Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2018 number 2

The paper explores the background of branch-wise education in the area of agriculture in pre-reform period. The author defines the peculiarities of agricultural education that deal with infrastructure of education process and research. The article analyzes current situation of higher education system of the Minsitry of Agriculture of Russia. The system includes 54 universities. The author finds out the problems that restrict functioning of national agricultural universities seen as low admission of students; low financing of agricultural universities; contradiction between higher education and vocational education in the sphere of agriculture; weak integration with research institutes and enterprises; insufficient level of research in universities; not efficient use of land resources that belong to agricultural universities; insufficient support for practical training of students. Sustainable development of agriculture depends mainly on personnel. The educational level of the chiefs of agricultural enterprises has arisen insufficiently in 2006-2016 and the educational level of the staff is rather low. The author observed that each 15th employee had higher education in agriculture in 2016. The author outlines that current institutional changes in agriculture require modernization of agricultural education.

In the context of systemic transformations, the Institute of Training of Personnel for Scientific Research focuses not only on the scientific community, but also on authorities. The changes that occurred in the Russian society at the turn of the century have revealed a serious inconsistency of the domestic university system for the training of scientific personnel, which was formed at the industrial stage of the development of society, the requirements of a society based on knowledge and information. On the one hand, the existing conservatism of university education is a way of self-preservation of the system, on the other hand, a knowledge-based society presents qualitatively new requirements for the training of scientific personnel in universities that have failed to adequately respond to the challenge of the time. The organizational culture of the German model of of university education, which not only was closer to the Russian one than the others, but also underwent significant changes in the series of numerous social upheavals and crises in the last century. As a result of the interdisciplinary analysis, the key principles of the organizational culture of German universities were revealed in the context of sociocultural transformation of society from the point of view of selection of entrants; сoncluded that the rejection of the idea of equality of all universities and the same ability of all students and the adoption of the right to «double choice» will allow universities to select the best students themselves without infringing on the rights of entrants, preserving social and strengthening academic criteria Such an approach, in turn, will lead to strengthening of the positions of domestic universities in the world educational market in terms of the quality of the training of intellectual personnel for scientific research.

Further training is the most dynamic area of personnel training for an innovative economy. Flexibility and responsiveness to external changes are the most typical features of educational services of this type. Despite the researchers’ interest, the prospects for this education type development are still not clarified. The author attempts to determine the prospects of university further training as one of its organization options. The study shows that the current situation in the organization of further training in Russian universities is not the same. In many ways this is associated with uncertainty of the purpose of the Institutes of Further Training and lack of understanding of market conditions. It is emphasized that educational organizations, like other subjects of economic activity, find themselves in a competitive environment. The necessity to offer unique and practice-oriented educational services is more important than ever. In connection with the ambiguity and controversy of the development of additional professional education, the author sees a number of promising directions in its development. Guided by a pragmatic method in the study, it is revealed that it is necessary to encompass as many students as possible, by appealing to the student audience. In addition, the prospects are seen in the development of cooperation with enterprises and in the differentiation and diversification of educational programs.

In the global economy of the 21st century the relations between social partners have a great variety of configurations. Their interaction is not always expressed in the search for competitive advantages. Lately there is an opposite tendency seen in the fact that the relations have become mutually beneficial. The article is devoted to the analysis of new forms of social partnership in the form of multilateral alliances between vocational education and business structures. Multilateral alliances are considered as an interdisciplinary problem in the context of modern scientific research in the field of economics, sociology, education, as a non-standard form of social relations, a civilized approach to their regulation based on a common policy, regulatory and legal support, and the parties' interest. The main subject of scientific discussions within the framework of intersectoral cooperation is the search for mechanisms of interaction resulting in a number of common approaches which are playing a significant role in achieving consensus in upholding social and industrial interests, quality assurance of vocational education and as a result - employment, competitiveness and mobility of different categories of the population in the labour market. It was concluded that multilateral alliances in vocational education with the involvement of private capital are the current trend of its development.

Activity of higher education institutions in Russia as the unitary non-profit organizations created for implementation of scientific, educational and cultural functions is supplemented with a new mission today - a transfer of scientific knowledge and technologies to the sphere of regional economy. Along with Federal and Research higher education institutions, new types of the universities - Flagship Universities are designed to respond to the requests of local community for social and economic regional development. The major tasks for them are creation of the innovative educational environment with development of various forms of social and educational partnership, and operation of educational space through expansion of interaction with social, public and economic institutes. Unlike the classical university model of V. Humboldt, assuming that a main objective of the university - obtaining new scientific knowledge, the model of the enterprise university, from the point of view of B. Clark ("Entrepreneurial university", 1998), reflects new function of the university: to carry out concrete inquiries of business and the state, and includes three important elements: "Risk" of new practice acceptance (such as technologies transfer, diversification of finance sources, stimulation of scientific activity, etc.); "Innovations as basis of business activity"; "Enterprise culture". Due to the transition to the new university model which is based on interaction with regional community, there are changes in administrative system, providing that external partner relations are extended for the solution of social and economic problems of the region.

The paper explores pedagogical technologies characteristics and features on the basis of psycho-pedagogical aspects. The article defines the main tasks of pedagogical technologies design, such as the diagnostic learning goals formulation; the educational process technological operations sequence planning; the educational process quality criteria development; and the cognitive activity control throughout the certain adjustable parameters. The authors describe educational system model and its conditions. The formation process takes place in three stages: the system analysis stage; the model synthesis stage; the model and the system adequacy validation phase. The theoretical principles formulate the basis of the pedagogical systems used in "Life Safety" course at Samara State Technical University and the post-graduate education safety of labor rules and norms teaching.

The organization effective work and implementation of its strategic development in providing high safety level is impossible without a staff competences formation life-long process. The acquired competence will not allow you to achieve your goals, if the people who possess them, are not interested in effective applying the competencies. Therefore, the personnel motivation system development problem is actual for improving the efficiency of their work. The complex analysis and system approach, the scientific generalization method, the expert evaluations method, the mathematical modeling methods were used in this study The foreign and national authors works were analyzed for the purpose of stimuli classification and the stimulation principles generalization. The stimulation system optimization method was proposed using the paired interconnects relations incentives principle. This will allow to make the unification or differentiation stimuli decision, which increases the efficiency of incentives system and professional competencies formation. This technique was used in the incentive systems formation in OAO "Samaraneftegaz".

The authors classify methods and ways of teaching and show how smart tools can be applied in teaching labour safety aspects. While smart systems can make decisions on the basis of knowledge that can be unknown for users, they should have means that clarify this process. This requires development of explanation theory that stimulates research activity. The authors have developed the structure of teaching that divides teaching in logically related elements. The method assumes achievement of some specific goals that influence the choice of teaching methods. In the real education process, it becomes independent from that method which includes it; it can become independent method as well. The suggested approach contributes to development of requirements to program complex, renew its content, structure and ways of implementation. The suggested classification makes teaching technology efficient when making automated complexes.

Due to necessity to transfer to new conditions of agricultural enterprises in the context of implementation of the Concept of Food Safety and strategy of import substitution, training of personnel for agricultural enterprises is considered to be the most important condition in transfer and application of professional standards. Therefore, the approaches to personnel policy, dealing with personnel, personnel management and training and adaptation of young specialists are changed. The article considers application of new professional standards in organizations and changing of approaches to staff training in agricultural enterprises. The authors focus on importance of education programs and further training programs in higher and vocational education in accordance with the requirements of Federal State Education Standard and Professional standards. The article defines the procedure of interaction between employers and chiefs of education organizations when they arrange any kind of joint work.

The article deals with the experience in teacher selection and training in the world-leading education systems, those of Hong Kong and Singapore. In the course of our research some theoretical methods, including a comparative analysis, the method of evaluation and systematization of the used materials on the selected theme were used. The research found out that both Hong Kong and Singapore have some similar features in their policy direction and in the use of mechanisms aimed at modernization and development of the teacher training systems, including high standards for selecting candidates for teaching positions, a mandatory university degree (a bachelor’s or higher degree), mentorship, focus on lifelong development and further training, the procedure of poorly-performing teachers’ dropout, a combination of traditional values with the best world practices in teacher training, etc. The governments’ increased attention to the matter of training of highly competent teachers, as well as to retaining excellent teachers secures Hong Kong and Singapore’s world-leading positions in school education. Leveraging the experience of these countries can be helpful to the development of a proper, object-oriented and consistent national strategy of the teacher selection and training system enhancement in Russia.

The paper describes the socio-pedagogical problems of modern Russia related to the category of children and youth. The dynamic change in the socio-economic context of society and state appears when there is social tension associated with the manifestation of a new social challenge that must be addressed in a timely, appropriate, optimally and efficiently. This should be done by experts with certain professional and personal qualities. The author formulates the necessity for teachers in different directions and profile training with the formed professional and personal as well as professional mobility. The definition and criteria of professional personal qualities. The article defines professional mobility as a professional and personal quality, which combines personality (value-semantic) and professional (competence) qualities. In the axiological aspect, the students get social relevance of their chosen profession- the social teacher- for society and the state. In the competence aspect, the students get general and, professional skills. These competences allow solving effectively social and pedagogical problems of people of different age and social categories who are in difficult life situation and turned for help to the social organization of different departmental subordination.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the semantic-pedagogical aspect of the formation of professional competence of students of non-linguistic specialties of universities, in particular, students of the chemical faculty. Relevance of the topic is connected with the problem of comprehension and modernization of the learning process in the field of teaching a foreign language in universities and the formation of students' logical-semantic thinking.

The article shows the results of a sociological survey aimed at analyzing the views of employers on current and future forms of cooperation with professional educational organizations, as well as identifying barriers preventing the development of partnership between the two institutions. The research is classified as "case-studies", in other words, it analyzes specific situations that allow to get a picture of the processes that take place in this sphere at a qualitative level, to reveal a spectrum of problems of interaction between the labor market and the system of secondary vocational education. On the basis of analysis of the in-depth interviews materials, the authors make conclusions that there are currently no effective mechanisms for integrating employers into vocational education system in Russia. Despite the recognition of their decisive role in the training of specialists, employers prefer to participate in the training of personnel in a passive manner, without being responsible for the results of training specialists. The paper defines that the interaction models offered by the STR system do not meet the personnel policy of employers. In this connection, the training of personnel in VET is considere Such a subject can be a joint project, the contribution to the implementation of which from the side of the enterprise and college is commensurate with the benefits obtained.

The problem of ensuring the relevance of educational processes of socio-economic and cultural needs of society has become a serious challenge for traditional approaches in higher education. Higher professional education can no longer remain in a state of substantial isolation from the needs of the labour market and changes in systems of communication in society as a whole, one of the conditions for the effective functioning of the system is the balance of interests of subjects of educational process in diversified innovative environment with a new type of relations between participants. Focus on learning outcomes in the design, implementation and evaluation of educational program quality involves changing paradigm of the educational process as a system. So you need an awareness of the complexity of the competence approach on the basis of which it is planned to improve the functioning of the system of higher education and increase the quality of professional training of graduates. Modernization of Russian education in accordance with these requirements increases the importance of orientation to the process of self-development and realization of personal potential of teachers in professional education in training activities, but this form of organization of educational work, which aims, contents, requirements to get results close to future professional activity. This article describes the features of competence-based paradigm of development of modern higher education; justifies essential changes in objectives, principles, contents, forms and methods of training and assessment of its quality; the factors, due to increased importance of self-actualization, defining the approach to the full development of the potential capabilities and its successful preparation for professional activities.

The paper explores the current problems of philosophy related to gender education: main concepts, history of development, contents and methodology. The author makes conclusion about universal approach to individuality of a student, to the process and content of education suggested by gender philosophy.

The article examines the problems of preventing juvenile delinquencies in different countries on the basis of a retrospective approach. Particular attention is paid to the role of preventive psychology in restraining the growth of offenses among children and adolescents: psychological intervention in the early stages of the prevention of deviant and delinquent behavior gives a positive result. The study of foreign experience in the work on the prevention of juvenile delinquency allows carrying out comparative analysis, see the shortcomings of the domestic prevention system, find opportunities to use foreign effective programs, and implement an interdisciplinary approach to solving this problem with the help of psychologists and educators. Based on the analysis of a number of studies by foreign authors, it is possible to conclude that there are common tendencies and problems in preventing juvenile delinquency and finding ways to solve them.

The article examines the results of the study of educators' views on inclusive education and subjects of inclusive educational process. The paper considers the problems that deal with the perception of inclusive education subjects by teachers and teachers' attitude towards inclusion as an educational innovation. The authors focus on the problem of whether educators are ready to implement inclusive education of disabled children in compulsory schools. The authors obtained data on the fragmentation, vagueness, and often contradictoriness of these views, the apparent predominance of the emotional and evaluative component that manifested itself in the division of teachers into those who spoke out for inclusion and those who opposed it. Despite the fact that with regard to inclusion, teachers have different, sometimes opposite opinions, negative experiences about changes in the educational process in case of inclusive education are typical of all teachers. In the minds of the majority of educators, inclusion was presented as a process that is inappropriate (at this stage in the development of the education system in our country), which includes more risks than positive moments, leading to a decline in the quality of the educational process, and negative changes in the relations between subjects of the educational process. The obtained results also testify to the lack of clear understanding of the subjects of inclusive educational process among teachers. Teachers rarely speak about inclusion as a process that is common to all its participants. This fact points to the educators do not understand the essence of educational innovation: this was manifested not only in the dichotomy that was clearly manifested: "ordinary children - children" special "," parents of "special" children " parents of ordinary children , but also in the idea of inclusive education as an innovation exclusively for children with disabilities.

Results of field experiments at horizontal paths with the use of BSA-2 and BSA-3 turbulent lidars, principles and design of which have been described in the first part, are presented. Lidar BSA-2 operated at 2 km path together with the independent image jitter sensor (IJS). Lidar BSA-3 operated at a horizontal 26 km path. Lidar BSA-2 was used in the experiments aimed at the study of the shape of the backscatter amplification peak; the sounding was done with apertures of different sizes. The experimental dependence of the q -factor of the effect of turbulence depending on the size of the receiving aperture is derived, which agrees satisfactorily with V.V. Vorob’ev’s formula. The lidar sounding data and results of the data conversion into the structure constant of the “optical” turbulence C ²_n with the use of V.V. Vorob’ev approximation for homogeneous turbulence are presented. The sounding range was  10 km. The correlation between lidar and image jitter sensor data is 0.7-0.8. The sounding in urban environment showed that the horizontal path is not statistically homogeneous; therefore, more complex procedures should be used for retrieval of the structure characteristic in the future when solving the inverse problems of lidar sounding of turbulence.

Results of simulation of multichannel radiation propagation under conditions of thermal blooming are presented and correction of nonlinear thermal distortion on the base of the beam phase control is considered. The results show the dependence of correction effectiveness on the number of channels and on the precision of reference beam phase retrieval. An additional increase in the effectiveness is possible with adjustment of amplification in the channels of the optical system, i.e., with the use of amplitude-phase control of radiation.

Possibilities of enhancement of the operational efficiency of optical multiaperture systems in a turbulent atmosphere are studied in numerical simulation. Features of the synthesis of an object image as a sum (superposition) of images from every individual aperture are analyzed under the presence of turbulent distortions. The quality of images synthesized by a matrix of N ´ N subapertures ( N = 5-10) is analyzed. It is shown that turbulent distortions in an image synthesized with the use of many subapertures accounting shifts of subimages at each subaperture are isoplanar in a wide range of atmospheric conditions. This allows significant improvement of the image quality by means of computer correction. In this case, there is an optimal subaperture size mainly determined by the Fried parameter, which characterizes the degree of turbulent distortions.

An analytical estimate of the absorption cross section for homogeneous nonspherical particles and their suspensions is suggested and justified. On the example of Spirulina platensis , a method for evaluating the spectrum of pigment absorption for photosynthetically active radiation, excluding the use of pigment extracts, is considered. The effect of the size and shape distribution of cells on the absorption spectra is studied. The intracellular concentrations of chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin, and phycocyanin are estimated.

The parallel implementation peculiarities of a discrete stochastic model that simulates water permeation through a porous substance (soil) with a complex morphology are studied. The simulation should reveal the fluid flowing along pore curves and filling wets and cavities. The discrete stochastic model of the process, proposed earlier, is a stochastic cellular automaton (SCA), whose functioning is represented by a set of elementary local operators acting in a cellular space and imitating displacement (diffusion. convection, adsorption) and transformations (reaction, phase transition) of abstract or real particles. The microlevel of the process representation requires the cellular space of a huge size, and hence, the computations should be implemented on supercomputers. With this, the main problem is in the fact that obtaining an acceptable parallelization efficiency is possible only by inserting some determinism into the computation algorithm, i.e., by decreasing the model stochasticity. Although stochastic models are under intensive investigation, the parallel implementation methods for them are poorly studied. This gap is partially covered by the results of computational experiments, given in this paper, which allow one to assess the advantages and drawbacks of methods for the discrete stochastic mode of water permeation though implementing a porous medium on a multicore cluster.

In the second part of this paper, we consider the Buckley-Osthus model for the formation of a web-graph. For the networks generated according to this model, we numerically calculate the PageRank vector. We show that the components of this vector are distributed according to the power law. We also discuss the computational aspects of this model with respect to different numerical methods for the calculation of the PageRank vector, presented in the first part of the paper. Finally, we describe a general model for the web-page ranking and some approaches to solve the optimization problem arising when learning this model.

In this paper, convex stochastic optimization problems under different assumptions on the properties of the available stochastic subgradients are considered. It is known that if a value of the objective function is available, one can obtain, in parallel, several independent approximate solutions in terms of the objective residual expectation. Then, choosing a solution with the minimum function value, one can control the probability of large deviations of the objective residual. On the contrary, in this short paper we address the situation when the objective function value is unavailable or is too expensive to calculate. Under the «light-tail» assumption for stochastic subgradients and in the general case with a moderate probability of large deviations, it is shown that parallelization combined with averaging gives bounds for the probability of large deviations similar to those of a serial method. Thus, in these cases one can benefit from parallel computations and reduce the computational time without any loss in the solution quality.

The inverse problem of recovering the leading time-dependent coefficient by the known non-local additional information is investigated. For an approximate solution of the nonlinear inverse problems we propose the gradient method of minimizing the target functional. The comparative analysis with the method based on the linearized approximation scheme with respect to time is made. The results of the numerical calculations are presented.

The present paper uses a new two level implicit difference formula for the numerical study of one dimensional unsteady biharmonic equation with appropriate initial and boundary conditions. The proposed difference scheme is second order accurate in time and third order accurate in space on a non-uniform grid and in case of a uniform mesh, it is of order two in time and four in space. The approximate solutions are computed without using any transformation and linearization. The simplicity of the proposed scheme lies in its three point spatial discretization which yields a block tri-diagonal matrix structure without the use of any fictitious nodes for handling the boundary conditions. The proposed scheme is directly applicable to singular problems, which is the main utility of our work. The method is shown to be unconditionally stable for a model linear problem for a uniform mesh. The efficacy of the proposed approach has been tested on several physical problems, including complex fourth-order nonlinear equations like the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation and the extended Fisher-Kolmogorov equation, where comparison is made with some earlier work. It is clear from the numerical experiments that the obtained results are not only in good agreement with the exact solutions but also competitive with the solutions derived in earlier research studies.

In this paper, we study various difference schemes on oblique stencils, i.e., the schemes using different space grids on different time levels. Such schemes can be useful when solving boundary value problems with moving boundaries and when using the regular grids of a non-standard structure (for example, triangular or cellular) and, also, when applying the adaptive methods. To study the stability, we use the analysis of First Differential Approximation of finite difference schemes and the dispersion analysis. We study the meaning of the stability conditions as constraints on the geometric location of stencil elements with respect to the characteristics of the equation. In addition, we compare our results with the geometric interpretation of the stability of classical schemes. The paper also presents the generalization of oblique schemes in the case of the quasi-linear equation of transport and numerical experiments for these schemes.

The algorithms of solving the inverse source problem for systems of the production-destruction equations are considered. Consistent in the sense of the Lagrangian identity numerical schemes for solving direct and conjugate problems have been built. With the adjoint equations, the sensitivity operator and its discrete analogue have been constructed. It links the measured values perturbations with the perturbations of the model parameters. This operator transforms the inverse problem to a quasilinear form and allows applying the Newton-Kantorovich methods to it. The paper provides a numerical comparison of the gradient algorithms based on the consistent and inconsistent numerical schemes and the Newton-Kantorovich algorithm applied to solving the inverse source problem for the nonlinear Lorenz model.

In this paper, we consider a class of second order systems of the Volterra nonlinear integral equations. This class is related to the automatic control problem of a dynamic object with vector inputs and outputs. A numerical solution technique based on the Newton-Kantorovich method is considered. To verify the efficiency of the algorithms developed, a series of test calculations were carried out.

One of target regions of a worldwide network GLORIA (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments) has been installed in the Katunskiy Biosphere Reserve (Central Altai) for revealing influence of climate changes on the plant diversity of alpine ecosystems during recent decades. The target region consists of 4 mountain summits selected according to the altitudinal gradient from the subalpine to the upper part of the alpine ecotone (2181, 2231, 2358, 2475 m.a.s.l.). Between 2005 and 2015, species in the target region shifted their distributions to higher altitudes by 5.3 м on average. Plant species richness increased on three higher summits and decreased on the lower summit.

Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cones and seeds, the emergence and survival of seedlings of Siberian larch ( Larix sibirica Ledeb.) were studied in the different parts of the ecotone of the upper boundary of woody vegetation (treeline ecotone) on Mt. Serebryansky Kamen’ (the Northern Urals) and the hills (with land mark 312 m above sea level) in the vicinity of Mt. Chernaya (the Polar Urals) in the period from 2005 to 2011. A decrease in parameters of cones, the number of seeds in the cones and their viability in laboratory with increasing altitude as well as differences in quantity of seedlings between parts of treeline ecotone were revealed. It is shown that the formation of generations of Siberian larch in the Northern Urals occurs only after the productive years. It is noted that in the Polar Urals Siberian larch produces great seed crop every 2-3 years. It has been proved that seed production and death of seedlings of Siberian larch are influenced not only by air temperature and soil moisture, but also by the wind load, snow depth and soil temperature rapidly changing along the slope.

Climate changes induced migration of Siberian silkmoth ( Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetv., one of the most dangerous pest in taiga) outbreaks northward. The initial outbreak of the Siberian silkmoth began in 2014 in the Siberian pine-fir stands within the Yenisei plain on the south-west gentle slopes at elevations up to 200 m above sea level. Later on, the outbreak extended to the forest with higher humidity, northern slopes and Yenisei Ridge low and middle elevations. The limit of the outbreak zone shifted up to 50 km (to 60^о26' N) northward from the historical boundary of formerly observed outbreaks. The outbreak was incited by increasing aridity and sum of positive temperatures ( t > +10 ^оC), and decreasing top soil moisture, and extended to the area up to 800,000 ha. Stands mortality was accompanied by activation of the secondary pests, including aggressive bark-beetle species Polygraphus proximus. The studied outbreak is a part of the pan-zonal outbreak which occurred in 2014-2017 on the territory of Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Tomsk, Kemero and Irkutsk Oblasts). The observed increase of warming, aridity and vegetation period extension open opportunities for Siberian silkmoth migration to the northern darkneedle taiga.

This article provides quantitative evaluation of aspects of the spatial heterogeneity of soil- and vegetation cover of floodplains in relation to the microrelief. Floodplains in the delta of the Northern Dvina River are given as examples. The study manifests that soil- and vegetation cover is a feature of the relief and related to it in various aspects. Floodplain meadows are proven to be reliefoid (specific component of the outer shell of the ground surface to which morphological description can be applied) at the micro scale level. In this study we refer to heterogeneity as to a difference in edaphic background caused by geomorphologic features of the river delta area in conjunction with various aspects of economic activity, and corresponding to the cluster of specific properties of vegetation. Due to intrazonal localization of floodplain ecosystems, the results of local survey, for example, in Arkhangelsk Oblast of Russia, can be extrapolated to other regions. Relevance of this research of heterogeneity of soil- and vegetation cover is based not only on fundamental aspects, but also on agricultural management needs.

The distribution of zooplankton in the pond, the entire area of which is occupied by phytocenoses with the dominance of plants from different ecological groups was studied. It was shown that in the phytocenosis of the submerged hydrophyte Elodea canаdensis zooplankton was included in the classical grazing food chain and algophages prevailed in the community. In the phytocenosis of the emergent plant Carex riparia zooplankton was connected to a greater extent with the links of the “microbial loop” and predators and bacterio-detritophages developed abundantly in the community.

The spatial distribution and seasonal dynamics of heterotrophic bacterioplankton production were studied and the value of autochthonous sources of substrates for bacteria was evaluated in the pelagic zone of the meso-eutrophic Rybinsk Reservoir (the Upper Volga). During the vegetation period the bacterial production ranged from 32 to 1352 (on average 444 ± 44) mg C/(m2 day). The total input of organic carbon from the processes of extracellular production of phytoplankton, viral lysis of prokaryotic cells, and untidy feeding of protists provided 9-64 % (on average 32 ± 3 %) of the daily carbon demand of heterotrophic bacterioplankton.

Dynаmic of changes HSPs70 amount and products’ of liрid peroxidation by hyperthermia of the laboratory culture of freshwater pulmonаte mollusk Stagnicola corvus (Gmelin, 1791) were evaluated. It was concluded that the impact of acute hyperthermia led to activation of stress adaptation mechanisms in S. corvus which was expressed in increasing of HSPs70 amount and decreasing the level of LPO products.

As a result of direct measurements, the phenomenon of tree stem rotation of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea obovata Ldb. during the vegetation period has been established and described. On five trial plots located in different forest-growing conditions, the occurrence of the phenomenon, the magnitude and direction of turns, and their dynamics were studied over two years. Average values of rotation angle are 0.2-0.5, the maximal ones are 1.3-1.7. These characteristics are dependent on weather conditions of the year and forest types. On the following year more than half of trees change the direction of rotation to the opposite one, and 8-19 % of pine trees keep it. Based on the analysis of published and obtained data, a qualitative model of morphogenetic processes which explains the mechanism of the phenomenon described is proposed.

Changes in a complex of biochemical indices reflecting the disturbance of the homeostatic state and the activity of the adaptive reactions of Pinus sylvestris L. under conditions of technogenic pollution were studied. A number of parameters attest to the degradation of the physiological state of trees growing under conditions of excessive accumulation of pollutant elements: decrease in the ratio of protein and nonprotein nitrogen fractions in the needles by 52 %, decrease in the total phosphorus and its acid-soluble fraction by 40 and 63 %, respectively, reduction of carbon concentration by 31 %, decrease in the amount of chlorophyll a based on the weight of one needle by 23 %, chlorophyll b by 40 %, carotenoids by 42 %. The activation of defensive reactions of pine can be judged by increase in the amount of ascorbic acid in needles by 48 %, the amount of water-soluble phenolic compounds by 29 %, increase in the ratio of Chl. а /Chl. b - by 35 %, the ratio of green pigments to yellow - by 40 %, the level of water- and alcohol-soluble proteins by 40 and 30 %, respectively. The highest activity of biochemical defensive components was recorded in trees growing near the Shelekhov Industrial Center, in the emissions of which the content of fluorides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is high.

The changes in morphological characteristics of leaf and elemental composition of the above-ground organs of Potentilla fruticosa L. plants growing in the conditions of transport and industrial pollution in Novosibirsk were analyzed. The content of heavy metals - iron, nickel, vanadium and titanium in the above-ground organs of plants of street plantings increased by 1.3-9.5 times compared with the control. In response to the technogenic effect the size of the leaf assimilative organs decreased, and the value of fluctuating asymmetry index of the leaf terminal lobe compared to that of the background P. fruticosa plants increased. According to this index, environmental quality of the urban zone corresponds to the high level of pollution, of the background one to the low level.

Based on a multi-year research (1993-2016), an assessment of the state of the environment in the area of development of oil and gas condensate fields in the north of Western Siberia (YaNAD) is given. The content of petroleum hydrocarbons, PAHs and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr, Ba, Cd and Mn) was determined in soils, natural waters, bottom sediments and in indicator plants - Larix sibirica , Betula nаnа , Salix lanаta , Ledum decumbens , Vaccinium vitis-idaea , V. uliginosum and Cladonia alpestris. Using the calculation of the coefficients of interspecies conjugation of plants, pleiads of species corresponding to the ecological conditions of habitats and the intensity of the technogenic impact were identified. A set of indicators for assessing the transformation of natural complexes under the influence of oil and gas extraction is proposed.