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Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics

2022 year, number 7

1.
Calculation of the frequencies of vibration-rotation transitions of the H36Cl molecule

T.I. Velichko1, S.N. Mikhailenko2
1Industrial University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russia
2V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: hydrogen chloride molecule, radioactive isotopologue, vibrational-rotational spectrum, Dunham parameters, RKR potential

Abstract >>
Dunham coefficients Ymj of the H36Cl molecule are calculated using previously determined mass-independent spectroscopic parameters Umj , D mjA and D mjB . Pure rotational and vibration-rotation transitions of the (1-0), (2-0) and (3-0) bands are presented up to J max = 25 for the first time. The comparisons of calculated line positions to observed ones for the fundamental and first overtone bands are given. The RKR potential of the H36Cl molecule is retrieved.



2.
Analysis of the correctness of retrieval of vertical atmospheric temperature distribution from lidar signals of molecular scattering at the main lidar of the Siberian lidar station

S.M. Bobrovnikov, V.I. Zharkov, N.G. Zaitsev, A.I. Nadeev, D.A. Trifonov
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: lidar, atmosphere, temperature, Rayleigh scattering

Abstract >>
The methodological issues of lidar measurements of the vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature up to altitudes of 90 km are considered. The method is based on the lidar measurements of the atmospheric molecular density vertical profile using the Rayleigh scattering effect. The results obtained in the upgraded channel of the Rayleigh scattering of the lidar based on the main mirror of the Siberian lidar station with a diameter of 2.2 m are discussed. An improved technique for the retrieval of temperature from molecular backscattering lidar signals is proposed. Numerical experiments have shown that the accuracy of the temperature profile retrieval depends on the choice of the position of the calibration point and the error in setting the temperature in it. The temperature profile retrieval technique, when the calibration point is chosen at the top of the sounding path, is more stable and provides a smaller error compared to calculations provided that the calibration point is chosen at the beginning of the path. The comparison of the results of temperature retrieval from the real lidar responses with the satellite measurement data revealed significant discrepancies associated with the distorting instrumental and atmospheric effects on the shape of the lidar signal. The use of a correction procedure based on the lidar calibration can significantly reduce measurement errors.



3.
Specifics of using atmospheric correction algorithms to determine the brightness of the Black Sea on days of dust transport from MODIS satellite data

E.B. Shybanov, A.S. Papkova, D.V. Kalinskaya
Marine Hydrophysical Institute National Academy of the RAS, Sevastopol, Russia
Keywords: atmospheric correction, remote sensing, reflectance, dust aerosol, AOD, microparticles, concentration

Abstract >>
In this study, three dates of dust transport over the Black Sea are considered. During the analysis of MODIS-Aqua satellite images, probable dust pixels were determined, confirmed by field measurements of ground-based Cimel-318 photometers (AERONET station). Further, using the method of principal components (covariance analysis), the contribution of dust to the variability of the values of the spectral brightness coefficient of the sea was estimated. In the cases of dust transport, the spectral properties of the first vector are explained by the presence of an absorbing aerosol distributed over the height. The absorption effect reduces the amount of brightness reflected by the entire atmosphere in the viewing direction. In the case of a clean atmosphere, the first eigenvector has minimal errors of atmospheric correction, and all variability is due to the reflective properties of the sea water.



4.
Ground-based remote studies of post-pyrogenic landscapes of the Tomsk region

M.N. Alekseeva, I.V. Russkikh, I.G. Yashchenko, P.B. Kadychagov
Institute of Petroleum Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: vegetation index, satellite image, vegetation map, fire, bog, woodland, spectral coefficient

Abstract >>
A comprehensive approach to assessing the state of the post-pyrogenic landscapes of the Tomsk region using satellite images and ground data is suggested. Vegetation maps, maps of vegetation indices NDVI and SWVI are constructed on the example of key sections of the Bakchar-Iks and Ob-Tom interfluves. It was found that the greatest degradation and burning of vegetation cover occurred in the pyrogenic area of the Bakchar bog. 1-2 months after the fires in the bog and in the swampy forest, NDVI decreased by 0.36 and 0.35 units, respectively. It has been established that in the third year after the fire in the Bakchar bog, phytomass increases with a change of pre-fire phytocenoses. The results of IR spectrometry indicate the highest aromatization of peat and plants of burnt areas as compared to background ones.



5.
Altitude of the mixing layer under conditions of temperature inversions: experimental data and model estimates

S.L. Odintsov, V.A. Gladkikh, A.P. Kamardin, I.V. Nevzorova
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: temperature inversion, atmospheric boundary layer, mixing layer, sodar, temperature profilometer, turbulent heat exchange, ultrasonic anemometer-thermometer

Abstract >>
Model estimates of the altitude of the mixing layer in the atmospheric boundary layer under conditions of temperature inversions are compared with the experimentally estimated altitude of the layer of intense turbulent heat exchange. The experimental data are received with the temperature-wind system consisting of meteorological acoustic lidar (sodar), meteorological temperature profilometer, and ultrasonic anemometers-thermometers. It is shown that under conditions of temperature inversions, the altitude of the mixing layer calculated by the model equations is usually much smaller than the altitude of the layer of turbulent heat exchange.



6.
Tropospheric ozone concentration in Russia in 2021

V.V. Andreev1, M.Yu. Arshinov2, B.D. Belan2, S.B. Belan2, D.K. Davydov2, V.I. Demin3, N.V. Dudorova2, N.F. Elansky4, G.S. Zhamsueva5, A.S. Zayakhanov5, G.A. Ivlev2, A.V. Kozlov2, L.V. Konovaltseva1, S.N. Kotel’nikov6, I.N. Kuznetsova7, V.A. Lapchenko8, E.A. Lezina9, V.A. Obolkin10, O.V. Postylyakov4, V.L. Potemkin10, D.E. Savkin2, I.A. Senik4, E.V. Stepanov6, G.N. Tolmachev2, A.V. Fofonov2, T.V. Khodzher10, I.V. Chelibanov11, V.P. Chelibanov11, V.V. Shirotov12, K.A. Shukurov4
1Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
2V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
3Polar Geophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, Russia
4A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
5Institute of Physical Material Science of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Ulan-Ude, Russia
6Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences Physics Instrumentation Center, Moscow, Russia
7Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia, Moscow, Russia
8T.I. Vyazemsky Karadag scientific station - nature reserve RAN, Feodosiya, Russia
9Mosjekomonitoring, Moscow, Russia
10Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Irkutsk, Russia
11Instrument-making enterprise "OPTEK", St. Petersburg, Russia
12Russian Federal Service on Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring Research and Production Association «Typhoon», Obninsk, Russia
Keywords: atmosphere, air, concentration, ozone, maximum permissible concentration, surface layer, troposphere

Abstract >>
Ozone is one of the most toxic impurities in the troposphere. Therefore, it is recognized as the number one pollutant in most countries and its concentration is monitored. This work presents an overview of continuous measurements of the ozone content in the troposphere over Russia throughout 2021 carried out on an initiative basis at 16 stations in different Russian regions. The monitoring results showed that the daily mean ozone concentration exceeded the MPCdm at all observation sites during a significant part of the year. Two- and even three-fold excess over MPCdm was observed at a number of stations. At six stations, concentrations above the MPCs were recorded. This requires a more comprehensive analysis of the composition and concentration of ozone precursors and the development of measures to reduce their emission into the atmosphere.



7.
Scale heights of water vapor and sulfur species in the lower troposphere

A.V. Eliseev1,2,3,4, A.V. Timazhev2, P.L. Jimenez3
1LomonosovMoscow State University, Moscow, Russia
2A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
3Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
4Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS), Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Keywords: sulfur dioxide, sulfates, specific humidity, vertical scale, planetary boundary layer, correlation relationships

Abstract >>
A global analysis of geographical features of vertical profiles of specific humidity and concentrations of sulfur dioxide and sulfate aerosols from the CAMS reanalysis data, as well as height of planetary boundary layer (PBL) from the ERA5 reanalysis data for 2003-2020 is carried out. The scale height HY is used as a characteristic of the mentioned profiles, which corresponds to the e -fold decrease in the substance Y concentration. The maxima of the height of the upper boundary of the planetary boundary layer are noted in the regions of prevailing cyclonic circulation - in storm tracks and in the regions of monsoon circulation in summer. For the vertical scale of the specific humidity profile, minima are identified in the regions of subtropical circulation with prevailing large-scale sinking of air. The vertical scale of the SO2 concentration profile is characterized by spatial minima associated with the oxidation of this substance. Finally, for HSO4 a spatial minimum near Southeast Asia is found. A statistically significant negative correlation between the PBL thickness and the vertical scale of the profile of specific humidity in humid regions of the tropics is revealed. A positive correlation between the vertical scales of the concentrations of sulfur dioxide and sulfates, most significantly manifested in the regions of strong pollution of the lower troposphere by these substances, is also obtained.



8.
Coupled optical resonances in a dielectric microsphere: physical concept of miniature optical pressure sensor

Yu.E. Geints1, I.V. Minin2,3, O.V. Minin2,3
1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
2Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
3Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: optical resonance, optical pressure sensor, whispering gallery modes, wave reflection, optical wave interference, mesowavelength particle

Abstract >>
Optical resonance of the internal field of a dielectric microparticle occurs when the frequency of the incident light is tuned to the frequency of one of the particle spatial eigenmodes which leads to a sharp increase in optical intensity and higher field localization near the particle rim providing the formation of annularly-periodic structures in the form of standing waves, the so-called “whispering gallery” modes (WGM). We theoretically consider the case where a dielectric microsphere is placed near a flexible light reflecting membrane, which acts as an external pressure sensor. In this case, due to reflection from the reflecting membrane, the WGMs of the sphere are excited twice by direct and reflected backward radiation, which then couples within the microparticle volume. The optical intensity of the resulting WGM carries enough information about the position of the flexible loaded membrane. This allows one to propose a physical concept of a new miniature all-optical pressure sensor. We show that the pressure sensitivity of such a sensor depends on the quality factor of the excited resonant mode, as well as the geometrical and mechanical parameters of the flexible membrane. Important advantages of the sensor proposed are the miniature design (the size of the sensor is determined by the diameter of the flexible membrane) and the non-contact type of the pressure sensor placement.



9.
Investigation of changes in CO2 concentration in breath of laboratory animals at the metal-oxide nanoparticle inhalation

B.G. Ageev, O.Yu. Nikiforova
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: inhalation, nanoparticle, cobalt ferrite, magnetite, expired air, guinea pig, ÑÎ concentration, absorption spectrum, CO laser

Abstract >>
Fine and nanosize particles of both natural and anthropogenic origin can be present in the atmospheric air and affect the environment and human health. The effect of inhalation the cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4, magnetite Fe3O4, and tin dioxide SnO2 nanopowders on the carbon dioxide content in air samples taken from the noses of laboratory animals is studied. The CO2 concentration is determined from the absorption spectra of air samples recorded with a laser photoacoustic (PA) gas analyzer. It is ascertained that inhalation of magnetite nanoparticles leads to a decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the samples of exhaled air of laboratory animals, which can indicate a negative effect of such exposure.



10.
Selective absorption effect of impurity gases on measurements in atomic absorption mercury analyzers based on the Zeeman effect

V.V. Tatur, A.A. Tikhomirov
Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: mercury vapor analyzer, longitudinal and transverse Zeeman effects, natural gas, benzene, toluene, minimum concentration

Abstract >>
The effect of impurity gases (benzene and toluene) on measurements of the mercury concentration in natural gas is estimated. The measurements were carried out with analyzers with mercury capillary lamps (MCL) as a radiation source. The MCLs were placed in the magnetic field to produce the longitudinal or transverse Zeeman effects. It is shown that in the transverse Zeeman effect, when the triplet of p-, s+-, and s--components is emitted, the effect of impurity gases on the measurement results of mercury concentration in natural gas several time decreases. The minimum allowable concentration of benzene and toluene (up to 10 mg/m3) in natural gas is experimentally determined, which does not affect the measurement of mercury concentration with an analyzer with a MCL filled with mercury of natural isotopic composition in the transverse Zeeman effect.