Home – Home – Jornals – Scientific journal “Vestnik NSUEM” 2024 number 1

A new method for assessing the reliability of small computing systems that allows the generation of only small samples of operational data is proposed in the article. The result of applying the technique is the posterior failure distribution density, on the basis of which various reliability indicators can be calculated. The methodology consists of two stages: the first is the preparation of operational data, including detection of failures using machine learning methods, and the second is the construction of the failure distribution density using the adapted Rosenblatt-Parzen method. Increasing the efficiency of estimates using the proposed method is achieved by taking into account censored data, compensating for the shift of failure distribution densities and finding the optimal smoothing parameter.

As the main factors of production, the paper considers physical capital and labor resources. The study of the behavior of the main factors of production is based on the analysis of the volume of investment in them, the depreciation of physical capital and changes in the volume of labor resources. Most of the studies on this topic do not address issues related to distortions in financing and their possible consequences for the main factors of production. To assess these consequences, formulas were derived that include partial derivatives of investment volumes for each of the main factors. The use of these formulas helps to develop an investment algorithm that contributes to the sustainable growth of the main factors of production. The method of Poincare normal forms was chosen as the main research method, which allows us to simplify the initial problem and reduce it to an analysis in a linear form. A classification of possible variants of eigenvalues, the resulting linear form was carried out. The behavior of the main factors of production depending on the found eigenvalues is determined. This method allows you to get more understandable results and draw more accurate conclusions. The results obtained were tested in a number of federal districts of Russia and a number of EU countries. Testing showed a qualitative match with the real state of the main factors of production. This suggests that the developed investment algorithm can be applied in practical conditions and contribute to the achievement of stable growth in various regions of Russia. This study is important for understanding and optimizing production processes and economic development. It provides a basis for developing effective investment and decision-making strategies that promote both a balanced and directed development of the main factors of production.

The paper is devoted to the urgent problem of increasing the effectiveness of digital transformation mechanisms in the sphere of general education, aimed at improving the efficiency of functioning of general educational organizations. The analysis of normative legal acts regulating state regulation in the field of information technology application in education, domestic and foreign literature devoted to digital transformation of the economy and society as a whole has been carried out. The main directions of digital transformation of education were analyzed. The lack of elaboration of the issues of digital transformation of general education along with a large number of publications related to higher education institutions is noted. The main technological transformations preceding the current stage of introducing end-to-end technologies in the sphere of general education in the Russian Federation are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of digital transformation of general education management. The problems of introducing end-to-end technologies in the sphere of general education management are considered against the background of the acute need to master new technologies and the transition of the economy to a new stage of development. The tasks of digital transformation of education have been studied and the analysis of the reasons hindering the introduction of modern digital technologies has been carried out, which allowed us to identify the need to update not only the methods of conducting the educational process with the use of digital educational content, but also to qualitatively change the management system of a modern educational organization. The study showed that the digital transformation of general education cannot take place without state regulation and research in the field of correlation between the classroom and digital component. Recommendations on the implementation of projects in the system of general education are given, which allow to eliminate the duplication of management functions, reduce the cost of software development and implementation at different levels of education management.

The purpose of the article is to establish the principles of organizing the light industry and adjacent sectors of the Russian economy in the context of mobilization activities in the economy, in order to ensure the uninterrupted supply of products to meet the needs of the troops within the framework of the state order. Methods. The industry analysis is carried out under two main assumptions: a) the industry should be reformed, on the terms of public-private mobilization partnership (PPMP); b) relations between the light industry and related economic sectors should be built on the terms of an inter-industry syndicate (cluster, strategic alliance). The assessment of the stability of companies in the light industry sector is carried out on the basis of a matrix aggregate calculator (MAC). The return on equity of companies is analyzed using the DuPont formula. Results. Based on the simulation results, it is shown that the industry maintains economic stability provided that three basic conditions are met: a) it maintains an irreducible net profitability at the level of 5-7 %; b) forms an irreducible turnover of its assets at the level of 1.5 times a year; c) is credited by the state under the supplier’s factoring scheme, which gives a level of financial leverage of about 1.6. All this together should lead to a return on industry equity (ROE) of about 20 % per annum, which guarantees a rapid attraction of private capital to the industry, with the issuance of additional state guarantees for capital protection (a real option for business). Discussion. A more detailed modeling of sectoral economic stability requires the correct selection of modeling factors by groups: Threats, Opportunities, BSC, Risks, Chances, Decisions. A special modeling of the industry corporate culture is needed, using the approaches of related specialties. Conclusion. The GFMP principle guarantees the sustainable functioning of the Russian economy in the conditions of a period of maximum and medium levels of response and high readiness. The conventional wisdom that it is possible to ensure the sovereignty of the country by keeping the peacetime economy in the rear is untenable.

The environmental aspect of business activities is considered in the vast majority of cases as an element of corporate social responsibility or as part of the social function of enterprises. Within the framework of this study, the goal was set to justify the feasibility of identifying the actual environmental function of business and to reveal its role and content. Such a step will allow, if necessary, to analyze it in isolation from the general social vector of development of private enterprises based on a separate concept. To achieve the goal, four tasks were consistently solved. Firstly, the essence and importance of the “green” transition within national economies is revealed. Secondly, evidence is provided of the priority of the process of greening business structures in comparison with other vectors of growth of the Russian “green” economy. Thirdly, the main provisions of the theory of environmentally oriented business are formulated on the basis of the concept of corporate social responsibility. Fourthly, the concept and components of the “green” function of business at the present stage are revealed.

The article presents the characterization of new approaches and technologies in congress and exhibition activities. As a result of the conducted research of a number of scientific sources, the author’s approach to the systematization of innovations in congress and exhibition activities is presented, which provides their division into four main groups: technological, communication, sustainable, organizational innovations. Characteristics and possibilities of the most relevant innovations from the point of view of increasing the efficiency of congress and exhibition activities are presented. The methodology for successful realization of new approaches and technologies in congress and exhibition activity in Russia is offered.

The article analyzes the policy of the Central Bank of Russia in three aspects: setting the key rate, the low level of monetization of Russia’s GDP and determining the causes of inflation. The transition of the Bank of Russia from a liberal to an ultra-liberal policy is proved, expressed in the policy of targeting inflation, the floating exchange rate of the ruble and the liberalization of cross-border capital flows. The logical error of the Central Bank in determining the consequences of raising the key rate is shown. It rises to stop the inflation of demand, and thus causes the inflation of production costs. As a result, the opposite effect is achieved - an increase in inflation. The same process is facilitated by maintaining a low level of GDP monetization and incorrectly determining the causes of inflation in Russia, which is non-monetary in nature in the country. The author concludes that in its policy of expensive money, the Central Bank relies more on political factors than economic ones.

This article is devoted to the contribution to the analysis of the balance sheet of one of the famous scientists in the accounting - Nikolai Alexandrovich Blatov. Being a model of flows of three types values, «Blatov’s Square» illustrates the boundaries of balance sheet as an enterprise model. Half of the requirements, noted by Blatov for checking the correctness of the balance, are subjective and cast doubt on the possibility of drawing up the correct balance sheet. Blatov is one of the first authors who presented algorithms for balance analysis techniques and formalized analytical procedures, calling it «economic analysis». These methods remain relevant. The calculation of turnover and liquidity indicators proposed by the author may complement the methods of modern practice. An assumption was made about the relevance of using knowledge of the balance studies in modern conditions. Based on the study of Blatov’s works, it can be concluded that to a greater extent it is advisable to internal rather than external users to apply his ideas for the enterprise analysis.

Based on the results of existing research and the empirical data obtained by the author, a number of conclusions have been made about the nature and degree of influence of the labor organization factor (labor force, actually living labor) on productivity and labor intensity in industries/sectors of the US economy. This analysis covers the period from 2010 to 2022, when the American economy, subject to an extremely high degree of servization, entered the stage of “re-industrial turn”, formed on the basis of a new sixth technological structure, characterized, in addition to technological innovations, by a significant increase in the role of a person - a qualified worker with creative content of work. Based on the results of regression analysis, the grouping of industries/sectors of the US economy according to the elasticity of productivity and intensity depending on the indicators of labor organization in American companies, expressed through the corresponding regression coefficients, allowed us to draw conclusions about the ambiguity in the nature and significance of the influence of the sought factor on the explained variables. Currently, a number of American industries are forced to use extensive forms of labor organization, in particular to increase the actual hours worked, in order to maintain profitability and competitiveness, despite increasing social costs. The identification of four groups of sectors of the American economy according to this criterion indicates a change in the structural policy of the United States, characterized by a sectoral focus in the field of stabilization and increasing productivity growth rates due to the organizational factor.

The transformation of traditional business models of public catering enterprises into their innovative version occurs under the influence of a certain set of external factors. The assessment, both negative and positive, of the influence of external factors should be carried out according to adapted methods suitable for the situation and the chosen industry. At the moment, a set of external factors that have a significant impact on the formation of successful business models remains insufficiently studied. The need for research is also due to the lack of a system of factors that must be taken into account when forming an adaptive business model for public catering enterprises. The purpose of the study is to form a system of factors that have a significant impact on the public catering sector, and to assess the nature of the influence of each factor on the activities of public catering enterprises. The research methods are: comparative analysis, statistical analysis, benchmarking, classification and ranking, Churchman - Akoff method, PEST-analysis. The result of the study is a developed system of factors that have a significant impact on the catering industry, and an assessment of the nature of the influence of each factor, as well as identified industry risks and identified strategies for responding to them. The authors conclude that the most significant factors influencing the formation of a successful business model in the field of public catering are: the sanctions imposed against Russia by some countries; increased investment in catering projects; increasing the importance of higher education; technological improvements, the introduction of modern technologies in the catering infrastructure.

The article examines theoretical approaches to defining the concept of “self-employment” as a special type of employment with its own forms of manifestation, as entrepreneurship, as a form of economic activity of an individual, as a special structure in a multi-structure economy, as a socio-economic phenomenon, as a phenomenon that can lead to the integration of the interests of society and people and others. It has been suggested that only a comprehensive consideration of the characteristics of self-employment, its genetic basis, qualities, properties and forms of manifestation will allow us to provide a substantiated author’s understanding of self-employment.

The intensification of the sphere of the study of critical thinking based on formal logical principles, found in the works of modern researchers, actualizes the appeal to the topic of logical analysis of language. The program settings of the course «Logic and critical Thinking» are focused on the thorough immersion of participants in the acute issues of the use of natural language. The purpose of this article is to reflect on the subjects of ambiguity in language and the operational tasks of pedagogical practice in critical thinking that arise in this regard. Understanding the experience of implementing an educational project is aimed at outlining the logical foundations of critical skills built through the prism of students’ reflexive vision. The framework of language and thinking problems is evaluated through ranking of course positions illustrating the possibilities of developing critical thinking through comprehension of language forms. The registered ambiguity is shown taking into account the requirements of the verbal or situational context in the application of the concept. The analysis of texts carried out in a practical lesson leads to the understanding of ambiguity as a linguistic norm that requires acceptance and appropriate cognitive support. The achievement of students becomes a competent vision of the content of the problem of ambiguity, characterizing critical judgment abilities in handling information. Attention is focused on the fact of terminological ambiguity, which implies the identification of clear meanings and deepening into the processes of cognition as such. The conclusion is made about the need for methodical development of the problem of ambiguity in language, since the focus on the subtleties of intellectual and speech mechanisms contributes to the formation of critical skills of project participants.