproduction of Russian Species of the Genus Myricaria Desv.

E. M. Lyakh

Abstract >>
Species of the genus Myricaria Desv. (fam. Tamaricaceae) are valuable decorative, fodder, technical and medicinal plants. Siberian populations are localized in the most northern part of the areal and have a great importance in the conservation of the genetic pool as the most adapted to the conditions of extreme continental climate. At present, as a result of geological explorative and road-building works, the natural habitats of the species of Myricaria Desv. are being destroyed. In this connection, protection of all the known habitats and conservation of the genetic pool of these species in botanical gardens are necessary. An acute necessity arises to study the ways of reproduction and in the first place vegetative one, since the seeds of mericariae are very small and rapidly loose their germinating capacity. Besides, the vegetative reproduction permits conservating the genetic pool not only of species, but also of all intraspecific forms, including those especially valuable for introduction of northern populations.
In the paper, recommendations developed at the Central Siberian Botanical Garden for vegetative reproduction of Myricaria Desv. (Tamaricaceae) species using lignified cuttings with various substrates and cutting and sowing time are presented



10.
Forests and Swamps of Siberia in the Global Carbon Cycle

E. A. VAGANOV, E. F. VEDROVA, S. V. VERKHOVETS, S. P. EFREMOV, T. T. EFREMOVA, V. B. KRUGLOV, A. A. ONUCHIN, A. I . SUKHININ, O. B. SHIBISTOVA

Abstract >>
Results of measurements and calculations of carbon budget parameters of forests and swamps of Siberia are presented. Characteristics of the zon



11.
Resistance and Man-Made Transformation of Taiga Geosystems of the South of Middle Siberia

V. A. SNYTKO, T. I. KONOVALOVA

Abstract >>
On the basis of developed theoretical notions of resistance of geosystems of regional scale, an analysis of the character of their transformation is given on the example of the south of Middle Siberia.



12.
Peculiarities and Basic Trends of the Time Course of Forests and Thin Forests in the Permafrost Zone of Siberia

A. P. ABAIMOV

Abstract >>
Region



13.
Trends in the Shift of the Forest and Tundra Borders in the Altay-Sayan Mountainous Region in Late Holocene

M. Yu. TELYATNIKOV, D. N. SHAULO

Abstract >>
A comparison of borderline communities of forest and tundra has been carried out by the indicators of activity and species abundance of their zonal groups. Some modern tendencies of shift of the forest-tundra border have been found in the Altay Sayan mountainous region. Trends of changes of climate have been followed up during the period of sub Atlantic phase of the Holocene, which found its reflection in six basic scripts. Each script corresponds to a climatically homogeneous region.



14.
Microbiological Indication and Monitoring of Disturbed Forest Ecosystems of Siberia

N. D. SOROKIN, S. Yu. EVGRAFOVA, N. V. PASHENOVA, I. D. GRODNITSKAYA, G. G. POLYAKOVA, E. N. AFANASOVA

Abstract >>
Results of microbiological analysis of various elements of forest ecosystems (soil, litter, phyllosphere) of zones of active man-made (technogenous) influence demonstrate that microbial complexes serve as an instrument for diagnosis of the state and monitoring of a forest ecosystem. Fluctuations of the number of microorganisms, the scale of ETGM number, coefficients of microbiological activity, frequency of incidence of phytopathogenic fungi may be considered as convenient characteristics.



15.
Control of Stressful Load in Forest Ecosystems of the Baikal Region under the Influence of Atmospheric Discharges of Aluminium Industry

V. K. VOINIKOV, T. A. PENZINA, A. Yu. YAKOVLEV, G. B. BOROVSKY, S. V. NOVIKOVA, G. P. ALEXANDROVA, S. A. MEDVEDEVA, I. V. VOLCHATOVA, E. A. HAMIDULLINA, L. I. BELYKH, E. E. PENZINA, I. A. RYABCHIKOVA

Abstract >>
The influence of industrial gas pollution on biological transformation of wood in a forest ecosystem in the vicinities of the Irkutsk aluminum plant (city of Shelekhov) was studied. It was found that the biological degradation of wood macrocomponents occurs with great losses of mass, and the amount of extractive substances increases, a non-specific reaction of arboreal plants and fungi to stress caused by the influence of atmospheric man-made pollutants is observed.



16.
The State of Fir Forests of the Khamar-Daban in the Zone of Influence of Atmospheric Discharges of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill

T. I. MOROZOVA, T. A. OSKOLKOVA, A. S. PLESHANOV

Abstract >>
Atmospheric emissions of the BPPM cause a systemic weakening of fir forests of the Khamar-Daban ridge which is accompanied by development of fungal epiphytoties. The maximum of pollution fell on the beginning of the 1980ies when the volume of emissions exceeded 30 000 tons per year. The further decrease of the level of pollution was accompanied by a growth of resistance of trees estimated by the total content of resinous compounds. In accordance with this, the activity of fungal epiphytoties began to decrease, and the percentage of coniferous leaves decreased to the background level. It was established that the volumes of emissions of the BPPM at the level of 7000 tons a year may be considered as maximally admissible for ensuring the protection of forests of the given region.



17.
Phytomass-Dependent Predictors of Above-Ground Net Primary Production of Plantations of the Main Forest-Forming Species of Russia

A. I. UTKIN, D. G. ZAMOLODCHIKOV, Ya. I. GULBE, T. A. GULBE, O. V. MILOVA

Abstract >>
The biospheric role of forests of Russia is usually judged about by the forest area, area covered by forest vegetation and by forest resources. Lately, these indicators have begun to be supplemented by estimations of the pools of phytomass carbon (Cphyt) and organic carbon of soils (Csoil). The contribution of the forest cover to the biospheric processes may be correctly estimated only resorting to the functional indicators of vegetation. Considered as the main ones of such indicators are usually the net primary production (NPP) and its above-ground part (AbNPP). The scarce number of experimental estimates of NPP for forest ecosystems of Russia makes it necessary to look for calculation methods of estimating AbNPP and NPP. The relations between the AbNPP and the phytomass of fore.



18.
Ecological Factors Determining the Radial Increment of Pine and Larch in Various Habitats of the Olkhon Region

V. A. OSKOLKOV, V. I. VORONIN

Abstract >>
For the first time wood ring chronology data have been obtained in habitats most typical for the Olkhon region for the study of the radial increment of pine and larch. Statistical analysis of the chronologies obtained has demonstrated their high sensitivity to the effects of climatic factors and in the first place to atmospheric humidity. The fraction of the accounted-for dispersion by the first three components amounts to 80 %. A 30-20, 7-6, 4-3 year cyclicity and 2-year quasicyclicity of the radial increment of pine and larch reflecting preferentially the time course of the atmospheric humidification of the given region has been established. For the first time, some unknown dates of large gradations of the main insect pests and large-scale regional and local forest fires have been determined. By the pattern of increment of these coniferous species, ecological heterogeneity of the region under study was established



19.
Influence of Motor Transport Discharges on the State of Tree Stands of Spruce Phytocenoses

E. A. USATOVA, E. A. ROBAKIDZE

Abstract >>
The influence of aerotechnogenous pollution by discharges of motor transport on spruce stands was studied. It was found that the total indicators of life state of individual trees and of the tree stands of the spruce phytocenoses growing in the regions polluted by motor transport emissions were characterized as weakened.



20.
Interzonal Variability of Metabolism and Morphogenesis of Conifers Along the Yenisei Meridian as an Analog of Forest Reaction to Global Changes of the Climate

N. E. SUDACHKOVA, I. L. MILYUTINA, G. P. SEMENOVA

Abstract >>
With the purpose of forecast of changes in the biochemical composition of tissues and intensity of the production process of Siberian species of conifers under the influence of global climatic changes, morphogenetic characteristics of trees and the content of carbohydrates, proteins, free amino acids and nitrogen in storage tissues and of cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses in the wood of Scots pine, Siberian larch and Gmelin larch were studied in subzones of northern and southern taiga and in the forest-steppe zone of Middle Siberia. It is hypothesized that the global climate warming will lead to a decrease of xylogenesis intensity and forest productivity on the northern and southern borders of the forest zone.



21.
Transformation of Carbon Assimilation in Pine Tree Stands Affected by Industrial Emissions

T. A. MIKHAILOVA, N. S. BEREZHNAYA, G. G. SUVOROVA, O. V. IGNATYEVA, O. V. SHERGINA

Abstract >>
A new method has been developed that permits carrying out a cartographic estimation of carbon losses in forest ecosystems affected by atmospheric industrial emissions. Changes of carbon assimilations were considered in association with parameters characterizing the degree of physiological deterioration of trees and the level of their contamination with toxic emissions. Representative indicators have been distinguished that reflect the condition of the assimilatory phytomass of the tree stands, and a diagnostic scale for estimation of decrease of carbon assimilation in deteriorated plantations without a direct recording of photosynthesis parameters has been developed. For a model territory of the Prebaikalian region with an area of more than 1 million ha, a schematic map has been drawn up according to which carbon losses in pine tree stands amount to 20 to 60 % of the background level. In verification of the developed approach, a high degree of correspondence of calculated data to direct measurements of the decrease of carbon assimilation in tree stands weakened by industrial emissions has been demonstrated.



22.
Reaction of

D. V. VESELKIN

Abstract >>
General and specific peculiarities of reactions of mycorhizae of pine tree determined by the chemical composition of industrial emissions to man-made contaminations were established. The diversity of fungal caps in the vicinities of enterprises with various type of influence on the environment varies according to a single scheme. Transversal sizes of mycorhizal endings (fungal caps and plant roots) under the conditions of contamination by polymetallic dust increase, and under the influence of gaseous substances (SO2 , CO, NOx) they decrease.



23.
Diversity of Metabolism and Vulnerability of Native and Introduced Species of the Genus Salix L. under the Conditions of Aerotechnogenous Contamination

L. A. ZAKHAROVA, L. A. BARAKHTENOVA

Abstract >>
It is demonstrated that aerotechnogenous contamination exerts a certain influence on the water, sulphur and nitrogen metabolism and, as a consequence, on the vulnerability of leaves (loss of turgor, chloroses, necroses) of native and introduced species of the genus Salix L. Both specific and non-specific reactions of plants to the atmosphere pollution have been found. The former consist in various directions of the plant metabolism: in S. ledebourian



24.
Powdery Mildew of Siberian Species of Salix L.

M. A. TOMOSHEVICH, I. G. VOROBYEVA

Abstract >>
Peculiarities of development of powdery mildew agent of the genus Salix L. of the collection of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden arboretum have been studied.



25.
Monitoring of the State of Permafrost Ecosystems "Spasskaya Pad" (Yakutsk)

T. Kh. MAXIMOV, B. I. IVANOV

Abstract >>
Results of long-term studies within the framework of international projects carried out on the forest station "Spasskaya Pad" of the IBPK SO RAN (?) are presented. Perspectives of further studies in the field of verification of the data obtained at the level of regional, continental and global cycles of energy, water and carbon dioxide and monitoring of biological diversity are discussed.