Home – Home – Jornals – Chemistry for Sustainable Development 2025 number 2

A continuous record of paleogeographic events of the Holocene has been reconstructed based on biostratigraphic study and radiocarbon dating of the coastal peat bog in Nerpichy Bay, Sea of Okhotsk. Development of zonal landscapes since the end of the Late Pleistocene began from shrub forest-tundra to birch elfin forest with the first manifestations of broad-leaved trees in the early Holocene, dominance of dark coniferous taiga with maximum participation of broad-leaved trees in the middle Holocene, their further reduction in the late Holocena and almost complete disappearance in our time. On the coast peat accumulation began with an increase in temperatures about 10.2 ka cal. BP. A feature of the bog ecosystem development was the rapid change of the swampy larch forest after large-scale fires to a community dominated by green mosses, and then to shrub-grass-sphagnum phytocenoses. Further successions occurred with a gradual replacement of eutrophic-mesotrophic sphagnum mosses by oligotrophic Sphagnum fuscum, for which the highest rates of peat accumulation were noted 7.2-6.1 ka cal. BP. In this time the average annual temperature was approximately 2° C higher than today, and the long-term average annual precipitation was approximately 40 mm higher than at present. The most pronounced cooling periods in the Holocene occurred 10.6-10.2, 9.2-8.9, 8.3-8.0, 5.2-4.8, 4.3-4.0, 3.5-3.3, 2.8-2.5, 1.5-1.0 and 0.6-0.4 ka cal. BP. The cooling events identified in the southwestern Priokhotye region are consistent with the sequence of cold events of the Holocene both in the region and in the Northern Hemisphere.

The development of mineral resources of the world ocean puts forward the task of using high-speed communication channels between two underwater objects. Optical radiation provides the highest transmission speed. However, the turbidity of natural water systems varies in a wide range. Therefore, it is relevant to study the influence of various components of water suspension on the conditions of laser pulse transmission. The paper presents the results of simulation of the propagation of optical pulses at a wavelength of 0.514 mm with a duration of 2 ns in water containing only clusters of nanobubbles. It is shown that the maximum flux of radiation scattered on clusters of nanobubbles at the entrance to the receiver does not exceed 10% of the radiation flux that passed without scattering along a path up to 150 m long. At the same time, an increase in pulse width at half-height does not exceed 30%. The limitation of the path length in water containing only clusters of nanobubbles is due to attenuation. Further studies are related to the investigation of the influence of organic and inorganic suspended matter on the propagation of laser radiation in water.

Results of calculations of line widths of 18 water vapor microwave lines broadened by N₂, O₂, CO₂, air, H₂O, CO₂, He, Ar, Kr, and Xe in the temperature range 30 ≤ T ≤ 400 K are presented. In the case of the broadening H₂O lines by monatomic gases, these results strongly depend on the chosen interaction potential; for T ≤ 100 K, they depend on the model of trajectories of colliding molecules. The comparison with experimental data and other calculations is given. The results can be useful for spectral calculations required by atmospheric applications.

The causes of dense non-photochemical haze (smog) over Beijing in winter conditions are still poorly understood. The purpose of the work is to study the mechanism of catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide with molecular oxygen in aerosol particles and the formation of dense non-photochemical haze. It is shown that the rapid accumulation of SO₄^2- (tens of μg × m^-3 × h^-1) is observed only at high humidity and moisture acidity in particles рН = 3.7÷4.8. The reason is the transition in these conditions of the catalytic (non-photochemical) oxidation of SO₂ by atmospheric oxygen with the participation of Fe and Mn ions into a fast degenerate branched mode. Modeling of the occurrence of catastrophically dangerous atmospheric haze should necessarily be carried out taking into account the mechanism of this catalytic reaction.

The first results of studies of the elemental composition of atmospheric aerosol and soils of Northern Tajikistan by the method of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) made it possible to identify high values of substances in some samples. A brief overview of the main directions and results of the study of the content of substances in the composition of aerosol particles and soils in the territory of Northern Tajikistan for the period 2020-2022 is given. Enrichment factors for heavy metals and arsenic in aerosol particles are calculated. The main source of aerosol pollution in the Northern Tajikistan are emissions from the construction industry, motor vehicles, and human economic activity. Heavy metals and arsenic contained in man-made particles are transported by air currents over longer distances.

The features of the intra-day dynamics of fractionation of aerosol particles in surface air during the formation of a winter aerosol field above the Fonovaya observatory of Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, (Tomsk Region) are studied. The distributions of hourly average count concentrations of aerosol particles are analyzed along with the spatial distributions of the probability of transport of moisture-bearing air masses taking into account the time intervals of snow accumulation at the observatory in the first half of winter 2022/23 (from November 17, 2022, to January 30, 2023). It was found that intra-day variations in hourly average count concentrations of aerosol particles in the size range d = 0.3-2.0 mm in some cases are determined by the action of radiometric forces - “snow" photophoresis, caused by and associated with the manifestation of the microphysical properties of aerosol in the field of infrared radiation outgoing from the snow cover. It is reasonably assumed that “snow” photophoresis certainly affects the radiation balance of the winter atmosphere and should be taken into account when modeling vertical transport of aerosols in the lower troposphere.

Filamentation of high-power femtosecond pulses in a gas is of great theoretical and practical interest with relation to study of large-scale spectral and temporal transformations of laser radiation in a medium and generation of extra-wide (supercontinuum) radiation, actual for the problems of nonlinear femtosecond diagnostics of the environment, transmission of optical information through an atmospheric channel, and modern optical technologies for material processing. This paper experimentally studies the influence of pressure of a gas medium (nitrogen) in an optical cell on the characteristics of femtosecond laser radiation propagating under filamentation conditions. It is shown that under conditions of high nitrogen pressure (up to 11 atm) and sharp geometric focusing of femtosecond radiation, its Kerr self-focusing is implemented, and the single filamentation made transforms into multiple post filamentation as the gas pressure increases. In this case, due to the phase self-modulation of a femtosecond pulse and plasma generation in the gas, there is a significant enrichment of the spectral composition of the radiation, and near-linear increase in the pulse spectrum width with gas pressure in the cell. It was established for the first time that the pulse spectrum is extended asymmetrically and mainly to the long-wave region with an increase in the sharpness of the initial focusing of a laser beam. In addition, the average size of intense light post-filaments formed inside a beam decreases and can be fractions of a millimeter as the gas pressure increases in the optical cell.

It is well known that the surface temperature in large cities differs from that of the surrounding area. However, the influence of geometric characteristics of urban areas on the spatial distribution of land surface temperature is poorly studied. This paper, which aimed at solving a scientific problem in the field of urban climatology, presents the results of the analysis of the land surface temperature in four Russian cities with millions of inhabitants performed using Landsat 8 satellite data on cloudless days from May to September 2013-2022. First, the robustness of the urban temperature distribution to relatively weak changes in meteorological conditions is studied. Second, morphological characteristics such as building density, building height, and elevation of terrain were considered as factors that have potential influence on urban surface temperature distribution. The results of the analysis have shown the stability of the temperature field to meteorological conditions, as well as a high correlation between temperature and building density for cities with low-hilly and hilly surface relief. For Krasnoyarsk, characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity of terrain relief, such regularities are not revealed. It is shown that the factor of local temperature growth deserves attention when designing residential areas in large cities with relatively flat relief. The results can provide an opportunity to improve the quality of climate services and the quality of life of the population in urbanized regions.

The article presents an approach to estimating and adjusting the emission power of anthropogenic sources based on forward and inverse modeling. The WRF-Chem model was used as a direct modeling tool, and the IMDAF system developed by the authors was used for inverse modeling. The results of direct modeling provided data on meteorological fields and the distribution of impurities necessary for solving adjoint problems. The use of the adjoint problem method made it possible to calculate a correction factor that determines how much it is necessary to change the power of sources that fall into the sensitivity zone to achieve the best agreement with measurements.

An original method is proposed for calculating turbulent parameters in an atmospheric boundary layer using an unsteady 3D turbulence model and algebraic relations for Reynolds stresses and turbulent heat fluxes. A mesoscale model with such parameterization of turbulence in the boundary layer has been tested on measurements made using meteorological instruments of the Basic Experimental Complex of IAO SB RAS. The daily dynamics of the vertical distribution of some turbulent parameters for the conditions of Tomsk is analyzed. A comparison of calculations with measurements shows that the model well predicts vertical profiles of temperature and horizontal wind speed and direction. However, for conditions where the surface is covered with snow, further research is needed to account the interaction of APS with the surface in the model. The developed turbulence model can be used in calculations of atmospheric boundary layer parameters with high horizontal resolution (grid size 100-1000 m).

Energy characteristics of a copper vapor laser (CVL) pumped by a Marx generator are studied. The schematic of the generator is provided along with the description of its operational features, since thyratrons are used as switches in the generator. It is shown that the Marx generator allows an increase in the upper limit of stable operation of thyratrons (proportional to the number of thyratrons used, up to ~ 8-10 kV of reverse voltage on the thyratron anodes for two thyratrons) and, accordingly, provides pump parameters for the active medium that are unattainable with a single thyratron. At the same time, the energy per pulse linearly increases with the voltage on the gas discharge tube (GDT) and decreases with the repetition rate of the excitation pulses. A CVL pumped by a Marx generator is a promising radiation source for solving problems of atmospheric altitude sensing, creating artificial guide stars in adaptive optics devices and active optical systems, and atmospheric bistatic communication channels.

The paper demonstrates possibility of remote detection of surface traces of organophosphates using the double-pulse laser fragmentation/laser-induced fluorescence (LP/LIF) method. For drop-liquid traces of triethyl phosphate on a paper surface, it is shown that the process of formation of characteristic PO fragments (phosphorus oxide molecules) of organophosphates is inertial. The formation of the maximum concentration of fragments is observed approximately 2 ms after the action of a fragmenting laser pulse (266 nm). It is found that a delay between a laser pulse (247.78 nm) a fragmenting pulse of 2 ms leads to a multiple increase in the fluorescence intensity: approximately 7 times compared to the single-pulse excitation method and approximately 2.3 times compared to simultaneous double-pulse action. The results, first, demonstrate a possibility of remote detection of surface traces of organophosphates in a condensed state by the two-pulse LF/LIF method; second, they show the need to organize optimal conditions for laser exposure to increase the efficiency of the LF/LIF process.

The article presents a study of domestic mechanical engineering and industry in their development in comparison with leading analogues in the world and within the framework of intercountry associations (BRICS, G7). The statistical base for constructing an assessment system and the indicators used in international comparisons in relation to the concept of sustainable growth are analyzed. An attempt is made to formulate an approach for assessing domestic mechanical engineering and industry in the context of the “green” agenda and “green” growth.

The accelerated development of Siberia is determined by its significant role in the country’s development, both in terms of natural resource exploitation and geopolitical positioning. Currently, the development rate of the Siberian macro-region has slowed, the volume of investments is dropping and the population is decreasing. To change this situation, new spatial development tools need to be applied to the “Siberian” regions. One of the possible ways for improving regional management processes is through “corridors of development”, which is the economic space incorporating centers of economic activity with transportation, energy, and logistical infrastructure. This study is aimed at analyzing the potential for forming development corridors in specific regions of Western and Eastern Siberia, ensuring accelerated growth of their production potential, economic diversification, and improving the standard of living of the population by creating new jobs. The study identifies Novosibirsk and Kuzbass corridors in Western Siberia and the Krasnoyarsk Arctic, Krasnoyarsk Southern, and Irkutsk corridors in Eastern Siberia as the prospective development corridors.

The article applies clustering by the k-means method to search for similar objects in the development of oil fields and design documentation. The study is based on the analysis of data from 1490 objects from various regions of Russia, taking into account both static and dynamic parameters, including the number of revisions of design and technical documentation. This approach allows evaluating the characteristics of objects at the stages of revising design documentation and developing efficiency. The identified rules can serve to optimize the management processes of design documentation, which, in turn, contributes to increasing the economic efficiency of development. Research is aimed to deepen the understanding of the relationship between objects and the termination of revision of design and technical documentation, which is of critical importance in the design and management of hydrocarbon development facilities.

The article proposes an alternative method for determining the competitive specialization of the country’s regions based on localization coefficients. The considered methodology makes it possible to establish promising types of economic activities that show their contribution to the competitiveness of the region. The result of the application of the methodology is to determine the types of competitive specialization of the country’s regions. In addition, the methodology makes it possible to generate statistical aggregates of competing regions for the dominant types of economic activity in the structure of the region’s economy. The approach under consideration has been tested on Rosstat statistics on the gross value added of the country’s regions and their sectoral GRP structure for 2021. According to the calculated localization coefficients, regions with competitive specialization in different types of economic activity have been identified. Using the example of the Amur Region, a statistical set of competing regions has been formed.

At the stage of public procurement, it is important to identify contractors with poor performance in order to manage the risks of improper fulfillment of contract terms. The article classifies the contractors participating in public procurement under 44-FZ with the type of economic activity road construction on the basis of quality indicator. The methodology for assessing the probability of proper fulfillment of obligations by contractors, which is based on the consistent use of mathematical and statistical models, is proposed and tested on real populations. An integral indicator is constructed, which makes it possible to predict the presumed facts of proper and improper fulfillment of obligations.

The article draws attention to the problems that can be a significant obstacle to the successful development of the process of improving the penitentiary system. At present, improving the efficiency of the execution of sentences is closely linked to the practice of applying punishments and alternative measures to deprivation of liberty. A significant increase in the tasks facing penal enforcement inspections, which has been observed over the past two decades, is inevitably accompanied by fluctuations in the number of controlled persons. In order to preserve and develop the efficiency of the execution of sentences, it is of fundamental importance that the tasks set are consistent with the level of material and technical equipment, as well as the availability of highly professional personnel in the relevant institutions. Identification of compliance of the specified level with the set tasks is an extremely important goal of future research. In this publication, based on the use of statistical data from the central database of the Federal Penitentiary Service, a detailed analysis of changes in the number of persons under the control of criminal executive inspections from 2017 to 2023 is carried out. The study is accompanied by a comparison of the information obtained with the revealed fluctuations in the number of people sentenced to serve a prison sentence for the same period of time. We believe that the presented analysis can help in planning the future provision of penitentiary inspections with the resources necessary for the successful and effective implementation of their tasks.

The article deals with topical issues related to the organization of the conclusion of government contracts to meet the needs of enforcement proceedings. According to the results of the study, the author has proposed appropriate recommendations for the inclusion of some items in standard drafts of government contracts. Also, in order to increase the amounts recovered from debtors as reimbursement of expenses for performing executive actions in the budget, a proposal has been made to amend the current legislation.

The article provides a methodological study of the program of discourse analysis of the statements of scientists G. Gilbert and M. Mulkay. In discourse analysis, any action performed by a scientist is understood as a social action. The essence of the scientific problem lies in the impossibility of direct observation of social action, which is a fan of potential possibilities. The interpretation of social action is variable and depends on the nature of the statements of scientists. The variability of social action is directly related to the variability of the statements of scientists, which makes it possible to identify two repertoires - empiricist and conditional, understanding them as socially given guidelines. Repetitive interpretive repertoires highlight the phenomenon of “formal scientific literature” and “informal conversation”. Scientific novelty is presented by the main thesis in solving this problem, which is that linguistic models of empiricist and conditional repertoires sanction the identification of patterns of translation of individual knowledge into supraindividual knowledge of generally recognized content, here the presence of a social norm governing the methods of reflexive presentation of the research is recorded. The conclusion is drawn, according to which it is inappropriate to understand social action as a given act, since reflection offers different pictures of the same externally observable event.

In the context of a rapidly changing reality undergoing digital transformation, the issues of ensuring the security of economic activity are becoming particularly relevant. In this study, the author examines modern approaches to understanding the essence of the security of the digital economy, identifies the specifics of scientific views on this phenomenon, and draws attention to some areas that have not yet received in-depth scientific study. As a result of the work carried out, the author’s matrix of economic security of the state in the context of digital transformation is formulated, the use of which is proposed as a component of practical activities to ensure stability and progressive dynamic development of the economic sphere based on tactical and strategic planning.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in business management based on a comparison of foresight session data and expert survey results. The study was conducted against the backdrop of rapid transformation of market conditions and increased global competition, where companies are increasingly seeking to integrate AI technologies into their activities to optimize management processes and improve decision-making mechanisms. Particular attention in the article is paid not only to the potential of AI in improving the efficiency of business processes, but also to the ethical, legal and social issues that arise. The methodological basis of the study includes the analysis and synthesis of data obtained during the Foresight session held at the Southern Federal University and survey data, which involved more than 300 experts from different regions and industries. The research emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach that takes into account both the technical aspects of AI and the human factor. Its results show that, despite the significant prospects for using AI in entrepreneurship, there are serious obstacles to this process, particularly the lack of qualified specialists, high costs of implementing and supporting technologies, as well as the lack of a clear regulatory framework. The authors offer recommendations for businesses on the integration of AI, including the development of educational programs, optimization of project financing and compliance with ethical standards. This study contributes to the understanding of both the current state and future prospects for using AI in business management and also contributes to the development of strategies to overcome existing and future problems.

Hyperlocal marketing is an innovative approach that helps companies optimise offline sales, especially when traditional strategies reach their limits. It allows offers to be tailored to specific locations and customer needs, significantly increasing the effectiveness of customer engagement. This article examines how legislation in some countries and macro-regions can help or hinder the development of hyperlocal marketing by regulating the collection and use of personal data.

In the article, the theoretical and methodological problems of reflecting accounting information on the activities of integrated corporate structures are discussed. The current state of the consolidated financial statements and the consolidated accounting is considered. The current problem of conducting non-equity consolidation of the financial statements of parent and subsidiary companies has been studied. The methodological problem of compiling combined financial statements is analyzed. The article highlighted two approaches to the preparation of consolidated financial statements. As a result, a matrix of theoretically possible accounting methods for integrated corporate structures was proposed.

At present, in connection with the active development of the Russian Arctic, issues related to prevention and elimination of the consequences caused by disturbances of vulnerable northern ecosystems are becoming increasingly urgent. Soils deserve attention on the first-priority basis. On the one hand, soils are the basis of any terrestrial ecosystem, on the other hand, under the harsh conditions of the Far North, their self-restoration is slow, and effective reclamation measures are costly. In the work, the most common environmental problem of the northern territories of Siberia is considered: the pollution of soils with oil products. The properties of automorphous and hydromorphous organogenic, loamy, stony, sandy, and sandy loam soils widely occurring in the cryolithozone are investigated. It is noted that among soil properties, the greatest role in the fixation of oil products is played by total carbon content and cation exchange capacity, while the increased density of soils prevents the introduction and accumulation of oil products. Based on the analysis of literature data and statistical processing of own materials, recommendations on soil remediation at the sites contaminated with oil products to different extents are proposed.

Electrochemical properties of a cell with carbon highly porous electrodes and a solid polymer electrolyte based on polyurethane elastomer filled with a solution of an organic salt of N,N-methyl-propyl-piperidinium in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone have been studied. The values of specific capacitance of the electrode material in contact with the polymer electrolyte, which reach 45 F/g, were determined by cyclic voltammetry (CVA) in the voltage range from -4.5 to 4.5 V and galvanostatic charge-discharge. Analysis of the dependence of capacitance on the potential sweep rate has shown that the main contribution to the capacitance is the pseudocapacitance due to surface electrochemical processes, the nature of which is still unclear. The CVA data are in good agreement with the data obtained by impedance spectroscopy. The obtained polymer solid electrolyte based on polyurethane elastomer can be used to create flexible polymer supercapacitors operating in a wide voltage range.

The possibility to increase the adsorption capacity of the sorbent Purolat-Standard, a cheap anthracite-based carbon material (CM), towards iron(II) ions was studied. Sulphuric acid, aminoethanoic acid, and their combination were used as modifiers. The effect of modification on the porous structure and surface state of the analysed sorbents was examined. It has been found that only treatment with sulphuric acid has a significant impact on the structural characteristics of the carbon material. A comparison of microphotographs of the samples before and after iron ion adsorption suggests its adsorption on the surface of macropores. It is shown with the help of X-ray diffraction analysis that the chosen modification methods do not change the phase composition of the sorbents. According to the data of spectroscopic studies, modification of sorbent samples leads to changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of surface groups. The adsorption of iron(II) ions on the initial and modified samples of carbon material was studied under equilibrium conditions. It was found that using AEA as a modifier fundamentally alters the shape of the metal ion adsorption isotherms. The use of aminoethanoic acid as a modifying agent has been determined to strongly alter the shape of metal ion adsorption isotherms, which is due to different composition of functional groups on the sample surface and changes in the sorbent-sorbate interaction type. Using the Langmuir model and a modified Dubinin-Radushkevich equation for ion adsorption, the main adsorption characteristics were calculated. It is assumed that for the initial sorbent and the sample treated with sulphuric acid, as well as for the samples modified with aminoethanoic acid, in the case of low equilibrium iron concentration, adsorption proceeds via ion exchange. At higher equilibrium concentrations, the formation of iron ion complexes with the modifier is possible for the sorbents treated with the amino acid. It is established that the most promising sample for use as a sorbent for extracting iron ions from groundwater is the carbon material modified with both sulphuric and aminoethanoic acids (by sequential impregnation), which demonstrates the highest adsorption capacity.

The article presents the results of laboratory studies and pilot tests of compositions developed to eliminate steam and water breakthroughs from the rock mass into oil mine workings, and to fill voids in the rock mass in places where steam breakthroughs occur. The effect of individual components is investigated, which allows combining them to achieve the required properties of the composition. Laboratory studies have shown a high efficiency of compositions with two gelling components (polymer and inorganic) with the addition of a dispersed filler - basalt fibre. The compositions functions well within a wide temperature range (20-200 °C), are non-toxic and fireproof. Pilot tests of the developed composition for blocking steam breakthroughs into the mine were carried out in early 2024 at an experimental site of the Yaregskoye oil mine, using standard equipment available at the mine. The tests have shown applicability of the composition under oil mine conditions. The results of control observations show that the composition successfully plugs cracks and pores in the rock and in the concrete jacket, blocks steam breakthroughs, and retains its properties for a long time. It is planned to develop this area of experimental work, including refining the technology of injecting the composition to fill large voids, to determine the required composition volume, injection rate and location of injection points. In the future, it planned to test these compositions for surface steam injection wells.

A catalyst for the process of upgrading the straight-run gasoline fraction of oil was developed on the basis of pentasil zeolite by means of postsynthetic alkaline treatment, followed by the introduction of nanosized nickel powder. Three reaction-regeneration cycles were carried out, textural, acidic and catalytic properties of the initial and regenerated samples were studied, the amount of carbon compaction products and temperature range of their removal were determined. It is shown by IR spectroscopy that triplicate regeneration of carbonised zeolite catalysts does not change their crystal structure. It is shown by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption that multiple regenerations of the catalyst lead to an insignificant decrease in total specific surface area and total specific pore volume, with an increase in the specific surface area of mesopores. The temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia has been used to determine that the strength and concentration of acid sites in the regenerated samples decreased significantly, compared to the initial zeolite, only after the third regeneration. The activity of initial zeolite catalyst and its regenerated forms has been studied in processing the straight-run gasoline fraction of oil by the flow method in a reactor with a fixed catalyst bed, without using hydrogen-containing gas, at atmospheric pressure. It has been shown that after each reaction-regeneration cycle, the catalytic activity decreases slightly, but at the same time, the octane numbers of the resulting gasolines remain fairly high, and the yield of the catalysates increases. Using differential thermal analysis, it was determined that the number of regenerations has almost no effect on the amount of carbon compaction products on zeolite catalysts, as well as on the temperatures of decomposition peaks and termination of coke removal, but slightly reduces the temperature at which carbon deposits begin to burn out.

Results of studies on the conversion of gaseous hydrocarbon feedstock with different compositions into olefin hydrocarbons over zeolite-containing catalysts are presented. The results of catalyst testing indicate that zeolites modified with phosphorus and manganese exhibit high activity in the conversion of lower C₂-C₄ alkanes into olefin hydrocarbons. It has been determined that the P-containing zeolite catalyst has the highest dehydrogenating activity, and the Mn-containing zeolite catalyst is characterized by a higher overall activity. It is shown that significant conversion of the feedstock is observed within the temperature range of 600-650 °С, depending on the hydrocarbon chain length of the initial alkane molecule. For the P-containing zeolite catalyst, almost linear dependence of the yield of olefin hydrocarbons on the conversion of the initial С₂-С₄-hydrocarbons is observed. At the same time, for the Mn-containing zeolite, the dependence of the yield of olefin hydrocarbons on conversion is determined by the type of initial hydrocarbon feedstock. The acid and textural characteristics of the original zeolite and its modified samples were studied by temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia and low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, and their distinctive features affecting the properties of the catalysts in the conversion of C₂-C₄ alkanes into olefin hydrocarbons were established.

The composition of fragments linked by sulphide bridges in the molecules of resin-asphaltene substances isolated from the liquid products of thermal destruction of asphaltene components of heavy high-sulphur oils from the Usinskoye and Ashalchinskoye fields in supercritical n-hexane is investigated using a complex of physicochemical methods (selective chemical degradation, IR spectroscopy, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry). The set of compounds identified in the products of C-S bond cleavage in the molecules of secondary asphaltenes and resins is largely identical to that identified in the products formed in the chemical destruction of the molecules of initial asphaltene components. They are represented by normal and branched alkanes, n-alkylcyclopentanes, n-alkylcyclohexanes, steranes, hopanes, phenylalkanes differing from each other in the position of phenyl ring in the carbon chain, diphenyls, naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, dibenzothiophenes, n-alcanoic acids, ethyl and isopropyl esters of n-alkanoic acids, and pentacyclic compounds of the oleanene series. A distinctive feature of secondary asphaltene molecules is the presence of n-alk-1-enes with an even number of carbon atoms and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons linked through sulphide bridges in their structure. The similarity of the set of compounds linked through sulphide bridges in the structure of initial asphaltenes and the products of their thermal decomposition under supercritical conditions is established, which suggests that the secondary asphaltenes and the resulting resins are fragments of the molecules of initial samples. These molecular fragments are linked in their structure through the least thermally stable functional groups - ether, disulphide and sulphide. The revealed differences in the pattern of molecular mass distribution for similar sulphur-bound compounds in the structure of secondary asphaltenes and resins allow us to assume that the resulting resinous components are located at the periphery of the asphaltene macromolecules of heavy high-sulphur oils.

Composite metal-carbon material based on technical carbon and metals (NiCo) was created, its physicochemical and catalytic properties in the oxidative desulphurisation of oil were studied. It has been established that the process of oil desulphurisation can be carried out under sufficiently mild conditions: temperature 60 °C, process time 90 min, catalyst content 1-1.3 wt%, the molar ratio of sulphur feedstock/oxidizer = 1 : 4. A more effective extraction system for extracting oxidised sulphur compounds from oil is a mixture of dimethylformamide (DMF) and water at the volume ratio of 9 : 1. In this case, it is possible to achieve a high degree of sulphur removal from oil - more than 70 %.

The structural organisation and chemical composition of asphaltenes of heavy oils from the sediments of the Paleozoic complex of the Volga-Ural and Timan-Pechora oil and gas provinces are studied using a mix of physicochemical research methods (electron microscopy, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, chemical destruction, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). It is shown that the asphaltenes of oils from the Permian-Carboniferous and Devonian sediments, unlike the asphaltenes of Permian oil with their smooth surface, are characterised by a loose and porous surface, and smaller sizes of nanoaggregates forming a disordered tangled structure caused by the presence of a branched alkyl chain configuration, which hinders aromatic sheets stacking. The crystallites of asphaltene nanoaggregates of heavy oils are characterised by similar thickness, average diameter, and number of aromatic layers in their cluster core, as well as the distance between the aromatic layers and saturated fragments. It has also been determined that the mean molecule of asphaltenes of the Permian oil is larger in size due to the high content of aromatic and naphthenic cycles in the naphthenoaromatic system. A structural feature of the asphaltene components of Devonian oils is a more branched alkyl chain configuration. The structure of the asphaltenes of heavy oils includes fragments linked through sulphide, ether, methylene and polymethylene bridges. Among them, acyclic, mono- and polycyclic naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as sulphur- and oxygen-containing compounds have been identified. The same representatives of sulphur-bound and ether-bound saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in the structure of asphaltene molecules of heavy oils are similar in composition, but differ from each other in molecular mass distribution. The results of the investigation expand our understanding of the structure of asphaltenes of heavy oils, which may be used to model their structure for developing new controlled methods for processing hydrocarbon raw materials.

Results of the study of a multifunctional acid composition GBС-F based on surfactants, polyol, an adduct of inorganic acid and carbonic acid diamide are presented. The dissolving ability of the acid composition in concentrated and diluted forms in relation to terrigenous and carbonate rocks, quartz and pyrite was studied. The use of the GBС-F composition was determined to cause different dissolving effects on the rocks of different types. It is shown that concentrated or diluted GBC-F affects the rocks to different extents: quartz and pyrite dissolved better in the diluted solution of the acid composition, while the use of concentrated GBC-F (the liquid commercial form) had the maximum effect when dissolving carbonate rock. In the study of terrigenous reservoir, rock solubility in the concentrate of GBC-F during the first hours was better than in the diluted solution, but after soaking for 24 h the values became equal.

The oxidation of cumene and its mixture with benzene by oxygen in the low-temperature barrier discharge plasma has been studied under the efficient removal of reaction products from the reactor, which makes it possible to avoid the deep oxidation of initial reagents and the formation of polymer deposits on reactor walls. Experiments were carried out in a setup with a plasmachemical reactor, under barrier discharge in the flow mode. The major products of cumene oxidation, namely acetophenone and dimethylphenylcarbinol, are formed with a total selectivity of up to 78 wt%. Cumene oxidation is not accompanied by the formation of phenol and its derivatives. Cumene conversion does not exceed 1.2 wt%. Oxidation of a mixture of cumene and benzene leads to the formation of cumene oxidation products (acetophenone and dimethylphenylcarbinol) along with the products of phenol oxidation (phenol and diphenols). It is shown that both aromatic hydrocarbons are oxidised independently in their mixture. Based on the research results and literature data, a probable mechanism of cumene oxidation in a barrier discharge is discussed and an attempt is made to simulate the process of its oxidation. The possibility to govern the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the low-temperature barrier discharge plasma by reactor temperature control is demonstrated.

The dynamics of the state of vegetation cover has been analysed in the hydrocarbon deposits of the Tomsk region, specifically Luginetskoye, Katylginskoye, Olenye, Lomovoye. The territory of the Oglatsky Nature Reserve was chosen as the background area. Based on satellite data from Terra/MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), the average values of the NDVI vegetation index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) were calculated from June, 26 to July, 11 for the years 2012 to 2022. It has been found that the same trend in NDVI values is observed for the vegetation in the studied oilfields Luginetskoye, Katylginskoye, and Olenye: the maximum NDVI values were recorded in 2016, while the minimum values occurred in 2012. For the territory of the Lomovoye oilfield, the highest NDVI value was established in 2022, with the lowest in 2012. Overall, a positive trend in NDVI values was noted across all studied areas, with an average increase by 9.7 % from 2012 to 2022, indicating a stable (not suppressed) state of the vegetation cover of these territories.

The article provides an assessment of the distribution of suprapermafrost subaerial aquifer taliks and their influence on the processes of runoff formation of two small rivers, Shestakovka and Markhinka, whose catchments are similar in area and are located near the city of Yakutsk in the continuous permafrost zone. The percent of taliks under pine forests in the Shestakovka River basin reaches 23 %; in the entire basin, 9.5 %. Under pine forests of the Markhinka River basin, taliks are not developed. The decisive role of suprapermafrost subaerial aquiferous taliks in the formation of low-water river flow in summer and autumn, as well as in the dynamics of autumn freezing of watercourses, is shown. During the summer low-water period, the Shestakovka River flow is maintained due to the discharge of groundwater from taliks and the deep active layer in pine forests. During the period of autumn-winter freezing, channel and slope aufeis are formed due to the cryogenic squeezing of groundwater from taliks and the deep active layer upon its freezing from the surface. These aufeis serve as an additional source of river water during spring floods. In the absence of taliks in the Markhinka River basin, the flow usually stops at the end of the spring flood; in summer, the river is a chain of hydraulically unconnected expansions; in autumn, it freezes and has no discharge.

This work aims to study the quantitative transformation of dissolved organic matter into CO₂ in ground ice samples collected from typical exposures of the Russian Arctic under conditions of an incubation experiment. The CO₂ emission during incubation has two peaks, the first being associated with the utilization of organic carbon dissolved in ground ice; and the second, with the mobilization of organic matter from the solid fraction of melted ground ice. Melted ice samples are characterized by high values of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (> 65 %) and a significant positive correlation (R² = 0.82) between the values of cumulative CO₂ emission and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon. Our data indicate a high potential for ground ice to be a source of labile carbon in the ecosystem under thermodenudation.

The possibilities of using the results of permafrost temperature measurements for a short-term forecast of permafrost temperature regime by the extrapolation method and assessment of the stability of the pile foundation on the basis of this forecast are considered. The soil temperature has been monitored over the entire depth of the pile foundation, including one temperature sensor located under the lower end of the pile. The processing of the results of temperature measurements has been carried out according to the outlined methodology using three computer programs, links to which on the Internet are given in this article.

On August 19, 2024, Igor Vladimirovich Klimovsky, a famous Russian permafrost scientist, leading researcher at the Melnikov Permafrost Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, PhD in Geographical Sciences, author of major monographs and maps on permafrost, as well as historical and biographical books about permafrost researchers, celebrated his 90th birthday.