Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2026 number 4

В сентябре 2025 г. в Томском Академгородке прошла Международная конференция по импульсным лазерам и применениям лазеров (AMPL). Она проводится раз в два года в третью неделю сентября и в прошлом году собрался в семнадцатый раз. Тематика Конференции была традиционной. Участники представили устные и стендовые доклады, посвященные фундаментальным вопросам лазерной физики, физическим и химическим процессам в активных средах лазеров, новым активным средам, новым типам лазеров и лазерных систем, применению лазеров в науке, производстве, локации, медицине и других областях деятельности, проблемам вывода новых лазерных устройств и технологий на рынок, а также созданию и применению источников спонтанного излучения и использованию углеродных материалов. В организации биеннале приняли участие Институт оптики атмосферы СО РАН (г. Томск), Институт сильноточной электроники СО РАН (г. Томск). Впервые к подготовке мероприятия присоединился Институт физических наук Китайской академии наук (ИФН КАН) (г. Хэфэй, Китай), что подчеркивает международный характер конференции.

Natural water contains dissolved organic matter (DOM), which plays an important role in biogeochemical processes and affects the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. The paper analyzes the spectral and luminescent characteristics (optical indices, difference absorption spectra, fluorescence quantum yield, and protein-like fluorescence) of DOM chromophoric fraction (CDOM) in two meromictic reservoirs on the coast of the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea, lakes Elovoe and Trekhtzvetnoe based on the results of expeditionary work in 2025. The difference in optical indices in different layers of the reservoirs (the surface fresh layer, the intermediate brackish aerobic layer, the chemocline, and saline bottom hydrogen sulfide zone) and their relationship with hydrochemical parameters are shown. An increase in the quantum yield of CDOM fluorescence in the chemocline of the Lake Elovoe and its decrease in the Lake Trekhtzvetnoe are explained. The results are of importance for ecological monitoring of aquatic ecosystems, as well as for understanding the processes that influence optical characteristics of natural CDOM.

Expanding the instrumental and analytical methods for identifying harmful impurities in the atmosphere is an important task for solving environmental problems. In this regard, the work focuses on developing a comprehensive approach to detection of harmful impurities in atmospheric air. This approach is based on measurements of the absorption spectra of air containing harmful impurities along a path by pulse terahertz spectroscopy methods. To analyze the obtained spectral data, a neural network is created and applied, and arrays of model absorption spectra of gas mixtures with different qualitative and quantitative compositions are generated for its training. It is shown that the neural network is capable of identifying six gas components in concentrations of up to 0.01 ppm with accuracy of 90-95%. A series of experiments with real gases confirms the sensitivity of the THz spectroscopy method to low gas concentrations in the mixture. The results show that the combined method is sufficiently sensitive for identifying both single gases and gas mixtures, which can be used for environmental monitoring.

Plant protection measures against various pathogens must be implemented in a specific period of time to avoid potential economic losses. Objective and reliable automated plant health diagnostics requires new approaches and their integration into traditional monitoring and assessment systems. This paper describes an experimental setup that detects elevated levels of plant stress hormones in air due to mechanical damage from direct atmospheric absorption of radiation based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results of this study, on the one hand, open the possibility of detecting plant stress by analyzing the atmospheric absorption spectrum above a plantation, and on the other hand, they identify a wide range of fundamental problems, the solution of which will lead to the development of an effective method for remote diagnostics of plant health.

Delaunay triangulation and Voronoi partitioning are used to construct computational grids in numerical methods such as the finite element method and the finite volume method. A two-grid technique is considered that utilizes both the nodes of a Delaunay triangulation and the vertices of a Voronoi partitioning. This approach makes it possible to construct operator-difference approximations of the vector calculus operators (gradient, divergence, and curl) on a merged MVD (merged Voronoi-Delaunay) grid which consists of orthodiagonal quadrilaterals. The paper investigates an application of MVD grids for finite element analysis of two-dimensional boundary value problems using a Dirichlet problem for an elliptic equation in an anisotropic medium as an example. Two approaches are examined: Delaunay triangulation with additional Voronoi vertices as extra nodes and direct application of MVD grids. The results of computations on a sequence of progressively refined meshes employing different types of finite elements are presented.

In this paper, we consider problems of obtaining upper bounds for the components of root-mean-square errors for computational constructions of approximation of an unknown probability density for a given sample. Examples are the computer functional kernel and projection algorithms as well as their important special case - the multidimensional analog of the frequency polygon. These bounds are then used in choosing such versions of kernel and projection algorithms that provide a given level of error in a density approximation.

This study propounded a numerical approach for solving a mathematical model of pollutant spread through forest resources using shifted orthogonal Bernoulli polynomials (OBPs). The model is based on a system of ordinary differential equations, which is transformed into an algebraic system using the collocation approach based on shifted OBPs. Newton's method is employed to obtain numerical solutions, and the results are compared with those obtained using the Runge-Kutta method of fourth-order (RK4) to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. The results demonstrate good agreement with the RK4 method, indicating the proposed method's acceptability for modeling pollutant spread through forest resources.

The article studies a problem of optimal control of heating for a homogeneous half-line. The heating problem is set for a heat conduction equation defined on a half-line where the temperature tends to zero at infinity. At the origin of the spatial coordinate a heat flux, i. e. a non-homogeneous boundary condition of the second kind, is given. The heat flux is modeled using a heating function which is a continuous broken line. This choice of the function is explained by the properties of the technical device under study. The article proves the existence of a solution to such a problem and the uniqueness of its classical solution with a certain error. The optimality of the heating control in this paper means that at the boundary x=0 the temperature at any time is maximum permissible (or, in the first time interval, maximum possible), and at the same time does not exceed a certain critical value, which is chosen to be equal to 1. For the optimal control, a recurrence formula is found at different times, it is proven that this is exactly the optimal solution. That is, at large values of the heat flux the critical temperature at the boundary will be exceeded at some point in time, and at the smaller values the temperature will be lower than that allowed by the material. It is also proven that the heat flux found is the exact upper bound of all admissible heat fluxes for a given discrete control and that such a flux is unique.

The real life problems related to engineering and physical systems are theoretically studied using mathematical models and are generally formulated using linear and non-linear differential equations. This work proposes a numerical technique to find approximate solutions of differential equations utilizing polynomials as base approximation functions and metaheuristic optimization algorithms like Differential Evolution (DE) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for obtaining the optimal values of coefficients of the polynomials in order to get the desired approximate solution. The algorithms for the proposed method have been executed using MATLAB for computer programming. The effectiveness of the approach suggested in this paper is found to be better than or at least comparable to other numerical methods suggested earlier for solving differential equations.

Numerous higher-order iterative methods have been proposed in the literature for locating roots of nonlinear equations. Among these, methods with optimal order are of particular interest due to their superior efficiency. However, not all of them exhibit consistent performance across all scenarios. Some offer low accuracy, while others suffer from slow convergence, yet there are methods that fail to maintain the desired convergence order in certain applications. This paper aims to address these shortcomings. Consequently, we introduce a novel three-point iterative scheme, whose formulation is based on the widely used two-point King's fourth-order method. This scheme attains eighth-order convergence at the cost of four function evaluations per step. As such, it is optimal according to the Kung-Traub conjecture and boasts an efficiency index of 1.682, which surpasses that of Newton's method and many other higher-order techniques. To assess the methods' performance and validate its theoretical properties, we present several numerical examples. Furthermore, we provide a detailed analysis of the complex dynamics through graphical representations of the basins of convergence, comparing our method with those of other established techniques. The computational results and convergence visualizations confirm that our scheme outperforms existing methods in the literature.

In this article, we are interested in the complex version of Bertozzi-Esedoglu-Gillete-Cahn-Hilliard equation for grayscale image inpainting as well as the multi-component Cahn-Hilliard systems for image inpainting, that is an extension approach for color image inpainting. We have studied well-posedness of the steady state problem associated to the complex Bertozzi-Esedoglu-Gillete-Cahn-Hilliard equation as well as to Bertozzi-Esedoglu-Gillete-Cahn Hilliard systems. Then, Backward Euler discretization on time has been considered in both models mentioned above. We were able to prove the stability of the backward Euler scheme. Finally, we do some numerical simulations that confirm the theoretical results and show the efficiency of the scheme. The simulations were done using FreeFem++.

A method is proposed for restoring two coefficients in a mixed boundary value problem for an inhomogeneous hyperbolic partial differential equation of the second order based on additional information about the solution of the boundary value problem for a given fixed value of the spatial argument of the solution. The problem simulates the propagation of small transverse vibrations of a finite string with an end affected by the gravity of a body with varying mass. The proposed algorithm provides a sequential restoration of the multiplier in the heterogeneity of the oscillation equation and the coefficient in the nonclassical boundary condition based on the values of one additional function of one argument.

The relevance of studying the structure of food chains in high-latitude lakes characterized by oligotrophy and a significant influx of allochthonous organic matter from adjacent marshes is beyond doubt. In this study, an attempt was made to identify carbon sources in various trophic groups (zooplankton, zoobenthos, fish) and analyze trophic relationships between them, taking into account seasonal dynamics in a small subarctic humified lake located in the north of Karelia (White Sea coast). To achieve this goal, an isotopic analysis of stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotopes was carried out in the tissues of consumers and potential producers in different seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring) of 2019-2020. The results of the study revealed significant differences in the structure of the lake food web between the open water and ice-covered periods, which is likely due to changes in the level of phytoplankton primary production, sources and rates of allochthonous organic matter input, and a significant energy contribution from heterotrophic organisms associated with methanotrophs. The important role of methane carbon in the formation of organic matter in this reservoir was indicated by low δ¹³C values (<-40 ‰) in consumers such as zooplankton (dominated by Eudiaptomus graciloides) and chaoborids (Chaoborus sp.), apparently actively involved in the transfer of methane carbon within food chains. In summer, a significant contribution of diazotrophic nitrogen fixed by planktonic cyanobacteria acted as an important source of nutrients. Seasonal variations in δ¹⁵N values and trophic position were determined for the common perch (Perca fluviatilis). The obtained data contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of energy and trophic links formations in humified lake food web with an influence of allochthonous organic matter.

Multimetric indexes (MMI) are an important biomonitoring tool that is widely used to assess the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems worldwide. The effectiveness of MMI lies in their ability to combine both the structural and functional features of communities of organisms, as well as the features of the entire ecosystem. The use of organisms such as macroinvertebrates in the development of MMI is most common in lake biomonitoring. No such work has been carried out in Russia to assess the ecological state of lakes. In this study, a multimetric index based on the composition and structure of macroinvertebrate communities was developed for low-altitude Altai lakes experiencing high recreational and agricultural stress. The studied lakes were grouped into two groups according to the degree of organic pollution: reference and disturbed. Using a step-by-step statistical analysis, five metrics were selected from 55 indicators of macrozoobenthos communities, which were included in the final multimetric index. The selection tests included sensitivity (discrimination), stability (seasonality), redundancy, and correlation with environmental variables (abiotic factors). The new index was compiled by the following metrics: the Pielou Evenness index, the number of mayflies, the occurrence of shredders, the number of caddisflies and gammarids. These indicators were evaluated on a continuous scale and divided into 6 classes of water quality in accordance with the classification adopted in Russia. The developed index demonstrated the ability to distinguish not only dirty and clean lakes, but also moderately polluted reservoirs. The new index can become an informative tool for monitoring and assessing the ecological status of lakes.

In 2023-2024, the composition and quantitative indicators of zoobenthos of Lake Teletskoye were studied for the first time during the period of glaciation in annually freezing areas of the reservoir. A comparison of water quality according to the state of zoobenthos in the same type of communities in the water area with increased anthropogenic load (North-western shallow) and in the water area of the reserve (Kamginsky Bay) is given. The current standards for environmental monitoring of the reservoir have been optimized.

Changing hydrothermal regime together with dendrophages outbreaks, are the main factor that determining the vitality, growth dynamics and changes in the ranges of conifers. The causes of mass dieback of Abies sibirica Ledeb in the taiga of the Eastern Sayan Mountains (the Krasnoyarsk Stolby National Park) and fir trees vitality within the area of fir dieback were studied. The mortality fir was preceded by a chronic decrease in the trees growth index (GI) associated with water stress which was observed since warming start in the 1970s. The unprecedented dieback of the fir forest was triggered by the abnormal drought in 2012, which led to an abrupt increase in water stress and a strong decrease of the GI of trees. The extreme deterioration of the fir forests vitality stimulated the outbreak of the bark beetle Polygraphus proximus Blandford. The trees dieback, the maximum of which was observed in 2013-2018, resulted in the mortality of up to 75 % of fir-dominant forests. The reaction of fir to P. proximus attacks included the formation of a “physic-chemical” barrier in the tree rings, consisting of closed rows of traumatic resin ducts and xylem lignification. Currently, the number of viable fir regeneration (3-10 thousand/ha) is potentially sufficient for the fir restoration in most zone of fir mortality. However, the predicted worsening of hydrothermal regime in fir habitat in synergy with P. proximus outbreaks suggested future cycles of fir mortality and partial restoration in the 21st century. The considered unprecedented fir forests mortality is within the phenomenon of conifer mesophytes health status worsening in the southern parts of their ra range.

This publication provides a current assessment of the synurbic population of Magpie in Belarus. The current distribution of Magpie in urban territories is given based on quantitative surveys of this species in 2024-2025, which covered all the most favourable habitats in 19 of the largest cities and 12 smaller cities in various regions of the country. Studies of the habitat preferences and breeding densities of Magpies were conducted in 2015-2025 in the largest synurbic population of this species, which is found in Minsk. As a result, it was established that the current distribution of synurbic populations of Magpie across the territory of the republic is highly uneven. The total estimated synurbiс population of Magpie in Belarus is 6-6.3 thousand breeding pairs. More than 80 % (5-5.4 thousand breeding pairs) of the entire synurbiс population of this species is concentrated in Minsk. In Baranovichi, the city with the second highest number of breeding pairs of Magpie, there are no more than 130 breeding pairs of this species. In the 13 largest cities in Belarus, Magpie nests in single pairs (up to 10 pairs) or is absent. Our results suggest that synurbiс population groups of Magpie in different cities of Belarus formed independently. The current average breeding density of Magpie in Minsk is 27 pairs/km² and the number of this species has increased compared to 2015-2016. The breeding density of Magpie decreases from individual and low-rise residential buildings (0,26±0,26 pairs/ha), as well as small-area tree and shrub plantations (0,36 ± 0,61 pairs/ha), to multi-storey modern residential buildings (0,2 ± 0,12 pairs/ha) and large-area tree and shrub plantations (0,2 ± 0,1 pairs/ha). Although the synurbic population of Magpie in Minsk is generally increasing, there are noticeable fluctuations in numbers from year to year and a constant redistribution of breeding pairs within the city.

The diversity of ecosystems and soil cover in the floodplain-delta part of the Uldza River were studied for the first time. Marshy, meadow-marshy, meadow and steppe-meadow ecosystems are the most common. The small area of the territory under the study is characterized by a variety of soils - from poorly developed stratified alluvial to highly-humused alluvial dark-humus and dark-humus (quasi)gley soils. They are supplemented by highly waterlogged and subaqueous soils of swamps and swampy depressions, where alluvial processes proper are less pronounced, and accumulation of humus, peat, formation of gley or quasi-gley horizons prevail. The main and additional (cryo-, eolian- and halogenesis) soil-forming factors for different types of soils are characterized. In the area of detailed soil survey, alluvial dark-humus (meadow) and light-humus (turf) carbonate soils prevailed, which are loamy in the upper horizons and sandy-sandy loam in the underlying ones. They are characterized by strongly alkaline pH values and carbonate saturation, insignificant humus content, except for the organogenic horizon (AU) of the alluvial dark humus (meadow) soil. The absorption capacity is at an average level of provision, but significantly decreases in sandy-sandy loam sediments. The exchangeable cations are dominated by Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, but the proportion of Na⁺ increases with depth. Alluvial soils are slightly saline, and the salinity chemistry is predominantly magnesium-sodium according to the cation ratio, and chloride-soda, taking into account anions. Geochemical features of the soils were established to be the accumulation of Ca, Sr, As and dispersion of iron group elements. A weak degree of chemical weathering (CIA), low biological activity, high heterogeneity of sediments (HM) were revealed according to geochemical coefficients. Soils under the study should be preserved as protected natural objects, as the basis for the diversity and functioning of original protected ecosystems. The obtained materials will be necessary for monitoring of possible functional and dynamic changes in the ecological status of floodplain-delta landscapes both under global and cyclic climate changes.

Peat soils (Drainic Hemic Histosols) of a drained mesotrophic swamp of the South taiga subzone of Western Siberia occupied by pine forests (Pinus sylvestris L.) were studied. The most favorable conditions for the development of soil catalase activity were observed in the regime of moderate hydro-reclamation. By this level, the oxidase activity of weakly and intensively drained soils was 71 % and did not differ statistically from each other. A reliable relationship by parabola-type between seasonal catalase activity and time factor has been established. Parabolic trends of weakly and intensively drained soils show: Catalase activity accelerated weekly on average by 1.04 and 1.27 absolute values with weekly average deceleration by 0.12 and 0.14 units, respectively. In soils of moderate drainage, the average weekly decrease was 1.31 with a weekly average acceleration of 0.076 units. Analytical indicators of the time series made it possible to identify intra-seasonal periods of catalase activity, determine the direction and intensity of changes, and differentiate the soil profile by 0-5, 5-10, and 10-30 cm in terms of the intensity of processes. An area of 5-10 cm, equivalent to the concept of median (growth coefficients increase up the profile, decrease down by about one and a half or two times), corresponds to one approximation or another to the indicators of seasonal enzymatic activity of the soil profile as a whole (0-30 cm) per season. A highly significant advantage of the parabola type has been established: a positive regression relationship between the catalase activity of soils and bulk moisture >17…<71 %, pH 3.6-4.4, redox potential >600 mV, negative - with a temperature from 2 to 17 °C. According to the canonical analysis, the interrelated effect of the discussed indicators in soils of weak drainage was 82 %, moderate - 40 % and deep - 57 %. The coefficients of the factor structure postulated bulk moisture as the dominant environmental parameter for regulating the enzymatic activity of peat soils.

This study presents the results of a model experiment investigating the effects of atmospheric pollutants - sulfuric and nitric acids, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate - on the epiphytic organisms Parmelia sulcata and Orthotrichum speciosum. The experiment simulated the deposition of polluted atmospheric precipitation. The assessment included spectrophotometric analysis of photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophylls a and b) and evaluation of morphological changes. All tested pollutants induced stress responses manifested by reduced pigment content and structural tissue damage. Ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) exerted the most pronounced inhibitory effect, leading to sharp pigment decline and morphological degradation. In contrast, ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) had the least damaging effect, likely due to its high bioavailability and balanced nitrogen composition. The lichen P. sulcata exhibited more pronounced changes and higher sensitivity, while the moss O. speciosum showed signs of resistance and compensatory reactions. Cluster analysis confirmed differences between the taxa and revealed two stable response types: sensitive (P. sulcata) and compensatory (O. speciosum). The findings highlight the diagnostic value of a comprehensive approach combining biochemical and morphological indicators for assessing the state of the atmospheric environment within ecological monitoring frameworks.

The article presents the results of the accumulation of metals by the epigeal lichen Flavocetraria nivalis, which is widespread on the island of Vaigach. Lead-zinc ore deposits are one of the sources of environmental pollution on the island. However, the influence of lead-zinc ore mines on metal concentrations in F. nivalis has not been established, since the metal content in lichen only increased with distance from the mines. Concentrations of chemical elements in lichen differ in different biotopes, and they are higher on the cliff tops than in the tundra on the slopes of the native shores. A comparison of the results of metal accumulation on Vaigach Island with other territories has shown that the concentrations of most metals in F. nivalis are lower or close to the Marmorilik area of western Greenland, where lead-zinc ore mines are also located. The excess of zinc and lead at sampling points near the mines in the Maarmorilik area over the concentrations obtained in lichen thallomas on Vaigach Island may be due to the recent closure of mines in Maarmorilik. So, if the mines on Vaigach Island were closed back in the late 30s of the last century, then in the area of Maarmorilik only 20 years ago. The concentration of metals in lichen on Vaigach Island is much lower than in the industrialized areas of the Kola Peninsula, which is especially typical for nickel.

This study evaluates the relationship between soil chemical contamination and the state of the microbiome in urban soils from transportation, transport-industrial, and recreational zones of Bishkek city, as well as the Ala - Archa Nature Park. Total concentrations of Pb, As, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Sb were determined in soils using a DELTA X - ray fluorescence spectrometer. It was shown that the degree of heavy metal contamination depended on traffic intensity and emissions from thermal power plants. Functional diversity of soil microbiomes was assessed via multisubstrate testing, and functional activity was measured by carbon dioxide emission using chromatographic methods. Microbial community health and stability were evaluated by the shape coefficient (d) of the rank distribution of substrate utilization spectra, serving as a measure of microbial system destabilization. A distinct microbial community state was observed in soils from the western part of the city, characterized by reduced substrate utilization, decreased metabolic activity, and community destabilization. The studied heavy metals were grouped according to their influence on biotic indicators such as microbial respiration and substrate consumption. The As - Pb - Cu - Co group was more strongly associated with the integrated heavy metal contamination index (Z_st) and most strongly inhibited substrate-induced respiration and consumption of pentose monosaccharides. The Hg - Cr - Mn group mainly suppressed amino acid and organic acid consumption. The Cd - Zn - Sb group reduced basal respiration intensity and slightly increased oligosaccharide consumption and entropy parameters (H_k and χ²) of substrate utilization spectra. It was found that contamination with the ten studied heavy metals did not exert a direct specific effect on the microbiome, as the overall heavy metal contamination index (Z_st) showed no significant correlations with any biotic indicators. The conclusion was made that only the combined consideration of abiotic (chemical contamination) and biotic (microbiome responses) criteria should be used to assess ecological risks of soil degradation.

The article studies the role of abstrаcting in computer science as a tool for managing complexity through a hierarchy of abstrаction levels, where each level encapsulates the previous one, forming logical constructs. Object-oriented programming demonstrates how abstrаctions organize the interaction of entities, reflecting the philosophical concept of information as the foundation of reality. Unlike the natural sciences, computer science constructs its subject matter through abstrаctions - algorithms and data structures - establishing “patterns” in the form of invariants that, just like natural laws, ensure predictability but allow for temporary violations for adaptation. The balance between the freedom of design and the necessity of order underscores the uniqueness of the discipline as a kind of meta-science, which combines creativity and formal constraints.,

The article considers the possibility of applying Karl Popper’s principle of falsification to mathematics. A common position is that the principle of falsification can only be applied to the empirical sciences, since statements not about the surrounding world are inherently unfalsifiable. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that applying the principle of falsification to mathematics can be pragmatically interesting and feasible. The first part of the article discusses the principle of falsification itself and why the question of the falsifiability of mathematics is basically worthy of study. The second part presents an argument that the main cause for the apparent unfalsifiability and the lack of scientific status of mathematics is the implicit acceptance of traditional mathematical Platonism by researchers. The third part examines the possibility of employing abstrаction principles to transform traditional Platonism into a version of naturalism. By adopting the metaphysics and epistemology of such position, mathematics can be considered falsifiable on par with other sciences.

To resolve the crisis of generative artificial intelligence, that is, mass dumbing down and the degradation of creativity, we propose to use V.F. Venda’s hybrid intelligence project (1990). This article examines the role of generative AI in co-adaptation methodology, distinguishes between subsystems of natural intelligence and artificial intelligence, and analyzes the variants of the correlation coefficient for these subsystems during the transformative learning of adaptive subsystems. We propose expanding Venda’s original project with modern methodological research: the AI subsystem uses the comprehensive Turing test and the latest versions of Putnam’s functionalism. Fundamental prospects for the practical transformation of the AI subsystem from imitation and reproduction of intelligence to a mind augmentation paradigm are shown.

The purpose of this study is to determine the content of transformations of the category of “subjectivity” in post-non-classical meta-subjective self-developing models of scientific knowledge (V.S. Stepin, V.E. Lepsky), in the second and third artificial natures (A.Yu. Nesterov). The cybernetic approach ensures the interdisciplinary nature of the study and allows for collecting and using results obtained in various fields of cybernetic knowledge. The “terminological gap” identified in the definition of the research field is filled by the concept of “automata cybernetics”, which refers to technical systems for information processing. The self-developing nature of post-non-classical models allows for the identification and capture of the conscient (from the Latin conscientia - consciousness) aspect of self-developing models. The development of a recursive paradigm (Y. Hui) and research in the field of algorithmic thinking (V.V. Tselishchev) make it possible to use a recursive approach to analyze the category of “meta-subjectivity”. A processual approach based on a procedural understanding of the world (V.A. Lektorsky, A.V. Smirnov) is used to reveal the essence of the connection between the categories of “subject” and “meta-subject” in self-developing models. The obtained results suggest that in the near future, the field of automata cybernetics will represent a space for the global synthesis of socio-legal, psychological, and ethical knowledge in the formal-logical and algorithmic environment of cybernetics for the implementation of the conscient aspect of meta-subjectivity in models of the third artificial nature. This determines the content of the transformation of the category of “subjectivity” in post-non-classical meta-subjective self-developing models of scientific knowledge.

Throughout the human history, innumerable religious, philosophical, and scientific models of our world have been developed. But, to date, no model of the Universe has been proposed that would be supported by all the confessions of modern society. However, recently, the advent of such a tool as the computer has enabled the rapid development of artificial intelligence. In this paper, the new model of the Universe is based on advances in computer technology, information processing, and AI development, as well as new astrophysical data, and also previously established philosophical and theological approaches were involved.

The article considers a technotropic approach to the development of artificial intelligence (AI) that is focused on creating systems capable of conscious activity. In the context of the dominance of traditional methods and optimization research, the author proposes a transdisciplinary paradigm comprising four levels: philosophical (an axiomatic system), methodological (integration of principles into the phenomenon of jimination generalizing and expanding the recursion mechanism), formal (conceptualization and formalization of jimination with an example of application to Gоdel’s theorem), and applied (comparison of jimination with some modern AI technologies). The concept of technotropy is analogous to the concept of anthropy and emphasizes the possibility of realizing the phenomenon of self-organization by technology with the correct approach. This work lays the theoretical and practical foundation for the development of a new generation of AI that goes beyond existing models and offers a methodological basis for further research into conscious systems in artificial intelligence.

The article analyzes the distribution of responsibility between humans and artificial intelligence as the autonomy of digital systems increases. The purpose of the study is to determine whether an algorithm can act as a carrier of moral responsibility and how human subjectivity changes when decision-making functions are delegated to artificial intelligence. The study uses an interdisciplinary approach based on the analysis of philosophical concepts of responsibility (deontology, utilitarianism, existentialism), as well as modern trends in the philosophy of technology and digital ethics. The authors show that, despite the functional autonomy and ability of algorithms to make decisions without human intervention, artificial intelligence lacks consciousness, intention, and the ability to realize the consequences of its actions, which means it cannot act as a moral agent. Responsibility inevitably remains with the human developer, user, or owner of the system. The study’s peculiarity is the development of a philosophical model of the distribution of responsibility among participants in interactions with artificial intelligence which demonstrates that the primary criterion is not the complexity of the algorithm, but the preservation of human control. The importance of the work is in substantiating the need for digital ethics and the preservation of human subjectivity in the context of the growing autonomy of artificial intelligence.

The article analyzes the concept of basal (basic) cognition, which, through the study of organisms functioning on a non-neural basis, concludes that they have rather complex information processing mechanisms necessary to learn about and assess the features of their internal state and the environment and interact with them productively in order to find ways to meet existential needs, the main of which are survival/sustainability, growth/prosperity and reproduction. Researchers call the mechanisms discovered at this level of biological organization basic, since they persist at higher levels of development. Basal cognition itself is considered as a method for studying cognitive systems on a non-neural basis, which can also be applied to the study of artificial intelligence. All this, according to the developers of the concept, makes it possible to build a synthetic theory of cognition that covers all levels of cognitive complexity. However, the authors of the article express doubts about the possibility of building such a theory, given that the analyzed concept describes cognitive processes in the language of physical-chemical-electrical processes, but this is not enough to reveal cognition at a higher level of cognitive complexity. The concept of basal cognition also fails to answer a number of questions: what is the demarcation criterion for drawing a line between the cognitive and non-cognitive, how does intentionality emerge, etc. At the same time, the concept has promising prospects not only for studying the development of the biological foundations of cognition but also for solving problems of artificial intelligence.

Science has yet to build a synthetic concept from working and additional blocks, which should result in a product that combines a variety of approaches, teachings, etc., but the main thing is that it more fully explains the structure of physical systems of organic and inorganic nature and can overcome the revealed dead ends of modern scientific ideas. The paper proposes a variant of such a synthetic concept, based on the development of an information-logic approach and allowing for a shorter research path compared to the thermodynamic approach. Within the former, information is understood as the leading component in an abstrаct model of the physical system, within the latter, matter and energy play a primary role. As a result of the research, the author concludes that the arsenal of science can include a first version of the origin of living nature (and the properties of subjectivity in it) relying on a reductionist way of explanation and, accordingly, an alleged “third” principle connecting physics and biology with a “seamless bond”.

The paper examines the opposition between Newton’s corpuscular theory of light and Huygens’ wave theory that arose in the mid-seventeenth century. From the height of modern knowledge, based on the concept of a light beam as a stream of photon corpuscles and using well-known laws of mechanics, basic phenomena are explained and important optical formulas are derived. This speaks in favor of the corpuscular theory as a physical model of light. The wave theory plays an additional role - it is an averaged mathematical tool of optics that serves as an abstrаct (conditional) model.

The article examines the phenomenon of citizen science and its role in transforming the status of scientific knowledge in modern society. The author notes that science has evolved from a disinterested search for truth to a socially significant institution engaging non-professionals. By analyzing T. Kuhn’s concept of normal science, and also concepts of post-normal science and Mode 2.0 science, the study demonstrates that citizen science can manifest in several forms. It often serves as an auxiliary tool for professional scientists, yet civil researchers may also exhibit considerable autonomy within various activist projects. The article also notes that denialism can be considered a form of citizen science skeptical of the scientific community. All this indicates that, in an era of interdisciplinarity and social engagement, science is becoming a boundary object requiring new forms of dialogue between scientists and society.

The article is a review reconstruction of Reza Negarestani’s book “Intellect and Spirit” in relation to the issue of the instrumentality of modern mind. It argues that Negarestani develops an ambitious philosophical program that rethinks intellect (Spirit) through a synthesis of the speculative radicalization of transcendental critique with Hegelian logic of recognition and functionalism grounded in Wilfrid Sellars. The book’s primary achievement is the model of “deep functionalism”, in which mind appears as an abstrаcted and historically developing function that is being realized in the social space of language. The review traces the author’s line of reasoning from the aforementioned foundations to culmination in an ethics of non-conventional nihilism aimed at the Good, which is to be viewed as a variant of a neo-rationalistic redefinition of the instrumentality. In conclusion, the main vectors of critical reflection are outlined; those are the focus on atemporality, the problem of the transition from program to practice, and the ultimate implications of intellectual self-abolition.

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kozlov is one of the leading Russian immunologists who made significant contributions to the development of national and global immunology. His scientific work spans several decades and includes both fundamental research and applied clinical developments. The article presents a retrospective analysis of the scientific heritage of V.A. Kozlov in the context of the formation of key areas of immunological research in Russia. V.A. Kozlov’s scientific publications, archival sources, and patents are analyzed and his role in the formation of the scientific school and the training of specialists is assessed. The main stages of V.A. Kozlov’s scientific career are highlighted: his becoming in the 1960s and 1970s, the development of the laboratory and institutionalization of research in the 1980s and 1990s, the strengthening of the scientific school in the 2000s, and strategic activities and mentorship in the 2010s and 2020s. The scientist’s contributions to such areas as humoral immune regulation, cellular immunology, immuno-neuro-endocrine interactions, clinical immunology, and tumor immunology are shown. V.A. Kozlov is a key figure in the development of Russian immunology; his research and teaching activities had a system-forming impact on the scientific community, and the school he founded continues to uphold and advance immunological research traditions.

Spatiotemporal changes in the rate of thermoabrasion of the shores of the East Siberian Sea have been studied on the basis of measurement data and formulated zero-dimensional and one-dimensional mathematical models. The results indicate that the rate of thermoabrasion of ice-rich coasts in the western part of the sea decreases from south to north. The reason for this is a decrease in the duration of thermal abrasion northward because of the negative meridional air temperature gradient during the ice-free period. The zero-dimensional model indicates that climate warming with an increase in air temperature of the ice-free period by 1 °C increases the rate of thermоabrasion of the shores by 1.84 times independently from the latitude of the studied coastal areas. According to the one-dimensional model, the influence of positive air temperatures on the development of coastal cryogenic processes decreases at higher latitudes. As a result, the response of ice-rich coasts to changes in air temperature of the ice-free period weakens by three times in the northern part of the coast compared to the southern part.

Experimental modeling has been used to analyze the influence of drilling fluid composition and temperature on the destabilization of intrapermafrost gas hydrates. The need for this research is linked to the drilling of oil and gas wells in the Arctic permafrost zone, which, in addition to ice, may contain gas hydrate formations, as well as horizons of saline rocks and cryopegs. Since drilling fluids are an integral part of the well drilling process, studying their interaction with the host ice- and hydrate-containing rocks is essential for preventing various emergency situations associated with the dissociation of pore gas hydrates and the melting of ice inclusions. Experiments have been performed on frozen, artificially hydrate-saturated sand samples exposed to drilling fluids of varying compositions, including those containing contaminated cryopegs. The experimental modeling results suggest that the composition of drilling fluids and their temperature can have a significant impact on the destabilization of intrapermafrost gas hydrate formations, especially those under self-preservation conditions. Contamination of drilling fluids during drilling operations with cryopegs leads to a significant intensification of the decomposition of pore hydrates in the frozen rock strata due to active salt transfer processes.

This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between snow cover density and snow depth across the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation over the modern climatic period (1991-2020). The study is based on snow survey data from various regions of the Russian Arctic. Due to substantial climatic, topographic, and meteorological differences, a single statistically significant correlation between snow density and depth could not be established for the entire Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation. Instead, regional empirical relationships were developed. The results are compared with formulas commonly used in engineering practice and with foreign empirical models. The study highlights the significant influence of factors, such as wind speed, air temperature, snow metamorphism type, and snow stratigraphy on snow density formation. The obtained dependences can be used to estimate snow water equivalent, model ground thermal regimes, and calculate snow loads in regions where snow density data are scarce or unavailable.

Based on the analysis of monthly solar radiation at 5-degree latitudinal zones in the Arctic, the characteristics of changes in their solar climate in the 21st century have been determined. The tendencies of long-term changes in the annual irradiation patterns of 5-degree latitudinal zones in the entire Arctic region (65-90° N) are positive for the period from March to June and negative from July to October. In addition, in the latitudinal range of 70-80°, positive changes in irradiance are observed in February and November; and in the latitudinal range of 65-70°, also in January and December. In the interannual variability of the monthly irradiation intensity, the maximum relative values are observed in March (0.047 %) and October (0.045 %) in the latitudinal zone of 85-90°, as well as in January (0.044 %) and December (0.044 %) in the latitudinal zone of 65-70°. The meridional gradient of insolation (MGI: summer, winter, and annual) in the current century increases in all latitudinal zones of the Arctic. This tendency becomes less pronounced with increasing geographic latitude. Winter MGI exceeds summer MGI by 2.279-2.782 times, and this excess increases northward. In the 21st century, insolation seasonality (IS) of the Arctic solar climate has been weakening, especially in the high latitudes.

On December 25, 2025, at the age of 66, Sergey Vladimirovich Alexeev, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, chief researcher at the Institute of the Earth’s Crust of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a recognized leader in the field of permafrost hydrogeology, passed away. Sergey Alexeev will remain in the memory of the scientific community as an outstanding researcher of the frozen zone of the lithosphere, the author of fundamental works on cryohydrogeology, a talented science manager and teacher.