Home – Home – Jornals – Chemistry for Sustainable Development 2022 number 5

Xenoliths of high-alumina pyroxenites in the Quaternary basalts of the Sigurd Volcano of West Spitsbergen are spinel and spinel-garnet clinopyroxenites, spinel-garnet websterites, and websterites. The granoblastic texture with relics of subhedral magmatic texture, the change of mineral assemblages, and the signs of partial melting in the xenoliths reflect their multistage formation. The goal of our study was to determine the sequence and thermodynamic conditions of the change of mineral assemblages and to establish their age by Re-Os, U-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Rb-Sr isotope dating. It has been established that the primary assemblage in the pyroxenites, which included high-alumina Opx, Cpx, and Spl, was transformed in several stages: (1) Spl→Grt replacement with the formation of garnet-containing websterites and clinopyroxenites, (2) development of kelyphitic Opx-Spl rims over Grt grains, (3) formation of Amph, (4) exsolution with the formation of Cpx and Opx, and (5) partial melting. Comparison of the obtained results with published data shows that the primary assemblage is similar in Al₂O₃/MgO ratio to Opx + Cpx ± Spl cumulates resulted from the crystallization of basaltic melts at 1.2 GPa and the degree of crystallization of ~15%, i.e., in the lower crust (at 2.0 GPa, Grt and Cpx crystallize from the solution). The equilibrium parameters of the Grt-Opx assemblage in the pyroxenites are 1060-1310 ºC and 2.2-3.3 GPa; in the P-T diagram, their points are localized below the Spl→Grt phase transition curve, in the system CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂, thus corresponding to the model continental geotherm with a surface heat flow density of 60 mV/m² and somewhat higher. This indicates the Spl→Grt replacement and the formation of garnet-containing pyroxenites in the shallow-depth upper mantle. The formation of kelyphitic Opx-Spl rims over the Grt grains indicates a subsequent temperature and pressure decrease to values above the Grt→Spl phase transition curve. This is confirmed by the presence of exsolution structures in pyroxene, which formed when the temperature decreased by 100-150 ºC. The Re and Os isotope composition in the bulk samples of Spl-Grt websterites that did not undergo partial melting corresponds to an age of 457.0 ± 3.5 Ma, which reflects the time of transformation of the primary Cpx-Opx-Spl assemblage into a garnet-including one. A similar value (488.6 ± 5.9 Ma) was obtained by U-Pb dating of zircon from Spl-Grt websterite, also without signs of melting. Zircon crystals from Spl-Grt clinopyroxenite with clear signs of partial melting have typomorphic features of autochthonous magmatic zircons. They form a single age cluster of 310.7 ± 3.3 Ma, which marks the age of melt crystallization in the pyroxenites. Thus, Spl pyroxenites are, most likely, Opx + Cpx ± Spl cumulates, products of crystallization of basaltic melts in the lower crust. The subsequent Spl→Grt replacement and the formation of garnet-containing websterites and clinopyroxenites in the shallow-depth upper mantle can be regarded as an indicator of the delamination of the continental crust into the mantle, and the Re-Os isochron date of 457.0 ± 3.5 Ma is the most likely upper age bound of the crust delamination into the mantle. The subsequent uplifting of the Spitsbergen lithosphere, which was expressed as the formation of kelyphitic Opx-Spl rims over garnet, exsolution in pyroxene, and partial melting, was not far in time from the delamination stage and lasted ≤ 300 Ma.

The mineralogy of loess and loess-like sediments has important implications for the mechanisms of postdepositional alteration, as well as for environmental and geotechnical issues. The geotechnical properties of soils, their mechanical strength, and the bearing capacity of the soil foundations depend on the mineral species, their percentages, and relationships. Clay minerals control the mass transport processes which have bearing on pollution of ground and water. Loess covers vast territories on all continents, including southern Russia, West Siberia, southern East Siberia, the Russian Far East, Transbaikalia, and other regions. Loess and loess-like sediments have specific genetic, lithologic, geotechnical, stratigraphic, and geomorphic features. The mineralogy of Quaternary loess has been studied by X-ray diffraction, chemical, and particle size analyses, following the standard techniques, with reference to earlier published evidence. The study area comprises three watershed provinces in the southeastern Russian Plain (southern European Russia). The results have geotechnical and environmental applications for loess provinces.

The paper presents new data on the composition of organic matter and the molecular-weight distribution of saturated hydrocarbons in the thermal waters of the Annenskoe field. The TIC chromatograms of extracts of the thermal waters, obtained by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, revealed 98 organic compounds of biogenic, thermogenic, and technogenic origin. The technogenic components amount to no more than 5%. The geochemical odd-even preference indices of saturated hydrocarbons (CPI, ACL, OEP, and TAR_HC) are calculated. It is shown that organic matter, in particular, saturated hydrocarbons, results from two processes: thermogenic processes in the water-rock system and bacterial activity. Variations in the composition of organic matter in the Annenskoe thermal waters have been determined for the first time. They are characterized by minor fluctuations within 30 min and serious fluctuations over two years and are expressed as an increase in the portion of thermogenic alkanes and a decrease in the portion of nitrogen-containing components.

The demand for detailed bio- and lithostratigraphic research of the Prisayan Formation is significant because of the lack of its stratotype section. This leads to confusion about the meaning of the stratigraphic volume of the Prisayan Formation. On the basis of the results of a comprehensive research, a lectostratotype section that covers the whole section of the Prisayan Formation is proposed. The following three subformations are identified in the formation on the basis of lithological criteria: lower (Ust-Balei), middle (Idansk), and upper (Sukhov). Stratigraphic correlation of the Prisayan Formation with the coeval deposits of the West Siberian Plate is carried out. The common development trends of typical units of the flora of the Siberian paleofloral region are revealed in West Siberia and the Irkutsk Basin. The observed tendencies make it possible to compare the beds with Coniopteris murrayana , Sphenobaiera czekanowskiana from the lower subformation with the fossil plant assemblage of the Sharapovo Horizon; the beds with Coniopteris snigirevskiae from the middle subformation with the fossil plant assemblage of the Nadoyakh Horizon; and the beds with Raphaelia diamensis and Phoenicopsis irkutensis with the fossil plant assemblage of the Laidin Horizon of West Siberia. The Prisayan-1 palynoassemblage (PA) from the lower and middle subformations correlate with palynozones 5-7 of West Siberia. The Prisayan-2 PA corresponds to palynozone 8 of West Siberia. The paleobotanical and palynological data suggest that the stratigraphic volume of the Prisayan Formation is the upper Pliensbachian-Aalenian of the Lower-Middle Jurassic. This paper touches upon the history of accumulation of the Prisayan Formation, as well as the evolution of the paleorelief and vegetation.

The Permian-Triassic magnetostratigraphy of the central East European platform has been updated using evidence from the Zhukov Ravine, Slukino, and Okskiy Siyezd reference continental redbed sequences. The new data reveal five rather than four polarity subzones in magnetozone R₃P, which thus can be ranked up to orthozone RnP. The upper Permian strata of the Zhukov Ravine and Okskiy Siyezd sections contain intervals of anomalous paleomagnetic directions similar to those revealed earlier in roughly coeval rocks from the Nedubrovo section in the Vologda region. The anomaly may be of regional extent and may correspond to quite a long (thousands of years) span of geomagnetic field stability near the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary, which fits the subequatorial dipole field in the first approximation. The paleomagnetic results were used to constrain the position of three new Permian-Triassic paleomagnetic poles of the East European platform, corrected for inclination shallowing: PLat = 54.8°, PLong = 173.6°, dp / dm = 2.6°/4.0° (Zhukov Ravine); PLat = 47.6°, PLong = 164.3°, dp / dm = 3.0°/4.8° (Slukino); PLat = 52.7°, PLong = 153.6°, dp / dm = 3.7°/5.4° (Okskiy Siyezd).

Many attributes and inversion transformations solving the problem of extracting information on the elastic properties of a medium are based on the Zoeppritz equation or its approximations calculated for a boundary between two half-spaces. In a real medium, a seismic signal is in interference as a result of reflection from the top and bottom of individual thin layers or units whose elastic properties differ from those of the adjacent rocks. In such media, there is a discrepancy between experimental and theoretical dependences of the reflection coefficient amplitude developed for half-spaces. For a homogeneous thin layer, the change in the frequency response of the reflection coefficient is associated with the reflection coefficients of the layer top and bottom interfaces and the wave traveltime within the layer at the same time. A detailed analysis of the reflection coefficient amplitude of a homogeneous thin layer using the spectral decomposition technology allows us to isolate only the change in the reflection coefficients, regardless of the thickness. The proposed method for predicting the elastic properties of thin layers is based on the analytical derivation of the reflection coefficient of a homogeneous thin layer, according to which there is a parabolic relation between the squared reflection coefficient amplitude and the squared frequency. The approximation coefficient at the zero degree of the argument mainly characterizes the properties of a medium, unlike the first- and second-degree coefficients, which depend both on the properties and on the thickness of the layer. Therefore, it makes sense to use the approximation coefficient at the zero degree of the argument as an attribute of the wavefield to predict the elastic properties of thin layers in the interwell space. A good example of a relatively homogeneous thin layer is a narrow riverbed. Determining the properties of the rock filling the channel feature helps identify more sandy areas promising for further development of the field.

The methodology for building a 3D density model of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle for a crustal block in the South Kamchatka Peninsula is presented. The model is derived from the interpretation of the Bouguer anomaly values and data obtained by deep seismic soundings and electrical prospecting methods. 3D image creation can be viewed as a several phase procedure. At the first step, the area of interest is investigated through a network of intersecting profiles utilized for subsequent modeling depth density sections using the parameter scanning procedure. The a priori data include materials of geophysical surveys and geological, and petrophysical studies as well as results of depth estimation at singular points by the Euler deconvolution method. The next step involves formation of a 3D density matrix from the cross-section models. Coordinates in the cross-section planes are defined in the square grid nodes and converted to plane rectangular coordinates (the SK-42 reference system). A file of the cross-sectional database of density values is thus produced. For area shaving a sparse network of cross-sections, an additional database is derived from grid files of densities mapped horizon-wise. This ultimately results in the creation of the unified databases. A 3D network of cubic unit cells for three-dimensional (voxel) representation of density of the geologic medium is calculated. The model of density of unit cube with edge measuring 4 km was constructed for entire investigated block of the Earth’s crust. The model was detailed by decreasing successively the unit cube edges to 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5 km. The 3D modeling results are presented as block diagrams and density isosurface maps in horizontal slices at different depths. The block diagrams show isosurfaces with densities typical of deep subsurface boundaries and structures. The isosurfaces for densities of 2.75 and 2.90 g/cm³ reflect the morphology of the roof of the crystalline basement, and the lower-upper crust boundary, respectively, while the isosurfaces of 3.20 and 3.33 g/cm³ represent feasible shape of the crust-upper mantle contact. The lower-density zone ubiquitously observed in the investigated crustal block is caused by rock destruction along the deep fault. It is identified in the model with 1 km cubic unit cell side and encompasses the feeding systems of volcanoes, namely: Sopka Asacha (Asacha Volcano), Mutnovskaya Sopka (Mutnovsky Volcano), Gorelaya Sopka (Gorely Volcano), and Vilyuchinskaya Sopka (Vilyuchansky Volcano).The model with a 0.50 km cubic unit cell side shows a 2.85 g/cm³ isosurface, which delineates a column-shaped high-density region. A higher density revealed in the block is assumed to be associated with basite intrusions. 3D density models based on cross-section modeling provide additional information for geodynamic reconstructions, allowing a rough estimation of the geometry of concealed geologic features and their volumes, and can be utilized in 3D modeling to build initial models.

The dynamics of forest biomass in boreal forests have a significant impact on global carbon cycles. Biomass assessments contribute to understanding the carbon balance of forest vegetation in Siberia. This paper discusses methods for estimating above-ground forest biomass based on radar remote sensing data used in modern research (2010-2021). Methodologies used for biomass assessments are described, including stages of field research, data pre-processing, and modelling of the relationship of remote sensing (RS) data with biomass. Radar sensing has limited capabilities for assessing forest biomass related to characteristics of the survey equipment and parameters of stands. In modern research, a combination of optical and radar data of RS is carried out, which allows to obtain more accurate assessment of biomass using regression models, machine learning, and special techniques (BIOMASAR, SWCM, MaxEnt). The use of data on the optical depth of vegetation cover, estimated from microwave survey data, makes it possible to solve the saturation problem when estimating large amounts of biomass. Comparison of the accuracy of biomass estimation methods is difficult due to the lack of uniform approaches to conducting experiments and calculating errors. Biomass assessment errors based on optical and radar data vary considerably, averaging ~25 %. The assessment of the biomass of boreal forests of Siberia is difficult due to the small amount of supporting field materials. Nowadays, to assess the biomass of boreal forests with a high spatial resolution, it is promising to develop methods based on machine learning algorithms for radar remote sensing data from the Sentinel-1 and ALOS-PALSAR satellites.

Based on the landscape differentiation of the territory, an assessment of the hydrological role of the forest communities dominating in the Podkamennaya Tunguska basin in terms of their contribution to the total evaporation in the watershed was made. Evapotranspiration indicators, obtained from the Earth remote sensing data from the MODIS Global Evapotranspiration Project (MOD16 ET), which take into account the climatic characteristics of the study area, the types of terrestrial surface, and the diversity of vegetation cover were used. Studies have shown that the evapotranspiration of the identified classes of forest vegetation is characterized by significant variability both in space and in time. The variability of evapotranspiration over the years is primarily related to the variability of meteorological elements and the value of the leaf area index. In the spatial aspect, the variability of evaporation is determined by the general climatic characteristics of the study area and the forest species composition. As a result of data analysis, a reduction trend in annual evapotranspiration in the Podkamennaya Tunguska basin from 2000 to 2014 was revealed. A comparative analysis of evapotranspiration trends with temperature and precipitation trends confirms that the reduction trend in evapotranspiration is due to Climate change in region. It was found that the landscape structure of watersheds can be used to indicate the processes that form evapotranspiration as an important component of the water balance, and to determine the hydrologically significative boundaries of landscapes. An estimation of land surface evaporation from Earth remote sensing data (MOD16 ET product) can be used in water balance calculations in watersheds of various scales, especially in the absence of a runoff database.

A comparative study of the haptoral morphology of three species of diplozoon (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) from the gills of fish from polluted water bodies (the Obʼ River, Rybinsk Reservoir, Russia) and unpolluted Lake Tana (Africa) has been made. An examination of the haptors of Paradiplozoon megan (Bychowsky et Nagibina, 1959) from ide and Diplozoon paradoxum von Nordmann, 1832 from bream caught in the Obʼ River and Rybinsk reservoir has revealed a large number of abnormalities of the attachment clamps. Various abnormalities of the attachment clamps were also found in Paradiplozoon spp. from the barbel from the Lake Tana, which does not experience industrial pollution. According to the literature data, abnormalities in the structure of the attachment haptor in diplosoids were also found in relatively clean water bodies. Only in unpolluted water bodies such type of abnormalities as the formation of rudiments of the fifth and sixth clamps was recorded. It is hypothesized that pollution of water is not the main reason for the formation of anomalies in the structure of clamps, there is a native (“genetic background”) frequency of occurrence of abnormalities in Diplozoidae.

In the course of adaptation of birds to living in urban areas, separate urban populations are formed, which are distinct by many biological and ecological characteristics from birds of the same species that inhabit natural environments. The Woodpigeon is one of the most common representatives of synurbic bird species that successfully managed to spread to cities in most of Europe. This article explores the history of formation of synurbic Woodpigeon groups in Belarus and looks at the differences in the breeding biology of forest and urban birds based on research in 2000-2021. During this period, we collected information about 109 Woodpigeon nests in forest areas and 368 nests in urban areas. In the course of our research, we found out that the synurbic Woodpigeon continues spreading to the north and east parts of Belarus. By now, urban birds live in around 70 % of the entire territory of the country. Our analysis of the Woodpigeon breeding biology showed that there are differences between forest and urban birds that stem from the fact that the latter live in urban areas. Despite the absence of clear differences in the phenology of the arrival of the Woodpigeon in cities and natural landscapes, the nesting period of urban birds starts earlier and lasts much longer. In addition, the share of birds that breeding more than one time a season is larger than in forest birds. The peculiarities of nesting sites observed in urban birds as opposed to wild birds result from the peculiarities of urban green spaces and the effect of predation. We discovered that in spring (April - May) the share of nest failures peaks. The breeding success of the Woodpigeon in urban areas amounts to 52 % of all nesting cases.

For the first time, the differentiation by microsites of the population of dung beetles of the inhabitants of horse droppings in South Sikhote-Alin, Primorsky Territory was studied. The heterogeneity of the substrate has a significant effect on the distribution of beetles among microstations. The key factor affecting the seasonal dynamics of the species composition, abundance and biomass of beetles in different parts of the droppings are the temperature and humidity regime. It is shown that the confinement of certain species of dung beetles to areas of horse manure can serve as a way of dividing their ecological niches and a way of avoiding competition within one functional group.

According to the results of soil collections of earthworms in the Omsk Region for 9 years, in the period from 2009 to 2018, their population was analyzed in order to identify the main environmental factors associated with the territorial heterogeneity of species richness and group density. Five types of Lumbricidae populations have been identified, two of which are divided into two subtypes each, where of 10 species and 2 subspecies of earthworms were found. It has been established that the greatest influence on the distribution of worms is exerted by such environmental factors as zonality and subzonality, the depth of the soil layer, and, to a lesser extent, the topography characteristics: 9, 7 and 0.7 % of the considered variance of the density similarity matrix, respectively. In general, all environmental factors and their combinations (modes) explain 38 % of the considered variance, the multiple correlation coefficient is 0.62. Invading species of European origin Dendrobaena octaedra (7-52 %) and Aporrectodea caliginosa (15-74 %) and native Eisenia n. nordenskioldi (6-28 %), as well as of Asian origin: Eisenia ventripapillata (42 %) and E. nana (16 %), for the territories of the southern forest-steppe and steppe, became the leaders in terms of the share of the population density in most taxa of the classification. Such changes in earthworm populations, namely the replacement of native species of the Eisenia nordenskioldi complex with invasive species, can significantly affect soil characteristics and ecosystem services determined by earthworms.

Regulation of river flow due to the construction of hydroelectric power plants and dams leads to a significant transformation of floodplain ecosystems and their components downstream. One of the ways to assess the ecological state of natural landscapes is to determine the enzymatic activity. At the same time, there is undeservedly little data in the world literature on the activity of enzymes in floodplain landscapes, not only disturbed but also natural. This fact is associated with difficulties in the study of floodplain areas, highly dynamic natural objects with a strong variation of properties and parameters in space and time. With this work, we partially fill this gap by showing whether the activity of enzymes can be used to assess the ecological state of floodplain soils with long-term regulation of river flow. As an example, the Zeya River has been regulated by the Zeya hydroelectric power station since 1975. We determined the activity of enzymes (phosphatases, ureases, catalases, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases) in five types of floodplain landscapes: meadow on the riverine floodplain; meadow, arable land and forest on the central floodplain; swamp in the near-red depression. High activity of phosphatase (max. up to 10 mg/g), and low activity of urease (max. up to 0.55 mg/g) and catalase (max. up to 0.55 g/cm³) were found. The activity of polyphenol oxidase (max. up to 85 mg/100 g) and peroxidase (max. up to 290 mg/100 g) expressed through the humus accumulation coefficient (max. 41 %) indicates the average level of soil fertility of the floodplain. The diversity of enzymes was evaluated using the Pielow index and geometric mean. It was determined that under conditions of long-term regulation, the best indicators of enzymatic activity are characteristic of soils under floodplain forest, the minimum - for arable soils. A single soil parameter that would reliably affect all enzymes has not been identified. Phosphatase, urease and catalase exhibit significant positive relationships with H & Al. Strong positive relationships of catalase with organic matter and negative with pH. The data obtained allow us to state that long-term regulation of river flow leads to a decrease in the activity and diversity of enzymes.

The composition and content of phenolic compounds in leaves of Dasiphora fruticosa plants growing in the Far East, Southern and Eastern Siberia in the range of geographical coordinates 43°13′-62°52ʹ N was studied. The composition of the phenolic complex of D. fruticosa is represented by 16-22 components and remains constant, its variation occurs mainly due to minor components. Seven flavonolglycosides - hyperoside, isoquercitrin, rutin, avicularin, quercitrin, astragalin, kaempferol rutinoside, two aglycones - quercetin and kaempferol, and ellagic acid and its glycoside were determined using HPLC and UV spectrometry. The total content of phenolic compounds in plant leaves ranged from 13.5 to 28.3 mg/g, that of quercetin glycosides from 4.8 mg/g to 17.3 mg/g, and that of kaempferol glycosides from 0.1 to 1.3 mg/g. The total content of ellagic tannins in leaves varied from 6.9 mg/g to 12.9. mg/g. It was found that as D. fruticosa moved from south to north, increased insolation on the background of low-temperature stress, drought, content of all individual components increased, except for avicularin, the content of which, on the contrary, decreased. It was shown that the content of phenolic compounds (in total and in groups) is 53-75 % determined by temperature, of flavonols by 50-91 % by drought and by 50-54 % by solar radiation. Accumulation of ellagic compounds in leaves of D. fruticosa is 60 % determined by temperature, the other factors are of low importance. The factors making a significant contribution to the accumulation of phenolic compounds in D. fruticosa are air temperature, drought and UV radiation

The article presents an analysis of the influence of technogenic pollution on the content of biologically active substances and the antioxidant activity of the fruits of Rosa corymbifera Borkh. In the technogenic environment (on the example of the Donetsk region) were revealed an increase in the concentration of anthocyanins, tannins and oxycinnamic acids and a decrease in the level of flavonoids, ascorbic acid and polysaccharides. In the conditions of anthropogenic pressure, the content of flavonoids changes most significantly. A significant (2 times) increase in antioxidant activity under conditions of technogenic load was revealed. The interrelation of the content of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury) in the soil (mobile forms) and fruits was evaluated. The conformity of the fruits of plants R. corymbifera, growing in the Donetsk region, to the requirements of the regulatory documents was evaluated.

The present work was carried out to study the reaction of plants Darlingtonia californica Torr. on the effect of Cu, Co and Mg ions in in vitro culture. For this, the following concentrations of mineral salts were tested: 0.1 (control), 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μM CuSO₄∙5H₂O (which corresponds to 0.006, 0.6, 1.6, 3.2, 4.8 and 6.4 mg/l of water-soluble Cu ions); 0.1 (control), 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μM CoCl₂∙6H₂O (corresponding to 0.006, 0.6, 1.5, 3.0, 4.4 and 5.9 mg/l of water-soluble Co ions) and 1500 (control), 4500, 7500, 10500, 15000 μM MgSO₄∙7H₂O (corresponding to 36, 108, 181, 253, and 362 mg/l of water-soluble Mg ions). The results showed a direct significant correlation between the accumulation of Cu, Co, and Mg ions in D. californica plants depending on their content in nutrient solutions. The maximum accumulation of ions was noted after 45 days of cultivation, Cu - 138.24 mg/kg of dry matter, Co - 249.92 mg/kg and 4722.26 mg/kg Mg. It was shown that the concentrations used did not significantly affect the parameters of plant growth and development in in vitro culture. The morpho-anatomical studies confirm the high level of ecological adaptation of this species to extreme conditions. In addition, the plants did not require specific cultural conditions, they are able to grow on nutrient media rich in mineral composition at a temperature of 24±1 °C and do not require low positive temperatures for the root system. The results show that D. californica plants are able to accumulate Cu, Co, and Mg ions and tolerate high concentrations of these elements in nutrient media under in vitro conditions; however, they are not characterized by an increased need for these elements for normal growth and development.

The article presents a brief history of the formation of the reflexive project in the sociology of scientific knowledge and the rise of the concept of “new literary forms”. It also considers why reflexivity becomes one of the key concepts of discourse analysis in the work of J. Potter. The methodological aspects of discourse analysis and the mistakes that researchers make when analyzing are described. It is shown that discourse analysis implies the analyst’s “struggle” with his or her own interpretations, which makes discourse analysis a reflective practice.

The article considers the main provisions of the theory of the structure of scientific revolutions and its influence on the further development of philosophy. It is shown that Kuhn’s work caused a great surge of interest in the study of scientific practice among social philosophers, culturologists and historians, which led to the development of social epistemology. The philosophical result of the development of the theory of scientific revolutions was an attempt to defend the position of realism and truth in order to maintain the approach of scientific rationality.

In the article provides an overview the history of the emergence of analytical philosophy. It is shown that among the numerous works devoted to this topic, M. Potter's book "The Rise of Analytical Philosophy 1879-1930: from Frege to Russell" (2019) occupies a special place, both in terms of assessing the contribution of the "founding fathers" and in the manner of presentation. In particular, J. fell out of the traditional four. Moore, whose place was taken by F. Ramsay. Further, the traditional description of the philosopher's achievements, followed by criticism, gave way to a list of key moments in his work, which take the form of an "internal history", the history of searches, finds, mistakes, omissions, inconsistencies and doubts of philosophers. The new story presented by Potter gives a radically different picture of the rise of a new philosophical tradition compared to the traditional one.

We propose to interpret the notion of probability in quantum mechanics as Timothy Williamson’s evidential probability and call such probability quantum evidential probability. Williamson’s evidential probability, in our view, naturally fits into Jocelyn Benoist’s Wittgensteinian contextual realism rejecting the premises of the Modern philosophy and allowing dissolving of quantum paradoxes.

The article attempts to demonstrate the relationship between the methodological and epistemological hypotheses of the theory of relativity and numerous relativistic pictures of the world that subsequently appeared. For this purpose, the ontological consequences following from the three main Einsteinian assumptions are ordered. Numerous scenarios of the development of the Universe based on the relativist ontological scheme show some immanent difficulties associated with the methodological primacy of their source. For instance, the relativistic theory does not proceed from the deduction of the content of physical experiments, but rests on the results of rather speculative experiments. Therefore, it cannot set certain clear horizons of existence, but provokes a vast metaphysical multi-variance. Thus, relativism appeared as a result of sophisticated constructive speculation and represents a paradoxical contradiction between its methodological usefulness and the ontological difficulties it causes.

The article considers the typology of uncertainty as a state that a subject of predictive coding theory may experience. According to this theory, interaction with the external environment is mediated by neural filters that “remove” predictable signals and allow the cognitive system to focus on the difference between the expected and the actual. We propose a logical structure of predicative mechanisms and reveal two specific types of uncertainties arising at different stages of the work of these mechanisms (uncertainty of the possible and uncertainty of the expected), as well as several intraspecific types. We show that the theory has a heuristic potential for a wide range of research on human cognitive processes, especially in the context of modern socio-philosophical concepts of “turbulence” and unpredictability.

An article considers strong artificial intelligence as an opportunity to create an artificial personality. It is argued that radical connectionism is false and unacceptable for these purposes. The brain has a hybrid computational nature - in addition to self-learning cirquits, it contains algorithmic procedures. An evolutionary argument is put forward against the effectiveness of neural network modeling. The question is raised about the need to verify the quantum brain hypothesis in order to clarify the physical limitations of modeling. The question is raised about the acceptability of phenomenological knowledge. It is argued that Aristotle's trinitarian personality architecture reflects the fundamental structure of personality at a phenomenal level. The interpretation of emotions as an analogue form of representation is proposed. It is concluded that if an artificial personality as an adequate model can be built, then it can be created as a hybrid multi-agent system. Individual modules and entire levels may be analog, others digital; some systems can self-learn, others can function according to algorithmic rules and specific mathematical functions.

The article deals with the analysis of modern problems of consciousness in the context of the works of famous philosophers and neuroscientists. The issue of the connection between neuroscience and philosophy and the purpose of the latter in the explanation of consciousness is considered. It is argued that there is a cross-fertilization of these disciplines: philosophy can help to bridge the gap between the scientific explanation of reality and subjective experience, while research in the field of neuroscience can shed light on the fundamental problems of philosophy. The conclusion is made that the tendency of most scientists and philosophers to absolutism does not allow them to analyze the problem of consciousness and its moral boundaries from different perspectives.

The article discusses sociological surveys conducted by Russian and foreign researchers in 2009, 2015 and 2020. The surveys focused on the study of self-identification of members of the philosophical community and were conducted in the active Internet segment. As an online survey technique, the tools proposed by foreign colleagues who conducted the survey in 2009, D. Bourget and D. Chalmers, were used. They published the results of their survey in 2014. Based on it, Russian researchers conducted their survey in 2015. In 2020, foreign colleagues repeated their survey employing a larger sample. The author analyzes the results of these surveys both in terms of identifying the preferences, priorities and orientations of Western and Russian respondents, and in terms of the methods and tools of the surveys. It is revealed that when formulating questions, Western colleagues relied on the analytical tradition without any regard for continental philosophy. It is also shown that Western authors were actually engaged in the sociology of philosophy, without going deep into the content of philosophical problems proper. Russian researchers completely repeated the Western survey methodology, without introducing their own specificity. As a result, the question is raised of the validity and meaningfulness of such surveys, which practically take away from the actual philosophical problems and professional self-determination of members of the philosophical community.

Prediction of the physical-mechanical properties of metallurgical coke is an essential task from the viewpoint of its efficient application in the blast furnace process, in chemical industry, and also as fuel. The development of this task is the physical substantiation of the formation of coke piece strength. A method based on gasification is proposed to evaluate the size distribution of molecular oriented domains L_с(lamella height) and L_a(lamella length) indexes. It has been established through the analysis of the structure of large and small domains that large domains are less reactive in comparison with the small ones. For this reason, it is possible to use gasification with carbon dioxide to remove small domains leaving the large domains within the coke pieces. Results of the experiments provide evidence that mainly large domains remain in coke pieces after gasification. The indexes L_с and L_a were determined to increase approximately by a factor of 1.5 after gasification.

Elastic cryogels of rubber-like consistency were formed from a two-component solution of polyvinyl alcohol in water after a freeze-thaw cycle. Interest in these ecologically friendly polymer cryostructurates with their inherent viscoelasticity is due to their high potential as structural materials in oil mining and construction industry. Cryogels based on the aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol containing the particles of soil or fine coal as the dispersed phase, as well as emulsified mineral oil waste, are proposed for practical use. The rheological characteristics of the polymer solution and the direct emulsion based on it are investigated, along with the elastic and waterproofing properties of filled cryogels. It is demonstrated that the materials based on multicomponent cryogels possess increased elasticity and good waterproofing properties, which allows them to be used as the materials for impervious screens in hydraulic structures. Cryogels were obtained after cryostructuring of the suspension of fine coal in the aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol, and their drying resulted in obtaining fuel briquettes with high physical, mechanical, and energy characteristics. These briquettes may be used for domestic and industrial properties. To solve environmental problems, a methodology for soil reclamation and development of a stable vegetation cover on the territory of mine facilities is proposed.

In a comparative vein, the existing and potentially possible methodological methods for delimiting zonal-provincial associations of forest-bog and peat-bog complexes are analyzed. It is shown that on geomorphological differences of locations under conditions of continuous interaction with climate elements, soils and vegetation, their relatively autonomous development in time and space is carried out. On the example of the northern part of the Ob and Tom interfluve, in accordance with the criteria of such relative autonomy, natural indicator variations in the taxation and phytocenotic structure of indigenous marsh forests and, for comparison, dry valley pine forests are characterized. In the ranks of their modern typological and morphosculptural organization, causal relationships of ecosystem diversity and productivity with water and mineral growing conditions are considered, which clearly affect the composition of the age generations of the «mother» forest stands, undersized undergrowth and juvenile renewal groups. On the basis of the dimensions of the positive elements of the phytogenic micro- and mesorelief, large-hillock and cushion-like surfaces of oligotrophic and mesotrophic pine forests with mossy-lichen-shrub vegetation are typified, in peat deposits of which permafrost aquicludes and ice lenses-migratory are regularly localized. In especially moistened eutrophic pine forests with grass-mossy and low-grass vegetation, the phytogenic relief is considered in the system of different-height, scattered and merged tussocks, as well as near-stem mounds, which are formed by frameworks of skeletal roots draped with coniferous-leaf litter, grass rags, green Bryidae Engl. and hypnum Hypnales W. R. Buck et Vitt tows mosses. Taking into account these and a number of other factors, the trend of ambiguous settlement of self-sowing and pine Pinus L. undergrowth under the canopy of «mother» forest stands is estimated. Phytocenotic and inventory indication of pine forests, based on the system-sampling method of assessment, expands the understanding of the comparative range of variability in the structure of both marsh and upland pine forests that have reached the climax or approached the stages of self-development.

Here we analyzed the data on the burning of the territory of the national park «Krasnoyarsk Stolby» annually recorded in the protected area and the buffer zone as part of long-term observations of natural processes. Information on fires was summarized starting from 1942 onwards and converted into the ArcGis database. A digital model of the fire history in the national park has been obtained, which includes 176 fire sites (610 tax. divisions), 40 (58 tax. divisions) of which are known by repeated fires. A retrospective analysis of the actual burning of forests in this territory for the period from 1942 to 2020 was carried out. The frequency of fires and burnout areas differ significantly for different functional zones of the national park, depending on the protection regime. The most frequently combustible (2.4 events per year) are sites with a recreational use regime, where the interval between fires not exceeding 2 years. The largest burned sites were in the strict strictly protected zone in 1956 and 2002. Ground fires of low and medium intensity became predominant over the entire period. In terms of area coverage, the most extensive fires occurred in the period from 1997 to 2006 with 1744 hectares covered by fires, including repeated fires in the same areas in different years. The joint analysis of the maps of the burning of the territory and the data on forest types showed that most fires for all considered period took place in stands where the dominant species was Scots pine Рinus sylvestris L. (59 %). The strictly protected zone of the national park is the least protected from major fires in the future, due to the high class of natural fire hazard in recent years because of the massive drying up of conifer stands (mainly fir) and a high degree of accumulation of forest fuel due to the long absence of fires in the protected area as a whole.

The results of long-term studies of taxonomic diversity and ecological and trophic features of the mycobiota of urban birch forests of Krasnoyarsk, which are subjected to an average degree of recreational load, are presented. 234 species of macromycetes have been identified, of which only less than half are found regularly, most of them are detected rarely or singly. The main part of the mycobiota, rich in single-species taxa, is made up of fungi of the order Agaricales Underw.; in terms of the number of species in the family spectrum, the families Russulaceae Lotsy, Agaricaceae Chevall., and Inocybaceae Jülich. are the leaders. The generic spectrum is dominated by Russula Pers., Inocybe (Fr.) Fr. and Mycena (Pers.) Roussel. The ecological and trophic structure of the mycobiota is dominated by xylotrophs, mycorrhiza formers, and humus saprotrophs. Widely specialized xylosaprotrophs predominate over xyloparasites, which are rarely found on living trees. Among the mycorrhiza-forming species, the proportion of representatives of the Russulaceae and Inocybaceae families is high. Among the humus saprotrophs, there are species characteristic of both forests and open habitats. The presence of a large number of synanthropic species in the dominant taxonomic and ecological-trophic groups of macromycetes indicates a pronounced impact of recreational pressure on the formation of mycobiota in urban forests. On the fallen birch, Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers, listed in the Red Data Book of Krasnoyarsk Krai, is regularly found. Several more rare species of fungi subject to protection were identified in the study area in previous years.

The woody and shrubby plants species composition and vital status at the territory of Krasnoyarsk Central Park were studied. The purpose of the work is to determine the tree and shrub species composition at the territory of the Central Park, to assess their vital status, to study the arboriflora structure and biodiversity, to identify dominant and single species, to give recommendations for improving the species composition and plantings quality. The studies were carried out in August 2021. The assessment of the species diversity, vital and sanitary condition of the park’s tree and shrub vegetation was carried out by the method of a complete enumeration of trees. The planting vital index determination was carried out using the generally accepted method of visual assessment of tree and shrub vegetation. It has been established that the Central Park arboriflora is represented by 86 species of plants, including: 39 species of trees, 46 species of shrubs and 1 species of vines. Arboriflora consists of 4470 plant (4133 trees, 337 shrubs), growing in the alley cropping, group planting, solitaires, boskets (total length 582 m) as well as hedge grow (50 m). The plantings vitality index is 1.99, which corresponds to a weakened or slightly damaged stands. The arboriflora structure was determined, its features were identified. The species that make the main contribution were identified. The most stable and weakened species of the park’s arboriflora were identified. Recommendations to stand developing of Krasnoyarsk Central Park were formulated based on the obtained results. It is advisable to apply park reconstruction proposals for urban spaces landscaping in similar environmental conditions.

Fossil wood that is ca 7 million years old from Bükkábrány (Hungary) was analyzed by thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to evaluate alterations of its chemical composition. A wood sample of bald cypress ( Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) from West Hungary was taken as a reference. The fossil wood was characterized by higher contents of total carbon (58.05 %) and total nitrogen (0.44 %) compared to recent wood. TG of fossil wood showed a high heterogeneity of wood substance, significant loss of polysaccharides and enrichment by lignin including more thermally stable components (> 500 °C). The enthalpy change (∆H) of combustion (thermo-oxidation) for fossil wood was significantly higher than for recent wood (-18.17 kJ/g vs. -11.41 kJ/g). Py-GC/MS analysis of fossil wood showed a significant depletion of polysaccharide pyrolysis products and an increase in lignin pyrolysis products compared to recent wood. The pyrolytic H/L ratio indicates a preferential loss of polysaccharides in fossil wood. Polysaccharide pyrolysis products were rare and represented mainly by levoglucosan. Lignin also underwent substantial changes. A dramatic decrease in monomers, an increase in short side chain compounds and the presence of demethylated/demethoxylated compounds in the composition of lignin pyrolysis products are indicative of lignin alteration (degradation). Moreover, a high abundance of styrene, cresols, phenol and phenolic compounds was observed.

The article analyzes the scientific achievements and heritage of Anatoly Platonovich Abaimov, a well-known dendrologist and forester, who have made a great contribution to the study of larch Larix Mill. species in Siberia and the Far East, larch forests in the permafrost zone, as well as the features and patterns of the forest formation process in them. Anatoly P. Abaimov has substantiated the quantitative and qualitative morphological signs to distinguish larches Gmelin ( Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen.) and Cajander ( L. cajanderi Mayr), described their ecological specialization and clinal geographical variability of morphological features, proved an introgressive hybridization between these larch species. He characterized in detail the forestry and taxation specificity, ecological functions and dynamics of Siberian larch formations under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. Anatoly P. Abaimov has marked the beginning of long-term Russian-Japanese cooperation in the field of assessing the global role of the permafrost forest ecosystems in the emission and absorption of greenhouse gases. The public and pedagogical activity of Anatoly P. Abaimov is characterized. A list of scientific papers and a list of dissertations defended under his supervision are given.

New experimental data have been obtained on the Workman-Reynolds freezing potential of water and the electric current from an external source through the ice melting front. A new model of the phenomenon is proposed, which takes into account the capture of protons and hydroxide ions by interstices of the ice lattice acting as charge traps. The model provides a semi-quantitative explanation of the observed features of the phenomenon.

The prerequisites and modeling of possible outburst floods in the valley of the Bodomdara River (Tajikistan) are considered using detailed field data. According to the route survey results, Lake Bodomdara Upper is a supraglacial lake, which assumes possibility of its outburst leading to a cascade outburst flood. The depression of Lake Bodomdara Lower is relatively stable, and its outburst is possible without cascade flooding at anomalously high temperatures, upon snowmelt combined with extreme rainfall. Two probable scenarios are considered: (I) the outburst of Lake Bodomdara Lower (its volume comprised 328 000 m³ according to the bathymetric survey of 2020) and (II) the cascade outburst flood of Lake Bodomdara Upper (700 000 m³). Digital elevation model (DEM) ALOS PALSAR (12.5 m) and DEM based on images from an unmanned aerial vehicle for the Bodmodara River alluvial fan were used for predicting flood consequences. The outburst flood hydrographs for scenarios I and II were obtained using the lake outburst model developed by Yu.B. Vinogradov and an empirical formula, respectively. The material increment was estimated in the transport-shift model of mudflow formation. The resulting hydrograph was applied for zoning the Bodomdara and Shahdara river valleys with a total length of 75 km based on the FLO-2D model. According to the modeling, the maximum water discharge at the top of the alluvial cone of the Bodomdara River will reach 143 m³/s under scenario I and 348 m³/s under scenario II.

Many elements of the natural environment are areal objects that change their position and shape at all scales of variability. For sea ice, such elements can be fast ice, drifting ice, polynyas, ice massifs, boundaries of multi-year ice. In other earth sciences, these are the boundaries of glaciers, permafrost, snow cover, forest zone, various isolines of meteorological and oceanological fields (isotherms, isobars, etc.). To analyze such objects, approximations in the form of a grid area (rasterization) or a system of sections are usually used. In this article, we suggest a direct analysis of these objects based on operations with vector polygons. An efficient algorithm for calculating the probability (frequency of occurrence) of an unlimited number of polygons has been developed and tested. A criterion for selecting one of the real edges of a polygon as an analogue of the isoline of probability of intersections of polygons is proposed. The developed method has been tested using data on the fast ice of the Kara Sea taken from the digital ice charts developed by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute for 1998-2020. As a result, the maps of fast ice probability for the cold season of each year and for a given time of the year for the entire considered period have been obtained. Based on these data, the operational characteristics of fast ice have been estimated, and a tendency for a decrease in the area of fast ice during the considered period has been revealed. For the beginning of May (period of the maximum development of fast ice), analogues from factual observations characterizing extreme, median, and quartile probability isolines of fast ice occurrence have been found.

The results of studies of the methane content in the active layer and upper permafrost horizon in the areas of the Marre-Sale station (western Yamal Peninsula) and the Pechora River mouth are presented. Data on the methane content in Quaternary permafrost and ground ice of different geneses and data on methane emission from the surface of typical tundra in Marre-Sale are analyzed. The highest methane content in sediments of both the active layer and the upper permafrost is characteristic of boggy floodplains and waterlogged depressions on the surface of the marine terrace. In well-drained landscapes, methane is virtually absent in sediments of the active layer. In the upper permafrost, its content 5-6 times higher than in the overlying active layer. A large amount of methane (on average, about 2 mL/kg) is contained in loamy clay marine sediments at the base of the Marre-Sale section, as well as in the massive ice. The distribution of methane in permafrost and ground ice is close to a lognormal distribution. Significant methane flux (up to 10.7 mg/(m² ·h ) has been determined for highly moistened surfaces occupying about 45-50 % of the area of a typical tundra.

Conditions of the origin, existence, and melting of the superimposed ice are considered for Bellingshausen Ice Dome on Fildes Peninsula of King George (Waterloo) Island near Antarctic Peninsula. Every year, accumulation of superimposed ice on the ice dome reaches about 15 cm. In years with positive mass balance on the ice dome, the thickness of superimposed ice increases. The maximum measured thickness of perennial superimposed ice on the ice dome is equal 145-150 cm reaching 300 cm in some places. Significance of the superimposed ice in the ice mass balance of Bellingshausen Ice Dome in different years during the observation period from 2007 to 2021 is estimated. It is argued that regime field observations are necessary for finding seasonal boundary of the superimposed ice as the altitude of the equilibrium line.

Doctor of Geographical Sciences, chief researcher of the Laboratory of General Geocryology of the Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleksey Aleksandrovich Galanin passed away on September 8, 2022. A well-known specialist in geomorphology, evolutionary geography, and paleogeographic reconstruction of periglacial landscapes of the northeast of Russia in Pleistocene and Holocene, Aleksey Galanin will be remembered as a talented researcher with lively mind, enthusiasm, and passion for science, a warm-hearted and wonderful person.