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A long history of diverse magmatism of the Omolon Cratonal Terrane (OM) is traced from the Paleoproterozoic to the Late Miocene. The new isotope-geochronological (U-Pb, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar) dating and geochemical data allowed us to reliably identify nine main episodes and geodynamic settings of magmatism, as well as to discuss in detail potential sources of detrital zircon populations in sedimentary rocks of northeastern Russia. The earliest manifestations of fleck gneisses of the anorogenic Upper Оmolon complex with an age of about 1.9 Ga reflect the rifting and the beginning of destruction of the Precambrian basement which has the age of about 3.2 Ga. The ongoing rifting of the OM is traced in the Riphean, when swarms of dikes and small bodies of the gabbro-diabase Strelkin complex were intruded. In the Silurian (433-425 Ma), in oblique shears and local extension zones of the OM, plutonic syenite magmas of the Anmandykan and granitoids of the Abkit complexes ( E _Nd from -23 to -10) are intruded. The largest manifestations of plutonic and volcanic magmatism were recorded in the OM in the Late Devonian (from 375 ± 3 to 356 ± 4 Ma), when calc-alkaline suprasubduction volcano-plutonic complexes (Bulun hypabyssal and Kedon volcanic) were formed. The Nd isotopic composition of Devonian magmas ( E _Nd from -20 to -6), with an extremely low content of radiogenic lead isotopes (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.2-15.7) indicates their melting from a mature crustal protolith in the OM basement. Early and Middle Jurassic rifting locally manifested on the OM, which are reflected by the Tummin trachybasalt and Omolon essexite-teschenite complexes. The Early Cretaceous (144-133 Ma, E _Nd from +7 to 0) Namyndykan and Egdegkych granodiorite-monzonite plutonic complexes form suprasubduction zones of an island-arc nature on the northeastern margin of the OM. In the Santonian-Campanian time (~ 85-77 Ma), the Early Cretaceous extension zone on the Omolon massif was healed by the Kongin and Viktorin calc-alkaline complexes of the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic-plutonic belt. The final stage of magmatism in the OM is represented by intraplate alkali-basaltic volcanism in the interval from 9 to 7 ± 1 Ma. Synchronization in time of the manifestation of the most voluminous Late Devonian suprasubduction magmatism of the OM and basaltic LIP-magmatism of the Vilyui rift in Siberian craton was established. Based on this and comparison with detrital zircon populations from Paleozoic sandstones of northern Siberia, we reconstruct that the OM broke off from the northeastern part of the Siberian craton during the Silurian to Devonian and migrated southeast (in modern coordinates). A vast area of crustal extension and thinning in the Alazeya zone during the Jurassic-Cretaceous time has been reconstructed.

We report new paleomagnetic data for the carbonate-terrigenous section of the Vorogovka Group at its type locality along the Vorogovka River in northwestern Yenisei Ridge. The data is synthesized with existing information on the age of the rocks, including our new determinations using detrital zircons from sandstones and Sr chemostratigraphy for carbonate rocks from all three stratigraphic units of the group: Severnaya Rechka, Mutnina, and Sukhaya Rechka formations. These findings definitively indicate a younger age for the strata, in the range of 580-535 Ma, with a relatively rapid rate of sedimentation, contrary to previous estimates. The anomalous paleomagnetic record typical for the Vendian (Ediacaran)-early Cambrian period and the proximity of the paleopoles established for Siberia both suggest that the rocks formed over an even shorter interval, between 580 Ma and 560 Ma. The data shows that the paleomagnetic record of the Vorogovka Group contains, in addition to a viscous component, a metachronous magnetization, presumably of Cambrian age, and two coeval components of primary origin. The coexistence of these components in a single section does not correspond to actualistic ideas about the prevailing geocentric axial dipole geometry of Earth’s magnetic field and is the subject of a long-standing debate. Our analysis of the new data and its comparison with existing paleomagnetic records for Siberia provided new insights into the interpretation of the Vendian geomagnetic phenomenon within an original hypothesis. According to this model, the second magnetization component in the Vendian-lower Cambrian section is explained by a sharp decline in the main dipole component of the geomagnetic field to values comparable to the intensity of the global magnetic anomalies. This phenomenon distorted the conventional paleomagnetic record to varying degrees, and during periods of ultra-low dipole strength, it sometimes entirely replaced the usual record. Accordingly, these paleomagnetic vectors no longer oriented toward the magnetic pole but instead aligned with the nearest magnetic anomaly. This hypothesis is used to interpret not only the paleomagnetic vectors observed in the Vorogovka Group but also the entire set of paleomagnetic data for the Vendian-early Cambrian formations of Siberia.

The Bilibin massif is a Mesozoic intrusion located in the southeastern part of the Aldan high-potassium igneous province of the Aldan-Stanovoy Shield of the Siberian Platform. This massif consists of the alkaline-mafic-ultramafic and granite-syenite phases, which form a concentric structure with the rocks becoming more silica-rich from periphery to center. Earlier studies proposed that these phases formed either from different parental magmas or from a common lamproitic magma via magmatic differentiation. In this study, we examined a representative set of rock samples from the Bilibin massif: phlogopite clinopyroxenites, melashonkinites, shonkinites, alkali syenites, quartz syenites, and granites. Mineralogical-petrographic, geochemical, and isotope-geochemical data imply that the series of differentiation of lamproitic magma comprises rocks from clinopyroxenites to shonkinites and possibly alkali syenites, which form the first phase. The quartz syenites and granites, which form the second phase, belong to a separate magmatic series. According to geochemical data and the Nd, Sr, and O isotope composition of the quartz syenites and granites, the magmas which formed the syenites and granites were derived from the lower crust rather than from the lithospheric mantle and originated owing to either crustal melting during mantle-derived magmatism or collisional tectonics at the southern margin of the Siberian Platform in the Mesozoic Era. Rocks of the lamproite series allow us to consider it as an example of complete differentiation of a mantle lamproitic melt, with the following stages of cotectic crystallization: olivine + chromite, olivine + clinopyroxene + chromite, olivine + clinopyroxene + phlogopite, clinopyroxene + phlogopite + leucite, and clinopyroxene + phlogopite + K-feldspar. Spot analyses of trace elements in clinopyroxene, phlogopite, leucite, and apatite allow estimation of the melt-mineral partition coefficients in such a system.

The history of development of the Cis-Yenisei sedimentary sub-basin, the presence of several stratigraphic levels in the section of organic-rich Cambrian rocks, and high level of catagenetic transformations (i.e. high maturity level) of the organic matter suggest intensive hydrocarbon generation processes in these deposits in the geological past. The migration processes are shown to be responsible for high variability of bitumoids (chloroform-extractable part of organic matter), both in terms of their content and group/ hydrocarbon composition. This is evidenced by three variety of bitumoids (allochthonous, autochthonous, and sedentary autochthonous) defined according to the Uspenskii-Vassoevich regularity. In order to attain more precise differentiation between these bitumoids, we propose here their classification by group and hydrocarbon composition, into seven classes. Allochthonous bitumoids (class VII) are described as hydrocarbon-dominated and migration-prone accounts for about 30% of the total amount of bitumoids, another (mixed) group (6%) is made up by autochthonous-allochthones bitumoids (classes V, VI), while the last group includes autochthonous and sedentary autochthonous bitumoids, with their composition dominated by asphaltenes and resins. Results of the molecular analysis of the composition of bitumoids generally attest to the genetic unity of autochthonous and allochthonous bitumoids. For allochthonous bitumoids, however, there is a wider range of values for molecular indicators, which evidence the influence of migration processes on their composition.

This study presents a geological model of the North Kara sedimentary basin, which was developed based on the integrated interpretation of seismic and geological data on islands and Siberian continental margin, and provides seismostratigraphic and structural-tectonic characterization of the basin. The results of the study indicate that the sedimentary cover of much of the basin is composed of Paleozoic sediments of Cambrian to Permian age, reaching 13-14 km in thickness in depression zones. The thickness of Mesozoic sediments over much of the basin is < 1 km; in the northwest, where the North Kara basin borders the Barents Sea basin, the thickness of Mesozoic sediments increases to 5-6 km, and the sedimentary cover comprises Paleozoic, Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous geoseismic sequences. In terms of its hydrocarbon potential, the North Kara sedimentary basin is regarded as part of the potential oil and gas-bearing area of the same name, having a good hydrocarbon potential based on seismic stratigraphic and structural-tectonic considerations. A number of large depressions and uplifts recognized in the structural geometries of different stratigraphic levels can be associated with petroleum generation and accumulation zones; a number of anticlinal, structural-tectonic, structural-stratigraphic traps that are distinguished in different sedimentary complexes ranging in age from Cambrian to Jurassic can be considered as promising exploration targets. The proposed quantitative assessment shows that the most probable initial in-place hydrocarbon resources of the North Kara sedimentary basin are equal to about 10.7 billion tons of hydrocarbon equivalent.

This work is dedicated to the development of a numerical inversion methodology for electrical logging data in sub-vertical and slightly inclined oil and gas wells. It examines the specific features of joint inversion of galvanic and induction logs combined in various configurations, depending on the equipment used. The axisymmetric two-dimensional geoelectric model of medium consists of homogeneous blocks separated with horizontal and coaxial cylindrical boundaries. The blocks are characterized by horizontal and vertical electrical resistivity, as well as dielectric permittivity. Numerical inversion is carried out until a minimal discrepancy is achieved between the measured signals and those simulated within the interpretive formation model. Unlike the traditional layer-based approach, this inversion method involves not only adjusting the sounding curves but also accounting for signal variations along the borehole. In this case, the resulting model aligns as closely as possible with the actual measurements. Inversion based solely on galvanic measurements can potentially yield unstable results near boundaries with high resistivity contrasts, underestimating the resistivity of layers adjacent to highly resistive ones. The ambiguity can be reduced through joint inversion of galvanic and induction logs, although this often requires the base formation model to be more complex. In particular, during drilling with fresh clay-based mud in reservoirs with mixed oil and mineralized formation water saturation, a low resistivity annulus forms. This zone is more electrically conductive than both the invaded zone and virgin formation due to the higher content of saline formation water. It cannot be detected through galvanic well logs analysis, but its influence on induction logs is significant. Therefore, the presence of an annulus may be a crucial factor to consider when constructing a geoelectric model of the formation that aligns with resistivity logs obtained with different logging methods. These specifics are illustrated with the results of inversion of real data measured in vertical wells in the intervals of Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic deposits of the Shirotnoe Priobie oil fields.

Experimental studies were carried out in the permafrost zone using the method of reflected electromagnetic waves based on multi-offset data acquisition with common distance-point (REW CDP), referred to here for short as electromagnetic CDP (ECDP). Comparison of the results of processing several ECDP hodographs taken within the same site at a distance of up to 6 km, specifically, the vertical velocity distributions in the 0-10 μs time intercept reveals some similarities in the structure of permafrost and electrical properties of the underlying rocks, which agrees with the drilling data. The velocity analysis data served as the basis for the geophysical model of the CDP stacked section built as a 500 m deep “virtual borehole” with a step size of 50 ns (2-5 m), describing the change in the electrical resistivity parameter with depth.

The paper gives a brief description of a system of spatially arranged laser strainmeters, united by the standard time signal system into a single network, installed permanently in Schultz Cape in Primorsky Krai, in Svobodny Cape in Sakhalin Island, in an underground mine near Krasnokamensk, Transbaikalia. As the whole, this system represents the eastern part of the planetary laser-interferometric seismoacoustic observatory, which additionally includes laser strainmeters, located in the western part of Russia. The paper discusses a technique to locate the signal, recorded sequentially by these laser strainmeters. Using the results of detecting the location of the signal and the obtained data of a two-coordinate laser strainmeter allows us to restore not only the place of origin of the recorded signals, but also to determine their amplitudes at each measurement site, the magnitude of the signal at the place of its generation, aperture and attenuation over the propagation distances from the source to the receivers.

This paper presents the basic principles of recording processes occurring in the Earth’s crust during the occurrence and development of catastrophic phenomena using an earthquake as an example; these principles allow one to determine the coordinates of the source and epicenter. Basic approaches are revealed to creating a laser interferometric seismoacoustic observatory (LISO) designed to monitor continental-scale seismic events. This study also describes the instrumental equipment (laser and optical strainmeters, accelerometers, and hydrophones) developed and used at the Institute of Automation and Control Processes FEB RAS, the V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, and the O.Yu. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS; this equipment is intended for use in the LISO.

This paper presents the results of mechanical tests of explosive samples. Strain diagrams and the dependence of Poisson's ratio on strain at a temperature of 20, 60, 80, 100 °C were obtained. Curves of the mechanical characteristics of the explosive versus temperature were plotted. The rigidity, strength, and deformability of the explosive were shown to decrease with increasing temperature.

To develop a technology of fracturing a drill pipe with its subsequent extraction from a well at a depth of more than 5000 m, we performed a numerical study of the shock-wave loading of the inner surface of the pipe by the detonation of a special cylindrical charge. Two cases of detonation of the cylindrical charge explosive are considered: plane front detonation and diverging spherical detonation. The computational model is a layered structure which consists of a cylindrical explosive charge in a copper casing, a steel pipe, and drilling mud. The shock-wave impact on the drill pipe is calculated in a three-dimensional formulation using the Eulerian multi-component approach. The calculations confirmed the possibility of fracturing the drill pipe in the region of the lock joint. It is shown that shock-wave impact by plane front detonation far exceeds in pipe damage the impact by diverging spherical detonation. The minimum charge length sufficient for fracturing the drill pipe was determined from the results of additional calculations.

Arrhenius activation energy, zero nanoparticles flux, and internal heat generation effects on natural convection about an isothermal cylinder of elliptic cross section filled with a nanofluid are numerically analyzed in this paper. The nanofluid model involves Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects. The boundary condition of the zero nanoparticle flux causes the results to be more realistic and useful. By using a suitable coordinate transformation, the non-similar governing equations are achieved and then solved by Keller box method. Performing the comparisons with previously published work obtains the good agreement. The dimensionless temperature profiles and the Nusselt number results for the main parameters are presented in graphical and tabular forms. The physical aspects of the problem are discussed in details.

A mathematical model of filtration of solutions has been formulated taking into account the osmotic effect that occurs in porous media containing semipermeable inclusions. A solution of the nonlinear problem of osmotic convection was obtained based on the model using the Galerkin method. The properties and characteristics of convection caused by osmosis have been studied.

An experimental study is performed on the influence of surface slots (grooves) with a depth of 0.18 mm (the depth-based Reynolds number is Re_h = 1000) with orientation angles φ = 0, 30, 45, and 90° on the stability of a supersonic boundary layer on a flat plate. Experiments with natural disturbances at the free-stream Mach number M = 2 are performed. It is found that the maximum rates of the spatial growth of disturbances decrease as the slot orientation angle decreases from φ = 90° to zero. At φ = 0 and 30°, they become smaller than the corresponding values for a smooth plate. The results obtained show that the instability of the first mode of the supersonic boundary layer, which determines the laminar-turbulent transition at M = 2, can be stabilized by small-depth slots with moderate angles of their orientation (0° ≤ φ < 40°).

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the flow structure in a semi-cylindrical groove located on one of the walls of a rectangular channel with a height H = 0.02 m and a length-to-width ratio of 7.5. A groove with a width D = 0.0158 m and a length L / D = 6.65 calibers could be located at different angles to the longitudinal axis of the channel (φ  = 0÷90°). In the experiments, we measured the pressure in median sections along and across the trench and the velocity components and their pulsations in the longitudinal and transverse directions. In the experiments, the Reynolds number calculated from the average flow rate velocity and the hydraulic diameter of the channel was constant and equal to Re_ch = 3.88 • 10⁴. The pressure distribution on the trench wall in both the transverse direction and along its length was found to depend significantly on the angle of its rotation relative to the channel axis. At the inlet section of the trench, where the flow enters, a zone of strong rarefaction is formed. The length of this zone along the trench does not exceed one caliber, and outside this zone, the pressure coefficient remains practically unchanged up to the outlet of the trench, where there is a sharp increase in pressure due to deceleration. The greatest rarefaction in the transverse direction relative to the trench is achieved at an inclination angle of φ = 45°. The flow structure in different sections along the trench length was studied. The maximum velocity of the circulation flow in the semi-cylindrical trench was obtained at its inlet. As the flow moves along the trench, the intensity of the vortex flow of the gas significantly reduces, and in the case of small trenches ( Δ / D = 0.22), the flow becomes continuous.

The occurrence of longitudinal and transverse vortices in a subsonic air jet and in an air jet with added helium due to the natural instability of the flow is shown using a high-resolution direct shadow method.

A numerical finite-volume method of solving averaged Navier-Stokes equations closed by a one-parameter Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model is discussed. The proposed method is implemented within the framework of the HyCFS numerical code and is verified through comparisons of the HyCFS numerical solutions with those predicted by the CFL3D and FUN3D numerical codes. Three test cases are considered: flow past a flat plate, flow past a flat plate with a roughness element, and flow in a cocurrent jet. It is shown that the numerical solutions obtained are in good agreement with each other. The numerical data on the flow velocity in the mixing layer are compared with experimental results.

Thermophoretic motion of a spherical evaporating droplet in a viscous binary gas medium at arbitrary relative temperature differences in its vicinity is theoretically described in a quasistationary approximation at low Reynolds and Peclet numbers. A system of gas-dynamic equations is solved, including a velocity-linearized system of Navier-Stokes equations, as well as heat and mass transfer equations. The properties of a gaseous medium are described with account for the power-law dependence of the transfer (viscosity, diffusion, thermal conductivity) and density coefficients on temperature. The resulting numerical estimates suggest that the dependences of the thermophoretic force and the velocity of the droplet on the average temperature of its surface are nonlinear.

Kelvin-Voigt equations for inhomogeneous fluids with a singular right side are studied. A singular term that approximates the Dirac delta function on an initially infinitely thin layer is introduced into the right side of a mass balance equation. This singular term is similar to the relaxation term used to describe nonequilibrium processes in hydrodynamics. In an extreme case, when a small parameter, namely the characteristic size of the initial layer, tends to zero, the density and velocity at the initial time change abruptly.

A plane problem that describes the motion of a two-dimensional cavity located in a heavy ideal incompressible fluid is considered. Profiles of the free boundary are constructed by mean of semi-analytical methods, and the motion of virtual singular points of the solution is studied.

A rotationally symmetric flow of an aqueous solution of a polymer in a layer bounded from below by a solid wall rotating with a specified angular velocity around the axis perpendicular to this plane and by a flat free surface from above is considered. The influence of the relaxation viscosity on the solution behaviors and the dependence of the fluid layer thickness on time in various regimes of plane rotation are studied.

The direction of propagation of a straight-line plane crack in structurally inhomogeneous (grainy) materials under the combined effect of loading corresponding to fracture modes I and II is studied. The theoretical curve of the material strength or the Coulomb-Mohr curve type is assumed to be known. Based on the Neuber-Novozhilov force (integral) criterion relations are derived, which allow one to determine the angles of kinking (branching) of the crack trajectory in the case of an arbitrary generalized stress state. Asymptotic presentations of the stress components in the vicinity of the crack tip take into account non-singular terms ( T -stresses). It is found that the crack can develop: 1) normal to the maximum stress direction if there are no shear stresses near the crack tip (Erdogan-Sih hypothesis) in the case of brittle fracture; 2) along the maximum shear direction if there are no normal stresses near the crack tip in the case of viscous fracture (in this case, a dislocation is emitted); 3) along a certain direction corresponding to a mixed stress state in the case of quasi-brittle or quasi-viscous fracture. The crack propagation direction depends on the ratio of the stress intensity factors for fracture modes I and II, sign of T -stresses, and shape of the theoretical curve of strength on the plane of the critical states.

The results of the study of the strength and stability of oval composite cylindrical shells under axial compression are presented. The geometrically nonlinear problem for the shell is solved using the finite element method. The geometric dimensions of the shell are close those of fuselages of modern passenger aircrafts. Another phenomenon described in this paper is the effect of the cross-sectional out-of-roundness of the shell, the nonlinearity of the initial stress-strain state, and the stacking of monolayers by thickness on the critical loads and weight efficiency of composite and metal shells.

A moving edge dislocation in an infinite elastic medium is considered, simulating a stationary shear fault in the Earth's crust at a depth of seismic activity, which increases as quickly as transverse waves travel. Based on the expansion of the vector displacement field into the sum of the potential and solenoidal fields, an exact singular solution to the problem in a plane formulation in the form of convergent series is constructed. An approximate solution in the form of series segments is analyzed in the Matlab computer system using numerical differentiation and integration procedures. The independence of the invariant J-ntegral, whose value is equal to the driving force of the dislocation (the energy spent on the motion of the dislocation by a unit distance), on its velocity is shown.

Solutions to a problem of a solid circular rod made of orthotropic creep material and subjected to torsion by a constant moment are generalized to the case of an annular rod. Calculations are carried out using the Bhatnagar-Gupta method, the method based on the principle of minimum additional scattering, and the finite element method. It is shown that the characteristic parameter method can be used to estimate a stress-strain state. The resulting analytical dependences of the angular velocity of torsion on time at the steady-state stage of creep can be used to determine the shear parameters of the orthotropic Hill potential in torsion experiments or to refine them if these parameters were obtained via other approaches.

This paper presents the theoretical study of how the stress-strain state in a shell mold (SM) is affected by the angle of contact of a support filler (SF) surface with the SM provided that this angle of support can prevent the spherical SM from failure due to temperature stresses within it. The problem of optimization of the resistance of the spherical SM as a function of the angle of contact of its SF while the solidifying spherical casting within it cools down is formulated. The problem is solved using Navier equations, a heat equation, and a numerical method. The numerical scheme and the algorithm developed for solving the problem are given. It is shown that the crack resistance of the ceramic SM is determined by the normal stress value. The resulting resistance of the spherical ceramic SM is analyzed with account for the dependence of the shear modulus of the mold material on the SF temperature.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to study the uniaxial tensile responses of nano-polycrystalline niobium. Models with different grain sizes were established by using the Voronoi algorithm, and the effects of grain size and system temperature on the mechanical properties of polycrystalline niobium were investigated. The results indicate that grain size has a significant impact on deformation mechanism of nano-polycrystalline niobium. During the deformation process, the number of atoms at grain boundaries rises significantly, while dislocation density gradually decreases. Young’s modulus and yield stress reduced with reduction of grain size, which accords with inverse Hall-Patch formula. Specimens with smaller grain size have more grain boundaries and a larger proportion of chaotic atoms on grain boundaries, which leads to a decrease in mechanical properties. Young’s modulus and yield strength show an inverse relation with increase in system temperature, which is due to the higher temperature enlarge the number of disordered atoms at grain boundaries.

Introduction. The study of the genesis of “civic education” category is due to the fact that in the philosophy of education there is not enough research on this phenomenon from socio-philosophical worldview positions. The purpose of the article is to analyze the categorical nature formation of “civic education” concept in historical dynamics and to generalize its current state. Methodology. The work is theoretical in nature, for which the historical and philosophical approach is used as the main research method. Methodology. The work is theoretical in nature, for which the historical and philosophical approach is used as the main research method. Discussion. A retrospective of the development of “civic education” category has shown that it has an interdisciplinary character. The origin of civic education is connected with the origin of states, their borders formation, systems of power and norms of social behavior formation, which was reflected in the works of Aristotle, Democritus, Plato, Cicero, etc. In the Middle Ages, religious education came to the fore, in which civic education was “dissolved” into religious dogmas, which is claimed as a public good and allows us to talk about the substitution of one value-oriented education for another. In Modern times, there is an intensification of economic development and the formation of new social relations, which causes an acute ideological crisis and leads to a deepening of civic education content. In recent times, the development of civic education has acquired a state-localized character in the form of an ideology of separate states. The civic education analysis of the modern era allows us to assert that the category of “civic education” has ontological characteristics - a priori, objectivity, universality, etc. Conclusion. The analysis of the historical and philosophical context of “civic education” category allowed us to identify the features of its formation in historical retrospect. The continuous current state of development of “civic education” category is characterized by dependence on socio-economic and political processes and is determined by individual existential changes.

Introduction. The main condition for achieving the prospects for the development of the Russian state in the global world system is the innovative foundations of educational activities. The integration of the Russian scientific and pedagogical community into the global educational space requires methodologically supported by its own reflexive theory and practice of interaction with society. Methodology. The staff of the Scientific School of Philosophy of Education of Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University is searching for the foundations of interaction with the world scientific community at the same time as realizing their own subjectivity. Fundamental and applied scientific research as the basis for the development of innovative activities of the Philosophy of Education Scientific School is based on the dialectic of new ontological, epistemological and axiological foundations of the modern educational space. Today, it is necessary to adapt them to new political, economic and social relations that require a more objective philosophical, socio-philosophical and humanitarian understanding. Discussion. Over 25 years of productive scientific activity, the team of followers of Nina Vasilyevna Nalivaiko, founder of the Scientific School of Philosophy of Education at Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, has developed a philosophical understanding of the “society - education - person” system based on the need for a dialogue between philosophy and education. For this reason, the field of research on the essence, problems and prospects of Russian education is defined as the maturation of a new theory of education. Its formation is accompanied by the transition from an industrial society to an information society, new requirements for the education system and, accordingly, the evolution of the philosophy of education into the sphere of a special cycle of sciences (ontology of education, epistemology of education, axiology of education, praxeology of education, etc.). Conclusion. In the future, the Scientific School of Philosophy of Education plans large-scale tasks necessary for the empiricism of education. Firstly, it is an opportunity to create your own methodological foundations for solving numerous educational problems and social contradictions. Secondly, realizing the social necessity of implementing a systemic relationship between education and the global scientific community as a necessity for effective long-term and long-term integration, it is necessary to recognize the path of formation of a solidary non-conflict (or low-conflict) noospheric society.

The interactions in the association of bark beetles, fungi, nematodes with the host tree is a multi-level system of transmission and trophic links that ensure the labile nature of disease scenarios leading to tree death. Transmission of phytopathogenic fungi and stem nematodes by bark beetles often acts as a key factor in the weakening and death of woody plants in forest and park plantations. Nevertheless, the nature of the interaction of various organisms in this four-component complex is species-specific and the role of transmission pathogens in the weakening and death of the host tree is far from always clear. To test this thesis, in our opinion, it is necessary to ensure a combination of field and experimental studies of the role of each infection agent - bark beetles, phytopathogenic fungi, and nematodes in weakening the tree with different sequences of colonization by members of the pathogenic association. Field studies should record seasonal changes in the dynamics of the number of pathogens in the tree and the vector in order to compile a model-diagram of infection. Experimental studies should test the scenarios of pathogen interaction in the vector-fungus, vector-nematode, nematode-fungus subsystems, as well as experiments on inoculation of fungi and nematodes into a plant, bypassing the vector and through the vector. Comparison of these data will make it possible to build a reliable regional predictive model of the infection scenario as a basis for developing practical measures to control diseases of woody plants. In 2023 and 2024, we began a series of studies to study the transmission of fungi and nematodes by bark beetles at different stages of the life cycle of two species of bark beetles, the most common in the taiga forests of the northwest of the European part of Russia - the European spruce bark beetle ( Ips typographus (Linnaeus, 1758)) (spruce ( Picea A. Dietr.)) and the Common pine shoot beetle ( Tomicus piniperda (Linnaeus, 1758)) (pine ( Pinus L.)). The results obtained show the high lability of the relationships between phytopathogens and bark beetles and the ambiguity of the role of bark beetles in the transmission of phytopathogenic fungi.

The article presents the results of a study of the variability of morphological features of vegetative organs (the number of needles in a bunch and the length of the needles) in intraspecific forms of Siberian larch ( Larix sibirica Ledeb.), differentiated by the color of young female cones into red-coned ( f. rubriflora Szaf.), green-coned ( f. viridiflora Szaf.) and pink-coned ( f. rosea Szaf.). The study was conducted over three years (2020-2022) in a cenopopulation of Siberian larch of artificial origin, created in an ecologically safe urbanized part of Krasnoyarsk - microdistrict of Akademgorodok. It was found that the variability of needle features in intraspecific forms of Siberian larch has an annual and form specificity. The variability of the number of needles in a bunch and the length of the needles in the red-coned, green-coned and pink-coned forms varies from average to high levels over the years. According to the average data for a three-year period, the red-coned form of trees is distinguished by the lowest values of the number of needles in a bunch and the length of the needles, the green-coned form is distinguished by the greatest length of the needles, and the pink-coned form is distinguished by the greatest number of needles in a bunch. The revealed morphological features of the needles can be considered as diagnostic features of intraspecific forms of Siberian larch with different colors of female cones, forming the population structure of the species in different growing conditions.

Modern methods of whole-genome sequencing have made it possible to develop a large number of DNA markers, both selectively neutral and functional. Microsatellite loci are the most informative, reproducible, relatively inexpensive and highly polymorphic among other genetic markers. Whole-genome sequencing significantly simplifies their search and development. The article is devoted to the development of new microsatellite markers for Scots pine ( Pinus sylvesrtis L.). Several thousand contigs containing microsatellite loci with tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotide motifs were selected in the draft genome assembly of Scots pine obtained by the authors. The search was specifically focused on loci with a repetitive motif length longer than two nucleotides, as the most reliable for genotyping even in a simple gel electrophoresis. A total of 39 primer pairs were tested. Of these, six loci with tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotide repeats were ultimately selected, which showed a high level of polymorphism, reliable genotyping, and were additionally tested in two populations from the Severo-Yeniseisky and Kuraginsky districts in Krasnoyarsk Region (East Siberia, Russia) and compared with other populations and marker sets according to published data. The developed markers can be used in the future in various population genetic studies and for identifying the origin of wood and plant material.

The article discusses an approach to regulating and automating cross-dating, which is an integral stage in obtaining tree-ring chronologies. The process of cross-dating the width of annual rings, although it is widely used and can be produced using software tools, is still not fully regulated and depends on subjective factors. The classical approach to cross-dating is based on the selection of one or more individual tree-ring chronologies (ITRC) as reference, and sequential dating of the remaining series relative to the selected ones. This approach has a number of restrictions. Our approach actually repeats the classical cross-dating technique, but with the only difference that the main bias is towards automating the process. In this case, all ITRCs can act as references and be dated among themselves, combining into separate selections based on the correlation level. Thus, upon completion of the process, we will have many selections of well-dated ITRCs, despite the fact that the selections themselves will most likely correlate poorly with each other. The initial selection will contain ITRCs that do not correlate with each other. Analysis of correlation links within the finished selections can reveal individual ITRCs that spoil the overall signal. Such chronologies should be removed one by one, repeating the analysis of links within the selection. The simplest solution is to evaluate the correlation of each ITRC with the generalized tree-ring chronologies (GTRC) and remove the least correlating ITRC, reconstruct the GTRC and repeat the process. Verification of the “automated cross-dating” method was carried out when creating the GTRCs Мuy 1510-2015AD; Muy1 107BC-2015AD and Muy2 3919-2053BC (Muya-Kuandinskaya Basin, Buryatia). The automated cross-dating method also made it possible to significantly improve the statistical marks and quality of the generalized tree-ring chronologies.

Article deals with topical issues of preserving protective forests, maintaining them in a state of constant effective fulfillment of their target functions taking into account regional specifics of natural, ecological and socio-economic conditions are considered. The aim of the work is to identify, taking into account the changing priorities of the attitude to forests in society, periodically aggravating for more than a century the problem of conservation of protective forests at the global, regional and local levels, the general principles of effective silvicultural maintenance of these forests in the country and the directions of their implementation by forest areas. To achieve this goal, on the basis of using historically developed system and priority method of silviculture, the reasons for the emergence and periodic aggravation of the problem of conservation of protective forests are considered. As well as applied variants of its solution, their validity and effectiveness, the existing silvicultural system for protective forests, its application in normative legal documents and in practice is assessed. The paper identifies the main principles of improving the systemic silvicultural support of maintenance, conservation of protective forests in the optimization of balanced ecological-resource forest management, determines the directions of implementation of common priority target silvicultural systems of maintenance, conservation of protective forests at the regional level, depending on the diversity of natural properties of forests, their division by intended purpose, accessibility for the implementation of silvicultural measures, as well as ecological and socio-economic conditions. As a result, a fundamental system of solving federal and regional issues of maintenance, conservation of protective forests and multi-purpose ecological-resource method of their use by silvicultural areas within the boundaries of certain territorial formations has been formed. The developed methodological provisions can be used in the development and implementation of research to create a scientifically based regulatory framework for the regulation and differentiated application of forestry measures in protective forests of the territories, allocated according to the taxons of their silvicultural zoning: silvicultural regions, districts and districts within the European-Ural part of the country, Siberia and the Far East, as well as the subjects of the Russian Federation.

The article presents the results of a 7-year study of the outbreak of Diplodia shoot blight, discovered in 2017 in young forest stands of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Moscow Oblast. The area covered by the disease at the peak of the epidemic was more than 2 thousand hectares. Previously, such a huge spread of Diplodia shoot blight with a high degree of damaged trees in forest stands of the Moscow Oblast had not been recorded. For the first time in the region, the symptoms of the disease and the periods of their development on pine in forest stands of different ages and origins have been described. New for the Moscow Oblast data on the complex development of the causative agent of Diplodia shoot blight ( Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton) and other pathogenic fungi that cause necrosis and cancer diseases of pine: Sclerophoma shoot blight ( Sclerophoma spp .) and Pine twisting rust ( Melampsora populnea (Pers.) P. Karst.) has been obtained. It was found that the highest level of the disease is usually observed in plantings aged from 3 to 6 years, afterwards a gradual weakening of the disease begins. The highest occurrence of disease and degree of crown damage were observed in forest plantations of different ages, pure in composition, in B2 type of growing conditions, as well as with a high level of anthropogenic impact. The density of forest plantations did not affect the degree of the disease development. The damage caused by Diplodia shoot blight included both the weakening of plants (up to complete death in isolated cases) as a result of the death of shoots immediately during the outbreak of the disease, and the subsequent deformation of trunks, formation of multi-topped (bushiness) crowns and the cankers, which reduced the resistance of young trees to snow and wind injury and can deteriorate the commercial qualities of the developing forest stands. Based on the results of measuring the growth of apical shoots, inhibition of plant growth due to damage by Diplodia shoot blight was revealed. The results of the study can be used for monitoring diseases in young pine stands and in projecting of a system of plant protection measures.

It has been established that the black grouse ( Lyrurus tetrix (Linnaeus)), when choosing a habitat, is primarily oriented to the presence of a wide variety of forage plants (at least 8-11 species) that can meet the needs of both adults and young at different stages of development. At the same time, the share of fodder plants in the total phytomass of the grass and shrub layer should be at least 55-77 %. In addition, the most important factor is the optimal protective properties of habitats - low and sparse herbage improves visibility and maneuverability, and the mosaic alternation of edges and glades provides shelter from raptors. The presence of tree canopy also provides protection from predators. We quantified the threshold values of forage plant reserves, light availability under the forest canopy, and stand characteristics (closeness, height, and diameter), which can maintain a viable black grouse population. Quantitative indicators of species diversity, proportion of forage plants, phytomass reserves, lighting and stand structure necessary to maintain a viable black grouse population were identified. It was found that in case of predominance of one of the factors (either only forage base or only protective conditions) optimal habitats of the species are not formed. The most attractive habitats are those with a mosaic combination of open and closed areas that provide all the ecological needs of the species. The results can be used to optimize black grouse forest habitats by preserving biotope mosaic, maintaining the necessary level of illumination, and enriching the forage base.

When studying the biological productivity of forests and developing standards for accounting for all components of biomass, it is necessary to know the laws of the dynamics of the wood density of growing trees as their key environmental characteristics that require the use of non-destructive methods. The pilodyn method, as one of the simplest and most accessible, is in demand in breeding programs, but the selection based on the density indicator obtained by the pilodyn tester was not effective for all tree species, and the density variability explained by this method varies in the range from 27 to 92 %. Qualimetry by the method of wood drilling resistance based on a resistograph, as a more sensitive device compared to a pilodyn tester, has also been widely used in breeding programs, but both methods are based on local probing, and its extrapolation to the entire tree gives biases of estimates. The use of the rigidimeter design does not have the drawback inherent in the two methods mentioned above. But, the method proved to be relatively time-consuming to perform multiple measurements. The acoustic method for assessing the modulus of elasticity and density of wood is sensitive to the presence of wood defects and allows you to remove the contradiction of selection targets aimed at simultaneously increasing the growth rate and density of wood. Radiation methods require the use of expensive equipment and successfully register the intra-ring density. The advantage of NIR-spectroscopy over all other methods is the ability to evaluate the chemistry of wood and the yield of cellulose, but it does not give a direct assessment and requires special calibration. Thus, any technique has its limitations, and it is important to be able to choose the technique that is most suitable for a particular.

In the Arctic zone, the current rise in air temperatures is much faster than in the central part of Russia. This leads to an increase in the temperature of frozen ground of the foundations of buildings and engineering structures, a decrease in their bearing capacity, and an increasing risk of their destruction. At the same time, the temperature regime of frozen ground in the city depends on many factors (microclimatic features, composition and properties of soils, technogenic influence, maintenance practices). In 2022, as part of the program to create an element of a unified system for monitoring the state of permafrost in the municipality of the city of Norilsk and the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal district, the Polar Division of PJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel began a program for constructing deep boreholes in the territory of the company’s responsibility both in the natural environment (as part of the background permafrost monitoring) and the city. This article aims to assess the dynamics of the temperature regime of permafrost in the center of Norilsk. Archival materials (since 1959) and the results of geotechnical surveys conducted in Norilsk to study the geological structure, composition, and properties of frozen rocks have been analyzed, and monitoring measurements in a new thermometric borehole drilled to replace the previous one, have begun. The data obtained indicate a significant change in the geocryological conditions in the city. Over the past 65 years (from 1959 to 2024), the ground temperature at a depth of 10 m in the area of the deep thermometric borehole increased by 4.3 °C. Significant temperature fluctuations have been recorded down to a depth of 90 meters, and further down the section to a depth of 200 meters the temperature has changed by an average of 0.3 °C.

The conditions of ice cover formation in the Sharapov Shar Lagoon of the Kara Sea and its role in sediment freezing at the fast ice/bottom contact zone are considered. Based on field measurements, remote sensing data, and calculations, characteristic periods of the formation and destruction of the ice cover and its thickness over the past 46 years have been analyzed. It is shown that fast ice in the lagoon is observed for an average of 252 days a year; the ice thickness by the end of winter averages 139 cm and can exceed 160 cm in some winters. The base of sea ice is in contact with the bottom within a significant part of the lagoon: 49 % of the area in mild winters and 60 % in severe winters. Numerical modeling indicates that at sea depths of more than 0.9 m, a seasonally frozen layer with a thickness of up to 0.8 m for loamy soils and 1.2 m for sandy soils is formed under the fast ice in winter and completely thaws in summer. Calculations have also shown that in the 20th century, there were conditions favorable for permafrost formation in the zone where sea ice is frozen to the bottom. The formation of permafrost was possible at depths of up to 90 cm. In the 21st century, rising air temperatures and increasing ice-free period lead to permafrost degradation. Under modern conditions of global warming, sandy sediments can remain in a frozen state at sea depths of up to 0.7 m; clayey sediments - up to 0.3 m.

The regularities of the new formation of frozen ground near the southern boundary of permafrost against the background of a positive climate trend and permafrost degradation are considered. The new formation of permafrost against the background of long-term thawing of frozen ground is considered a paragenetic process. The spatial heterogeneity of frost heaving and thawing of soils leads to the formation of local irregularities within initially flat hydromorphic areas, where conditions become favorable for the new formation of frozen ground. Even minor altitudinal differentiation of the original surface (0.05-0.20 m) can radically change geocryological conditions and form fairly low-temperature permafrost. Thus, new frozen ground formation can occur against the background of general climate warming and permafrost degradation.