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Geography and Natural Resources

2019 year, number 3

1.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: PROBLEMS OF MODELING AND MAPPING

A.K. CHERKASHIN
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 1, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
akcherk@irnok.net
Keywords: оценка воздействия на окружающую среду, математическое моделирование, тематическое картографирование, факторы и условия, многообразие природной среды, environmental impact assessment, mathematical modeling, thematic mapping, factors and conditions, environ mental variety

Abstract >>
A theoretical framework for environmental impact assessment of economic activity is formulated by using methods of math ematical modeling and thematic mapping. Theoretically, environment is considered as a surface of variety (manifold), linking various factors and conditions. Tangential planes to the surface correspond to any natural systems (ecosystems), individual ac cording to their connections with the environment (points of tangency). An example of the display of the environmental variety is provided by landscape-typological maps of a territory. The equation of the plane specifies connections of factor parameters of ecosystems by taking into account their shift relative to environmental coordinates of these reference points. Different types of systemic interpretations of these equations (types of models) are formed with various quantitative criteria for change of in envi ronmental status, such as the measures of responsibility and effectiveness of decisions made. Environmental impact assessment methods generally estimate changes in the state of natural systems rather than the transformation of their environment. Therefore, methods of distinguishing relevant indicators and selecting the characteristic features of their controlled changes are suggested. The antisymmetry of variability and stability is naturally discernible from the factors and conditions of economic activity, which is demonstrated by modeling the impact of economic processes on the environmental status: an assessment was made of the influ ence of the size of gross regional product on amounts of atmospheric emissions of pollutants as well as of waste water discharges on human health. The findings can be used in developing methods of mathematical modeling of the relationships between the ecological, economic and social blocks of territorial systems in order to solve problems of thematic mapping and seek optimal solutions in the field of environmental management.



2.
MAPPING OF GEOCHEMICAL LANDSCAPES IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA (SOME ASPECTS OF PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION)

V.V. DYACHENKO, I.YU. MATASOVA, L.G. DYACHENKO
Novorossiisk Polytechnical Institute, Branch of Kuban State Technological University, 353900, Novorossiisk, ul. Karla Marksa, 20, Russia
v-v-d@mail.ru
Keywords: карты, почвы, геохимия ландшафтов, микроэлементы, загрязнение, природопользование, maps, soils, landscape geochemistry, trace elements, pollution, environmental management

Abstract >>
This article analyzes the current state and relevance of using landscape-geochemical mapping. A case study for the south of Russia is presented, with a focus on the principles of the geochemical landscape typology, the compilation methodology and the main areas of practical implementation of particular maps. An analysis is made of the major landscape-forming factors for the south of Russia and the methods of their systematics and cartographic presentation. We suggest the matrix legend to the map of geochemical landscapes, visualizing all their diversity as well as modeling landscapes which could exist in the past (or in the future) as a result of the realization of existing combinations of natural and man-made factors. The landscape structure in the Southern Federal District and the North Caucasus Federal District has been analyzed, including assessments of the natural differentiation and specificity of the technogenic transformation of the biosphere. The analysis revealed a high level of anthropogenic transformation of the region so that only 54 of the 232 landscape types as identified at a scale of 1:1 000 000 are natural, and all the others have been to a certain extent transformed by economic activity or created by man. As a result, technogenically transformed landscapes occupy more than 70 % of the southern territory of the European part of the Russian Federation, which reduces the region’s ecosystem stability. Suggestions are made on practical implementation of landscape-geochemical mapping in environmental management.



3.
GENERALIZED TYPES OF GEOPOLITICAL MODELS

A.B. ELATSKOV
St. Petersburg State University, 199178, St. Petersburg, Desyataya liniya Vasilyevskogo ostrova, 33/35, Russia
elatskov@mail.ru
Keywords: геополитика, политическая география, геополитическая модель, геополитические отношения, политическая геоадаптация, географический фактор, geopolitics, political geography, geopolitical model, geopolitical relations, political geo-adaptation, geographical factor

Abstract >>
The activity-geospatial approach as one of the most powerful interdisciplinary approaches in geopolitical research is con sidered. It provides a means of studying political phenomena in terms of the geospatial organization and self-organization of society, including its geopolitical organization. The key to this lies with the “geopolitical relation” category. It implies a unity of political activity and geographical space as well as an elementary subject for study. In the broader context, geopolitics is re garded as the political type of geo-adaptation of society. From this perspective, it is suggested that the following idealized types of geopolitical models be identified, namely: natural-geographical, socio-geographical, activity-related, and chronogeopolitical. A generalized logic of their construction is shown. The natural-geographical type describes a coercive determination of the charac teristics of the geopolitical actor caused by natural phenomena as well as geo-adaptational pressure produced by them. The socio-geographical type reflects the influence of socio-geographical space (economic, civilizational, ethnic, etc.) on the charac teristics of the geopolitical actor. Activity-related models characterize the interaction process between any geographical factors and the activity of particular geopolitical actors as well as results of such an interaction, i. e. the spatial forms of political phe nomena. If such models are applied to several actors, they will overlap and identify common geopolitical regions. Graphical schemes of generalized geopolitical models are presented.



4.
INFLUENCE OF THE UNDERLYING SURFACE ON GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OVER CENTRAL SIBERIA

A.V. URBAN1, A.S. PROKUSHKIN1, M.A. KORETS1, A.V. PANOV1, CH. GERBIG2, M. HEIMANN2
1Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences - a Separate Subdivision of the Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Akademgorodok, 50, stroenie 28, Russia
nastimoti@mail.ru
2Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Hans-Knoell-Str. 10, Germany
gerbig@bgc-jena.mpg.de
Keywords: футпринт, обсерватория ZOTTO, RLC-карты, стохастическая транспортная модель STILT, углекислый газ, метан, footprint, ZOTTO observatory, RLC maps, Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model, carbon dioxide, methane

Abstract >>
A crucial issue in atmospheric studies on greenhouse gas content involves assessing the representativeness (footprint) having influence on their concentrations measured by tall towers. In this study, the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model was used to estimate seasonal cumulative footprint climatology for greenhouse gases measurements obtained on the 301-meter-high Zotino Tall Tower Observation Facility (ZOTTO) for the growing seasons (May-September) from 2008 to 2012 (with the exception of 2011). Results showed that the ZOTTO seasonal concentration cumulative footprint climatology for four years reached 6.9×10 6 km 2 and the 75 % cumulative footprints varied from 1,9 to 2,3×10 6 km 2 . For the same period, the Russian Land Cover map based on MODIS data for 2014 was used to estimate the impact of land cover surrounding the ZOTTO tower on concentration measurements. The analysis showed that in the 75 % seasonal cumulative footprint the largest area is occupied by bogs, followed (in decreasing order) by larch, mixed, light-coniferous evergreen forests, grassland, and by other classes. Furthermore, analysis of the contributions from individual cells making up a footprint showed that the largest influ ence on formation of greenhouse gas concentrations as recorded by ZOTTO comes from the types of vegetation growing in the immediate vicinity of the tall tower, namely bogs, mixed forests, and light and dark coniferous forest stands.



5.
LANDSCAPE MAPPING OF ANTHROPOGENIC MESO-LANDSCAPES FOR ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING OF THE TERRITORY (EXAMPLIFIED BY THE SIKHOTE-ALIN BIOSPHERE REGION)

S.V. OSIPOV, A.A. GUROV
Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, ul. Radio, 7, Russia
sv-osipov@yandex.ru
Keywords: техногенный, селитебный, освоенность территории, классификация ландшафтов, индекс фор мы, геоэкология, technogenic, residential, land development, classification of landscapes, index of form, geoecology

Abstract >>
A classification of anthropogenic meso-landscapes is developed, the landscape map (the map of meso-landscapes) of an thropogenic areas for Sikhote-Alin biosphere region is prepared, and the practical applications of the map and of a spectrum of anthropogenic geocomplexes/geosystems are outlined. The sequence of naturalness-artificiality of geocomplexes and geosystems was used for the classification of meso-landscapes: natural - techno-natural - natural-technical - technical. A diversity of natural-technical and techno-natural meso-landscapes is identified. They are dominated by agricultural fields in river valleys and rural settlements on sloping sites; dumps of surface rocks, roads of categories II-V, low-rise industrial buildings on sloping sites, and slurry tailings occupy a significant area. The diminished map of techno-natural and natural-technical areas for the Sikhote-Alin biosphere region and two maps of key areas (scale 1:50 000) are provided. The range of application for a landscape spectrum and the map of the techno-natural and natural-technical areas is outlined: assessment of the (geo)ecological status, analysis of the type and extent of land use, monitoring of anthropogenic changes in landscape cover, and optimization of nature management. Their use is especially important for regions with protected natural areas and natural and cultural heritage sites. It is pointed out that mapping of technical, natural-technical and techno-natural geocomplexes, when natural geocomplexes are not mapped, is significantly less time consuming for elaboration of a geographic information system and for the preparation of a map; this is especially true for a study territory which has been only slightly modified by human activity. In this case, mapping of anthropogenic geocomplexes alone is a very informative proximate method of assessment, analysis and monitoring.



6.
ECOLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS ON THE TERRITORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE COPPER-NICKEL DEPOSIT (KAMCHATKA)

L.V. ZAKHARIKHINA1, YU.S. LITVINENKO2
1RussianResearch Instutute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops, 354002, Sochi, ul. Yana Fabritsiusa, 2/28, Russia
2EcoGeoLit Ltd, 119330, Moscow, ul. Mosfil’movskaya, 17b, Russia
ecogeolit@mail.ru
Keywords: медно-никелевый рудник, вода, почва, растительность, донные отложения, copper-nickel mine, water, soil, vegetation, bottom sediments

Abstract >>
Using on ten-year-long monitoring observations of the status of natural environments across the territory of development of the copper-nickel deposit in the settings of Kamchatka, we examine the characteristics of ecological and geochemical changes in surface waters, soils, plants and bottom sediments, reflecting the main technological stages of deposit development. The assessment of the status of natural environments was made every year for the same sampling locations, both in the influence zone of mine facilities and at a distance from them, to determine seasonal variations in the parameters of the local geochemical background. Soils were assessed by selecting them from the upper, most polluted, organogenic horizon. Vegetation monitoring was carried out on sphagnum mosses for which background studies revealed the highest biological absorption coefficients. At natural water sampling locations, the youngest and fine-grained (sandy-clay fraction less than 1 mm) bottom sediments were collected, characterizing recent changes in the catchment areas in the influence zone of influence of the enterprise. It is shown that the geochemical transformation of soils, plants, and bottom sediments at the time of development of the copper-nickel deposit is more complex in character than the dynamics of chemical changes in the surface waters of the territory which is determined by the development stages of production and by the structural characteristics of the ore body. Adjustments to the ecological and geochemical changes in soils and plants are made by the processes of release of ore elements from secondary superimposed haloes of dispersion triggered by mass explosions in open pit mining, and by the polybarrier mechanism of concentration of chemical elements inherent in mosses. The specific properties of chemical elements that manifest themselves in the interaction of surface waters with organic matter are responsible for the time difference in their accumulation in marshy soils and bottom sediments of streams.



7.
CIRCULATION FACTORS FOR THE CURRENT LOW WATER LEVEL WITHIN THE LAKE BAIKAL DRAINAGE BASIN

V.N. SINYUKOVICH1, I.V. LATYSHEVA2, V.L. MAKUKHIN3
1Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 3, Russia
sin@lin.irk.ru
2Irkutsk State University, 664003, Irkutsk, ul. Karla Marksa, 1, Russia
ababab1967@mail.ru
3Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk State University, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 3, Russia, 664003, Irkutsk, ul. Karla Marksa, 1, Russia
aerosol@lin.irk.ru
Keywords: межгодовые вариации водного режима, приток, речной сток, маловодье, атмосферная цирку ляция, циклогенез, interannual variations of water regime, inflow, river runoff, low water level, atmospheric circulation, cyclogenesis

Abstract >>
We examined the relationships between the dynamics of surface inflow into Lake Baikal and the runoff of the main tribu taries of the Baikal drainage basin and regional and global circulation parameters to determine the role of certain of the meteo rological factors in the current low water level within the Baikal catchment area. A decrease or an increase in the runoff of Baikal’s rivers in the summer months depends on the synoptic situation in the south of East Siberia and in the north of Mongo lia where southern cyclones provide the main influx of moisture to the Baikal region. We used different indices as climatic and circulation factors which characterize the specific features in the forms of atmospheric circulation in high and low latitudes of the northern hemisphere (NAO, АО, SCAND, and others) as well as the anomalies of mean monthly values of surface pressure and geopotential altitudes of isobaric surface АТ-500 in the zone of 43-50 ° N and 90-115 ° E. It was found that the low water level within the Lake Baikal drainage basin has persisted since 1996 but it has manifested itself particularly clearly due to the lake stage reduction. In the south of Siberia and in the north of Mongolia, since the early 21 st century there has been an en hancement in anticyclogenesis processes accompanied by an increase in air temperature, surface pressure and geopotential alti tudes at the level of the mid-troposphere (5 km). The more favorable conditions for river runoff formation are created during the development of the ridge of elevated and low pressure over Ural and the associated ridge of low pressure over Siberia, with cy clogenesis processes occurring in front of them over the territory of Mongolia and the south of East Siberia at the Earth’s surface. Elevated precipitation and runoff are observed at the time of blocking anticyclones over Transbaikalia and the Far East, which are responsible for a long-lasting persistence of Mongolian cyclones.



8.
ESTIMATION OF NUTRIENT LOAD ON THE KUIBYSHEV RESERVOIR FROM THE CATCHMENT AREA

SH.R. POZDNYAKOV1, S.A. KONDRATYEV1, E.A. MINAKOVA2, A.YU. BRYUKHANOV3, N.V. IGNATYEVA1, M.V. SHMAKOVA1, E.V. IVANOVA1, N.S. OBLOMKOVA3, A.V. TEREKHOV1
1Institute of Limnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 196105, St. Petersburg, ul. Sevastyanova, 9, Russia
tbgmaster@mail.ru
2Kazan Federal University, 420012, Kazan, ul. Karla Marksa, 74, Russia
ekologyhel@mail.ru
3Institute for Engineering and Environmental Problems in Agricultural Production - Branch of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution В«Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM» (IEEP - branch of FSAC VIM), 96625, St. Petersburg, Tyarlevo, Fil’trovskoe shosse, 3, Russia
sznii@yandex.ru
Keywords: водохранилище, водосбор, внешняя биогенная нагрузка, азот, фосфор, модель, reservoir, catchment area, external nutrient load, nitrogen, phosphorus, model

Abstract >>
The present level of external nutrient load and its separate parts on the Kuibyshev reservoir - the largest one on the Eur asian continent, was estimated. The mathematic model for calculating mean annual input of nitrogen and phosphorus from  river drainage areas of non-homogeneous structure, and load on water bodies was developed. The main components of the load are the nonpoint nutrient emission by the underlying surface which is currently not affected by agricultural impact, the load generated by agricultural activity, discharges of pollutants from point sources into the hydrographic network of the catchment area and directly into the water-receiving reservoir, and the mass exchange with the atmosphere. The model includes calculating the retention of chemicals by catchments and by their hydrographic network. The model was calibrated against the data of State monitoring for the pilot areas: the catchment area of the Kazanka river (the left bank tributary) and the Sviyaga (the right bank tributary). The nutrient load generated by discharges from point sources of pollution was estimated using statistical reporting data. The values of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus on the surface of the study catchments were calculated using the data of field studies on the chemical composition of deposits. It is shown that implementation of the best available technolo gies into agricultural practice will not lead to any significant reduction in the nutrient load on the reservoir, because in recent years across most of the study area the rates of application of nutrients with organic and mineral fertilizers have been lower than the average removal of nitrogen and phosphorus with the harvested crops. An approximate estimation of nutrient load on the Kuibyshev reservoir was carried out for the left and the right bank sides of the catchment area. The background (natural) and diffuse (anthropogenic) components of the load are identified.



9.
METHANE EMISSION FROM THE SURFACE OF THE MOZHAISK VALLEY-TYPE RESERVOIR

M.G. GRECHUSHNIKOVA1,2, I.A. REPINA1,3, V.M. STEPANENKO1, V.S. KAZANTSEV3, A.YU. ARTAMONOV4, V.A. LOMOV1
1M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Leninskie gory, 1, Russia
allavis@mail.ru; 119333. Moscow. ul.Gubkina. 3. Russia
2Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences
3A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119017, Moscow, per. Pyzhevskii, 3, Russia
repina@ifaran.ru
4A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
sailer@ifaran.ru
Keywords: гидрологический режим, водообмен, содержание метана, растворенный кислород, плавучие ка меры, бескислородные условия, hydrological regime, water exchange, methane content, dissolved oxygen, floating chambers, oxygen-free condi tions

Abstract >>
This article deals with spatio-temporal changes in methane emission from the surface of the Mozhaisk reservoir. Seasonal changes in the content and specific flow of methane were revealed for different morphological areas of the reservoir, based on field observation data obtained in 2015-2018. In the low-flow Mozhaisk reservoir, the methane content in the surface and bottom layers of the deep-water areas at the end of the summer stratification period may differ by three orders of magnitude. According to results from measuring with floating chambers in the сentral area of the reservoir from early June to the end of the period of direct stratification (August-September) the total methane flow increased from less than 1 to 16 mg С-СН4 / (m 2 ⋅ hour). Time-coin cident measurements with floating chambers of two types revealed characteristic values of the methane flow components and their change during the sampling period. It was found that at the period of stratification the diffusive flux predominates with the mean values 0,2 mg С-СН4 / (m 2 ⋅ hour). A further increase in the total methane flux is associated with an increase of its bubble component. According to calculations, the diffusive flux reaches its maximum values in late summer in the shallow zone of the reservoir. It is established that a significant increase of the values of the total methane flux is observed when the upper boundary of the oxygen-free zone reaches the lower boundary of the epilimnion. The specific methane flux density reaches its largest values prior to destruction of direct stratification. Comparison of field measurements with literature data showed that the magnitude of emission from reservoirs with a slow water exchange in the temperate zone can be underestimated in estimations of global methane emission.



10.
USE OF HYDROOPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN MONITORING THE STATUS OF THE RESERVOIR ECOSYSTEM

V.I. MANKOVSKY1, P.P. SHERSTYANKIN2
1Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 299011, Sevastopol, ul. Kapitanskaya, 2, Russia
mankovskiy@mhi-ras.ru
2Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 3, Russia
ppsherst@lin.irk.ru
Keywords: показатель ослабления света, глубина видимости белого диска, взвешенное вещество, хлорофилл, растворенное органическое вещество, эвфотический слой, beam attenuation coefficient, Secchi depth, suspended matter, chlorophyll, dissolved organic matter, euphotic layer thickness

Abstract >>
Use of hydrooptical characteristics in monitoring of the reservoir ecosystem is investigated. Two basic characteristics which are most commonly used for purposes of ecological monitoring having regard to information content and ease of measurements are considered: the beam attenuation coefficient ε , the and Secchi disc depth ZSD. Theoretical analysis shows a relationship of ε and ZSD with content of suspended matter and chlorophyll in water. It is concluded, however, that correct theoretical calcula tions of the content of these substances is not possible to correctly calculate these substances in a theoretical way from ε and ZSD. In this context, empirical relationships of suspended matter and chlorophyll concentrations with hydrooptical characteristics are used for monitoring purposes. These relationships are regional in character, which is accounted for by the regional composition of suspended matter and by the intracellular concentration of pigments in algae. Examples of empirical relationships of the sus pended matter and chlorophyll concentrations with the beam attenuation coefficient and Secchi depth in Lake Baikal, the Black Bea and the tropical waters of the Atlantic waters are given. It is found that in addition to the content of suspended matter and chlorophyll in reservoirs, it is important, for biological purposes, to know the thickness of the euphotic layer for total quantum irradiation Heuph.quant. Examples of the determination of the euphotic layer thickness for total quantum irradiation Heuph.quant using Secchi depth for different reservoirs are provided.



11.
NATURAL CONDITIONS AND ECOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF GEOSYSTEMS IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE OKA PLATEAU (EASTERN SAYAN)

I.N. VLADIMIROV1, V.B. VYRKIN1, E.A. ILYICHEVA1,2, D.V. KOBYLKIN1, M.V. PAVLOV1, ZEHONG LI3
1V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 1, Russia
garisson@irigs.irk.ru
2Irkutsk State University, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Lermontova, 126, Russia
lenail@irigs.irk.ru
3Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS, 100101, Beijing, Datun Road, 11a, China
lizehong@igsnrr.ac.cn
Keywords: плоскогорье, рельеф, речная сеть, озеро, ландшафты, plateau, relief, river network, lake, landscapes

Abstract >>
The objective of this study is to make an analysis of the natural characteristics of the mountain territories in Southern Siberia as part of the development of the technique for assessing the ecological potential of geosystems by using the central part of the Oka Plateau as an example. A brief description of the relief and exogenous processes is provided for three geomorpho logical regions: Okinsko-Sorokskii, Okinsko-Tustukskii and Soroksko-Bel’skii, which are characterized by a predominance of flat-topped interfluves, slopes of moderate steepness and deeply incised river valleys. The main features of the climate and hy drological regime in the study area are emphasized. The first ever bathymetrical survey of Lake Sagan-Nur was made, and its morphometric indicators were calculated. On the basis of the morphology and bottom sediments of the lake basin, the genesis of the lake is treated as glaciotectonic. The chemical composition of the waters and the lake bottom sediments were determined,  which may well characterize it as a natural unpolluted reservoir. The natural regionalization scheme for the southeastern part of Eastern Sayan is presented. The large-scale landscape map has been compiled for a portion of the central part of the plateau as well as indicating and the main species of vegetation within its boundaries. The identified features in the natural conditions of the study area (relief, climate, surface waters and landscapes) furnish a means of assessing the ecological potential of geosys tems. A combination of the nature- and anthropocentric approaches in assessing the ecological potential of geosystems offers considerable scope for optimal use of natural and human resources of this area which sparsely populated but rich in mineral resources. On the plateau, a detailed study of landscapes and their components is crucial to the assessment of the ecological potential of geosystems, although forecasts of the possible enhancement in the influence of the anthropogenic factor and analysis of the consequences of such an influence on the natural environment are also required.



12.
MODERN TRANSFORMATION FACTORS FOR FLOODPLAIN-CHANNEL COMPLEXES IN THE UPPER ANGARA REGION

M.YU. OPEKUNOVA, ZH.V. ATUTOVA
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 1, Russia
opek@mail.ru
Keywords: морфодинамические типы русла, типы пойм, антропогенное воздействие, экзогенные процессы рельефообразования, русловые деформации, урбанизация, morphodynamic types of channel, types of floodplains, anthropogenic impact, exogenous processes of relief formation, channel deformations, urbanization

Abstract >>
This paper focuses on identifying adverse processes of relief formation by ascertaining the transformation mechanisms of floodplain-channel complexes for different types of economic impact. Within the lower reaches if a number of tributaries of the upper reach of the Angara river, the specific features in the modern functioning of valley geosystems undergoing long-term industrial development are considered, based on observations made during 2015-2018. We carried out a landscape-geomorphological analysis of the key areas to identify the main types of channels as well as the most widely occurring landscape complexes within them. A retrospective analysis of the intensification process of environmental management covering a period longer than 350 years identified dominant agricultural activities which we designated as the main transformation factors of valley geosystems. The analysis revealed the mechanisms by which production activities influence the landscapes of floodplain-channel complexes as well as the main relief-forming processes whose intensification is due to the construction and operation of the facilities of the economic infrastructure. Two variants of the conditions for the functioning of the floodplain-channel complexes in the zones of anthropogenic impact are considered. The first variant includes areas with intensive industrial exploitation of the natural resource potential within which there occurs complete or partial destruction of the floodplain-channel complexes accompanied by the manifestation of adverse exogenous processes. Characteristic for the second variant of development of the valley complexes is a minimization of the risks of the manifestation of hazardous relief-formation processes by carrying out environmental measures and constructing engineering protection facilities in the course of gradual long-term development.



13.
INVESTIGATING THE OCCURRENCE OF CRYOGENIC DEFORMATIONS IN THE SOUTH OF THE VITIM PLATEAU USING RADAR INTERFEROMETRY

G.D. CHIMITDORZHIEVA1, YU.B. TSYBENOV1, T.N. CHIMITDORZHIEV2, A.V. DMITRIEV2, E.O. CHIMITDORZHIEVA1, E.YU. MIL’KHEEV1
1Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 670047, Ulan-Ude, ul. Sakhyanovoi, 6, Russia
galdorj@gmail.com
2Institute of Physical Material Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 670047, Ulan-Ude, ul. Sakhyanovoi, 6, Russia
tchimit@gmail.com
Keywords: радиолокационная дифференциальная интерферометрия, криоморфозы, бугры пучения, грануло метрический состав и влажность почв, radar differential interferometry, cryogenic deformations, heaving hillocks, granulometric composition and soil moisture

Abstract >>
An analysis was made of the ALOS PALSAR radar images (L-band with a wavelength of 23.6 cm) and images from the TanDEM-X bistatic system for the Eravninskaya depression in the south of the Vitim Plateau. A processing of the images provided an interferogram with the expected distribution areas of cryogenic soil deformations. In ground-based geomorphological surveys, they are identified as local heaving and lowering regions. The image of the frost mounds has a complex structure, and thermokarst lakes are distinguished by characteristic rounded, oval-elongated shapes. In the Eravninskaya depression, frost mounds most often occur in piedmont aprons and flat watersheds. The mounds reach several tens of meters in width and their height above the surface is 1.5-2 m. Thermokarst manifests itself in local collapse-subsidence forms which are often filled with water. They emerge mainly in the depression bottoms as well as on broad planate watersheds. Ground-based verification of the surface deformation areas confirmed a good resolution of radar interferometry in assessing the intensity and in mapping of the areas of cryogenic processes, in particular the zones of heaving and thermokarst depressions.



14.
MORPHODYNAMICAL ZONING OF THE COAST OF UDA BAY (SEA OF OKHOTSK)

T.D. LEONOVA, O.V. BELOUS
V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, ul. Baltiiskaya, 3, Russia
leon@poi.dvo.ru
Keywords: береговой район, абразионно-денудационные берега, течения, осушка, рельефообразующие процессы, coastal area, abrasion-denudation shores, currents, foreshore, morphogenetic processes

Abstract >>
We report results from investigating the landforms of the coastal zone of Uda Bay, one of the most poorly explored and hard-to-reach areas of the Sea of Okhotsk. Expedition-based investigations were carried out, satellite images were interpreted, topographic and sea maps were analyzed, and archival material was studied (namely, geological-geomorphological route coastal and hydrographic descriptions). A package of methods was used to obtain new evidence on coastal topography and morphogenetic processes. The region’s natural conditions are considered to identify the factors influencing morphogenesis of the coast of Uda Bay. The influence of the cold Sea of Okhotsk, the duration of freeze-up, strong tidal currents, and an attenuated wave regime are the main factors for the present-day morphogenesis of the bay bottom. Composite coastal topography is determined by the geological structure of the study area, while the river runoff, activity of the ice, and abrasion of the seacoast have influence on input of sedimentary material. According to the morphodynamical attributes and on the basis of a genetic classification of the shores, we carried out a coastal zoning of Uda Bay. A schematic zoning map for Uda Bay and a detailed geomorphological schematic map for Lyutsun Bay were compiled. Eight coastal areas of Uda Bay were identified and described.



15.
EVOLUTION OF DEBRIS FLOW BASINS ON THE SLOPES OF MARINE TERRACES OF THE COAST OF MAGADAN OBLAST AND SAKHALIN ISLAND

S.V. RYBAL’CHENKO1, K.V. VERKHOVOV2
1Special Research Bureau for Automation of Marine Research, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 693000, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, ul. Gor’kogo, 25, Russia
rybalchenko_sv@mail.ru
2RAI STC Gornyi Vozdukh, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, ul. Gornyi vozdukh, liter V, Russia
konstantin_verhovov@mail.ru
Keywords: склоновый селевой бассейн, долинный селевой бассейн, селеопасный период, селевой режим, экзогенные процессы, эрозионный врез, селевые отложения, селевое русло, slope debris flow basin, valley debris flow basin, debris flow hazard period, regime of debris flow, exogenous processes, erosional incision, debris flow deposits, debris flow channel

Abstract >>
Formation of debris flows and occurrence of debris flow basins on marine terraces, and also their further evolution is still a poorly explored area of debris flow research. To create the engineering protection, spatial planning and laying-out of line structures with due regard for the dynamics of development of debris flow basins on the sea coast requires an integrated approach to the study and prediction of the evolution of such landforms. Field material and archival data were used as a basis to determine landforms on the slopes of marine terraces of the coast of Magadan oblast and Sakhalin Island which are debris flow basins. We processed a large array of engineering-geological and meteorological data, and morphometric and morphological characteristics of the debris flow basins. On the basis of the characteristics of the geomorphological structure of the debris flow channel, we identified four evolutionary stages of the debris flow basins on the marine terraces as well as determining a number of attributes and quality characteristics of the debris flow basins, allowing us to accurately identify a particular stage of their evolution. Furthermore, we examined the conditions for emergence and evolution of debris flow basins and determined the main factors that are responsible for the transition of the debris flow basins on the slopes of the marine terraces from stage to stage. Knowledge of the occurrence and evolution patterns of debris flow basins is instrumental in undertaking a package of measures for the engineering protection of territories and for a minimization of the negative impact at different evolutionary various stages of debris flow basins.



16.
ROLE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE RURAL ECONOMY (A CASE STUDY OF THE KOMI REPUBLIC)

T.V. TIKHONOVA
Institute of Socio-Economic and Energy Problems of the North, Komi Scientific Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982, Syktyvkar, ul. Kommunisticheskaya, 26, Russia
tikhonova@iespn.komisc.ru
Keywords: природные зоны растительности, ущерб при освоении лесных ресурсов, рекреация, экономическая оценка, natural zones of vegetation, damage from exploitation of forest resources, recreation, economic assessment

Abstract >>
The role of regulatory ecosystem services in the development of the rural economy is considered. The ranking of the most important (for the Komi Republic) regulatory ecosystem services, including the functions of climatic control, water regulation, water cleaning of soil, prevention of soil erosion, biodiversity support, was carried out. An economic assessment is made of the ecosystem services at the level of municipalities and forestries using the method of indirect marker-based evaluation and the method of compensation expenditures as well as from the point of view of the beneficiaries for the rural economy. It is demonstrated that the most essential functions of regulatory services are the protection of forest stands from soil erosion, and water cleaning of bog ecosystems. Rural areas are grouped together according to natural zones of vegetation and specific indicators of the value of forest ecosystems, which makes it possible to evaluate damage to forest stands. The most vulnerable territories in terms of the fulfillment of the functions of regulatory services have been identified. The reasons behind the vulnerability are substantiated, and the vulnerability thresholds are indicated for particular municipalities. The findings are important for calculating the potential damage caused by forest exploitation, for predicting permissible forest use in areas with low ecosystem resilience, and for transforming nature management by extending environment-friendly uses: traditional nature management, ecotourism, and recreation. Using suburban recreation of the region’s capital city as an example, the beneficiaries from ecosystem services are determined. Introduction of payment schemes for use of ecosystem services, and improvement of payment mechanisms for use of natural resources with the purpose of accumulating financial resources for the environmental protection are considered as the main direction of practical implementation of the economic assessment of ecosystem services.



17.
ELECTORAL SUPPORT OF PARTICLES IN EASTERN SIBERIA: THE MACROREGIONAL AND REGIONAL ASPECTS

P.L. POPOV, A.A. CHERENEV, V.G. SARAEV, D.A. GALES
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033, Irkutsk, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya, 1, Russia
plp@irigs.irk.ru
Keywords: выборы, политические партии, корреляция, уровень поддержки, макрорегион, регион, Election, political parties, correlation, level of support, macroregion, region

Abstract >>
Relationships of the results of the 2016 State Duma election (the share of voters who supported each of the three main political parties) for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with three indicators have been analyzed. The first indica tor are the socio-economic phenomena at the regional level. The second indicator are the results of the same election at the level of macroregions to which the respective regions belong. The third indicator includes the socio-economic phenomena at the level of macroregions to which the respective regions belong. Four types of regions were identified for each indicator, based on analyzing these correlations. The three indicators and types are all considered as complementary in predicting the electoral be havior of the region’s population. It is concluded that if in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation the level of support of a political party is higher than the national average and if the set of attributes favoring voting for a given party is relatively well covered, it is a region of stable support of this party. Also, in the event where in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, a political party received fewer votes than the national average, and in the region the set of attributes of the support of a given party is not sufficiently expressed, it is a region of stably decreased support of this party. If a political party in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation received more votes than the national average, but has a weak set of support factors, this is a region of potential decrease in support for this party. If a political party in a region has received fewer votes than the national average, but the set of factors supporting this party is relatively strong, it is a region of potential increase in support of this party. It has been established that protest-type electoral attitudes are dominant in Eastern Siberia, which implies a widespread occurrence of the stably decreased support of the party of power (United Russia, UR) and the stably increased support of the  main opposition parties (Communist Party of the Russian Federation, CPRF, and Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, LDPR). It is found that all regions of Eastern Siberia show coincidences of the types of electoral predisposition for CPRF - LDPR and UR - LDPR.



18.
RECONSTRUCTING THE EVOLUTION STAGES OF THE KEL’TMA HOLLOW FROM GEOMORPHOLOGICAL DATA (PRE-URAL REGION)

N.N. NAZAROV, S.V. KOPYTOV
Perm State University, 614990, Perm, ul. Bukireva, 15, Russia
nikolainazarovpsu@gmail.com
Keywords: поздний валдай, спиллвей, ледниково-подпрудное озеро, озерная терраса, флювиальный морфо генез, ложбина стока, Late Valdai, spillway, ice-dammed lake, lake terrace, fluvial morphogenesis, runoff hollow. ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Abstract >>
A new view of the morphogenesis stages in the Kel’tma hollow for the Valdai Glacial Period is presented. The main method of studying the hydrographic network elements which give direct or indirect evidence of its reconfiguration in the Pre-Holocene period involved satellite image interpretation and morphological analysis of large-scale cartographic material as well as constructing topographic profiles and digital elevation models. Results from studying the landscape pattern of the southern (Kama) part of the Kel’tma hollow and adjacent drainage areas suggest that on its surface there are features of fluvial morpho-dynamics whose formation might be associated precisely with the streams flowing from outside the contemporary basin of the Southern Kel’tma. This is indirectly evidenced by the parameters, configuration and geomorphological position of these forms relative to the modern hydrographic network. In the absence of evidence confirming the absolute age of the ancient valleys, runoff hollows and palaeochannels, it was possible to determine the stadial sequence of their formation having regard to the geomorphological structure as well as some characteristic properties of the planned-high-altitude position of fluvial landforms in relation to each other, to wetlands and aeolian landforms. Single stages of lake terrace modeling in the Late Pleistocene are identified. The manifestation of the very first (initial) modeling stage of the lake terrace is provided by the formation of the ancient valley extended south-westward. The second stage includes a large terrace hollow and microhollows. The third modeling stage refers to the time of formation of incised macromeanders which are currently the home for narrow and, often, undeveloped floodplains of the Southern Kel’tma and Timsher, and their main tributaries.



19.
ASSESSMENT AND MAPPING OF PARAMETERS OF FLOOD-FORMING RAINSTORMS WITHIN THE TOBOL RIVER BASIN

D.E. KLIMENKO, E.S. CHEREPANOVA, T.V. KUZNETSOVA
Perm State National Research University, 614990, Perm, ul. Bukireva, 15, Russia
listopad19531@mail.ru
Keywords: дождевые паводки, ливневые осадки, моделирование, внутригодовое распределение ливней, ГИС-технологии, rainfall floods, storm rainfall, modeling, intra-annual rainstorm distribution, GIS technologies

Abstract >>
The characteristics of heavy rains are of key importance in to calculating the maximum water flow in small rivers. We pres ent the results from studying the main regularities in the intra-annual distribution of the characteristics (precipitation amount, total precipitation and duration) of flood-forming Ural rainstorms, with the total precipitation amount over 10 mm per rainstorm, based on analyzing more than 25 thousand single rainstorms from pluviographic observations covering the 80-year-long period obtained at all available meteorological stations located in the Russian part of Tobol river basin. The average number of flood-forming rainstorms in a year is 10.1, ad in mountainous areas the number of rainstorms is 20-30 % higher than on the plain. The greatest heterogeneity in the number of rainstorms across the territory is recorded in April and October. The average month ly total precipitation amounts for rainstorms are constant throughout the year, whereas absolute maxima are observed everywhere in June. The largest duration of rainstorms is observed in the spring and autumn months. Data on the classification procedures of the behavior of precipitation within a 24-hour period are provided. It is established that for 75 % of the observed rainstorms, more than 50 % of the total precipitation amount correspond to the first one-third of their duration. Uniform precipitation amounts are characteristic only for 5 % of the observed rainstorms. A simulation of the rainstorm characteristics over an 80-year-long period has been carried out for a number of meteorological stations, based on the log-normal law; good results were obtained in the range of rare probabilities of excess (less than 10 %). The findings are of significant importance in stochastic models for the formation of heavy rains and in deterministic models based on using radar information on clouds and precipitation.



20.
DEBRIS FLOW ACTIVITY IN TRANS-ILI ALATAU IN THE 20TH - EARLY 21ST CENTURIES

A.R. MEDEU, V.P. BLAGOVECHSHENSKIY, T.S. GULYAYEVA, S.U. RANOVA
Institute of Geography, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 050010, Almaty, Pushkin St., 99, Kazakhstan
ingeo_2009@mail.ru
Keywords: внутригодовая и межгодовая изменчивость селевой активности, селевые катастрофы, interannual and intra-annual variability of debris flow activity, debris flow disasters

Abstract >>
We examine the debris flow activity in Trans-Ili Alatau since 1900 till the present. Characteristics of the debris flow formation conditions and data on the largest debris flows are presented. A study is made of the interannual and intra-annual variability of debris flow activity. The debris flow activity was characterized by the number of debris flows in a year, and by the total volume of debris transported. For the period from 1900 to 2017 we recorded 481 debris flows. It was found that the genetic types of debris flows are dominated by rain-induced and glacial flows (87 % of the total number of debris flows). The other genetic types (snow caused, seismogenic and anthropogenic) account for 13 %. Most of the debris flows have a rain genesis (71 % of the total number of rain-induced and glacial debris flows). Glacial debris flows account for 79 % of the volume of debris transported. The volumes of the largest debris flows, both glacial and rain-induced, exceed one million cubic meters. They make up 3 % of the total number of debris flows but they transported 70 % of debris. Small debris flows with a volume of less than 10 thousand cubic meters, in terms of their number, constitute 74 %; however, they account for a mere 3 % of the volume of debris flow deposits. Observations indicate that the earliest debris flows occurred in the second ten-day period of March, and the latest occurred in the first ten-day period of September. The distribution of the number of debris flows according to the dates of their occurrence clearly shows two maxima: one maximum in the second ten-day period of June, and the other maximum in the second ten-day period of July. The June maximum is due to rain precipitation, and the July maximum is associated with glacial debris flows. From 1950 to 2017  there were only 5 (7 %) years without any debris flows. Four of them corresponded to the 2010s. The number of years with rain-induced and glacial debris flows was 55 (81 %) and 39 (57 %), respectively.