Home – Home – Jornals – ECO journal (ECOnomics and industrial Engineering) 2018 number 1

The article objective is to consider the Old Believers’ reading practices. The repertoire and existence of both Old Russian and Old Believers hand-written miscellanies have attracted the attention of researches for a long time; a special term for the field of philology studying medieval collections - “miscellanology” has recently appeared. A hand-written miscellany allows understanding the readers’ interests of the compiler, as well as gives an interesting material to study the process of its existence in the presence of owners’ records and litters. The article deals with a manuscript miscellany of the 18th century written by raznochinetz Ivan Ivanov; nowadays it is stored in the Manuscripts and Book Monuments Department of Tomsk State University Research Library. The paper presents characteristics of the miscellany content and ornamentation. It shows that the manuscript contains texts being read both by the Orthodox, and Old Believers. It is established that the miscellany scriber was not an Old Believer, but later the manuscript appeared in the Old Believer environment and the text was corrected (for example, in the name “Jesus” the first letter was scraped off). The author analyzes ownership records, which show that the miscellany belonged to Matryona Tiunova. The question arises about relations of M. Tiunova and Tiunovs’ Old Believer family, who lived in hermitages of the Tomsk region. The base for this assumption is the similarity of M. Tiunova and Maria Fedorovna Tiunova handwritings. The article shows that the spiritual verses copied by M. Tiunova in the manuscript fields existed among the Orthodox environment. The author makes an assumption about the miscellany existence in the Old Believers surroundings: the manuscript originally was created by a person, who didn`t belong to the Old Believers, but it was also demanded in the Old Believers environment. This fact is another evidence of the complex interaction between the Orthodox and Old Believers peasant cultures, and material for the study of peasant reading practices.

The article objective is to review the polemics of the priestless Old Believers about khomonia in the late XIX - early XX centuries in the context of legalization of the Old Believer schism and cultural modernization. The paper tries to define the place of a liturgical edition prepared by L.A. Grebnev, an Old Believer leader. Researchers examining these polemics have considered only its individual cases. In contrast, the present article characterizes these debates as a holistic phenomenon and analyzes factors of the polemics intensification at the centuries turn. The paper is built around Grebnev’s liturgical version, a scholarly description of which has already been published. This article first analyzes Grebnev’s work in the context of priestless polemics about church singing. These debates also touch upon wider problems of identity and adapting tradition in accordance with calls of a changing epoch. The study is sustained along the lines of intellectual history, has a multidisciplinary character: the methods of the historical discipline are combined with those from musicology. An analysis of Grebnev’s work allows us to uncover the author’s intent and characterize the way of editing liturgical texts. His plan was compared with the ideas sounded in the priestless polemics. An analysis of modern liturgical performances by Fedoseevtsy and Pomortsy in Vyatka allows us to make some remarks about the development of priestless liturgical chanting and evaluate the alternatives to the debates about khomonia. The author concludes that the legalization of the Old Believer schism enabled the polemics about chanting. The entry of the Old Believers into public space posed the problem of how they should integrate themselves into the modernizing society while maintaining their authentic character, including their unique chant tradition. According to the educational practice of this time, Grebnev founded a school for teaching the hook-note chanting. In order to make the liturgical language more comprehensible, he sought to remove anachronisms, including khomonia during his editorial work. Thus, he went directly from oral debates to preparing a version of liturgical texts. However, his work along with the polemics themselves were interrupted by the Bolshevik power, which had raised another problem of the Old Believers’ survival.

The article offers to examine a case of modern reaction of a national Orthodoxy representative to the heretical (on his mind) idea of a bar code as the Antichrist’s seal. The essay is based on the original scenario of the world history and its ending. Its author, A.G. Murachev, borrowed the basis of his theory on Roman genesis of modern states and the united proletariat as the Antichrist’s servant from his mentor, Father Simeon, the hegumen of Lower Yenisey Dubches sketes, who died in Stalin’s labor camps after the skete destruction in 1951. His essays with theoretical formulations connected the ancient exegetics of Revelation to John with modern life were preserved and copied out in the sketes and peasant’s surrounding community. A.G. Murachev has significantly developed the ideas of Father Simeon, but without his great authority, hasn’t found many adherers in sketes - the main spiritual center of Old Belief supporters of a priestless sect. Among other disagreements there was one worth mentioning. A.G. Murachev unlike the skete ideologists believed that the end of the world according to a series of evidences was rather remote. In particular, this was the reason why he denied the theory of a computer-Antichrist that got into the Lower Yenisey Old Believers’ society and included the idea of a bar code as the Antichrist antipode’s seal, who, presumbly, had already come to this world. A.G. Murachev inexactly called this theory ‘Baptist tales’, as in the 1970s this theory was distributed by the New Evangelistic Church. The Yenisey scholar treated this theory as something alien to the Orthodoxy, and criticized his coreligionists for their interest towards this unorthodox heresy. The essay analyzed in the article is a perfect sample of manifestation against the transconfessionalism (term introduced by G.L. Freeze). In the meantime, borrowing of ideas from other confessions (Catholicism - through Ukrainian writers and Protestantism) was pointed out for the supporters of a priestless sect by N.N. Pokrovsky, N.D. Zol’nikova, et al. Thus, A.G. Murachev’s paper shows the ambiguousness of the confessional interaction process among the Old Believers.

Two documents are introduced into the scientific circulation, which are the evidence of difficult food and material situation in Khakass countryside in the first post-war years. The memorandum of the People’s Commissariat of the State Security district department describes a severe famine that struck a number of collective farms in Tashtyp region in early 1946. It was caused by the actual cessation of the food provision to collective farmers as a payment for labor. The note of the Khakass Autonomous Oblast authorities to the Council of Ministers of the USSR on February 8, 1947 reported that the crop failure of 1946 left the collective farmers without bread. According to the memorandum authors, the hunger could have a negative impact on the results of spring sowing and other economic campaigns. Thus, the famine in the Khakass countryside began already in winter of 1945/46 and continued in 1946-1947.

The article analyzes a unified image of “chiefs” and characteristics of public officials and officers described in diaries and memoirs of three Cossacks, who were born in Siberia: P.V. Belokopytov, R.K. Bogdanov, A.P. Kazin. The memoirs reflect not only individual opinions of the authors, but also point of view of their social community. The author defines factors influencing the features of these images. Participation in military operations put to the forefront the martial qualities of the officers, the Transbaikalian Cossacks highly appreciated the knowledge of lifestyle, which caused a disfavor towards “strangers” - officers who came from other regions. The direct authorities showed much care about their subordinates lives and safety, lifestyle and property. The high-ranking officials showed accessibility, skilful region management, patronage for the common Cossacks. Taking into account the respect to the particular chiefs and loyalty to the monarch, the memoirs analyzed overall authorities’ characteristics, which were mostly negative. Individual peculiarities of these public officials, changes in memoirs authors’ status and social-political environment, chiefs’ communicative practices and ability to get on with subordinates played very important role.

The article analyzes an institutional structure for managing the spatial development of a Russian federal subject; specifically it examines functions, powers, schemes, and procedures related to the practices of regional authorities from the perspective of ensuring unity and interconnection between the regional and municipal levels of administration. We study contemporary problems of managing regional socio-economic development against the background of a new state and municipal governance system in the works. The article proposes methodological approaches to justifying the design concepts for the institutional system of regional governance that provides integrated socio-economic development of regions. We consider issues in executing the authorities’ powers to develop territories in an integrated fashion; the institutional problems of land matters and integrated development of rural areas; issues in managing the development of entrepreneurship and regional infrastructure; as well as the role of an innovation system in modeling an integrated approach to territory development. We show some features of the design, structure, and content of the institutional system for managing regional socio-economic development. We offer recommendations on how to establish powers, specific rights, duties, and functions of the institutional structures for regional governance, to devise a system of regional regulatory documents ensuring improved governance reliability and quality, to substantiate regulators that provide economic interest in the sphere where regional government bodies interact with business structures, to form an essential regional and municipal statistics database, to create an infrastructure which would assist in transiting to an effective institutional governance system with the help of new information technologies.

The research justifies principles and a methodology of the multidimensional structuring of institutional maintenance of region’s social and economic development as a federal subject. It generalizes problems and trends of modern development affecting the structure of institutional maintenance. We compose a new approach to institutional maintenance ordering, which proves multidimensional characteristics of an institutional system across space and time. The article marks out elements of institutional maintenance (aims, institutions, mechanisms, and evaluations of results) and defines related concepts. Structuring principles are developed that consider management levels, territorial and sectoral aspects of the economy, a combination of strategic and tactical decisions, elements of a regional system, etc. The research methodology relies on a complex of approaches: subject-functional, system, organizational, strategic, and interdisciplinary. We design parameters for a multidimensional structural model of region’s institutional system and examine their interrelations. The article contains recommendations on how to use this model to create an information retrieval system.

The article uses the methods of the endogenous growth theory to study the relationship between financial development and economic dynamics at the national and subnational levels. It identifies the regularities in the dependence of the parameters values for the regional growth models on the class of regions. We categorize the regions according to how developed the level of banking intermediation is. The regions are grouped by the composite banking services density index (following the methodology by the Bank of Russia). Having analyzed the panel data on 75 regions of the Russian Federation between 2002 and 2014, we found evidence in favor of greater elasticity of regional GDP on the banking intermediation indicators in the groups of regions with the medium level of financial development. Thus, we do not reject a hypothesis for the non-monotonic relation between finance and growth among different groups of Russian regions. For regional studies in Russia focused on the issue of economic development factors, this means a need to increase attention to the development of nonpublic sectors of the regional financial systems. Another consequence is that the search for convergence mechanisms should be oriented towards the institutions providing financial development.

The article exposes the results of monitoring the socio-economic development of Altai Krai under economic instability. We reveal development peculiarities of a typical agro-industrial region. Along with the dynamics characteristics of the real economy, we consider movements in the region’s investment sphere, changes in the living standard of the population, the labor market condition, etc. The conclusion drawn is that the economy of the region under structural crisis has turned out to be more adapted as compared to an «average Russian» region, with less a pronounced reaction to the deteriorating external economic environment. Altai Krai is characterized by lagging crisis manifestation combined with a more rapid economic recovery. As a special feature of the region’s development, we also note a comparatively badly adapted labor market and too-slowly-growing standard of living indicators to overcome the historical development gap with the rest of Russia.

The authors evaluate the impact of human capital on economic dynamics in Russian regions against significant shifts in the educational structure of the employed population, characterized by a dominant share of people with higher education in most regions. The main hypothesis of the study states that only specific groups of regions could obtain real benefits from a significant increase in the share of employed with higher education. The results of estimation of panel regressions with fixed effects demonstrate that human capital accumulation somewhat increases the rates of economic growth in regions with industrial specialization, high scientific potential, and those located in the western part of Russia. The human capital has no significant effect on economic growth in regions with specialization in services and mining. An increase in the share of employed with higher education increases growth rates in underdeveloped and agricultural regions with decreasing return to scale. The low share of the gainfully employed population with basic vocational education constrains growth in regions specializing in industrial production and services. At the same time, the human capital concentrated in the research and development sector has no significant effect on growth even in the regions with high scientific potential due to the «disconnected» character of regional innovation systems and the low level of demand for innovations from the majority of Russian industrial enterprises.

The article analyzes the changes in the scale and structure of real and potential rural youth migration and the impact they suffer from the key regulators in Altai Krai since the early 2000s. The analysis is carried out by using statistics, results of quantitative and qualitative surveys among ordinary citizens and experts, government policy documents, and media materials. We describe the model of rural youth migratory flows regarding pendulum and seasonal migration and provide a quantitative estimation for migration magnitudes. The article uncovers an increasing influence of family and kin networks as a catalyst for youth migration to cities and a growing role of rural business as its inhibitor. We identify how effectively or poorly the state policy impacts the socio-economic development of the region’s rural areas, the social situation of rural youth and, as a result, reducing migration. We propose state policy trends aimed at improving the social status of rural youth and decreasing their migration rate.

The article describes strategies for adaptation to the crisis conditions of 2014-2015 performed by urban and rural residents of Siberia, who have experience in overcoming earlier crises. We use the data collected from semi-formalized interviews to analyze people’s ways of adapting to the crisis, as well as conceptions about how their actions during previous crises hindered or helped to adapt to the crisis today. We design a typology of adaptation strategies that includes ones for minimizing risks, maximizing benefits, «temporary conservation» and combined strategies. The conclusion is drawn that the boundaries of crises are relatively blurred, which indicates that individuals «hit» crises unequally. Moreover, we show that crisis events, interpreted against individual and family biographies, are described as «personal crises» not always tied to formal crisis years in Russia, but rooted in regionally specific contexts and related to significant biographical developments. Both groups of urban and rural residents invent their own rules and anti-crisis measures; they rethink the experience of overcoming previous crises in the context of events that are relevant today.

The article analyzes features of how industrial elites visualize those problems (collisions) of manufacturing enterprises which are objectively connected with technological innovations: available resources including human capital, social barriers and catalyst factors for innovation, technological innovation networks, etc. As an information base for research, we use an expert sociological survey held among chief executives of manufacturing enterprises in Novosibirsk. We draw several conclusions. The industrial policy pursued by the Russian federal government deeply frustrates experts in terms of innovative development challenges. Technological innovation networks at enterprises under study are formed de facto within a compressed local socio-economic space, and infringed at that, since the years of market reform saw destructive deindustrialization processes which prompted the degeneration of the regional and interregional innovation networks that had developed in the Soviet era, the system of former technological interactions collapsed and disintegrated whereas new networks and interactions shape up slowly and hesitantly. The subject of human capital in industry, when put within a dynamically changing technological and innovative reality, comes out as ambiguous: on the one hand, it is claimed that employees are highly proficient; on the other hand, it is recognized that the innovative capacity is not yet unlocked for objective reasons. Inflamed tensions among key agents in the field of technological innovation (manufacturing enterprises and federal agencies) create additional obstructions for Russia to the path of innovative development, so they must be deescalated.

The article explores the relationship between the sizes of the shadow economy and agriculture, and verifies the statement that the growing agricultural share in GDP leads to an increase in the shadow economy. We present the results of testing the statistical interrelation between the size of the shadow economy in Russian regions and the indicators reflecting the size of agriculture (distribution of the rural and urban population over the total population, the share of agricultural production in the GRP). The research method involves analyzing the approximation curves constructed from scatter plots using the urban population ratio and the logarithm of the shadow sector indicators. We incorporate the Rosstat data and authors’ calculations measuring the size of the shadow economy in Russian regions for 2002-2013. The article confirms a hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between the size of the shadow sector and the share of agriculture in the economy. In regions, the size of the shadow economy is notably interrelated with the proportion of the rural population and moderately interrelated with the share of agriculture, hunting, and forestry in GRP. We observe gradually increasing informal employment in non-agricultural activities. The conclusion is as follows: further rural-urban migration and urban population growth will increase the size of the shadow economy in the least urbanized regions and decrease it in semi-urbanized regions.

The article explores the issues of assessing the prospects of a transport corridor along the Asia-Europe route through Mongolia as an addition to various direct links between China and Russia. The results of model experiments with fuzzy sets show that transit through Mongolia’s territory will only intensify providing that there is an active state policy to regulate rail and road transport fares and that a logistics center will be built in Ulaanbaatar.

The article analyzes eco-economic processes taking place in the Russian federal subjects of the Baikal region. We assess eco-intensity according to a system of indicators that characterize the specific values of the negative environmental impact per unit ofeconomic result. The article shows that the specific negative impact on the environment with respect to different types of pollutants may vary rather significantly across regions; therefore, it is hardly advisable to develop environmental policy measures based on consolidated figures, and it is essential to find more subtle tools of eco-economic regulation. We recognize growing eco-intensity in the international commerce for the «Production and distribution of electricity, gas, and water» across all the three federal subjects of the Baikal region. It indicates that this sector has not seen practically any environmental advancements for almost 9 years, despite the post-2000 reforms in the power economy and housing services, and that it should still be in focus of eco-economic policy. The most important tasks in Baikal region development are to draft measures that would facilitate transitioning to the best available technologies and to create new green and high-tech economic sectors with minimal negative impact on the environment.

In a dynamically changing situation with the use of renewables in regional economy, a need arises to research the current state of this process and the developing tendencies. The article presents the main results of the research. We reveal prerequisites for an increase in renewable power generation capacities, show technologic innovations and restrictions to the use of certain renewables in various territories of the Siberian Federal District. The article gives results of the analysis of the current state and construction plans of power stations based on renewable power sources in district regions. In the medium term, water and sun are the largest power sources in scale in Siberia.

The article studies complex investment plans to modernize monotowns in Kemerovo Oblast and analyzes financing of pilot diversification projects. We develop a toolkit for analyzing and assessing the efficiency of monotowns’ diversification. Using 21 municipal formations in the region as an example, we discover a correlation between diversification indices. The article plots a matrix of diversification efficiency upon which the municipal formations are grouped. We design an autoregressive efficiency model with evidence from Berezovsky monotown.

The results of experimental studies aimed at determining methane formation mechanisms in the aerobic plant phyllosphere and the contribution of vegetation to global methane emission are reviewed and summarized. Until recently, methane formation and emission by biogenic sources had been associated exclusively with activities of methanogenic archaea growing under anaerobic conditions of water bodies and streams, swamps, rice fields, dumps, and the gastrointestinal tract of animals and termites. However, as demonstrated by modern data, methane formation is also possible via not only the microbial route, in the aerobic plant phyllosphere. Although the mechanism of anaerobic methane formation in plants is not clearly identified, the interconnection between the observed liberation of methane by plants and UV radiation impact and other physiological stresses (temperature change and plant physical trauma) recorded on the example of numerous experimental works demonstrates that this is a general process occurring in the presence of oxygen. It is considered that during UV radiation impact and other physiological stresses on plants, chemical reactions with the formation of oxygen active species start and consequently, some amount of methane is liberated from methoxyl groups of plant pectins (and according to some data, also from plant cellulose and lignin) as part of cell dissolution process. Using very diverse approaches, it is estimated that the most probable range of total methane emission by vegetation is 20-60 Tg/yr. Herewith, the fraction of foliar methane emission related to ultraviolet irradiation of pectin does not exceed 5% of global methane emission by vegetation, ~60% of which falls on tropical latitudes.

The effect of surfactants on the rate of the target reaction of tellurium precipitate from alkaline tellurium solutions and the side reaction of further reduction to ditelluride anions, and also current efficiency and morphology of cathode tellurium precipitates is examined on a graphite electrode pre-coated with tellurium sludges by the voltammetry method. Sodium lignosulphonate and polyvinyl alcohol have a weak effect on the rates of both cathode reactions and therefore on morphology of tellurium precipitates, as demonstrated. Tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide additive inhibits both reactions but simultaneously worsens the quality of cathode precipitate: there generated a powdery sludge that is partly poured out from the substrate and is almost completely rinsed away upon water washing. The most efficient additive to obtain dense tellurium precipitates is OP-10 wetting agent. It substantially inhibits tellurium deposition and suppresses the side reaction of its dissolution in the virtually important range of potentials until the maximum current. At the same time, OP-10 significantly improves precipitate morphology and ensures obtaining fine-crystalline dense cathode tellurium precipitates.

The paper presents results of comparative study of composition and structure of nitrogen-containing resin bases of heavy oil from the Usinsk field before and after thermal effects at 450 ^oС for 30 min. Different molecular mass nitrogen-containing bases are isolated using sedimentation methods with hydrogen chloride and sulphuric-acid extraction from initial and thermolised resins. High molecular mass compounds comprise the bulk of bases in both cases, however, their fraction in thermolysed resins is substantially lower. Thermally transformed bases have lower masses compared to the initial ones. Structural group analysis and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry techniques examine the composition of the isolated compounds. Middle molecules of nitrogen-containing resin bases of both types consist of polycyclic rings that include aromatic and saturated cycles with different alkyl frames, as demonstrated. Average species of thermolysed resin compounds are more aromatic due to a decrease in the fraction of naphthene and alkyl fragments. In the composition of bases of initial and thermolysed resins, there are alkyl derivatives of quinoline, benzoquinoline, dibenzoquinoline, and azapyrene, the maximum of the distribution of which falls at alkylbenzoquinolines. The fraction of alkylquinolines is elevated among azaarenes of thermolysed resins. A higher fraction of structures with a lower number of carbon atoms in alkyl substituents is typical for all types of bases of thermolysed resins. It may be assumed that the identified compounds would enter into the composition of distillate fractions during thermal processing of heavy hydrocarbon raw materials. This is necessary to consider in solving issues related to preparation of high-quality fuels and lubricants based thereon.

The results of the study of chemical and phase compositions, IR spectroscopy analysis, morphology, specific surface area, pH of aqueous extract, and magnetic susceptibility of vermiculite samples from the Koksharovsky deposit of Primorsky Krai (the mineral, concentrate, and intumesced product) are presented. Comparative analysis of samples of vermiculite from Koksharovsky and Kovdor deposits of different origins was carried out.

Properties of anticorrosive coatings based on water-dispersive copolymers pigmented with manganese species were studied. It was found that the inclusion of the synthesized pigments into the composition of coatings elevated their ability to suppress underfilm steel corrosion. The compositions of anticorrosive primers that exceeded industrial analogues according to the efficiency of protective action were proposed.

Efficient nanocontainers based on noncovalent electrostatic complexes, such as sulfonated calix(4)resorcinol - cationic surfactants (CR - CS) with regulated solubilization and catalytic activity, were developed. Mono-, di-, and tetra-quaternized derivatives of 1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane were used as CS. Reaction kinetics for hydrolysis of esters of acids of phosphorus, namely, 4-nitrophenyl-O-ethyl chloromethyl phosphonate, in the presence of CR - CS mixed compositions was studied by UV spectroscopy method during variation in the number of cationic centres of CS and addition of a hydrophobic dye (Orange-OT). Reaction parameters (the specific reaction rate in the micellar phase, substrate binding constant with aggregates, and the critical micelle concentration) attest to the fact that CR - mono-cationic surfactant system has the maximum catalytic activity.

The effect of heavy high molecular mass components of crude oil (asphaltenes, resins, and aromatic hydrocarbons) on its aggregative stability was studied on the example of heavy oils from the Usinsk field. The componential composition of oil samples was determined by precipitation and chromatography methods. Different spectral characteristics in the visible region that allow operatively comparing the resistance of crude oil against precipitation of asphaltenes were determined by the method of electron spectroscopy. For this purpose, dynamic curves of a change in the optical density were removed in solvent/precipitator (toluene/hexane) system and light absorption (C₅₀₀) and colour (Cc) coefficients were computed. The stability of crude oil was determined by not only the ratio of resin and asphaltene components, as demonstrated. Oil aggregative stability versus the degree of condensation and a network of aromatic compounds was revealed using colour coefficient.

Complex comparative analysis of some modifiers based on refractory ceramic particles was carried out. Compositions based on nanodispersed tungsten and titanium carbides were obtained by a combined method (self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in combination with mechanochemical treatment). In experiments on intra-mould modification of grey cast iron and 110G13L steel, they demonstrated the maximum efficiency compared to other studied modifiers: within ceramic phase concentrations of 0.013-0.2 %, for gray cast iron, an increase in tensile strength was to 20 %, in hardness - to 13 %, in wear resistance - to 69 %, in corrosion resistance - 2.6 times; for steel, an increase in temporary tear resistance reached 18.0 %, in relative elongation - to 40 %, grain size reduction - by 6.8 times. As demonstrated during modification of grey cast iron by additives containing nanodispersed ceramic phases, not only the concentrations and composition of modifiers but also various process parameters (the design, the volume of the mold, the method of introduction of modifiers, etc. ) should be taken into account.

A colorimetric sensor based on a transparent polymethacrylate matrix modified with diphenylcarbazone was developed with a view to spectrophotometric determination of Hg(II) in various objects. The effect of pH of a solution of diphenylcarbazone on its immobilization into a polymer matrix was studied. The maximum value of the analytical signal was reached near 520 nm and remained almost unchanged in the 3-11 рН range, as established. During the study of complexation of diphenylcarbazone immobilized into a matrix with mercury(II) ions, there were found optimum conditions for determination of Hg²:^: рН 2.5-4 and duration of the interaction of mercury with diphenylcarbazone (with violet complex formation) of no more than 15 min. Mercury content was determined spectrophotometrically in the 1-25 µg/dm³ range by measuring absorption of light near 540 nm. The developed procedure of express analysis of mercury(II) was tested during studying organomercury granosan pesticide by indirect electrooxidation.

Decomposition and formation conditions of carbon dioxide hydrate were experimentally determined in porous matrix. As the latter, samples of γ, θ, and α phases of alumina with different porous structure, pore size distribution, and specific surface area were selected. The resulting deviation values of decomposition temperature from the equilibrium curve were compared with a possible diameter of hydrate species computed on the ground of the Gibbs-Thomson equations and known data about the porous structure of the used samples. Comparative analysis of the results of this work and earlier studies of hydrate formation processes in natural coals revealed qualitative differences.

The paper notes a crucial role of personal protective equipment (PPE) of skin integument during work with hazardous substances and liquidation of emergency at industry and transport enterprises. Earlier, two- and three-layer materials were used in the country and abroad to manufacture PPE of the isolating type. Currently, the leading companies manufacturing these means overseas for emergency PPE developed new four- and five-layer materials. These suits are present in the Russian market of PPE, however, their cost is quite high. For the first time in the country, the KazKhimNII JSC developed innovative multilayer LTL-1-2 material and its elastomer-based analogues. The universality of protective properties is due to selection of elastomers with different properties, specially developed formulations, and preparation method of composite materials. By protective properties, new isolating matters are not inferior to the best foreign materials of the highest level of protection. The developed innovative multilayer materials are designed to manufacture multifunctional isolating suits for personnel of industrial enterprises, objects of the Roscosmos State Corporation, and emergency response teams.

Research was carried out into the development of a lite protective flame-resistant rubberized material with a set of protective properties against aggressive media (acids and alkalis), gaseous highly toxic substances (chlorine and ammonia), solvents, and oils. The effect of the composition of rubbers on their protective properties was studied. Rubbers with improved protective properties were prepared on the basis of chlorosulphonated polyethylene combined with chloroprene rubber. A substantial impact of the nature of cross bonds and the type of vulcanizing agent on resistance of rubbers to aggressive media was determined. A series of antipyrenes with a total content of 60 pts. wt. were developed. They ensure preparation of self-extinguishing rubber upon preservation of residual durability. A protective lite material with the low surface density and good protecting properties compared to analogues was prepared on the ground of the data obtained.

Research into the development of siloxane rubbers with increased thermal and fire resistance was carried out. Rubber nanocomposites based on SKTB-1 siloxane rubber that were filled with aluminium trihydrate were obtained using domestic and foreign manufacture organobentonites. It was found that the introduction of organobentonites into siloxane rubbers filled with Al(OH)₃ contributed to an increase in their thermal and fire resistance. Fire-resistant and heat-protective materials, and also preparation technology of tissues by glue spreading using IBO 3320 and Siltex spreading machines were developed according to the results of experiments using glass, silica, and aramid fabrics as a reinforcing frame. Tests of the resulting materials were carried out and areas of application of protective clothing based thereon were proposed.

Properties of industrial copolymers were determined and the optimum ratios of monomers to obtain similar acrylic polymers were found. The effect of the composition of monomers on characteristic viscosity and relative hardness of acrylic copolymers based on methyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate was studied. The optimum conditions for synthesis of acrylic copolymer with required properties were defined. Spray plastic with good performance properties was developed.

By the example of four types of soils of Udmurtia, sorption process by them of arsenic and chromium ions in extremely toxic forms is considered. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are constructed based on acquired experimental data and constants pointing to weak adsorption power of soils of the Non-Black Earth Zone in relation to these anions are determined. High solubility of arsenic and chromium species against weak sorption capacity of soils determines environmental risks of active migration of As(III) and Cr(VI) anions along soil profile. Their mobility should be taken into account during environmental monitoring.

A new approach towards determination of structure and composition of fragments coupled via a C--O bond in ethers and esters of petroleum and natural bitumen oils is developed. It is based on the use of the known chemical reaction of selective cleavage of ether/ester bridges in petroleum oil components using BBr₃. Unlike the known approach involving the stage for reduction of products of chemical modification of oils with lithium aluminium hydride, it is proposed to analyse the composition of the resulting organic bromides by the GC-MS method. Mono- and dibromo derivatives of C₁₃-C₂₂ alkyltrimethylbenzenes are identified in chemical modification products on an example of natural bitumen oils from the Ashalchinsk field (Tatarstan). Unlike С₁₈-С₂₂ compounds, С₁₃-С₁₇ homologues are not detected in initial oils, therefore they are entirely coupled to other fragments of complex high molecular mass formations by one or two ester-ether bridges. Furthermore, as established during analysis of GC/MS results, there are ions corresponding to monobromides of characteristic fragment ions of n -alkanes, and also to mono- and dibromides of characteristic molecular ions of naphthalene, phenanthrene, dibenzothiophene, and their homologues. Hence, in complex high molecular mass formations of the studied oils, some of the listed compounds are linked via one or two ether/ester bridges.

One of the authors of the theory of administrative market Professor S. Kordonsky and Ph.D in Sociologу O. Molyarenko discuss in the joint interview matters such as the efficiency of public administration in Russia, relationship between society and the state, country and Government. Experts share their personal observations based on the five years work experience in the RF President’s Administration (S. Kordonsky) and a number sociological surveys in rural settlements in Russia’s regions (O. Moljarenko). They conclude that the State as an institution and a Country as a society, community are in parallel realities. The subjects of democratic institutions simulation in strata (caste) society and the ineffectiveness of the education borrowed in the West are also addressed.

On the basis of the report by O. Molyarenko presented at the conference “T. I. Zaslavskaya Memorial Lectures in Novosibirsk”. The author outlined some aspects of the statistical and other quantitative information collecting, which cause it’s mis-reporting and distorting and, ultimately, twist the description of real situation in the perception of the government bodies. One of the consequences of such distortions is the ever-deepening isolation between the authorities and the people.

The paper discusses the issues presented in the interview given by S. G. Kordonsky and O. A. Molyarenko’s and published in this volume such as the strong and weak aspects of field studies, reliability of the statistics, what role the government plays in providing management with qualitative information, and whether the structure of society in Russia is of a caste nature.

On the basis of re-considering the issue of the social nature of the Russian state and society of the second half of 19th - early 20th centuries and detailed characterization of the absolutist regime and its inherent modernization policies, the article throws light on the social contradictions which called forth the Great Russian revolution of 1917. According to the author, the revolution made apparent the civilizational specificities of Russia as a country combining in its development the social dynamics characteristic of the societies of the West and the East. Inertia of traditionalism and the structural distortions of capitalist development had given the events of 1917 the character of progressive anti-absolutist revolution combining the features of the failed bourgeois revolution, the victorious peasants’ revolt, the radical social turnover, and the traditionalist reaction.

The direction in the field of behavioral economics, so called nudge theory is described. Chicago professor Richard Thaler had been awarded Nobel prize on economics 2017 for it. The article provides examples of nudge theory practical applications. Author indicates that this theory develops restricted rationality conception, experimental and non-price economics.

Russia’s oil-and-gas sector development has its unique features, determined not only by resources potential but substantial influence of spatial factor. Knowledge-based and innovative middle and small companies are having better prospects in an earlier developed regions while new areas development better suits to the big vertically-integrated companies which have to play leader’s role.