Home – Home – Jornals – Region: Economics and Sociology 2023 number 4

The paper presents experimental data on phonon and optical properties of (111)-oriented GaAs nanowires on a gold substrate studied by means of Raman scattering and photoluminescence (PL). The structural parameters of the nanowires are determined by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy (AFM and SEM, respectively). In the micro-Raman and micro-PL spectra of a single GaAs nanowire, phonon modes of GaAs and their overtones up to the third order and an exciton photoluminescence band are observed. In the micro-PL spectra, anisotropy of the PL intensity in nanowires is revealed, and the maximum/minimum signal is observed when the polarization vector is directed along/across the wire. Nano-PL maps of a single GaAs nanowire with a spatial resolution of 20 nm are obtained, which is significantly smaller than the diffraction limit. Plasmon enhancement of the near-field exciton nano-PL in the vicinity of the metallized tip of the AFM microscope is detected.

Under ultra-high vacuum conditions, epitaxial and polycrystalline films of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), and calcium (Ca) silicides of various thicknesses (from 3.2 nm to 380 nm) are grown on silicon and sapphire substrates by three methods (solid phase epitaxy (SPE), reactive epitaxy (RE), and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)). The crystal structure and matching with the silicon lattice are determined for them using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. A comparative analysis of Raman spectra (RS) and far-IR spectroscopy spectra shows that films of semiconductor silicides have the maximum intensity of Raman peaks, and the detected shifts in their positions are caused by distortions in the silicide lattices. It has been established that the intensity of Raman peaks in films of iron and chromium monosilicides at a fixed laser excitation wavelength (λ = 628.3 nm) and a power of 3.4 mW decreases with decreasing film thickness, which leads to their complete disappearance at a thickness below 10 nm. Chromium trisilicide films are grown on single-crystal sapphire, which makes it possible for the first time to detect Raman-active phonons at 214.3 cm^-1 and 273.1 cm^-1 at λ = 488 nm and a power of 0.42 mW. The studied films of transition metal monosilicides are of significant interest from the viewpoint of the prospects for their use as materials for thermoelectronics and spintronics, and systematic information on Raman-active and IR-active phonons will allow rapid determination the phase type formed immediately after film growth.

The spectral characteristics of optically detectable magnetic resonance (ODMR) are investigated for negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV^-) centers in synthetic diamonds and nanopillars on their surface formed by a Ga⁺ focused ion beam (FIB), when lower spin sublevels are populated with the microwave radiation in 0-20 G magnetic fields. Both a significant decrease in the gyromagnetic ratio and the quenching of luminescence from the NV^- centers inclined to the nanopillar axis are revealed due to residual defects and stresses created by them.

Here we propose the use of photopolymer stereolithography to create millifluidic devices for spectroscopic studies. The efficiency of the approach is demonstrated by an example of the development of a millifluid cuvette for studying single mouse oocytes using Raman scattering under conditions of a varying composition of the surrounding solution. It is shown that using the “sandwich” cuvette designallows Raman measurements from samples inside the cuvette, despite the intense signal from the material from which the cuvette is made.

A method is proposed for determining the orientation of the pore direction in metal-organic frameworks from the spectra of polarized Raman scattering. The method uses the sensitivity of the intensity of the Raman lines to the geometry of light propagation in the crystal. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated on DUT-8 (Ni, Co) crystals. The interpretation results are interpreted by analyzing the symmetry and direction of vibrations within the framework of periodic calculations of the electron density functional theory. The joint approach makes it possible to describe the vibrations and find the main orientation of the crystal, which is collinear to the direction of the pores. The knowledge of the pore orientation is necessary for solving adsorption problems and creating complex multicomponent materials based on metal-organic framework compounds.

A new method for generating laser radiation without population inversion in the «red» wing of the D₁ line of alkali metal atoms under resonant absorption of broadband radiation from pump laser diodes at the D₁ transition has been theoretically investigated. The reason for the occurrence of laser generation is the fact that the probability of stimulated emission in the red wing of the spectral line exceeds the probability of absorption if the uniform broadening due to the interaction of active particles with the buffer gas significantly exceeds the natural one (at high pressures of the buffer gas). Analytical formulas that describe the operation of an alkali metal vapor laser under transverse diode pumping are derived. It has been found that the most promising objects for observing laser lasing without population inversion in the red wing of the D₁ line of alkali metal atoms are cesium atoms. In a sufficiently long active medium (the length of the medium is 50 times greater than its width), the conversion efficiency of pump radiation into laser radiation can reach 57% at a buffer gas pressure of 5 atm, a pump diode radiation intensity of 5 kW/cm², and a half-width of its spectrum of 1 cm^-1. The frequency of laser radiation can be tuned by several tens of cm^-1.

Narrow spectral modes comprising the generation spectrum of a random fiber laser near the threshold are of a great interest in both fundamental aspect and possible applications. The narrow bandwidth, stochastic generation nature, and relatively short lifetime lodge significant issues on the experimental equipment and utilized investigation methods. Possible attitudes for experimental registration and characterization of these modes are discussed in the present paper.

The problem of measuring the space-time and energy parameters of acoustic infrasound vibrations in the atmosphere based on the placement of laser and fiber lines in geoecological monitoring zones is considered. The measurements are based on the phenomenon of the acousto-optical transformation at infra-low frequencies associated with the influence of an external acoustic wave field on the characteristics of propagation of laser pulse beams in this field. Background and anthropogenic atmospheric acoustic processes are used as external sources of the field. The measured parameter is the phase (frequency) fluctuation atmospheric optical signal relative to the reference optical fiber signal. The characteristics of the atmospheric fiber laser system and some results of experiments aimed at estimating the statistics of phase fluctuations of atmospheric laser pulses and the parameters of infrasound fields in a given atmospheric monitoring zone are presented.

Solid and porous films of the Si _1-xGe_x alloys with a germanium content of about 40% and a thickness of 3-4 μm, formed on single-crystal silicon by electrochemical deposition of germanium into a porous silicon matrix followed by rapid thermal annealing at a temperature of 950 °C, are studied by Raman spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the Raman spectra taken in the Stokes and anti-Stokes frequency regions, using Boltzmann statistics and the Fourier thermal conductivity law, the thermal conductivity of the films is determined, which is found to be 7-9 and 3-6 W/(m×K) for a continuous and porous film, respectively. The low thermal conductivity of the porous film is explained by additional phonon scattering from the developed pore surface. The prospect of using such films in thermoelectric converters is ensured by the simplicity and scalability of the method for manufacturing the alloy, as well as its low thermal conductivity.

The method of Raman scattering (RS) is used to study samples of fossil coals from various deposits. An unusual form of the Raman spectrum of coal graphite from the Seregen deposit (Taimyr) is discovered. The spectrum consists of intense narrow bands, which are usually typical for single crystals, in contrast to the standard spectra for fossil coals, i.e., broadened D and G bands and a weakly pronounced second-order Raman spectrum. The studies have shown that there is no direct analogy between the spectra of the Taimyr sample of coal graphite and the Raman spectra of other allotropic forms of carbon. Based on the experiments carried out, it is suggested that there is a possibility of the existence of a new allotropic form of carbon.

The results of changing the parameters of pseudo-MOS-transistors on silicon-on-sapphire mesastructures under irradiation with swift heavy ions (SHI) Xe⁺²⁶ (150 MeV) and Bi⁺⁵¹ (670 MeV) to a fluence of 2´10¹¹cm^-2 are presented. They reveal the accumulation of mechanical stresses and charges in intermediate ferroelectric layers of HfO₂ (HO) films 20 nm thick and Hf_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ (HZO) films, laminated with Al₂O₃ monolayer inserts (HA, HZA) or without them. SOS heterostructures are formed by direct splicing and hydrogen transfer of 500 nm silicon films on HA and HZA nanolayers pre-deposited by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition on sapphire. The electrical parameters are determined from the Y-MOSFET drain-gate characteristics ( I_ds - V_g ) with 100 nm thick drain-stock W electrodes deposited by magnetron sputtering on the SOS mesastructures through a lithographic mask. A comparison of these characteristics with Raman scattering data shows that the mechanical compression stresses introduced by BTI irradiation in silicon correspond to the volume ratios of Xe and Bi tracks in HA ferroelectric and sapphire.

In this paper, we propose a technique for processing noisy spectral data, which allows implementing a mathematically sound selection of sharp signal peaks above an unknown smooth background, for which there is no reliable theoretical model. The main idea of the method is to construct an optimizing functional that predicts the most probable parameters of spectral lines. Unlike the Tikhonov regularization method, in which a smooth unknown function is extracted from the noisy signal, here we consider the problem of regularization of the superposition of a smooth background function with sharp peaks. The proposed approach provides an algorithm for processing experimental data that allows us to filter out random noise and determine both the parameters of the peaks and the background function with good accuracy. Finding the optimal regularization parameters is based on a priori assumptions about the smoothness of the background function and statistical properties of the random noise.

Based on the analysis of the main modern trends in the field of hyperspectral equipment construction, it is shown that the use of integrated optoelectronic circuits and optical nodes in planar design is promising when creating small-sized devices of a new generation focused on applications in ground-based surveillance systems. In particular, the expediency of using micro-mirror matrices in scanning systems and planar Mach-Zehnder interferometers in spectral separation systems is noted. This makes it possible to abandon bulky, slow, and not always reliable mechanical components and create devices with rapid registration of hyperspectral images.

Study of the state of the Kerch Strait water area was carried out using data from a portable three-channel hyperspectrometer EMMA (Ecological Monitoring of Marine Areas), operating from board a moving vessel during daylight hours with a resolution of several meters along the route. Based on the measured spectra of the sea spectral radiance coefficient, the spectra of the light absorption index by water in the Kerch Strait were calculated. Verification of these data was carried out at the stations by measurements of Secchi disk visibility depth. The concentrations of the three main natural components averaged over the depth of light penetration into the water column were calculated from the spectra of total light absorption by water. They were compared with measurements in surface water samples taken along the route. The discrepancy in these estimates in some areas indicates a nonuniform depth distribution of the components, which was confirmed by vertical sounding at the stations; these areas are not used for calibration of remote sensing results. The EMMA data showed the distribution of the natural components in the water area of the Kerch Strait averaged over the depth of light penetration. It also made it possible to estimate some characteristics of the anthropogenic impact recorded by satellites.

One of the possible sources of carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere may be river ecosystems. The paper presents the results of measuring CO₂ fluxes from the surface of a number of rivers and lakes in the Tomsk region. It is shown that during the period of experiments the average carbon dioxide flows for the Ob River were 143.7 ± 21.7 (August 13-14, 2023), 53.3 ± 21.2 (August 19), and 80.4 ± 59.9 mgC × m^-2 × hour^-1 (August 20), respectively. On the river Ket: 66.1 ± 17.3, on the swamp lake Karasevoye 33.3 ± 17.3, on the Suiga River 50.2 ± 23.0, and the Iksa River 81.9 ± 11.5 mgC × m^-2 × hour^-1. Their magnitudes depended significantly not only on the object of study, but also on hydrometeorological conditions.

Cirrus clouds have a significant impact on the radiation balance of our planet and play a crucial role in climate formation. To study their optical properties, it is necessary to address the issue of light scattering by nonspherical ice particles. This article focuses on the numerical simulation of the characteristics of light backscattering for hollow hexagonal columns using the physical optics method. The study examines particles ranging in size from 10 to 316 mm, with wavelengths of 0.355, 0.532, and 1.064 mm. The findings reveal that as the cavity of hexagonal columns increases, the backscattering peak caused by corner reflection rapidly decreases, then several secondary maxima appear, which account for up to 10% of the main peak. At the same time, the position of these secondary maxima remains unaffected by particle size and incident wavelength but is significantly influenced by the particle's shape. These results are valuable for developing an optical model of cirrus clouds and for laser sounding of the atmosphere.

Methods of laser-induced fluorescence and their use in monitoring tools allow solving a number of key problems in the detection of algal blooms. The automated system developed by us makes it possible to process and analyze huge amount of fluorescent spectral characteristics of microalgae monocultures, to determine the dominant monocultures in the water area at the level of genus, and to estimate a possibility of their blooming. In addition, the system makes it possible to catalog reference optical characteristics of microalgae monocultures and to implement interactive algorithms for detecting dangerous microalgae species.

Efficiency of laser radiation harmonic generation in nonlinear crystals is among topical issues in applied nonlinear optics. This work theoretically studies the second harmonic generation (SHG) in a converging (focused into a crystal) laser beam. The influence of the amplitude profile (AP) of fundamental laser radiation beam (before a lens) on the SHG efficiency and on optimal focusing and wave detuning parameters is estimated for the first time. It is ascertained that the optimal values of focusing and especially wave detuning parameters vary in very wide ranges depending on the AP. Strong influence of the AP on the effective aperture length, which mainly limits the SHG efficiency, is shown. Optimization of the AP enables increasing the SHG efficiency by no more than ~ 10%.

The results of describing the spatial distribution of methane concentration in the surface water of Lake Baikal in the spring are presented. The basis was the measurements of CH₄ content which were first carried out in the round-the-clock continuous mode along the entire route of the passage of research vessel in the complex expeditions of LIN SB RAS in the spring seasons of 2013, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2021, and 2022. Based on the results of six expeditions, a data array was compiled; it included 12100 segments (with a step of 0.005° in latitude and 0.01° in longitude) which covered the total area 4466.7 km², or 14% of the Baikal mirror. For a more detailed description of the spatial distribution of methane concentrations in surface water throughout the Baikal water area, the statistical characteristics were calculated in four zones: between 0 and 100 m, 100 and 200 m, 200 and 400 m, and over 400 m isobaths. The comparison of the methane concentrations in the analyzed array with the data of other researchers obtained in different years in close regions of the water area made it possible to conclude that the results presented in the work adequately reflect the most stable features of the spatial distribution of methane concentration in surface water in spring seasons.

The article introduces a series of multifactor cyclical models aimed at achieving several objectives: shaping macroeconomic parameters on a national scale, translating these parameters to macrozones and regions, and outlining the dynamics and structure of key indicators of regional development (such as GRP, investment, and population income) in their interconnectedness. The construction of these models is underpinned by a methodological fusion of cognitive modeling techniques and triple helix models. The proposed comprehensive methodology combines these models, seeking to establish well-founded compromises in establishing key parameters for the macroeconomic scenario and the equitable distribution of economic results among regions based on predefined settings. Moreover, the study delves into a cognitive model of cyclic interactions within the “regions - federal center - business structures" system. This model allows for an examination of relationships among its participants within forward and backward linkages. It further suggests schemes for summarily assessing the contributions made by each participant to the overall transaction flow between them. We then develop algorithms for adjusting the input and output transactions of stakeholders to converge summary assessments of their activities. The experimental calculations conducted on this model validate certain suggestions from the expert community regarding desirable modifications in the relations between regions, the federal center, and business structures.

This article delves into the complexities of corporate growth, a particularly pertinent issue in today’s geopolitical landscape. It analyses how companies interact with their external environment, constituting the local production system, and explores these interactions as both prerequisites and conditions for growth. We focus on a range of pivotal growth determinants, including company size, industry, presence of agglomeration effects, affiliation with major integrated entities, innovation orientation, customer-centricity, competitive surroundings, and investment activities. High-tech enterprises are at the heart of this investigation. Empirical data was derived from survey responses from 55 companies operating in the Southern Federal District. We employed cluster analysis to probe the interplay among these selected factors and their impact on growth, identifying three distinct clusters. The first cluster encompasses ever-growing high-tech companies, primarily situated in major urban centers. The second one incorporates non-growing companies, while the third cluster comprises growing, albeit low-tech, firms. The industry’s unique characteristics, company size, and customer orientation are noteworthy in these clusters. Although state support plays a vital role in advancing high-tech firms, these companies do not rely heavily on directfinancial aid. Instead, they place a premium on assistance in orchestrating external interactions. These findings may serve to shape government policies related to industrial and innovative strategies.

Utilizing data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, the article assesses the impact of self-rated health and morbidity on hourly wage rates within the Russian labor market between 2015 and 2021. The primary method employed is econometric modeling. Through random effects panel models for the employed population, the study reveals that favorable health contributes positively to wages by 3-4%, whereas poor health leads to a wage reduction of 9%. Gender differences in health’s contribution are absent within the present period, albeit this contribution is generally lower than that of education. Lasso regression analysis demonstrated that health indicators, encompassing chronic conditions and multiple morbidities, served as predictors of wages among men. For women, not all chronic illnesses predicted wages. The study’s findings underscore the urgency of health promotion, capable of elevating labor productivity and wages. Personal health investments involve amplified physical activity, as well as tobacco and alcohol cessation. Proposed state interventions encompass proactive informational campaigns on preventative healthcare, medical evaluations in working environments, regular check-ups, and augmented access to sports facilities. Additionally, state initiatives should be directed towards enhancing employment opportunities, including tailored professional orientation and facilitating labor market integration for individuals with disabilities and chronic conditions. These collective endeavors to preserve and build health capital within a market economy seek to bolster labor productivity and represent a potential source of economic growth for Russia in the coming decade.

This article explores social innovations and initiative projects within rural areas of Russian regions. Its primary goal is to develop both theoretical principles and practical suggestions for social innovation projects in Russia's rural regions. These aims are achieved by analyzing existing international and local experiences in executing programs and projects fostering social innovation in rural areas. The study employs methods such as theoretical analysis of publications, including scientific articles and analytical reports, along with quantitative secondary analysis of empirical data. The research hypothesis asserts that social innovations in rural areas, manifested as initiative projects, can effectively address territory-specific priorities and foster positive perceptions of rural living. These innovations activate local initiatives, engage communities and motivate their growth, disseminate new knowledge, and enhance the quality of rural life. A clear link is established between the quantity of implemented social innovation projects in rural regions and the quality of life among rural residents. Additionally, the study concludes that relying solely on local communities as innovation sources is inadequate; diversifying funding sources, particularly by involving businesses, is crucial. Businesses are incentivized to improve rural living standards and boost effective demand. The study’s findings are applicable to federal and regional authorities, guiding their decision-making processes to transform social realities within rural areas.

The results of studies carried out at the tundra-woodland interface in the Anabar region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in order to trace the dynamics of permafrost landscapes and identify the influence of vegetation on the soil temperature regime and seasonal thawing depth are presented. The overgrowing of tundra with larch trees took place during the second period of long-term warming in the Arctic (1979-2011). The displacement of tundra communities by woodland communities has changed permafrost conditions in the region. Thus, according to our data, the maximum depth of seasonal thawing is reached in the tundra area; the depth of seasonal thawing decreases with an increase in the woodland density. On the contrary, permafrost temperature has minimum values in the tundra area and increases under woodland. In this paper, the results of the first - stage of the study are presented. Further monitoring studies are planned in the area under consideration.

An overview geocryological map (1:1 M scale) for an area of 136 700 km² covering a significant part of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra was compiled on the basis of large-scale field permafrost-landscape surveys and interpretation of medium-resolution Landsat-7 satellite images. The method of landscape indication implemented in relation to geocryological subzones was used. Spatial variability of geocryological characteristics was analyzed at the levels of natural subzones and groups of dominant landscape units.

Data on the actual maximum area of 71 largest aufeis-taryn in the North-East of Russia (with an area of at least 10 km²) based on the results of interpretation of Landsat satellite images in 2013-2018 (661 km²) and Sentinel-2 in 2020-2021 (838 km²) is presented. The total area of aufeis fields turned out to be at least 2 times lower than the total area of aufeis glades indicated in the Cadaster of aufeis of the North-East (1958) (1680 km²). For 42 objects the area for 1973-1975 were also obtained according to Landsat/MSS data (before the beginning of the warming period). The total value was 555 km², which is close to modern estimates for 2020-2021 (581 km²), and on average. 1.9 times lower than their total area according to the Cadastre (1958) (1083 km²). Despite the fact that individual giant aufeis show very high interannual variability, their area can change up to two times from year to year (100 %), on average for most aufeis fields this value is about 20 %. On numerous examples, a discrepancy between the contours of aufeis glades and the boundaries of aufeis fields was established. The total area of aufeis glades, both indicated in the Cadaster (1958) and identified on the basis of modern space images, significantly exceeds the actual area of aufeis. Estimating the area of aufeis (even the maximum in a long-term period) by the size of aufeis glades can lead to significant errors in the calculation of the dynamic reserves of aufeis groundwater and other characteristics. In the period after 1973-1975 significant change of total aufeis area in the North-East were not identified. Further field studies of giant aufeis are important to identify the causes of their variability, including the establishment of long-term regime observations at special aufeis research plots.

This study is devoted to experimental modeling of the interaction of frozen hydrate-saturated sandy sediments with salt solutions at subzero temperatures. It is shown that the migration of salt ions in frozen hydrate-containing sands is more active than in frozen hydrate-free sands. Gas pressure proves to be one of the main factors controlling the intensity of migration of salt ions in frozen sands containing gas hydrates in contrast to frozen hydrate-free sands. With an increase in gas pressure and a decrease in temperature, the intensity of salt transfer in frozen hydrate-containing sands decreases, while the preservation of pore hydrates increases. Based on experimental data, the parameters of salt transfer in frozen hydrate-containing sand (salt flux density, diffusion coefficient) depending on gas pressure and ambient temperature have been obtained for the first time.

New data on the species diversity and metabolic potential of insufficiently studied microbial communities in cryopegs of the Yamal Peninsula are presented. The total number of microorganisms inhabiting cryopegs is high and reaches 10⁶-10⁸ cells/mL. At the same time, sulfate-reducing bacteria have only been found in two out of three studied cryopegs in numbers not exceeding 10³ cells/mL. Representatives of the bacterial genera Acetobacterium (strains K1/0, K1/6 =VKM B-3638, K1/7, K1/8), Labilibaculum (K2S^T, =VKM B-3650^T), and Trichococcus (K1Tr^T, =VKM B-3651^Т) have been isolated from cryopegs for the first time. All isolates are psychroactive and are able to grow at 6°C.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images Sentinel-1 were used to detail the structure of aufeis and characteristic features of aufeis landscapes in the valleys of Verkhnyaya Neyungri and Samokit rivers (southern Yakutia). Based on the results of preliminary image analysis, the ranges of typical backscatter signals within the ice glade were established, and representative points characterizing various components of the ice landscape were chosen. The type of surface of the aufeis landscape (ice, open water, snow cover, rock, etc.) was preliminarily diagnosed using Sentinel-2 images. During fieldwork, the vertical structure of the aufeis landscape and its surface were studied at the chosen test plots. As a result, the ranges of backscattering of the radio signal for co-polarization (VV) and cross-polarization (VH) modes characteristic of the four types of the aufeis landscape were determined. Based on SAR images, the structure of the aufeis body could be detailed: areas of river flow under the ice and places of groundwater discharge were identified. At the final stage, aufeis areas at the end of winter in the Samokit and Verkhnyaya Neryungri river valleys were determined based on Sentinel-1 SAR images and the normalized difference snow index (NDSI) calculated from Sentinel-2 images; the discrepancy between the obtained estimates was assessed.

The article reflects the main milestones of the scientific activity of D.S. Drozdov, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Chief Researcher, Deputy Director for Scientific Work of the Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the journal “Earth’s Cryosphere”. Dmitry Stepanovich is a well-known specialist in the field of structuring and forecasting the state of cryolithozone geosystems. The main focus of his activities is on the study of permafrost areas, monitoring of the cryolithozone, and technogenesis of the geological environment.

On February 13, 2023, Georgii Petrovich Kuzmin, an outstanding permafrost researcher, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Engineering, Honored Scientist of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), and Chief Researcher at the Melnikov Permafrost Institute celebrated his 90th birthday. In this paper, the milestones of his biography and the main areas of his versatile scientific activity are elucidated. His great role in mastering natural resources of cold in permafrost areas for practical purposes is emphasized.

On August 31, 2023, the famous geocryologist, candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences, leading researcher at the Faculty of Geology of Moscow State University, Alexander Borisovich Chizhov, died. He will be remembered as a wonderful scientist and wise person with a subtle sense of humor.

Based on the results of field research and study of collections stored in Herbariums LE, MW, MHA, B, NSK, NS, TK, PR, PRC, ALTB, HAL, UBA, UUH, KUZ, TAD, TASH, a critical revision of the taxonomic composition and geographical distribution was carried out species of the section Recurvata (Knuth) Novosselova of the genus Geranium L. in Asiatic Russia. Morphological signs of sectional and subsectional ranks are given; main diagnostic morphological features of species. For the first time maps of ranges for species G. pratense L., G. transbaicalicum Serg., G. collinum Steph. ex Willd. New data on the distribution of G. affine Ledeb., G sergievskajae (Peschkova) Troshkina and G. turczaninovii (Peschkova) Troshkina are presented.

The Kuznetsk basin is one of the richest by the coal budget in the world, and hydraulic mining is in use there. The resulting large areas of disturbed lands have a negative influence on the local people health. Rather actual in this connection are activities to neutralise the environment pollution, to reclaim the disturbed lands, and also to reveal and introduce new and promising plant species. In this work we study the agrophytocoenosis created in 1989 by the authors on the hydraulic spoil bank of “Mokhovsky” open-cut coal mine (Kemerovo region). Based on long-term observations (years 1990-1993 and 1998) we establish that the artificial plant community on the hydraulic spoil bank is highly sustainable and its development is not similar to that on the zonal soils. The legume-grass base of our agrophytocoenosis is remaining to prevail during all the observation period, whereas legumes fall away within 2-3 years on the zonal soils. The productivity of our plant community is close to or higher than that of zonal plant communities. Maximal productivity of air-dry phytomass (63 cwt/ha) is observed on the second year of our agrophytocoenosis. The main contribution to the above-ground phytomass is due to legumes and grasses. The vertical structure of our plant community features a remarkable height of the herbage; and the main part (85 %) of the above-ground phytomass is contained in the layer 0-35 cm. It is so called near-surface vertical distribution (according to G.G. Pavlova, 1980), it is typical for the plant communities with legumes and small grasses as dominating species. As to the horizontal structure, the significant part of our agrophytocoenosis during the initial years (1990-1993) are species with a contagious distribution by the surface; and the horizontal species distribution on the tenth year (1998) is random. The species variety is usually not big. The significance graphs indicate rather developed structure of the agrophytocoenosis. On the tenth year of observation, species significance demonstrates a log-normal distribution, which is characteristic for multi-species zonal plant communities with predominance of species with an average abundance. The highest vitality amongst the seeded species was demonstrated by Agrostis gigantea, Trifolium pratense и Medicago sativa. Seeding legume-grass mixtures impedes the overgrowth of spoil banks by willows, which keeps the opportunity to use spoil banks as hayfields in the future.

During the revision of the herbarium collections of the Institute of Botany, Physiology and Plant Genetic of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan (TAD) and field research in 2020-2022 the distribution of 6 species of the genus Perovskia Kar. (Lamiaceae) on the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan was analyzed. Dot maps of distribution were constructed indicating previously known information and new materials. In the widespread species P. virgata and P. angustifolia, new localities have been additionally identified. P. scrophulariifolia and P. botschantzevii were found for the first time in the new botanico-geographical regions accepted in the “Flora of the Tajik SSR”. A new habitat was noted for a rare endemic species P. kudrjaschevii.

For the first time, an algological study of Lake Nogaan-Khol, located in the Todzha basin of the Republic of Tyva, was carried out. The results of phytoplankton, phytobenthos and fouling are presented. A comprehensive study and identification of species composition is relevant not only from the point of view of biodiversity inventory, but for the most efficient use and protection of water bodies. 218 species, varieties and forms of algae were identified in the reservoir, belonging to 94 genera, 52 families and 8 divisions: Cyanoprokaryota (33), Bacillariophyta (124), Chrysophyta (1), Dinophyta (3), Xanthophyta (1), Euglenophyta (2), Chlorophyta (24), Charophyta (30). To assess the role of individual taxa, the frequency of occurrence was calculated. 4 groups were distinguished - especially active (with a frequency of occurrence over 75 %), highly active (74-45 %), inactive (44-15 %) and inactive (less than 15 %). The dominant complex is represented by a small set of species. Fouling groups on various substrates and benthic communities are considered. An ecogeographical analysis was carried out, according to which the algoflora is represented by benthic (33.9 %) and periphytonic (25.2 %) species, with a predominance of indifferent (70.2 %) forms in relation to the halicity and active reaction of the environment (48.2 %). In the studied lake, 152 species-indicators of saprobity were identified. Marked indicators of all zones of saprobity, except for polysaprobic. Inhabitants of very clean (x - xenosaprobe) and highly saprobic (a - mesosaprobe) waters are represented by a small number of taxa - 5 and 6, respectively. Geographically, cosmopolitans (54.1 %) and boreal (26.6 %) species dominated. The purpose of the study was to determine the species composition and ecological state of the waters of the Nogaan-Khol lake.

The analysis of the literature data on various areas of development of lawn science in foreign and domestic science is given and the general principles of the formation of model grass mixtures for growing lawns of high quality are considered. In the course of long-term studies of the characteristics of sod-forming cereals, grass mixtures for decorative and sports lawns and turf coverings of special significance were modeled. A set of norms and rules for the compilation of model grass mixtures, taking into account the ecological and biological characteristics of the plant species included in them, measures to create lawn coverings and maintain a stable grass stand in a specific georgafic area - is the scientific basis of lawn science.

During the inventory of collections stored in the Herbaries of the CSBG SB RAS (NS, NSK), 3724 specimens of the genus Galium (Rubiaceae) were digitized and deposited in the Digital Herbarium. In the Herbarium named after I.M. Krasnoborov (NS), the genus Galium is represented by 2023 specimens, and in the Herbarium named after M.G. Popov (NSK) - 1700 specimens, a total of 88 taxa containing 78 species, 7 subspecies, 2 variations and 1 hybrid. The digitization results were published as a dataset (datacet) in the GBIF. A brief history of taxonomic study of collections of the genus Galium is given, typical and authentic materials of 3 species stored in the Herbaries of the CSBG (NS, NSK) are given. Information about the main collectors of the genus Galium of the NS and NSK herbarium collections is presented. The significance of the herbarium collections NS, NSK in solving a number of taxonomic issues, application for chorological analysis and study of the biodiversity of species of the genus Galium is shown. It is noted that the species G. paradoxum, G. triflorum, G. odoratum are relics of tertiary broadleaf forests and are included in the regional Red Books. In the Herbaries of the CSBG, the Galium collection is represented by 29 countries in Europe, Asia and North America. The largest number of herbarium samples have been collected in Russia (3253 specimens), the USA (60), Mongolia (46), the Republic of Kazakhstan (26), Ukraine (17).

18 basic steppe units have been identified in Tyva, they represent widespread typical steppe communities. Within the framework of floristic classification, they refer to 16 associations and 3 subassociations of classes Cleistogenetea squarrosae and Stipetea glareosae-gobicae. Within the framework of phytocоenotic classification, the main types of steppe communities have been included into 29 formations, 15 groups of formations from 4 classes of formations: meadow, bunchgrass, desert and cryophytic steppes. No full compliance of associations of floristic classification and units of any one hierarchical level of phytocoenotic classification has been found. The phytocoenotic characteristics of basic steppe types provide information about the floristic features, structure, and species richness of following units: meadow steppes, tussock steppes, bunchgrass steppes with Carex pediformis, petrophytic bunchgrass steppes, bunchgrass steppes, desert steppes with Nanophyton grubovii, desert steppes with Stipa glareosa, desert steppes with Stipa orientalis. The prodromus of the steppes of Tyva has been compiled, a brief description of all units of floristic classification and description of 1 new alliance and 7 new associations have been given.

Validation of alliances and associations are carried out. New data on the distribution of various syntaxa and their floristic composition are given. Alliance Galatellion biflorae all. nov. Diagnostic species (D.s.): Artemisia latifolia, A. pontica, Eremogone longifolia, Galatella biflora, Inula salicina, Lathyrus tuberosus, Melampyrum cristatum, Plantago maxima, Silene multiflora, Veronica spuria. Syn. - Galatellion biflorae Korolyuk 1993 nom. ined. (ICPN, Art. 2a). Alliance represents meadow steppes and xeric meadows (class Festuco-Brometea, order _{Brachypodietalia pinnati}) which are formed on solonetz soils (Suppl., Table 1). They are common in West Siberian Plain in the forest-steppe zone and northern part of the steppe zone west of the Ob river. The article presents new data on the distribution of association Calamagrostio epigeii-Artemisietum laciniatae Korolyuk ex Korolyuk et Kipriyanova 1998 from this alliance (Suppl., Table 2).