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Philosophy of Sciences

2022 year, number 2

1.
SUPRARATIONAL COMPONENT OF MATHEMATICIANS' TRADITION IN INDIA

Vadim Vladimirovich Ostanin1,2, Mikhail Albertovich Subotyalov3,4
1Altai State Agrarian University, 73, Krasnoarmeiskiy av., Barnaul, 656049, Russia
2Altai State University, 61, Lenin av., Barnaul, 656049, Russia
3Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, 28, Vilyuyskaya st., Novosibirsk, 630126, Russia
4Novosibirsk National Research State University, 1, Pirogov st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: mathematics, Indian mathematics, history of mathematics, history of science, religion, philosophy

Abstract >>
He article deals with the poorly studied topic of scientific typologization of Indian mathematicians’ research lines, as well as the factor of their personality in mathematical science. This study pays special attention to the suprarational ( superrational , or pararational ) aspect of Indian mathematicians’ personalities, since their religious ideas and philosophical intuitions were obviously not only the most important components of their characters, but also often directed their research. The pre-systemic and systemic periods and the period of personalities of Indian mathematics are considered. Already the first great representatives of Indian mathematics (Aryabhata, Varahamihira and Brahmagupta) realized the principle of suprarationality and each of them formed a whole trend in the historic advancement of mathematics in India - from the free coexistence of science and religion to their synthesis and then to their opposition.



2.
MATERIALISTIC COMPONENT IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF R. DESCARTES: RECOGNITION OF THE STATUS OF SUBSTANCE TO THE CORPOREAL UNIVERSE

Vasiliy Pavlovich Goran
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Nikolaev st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: Descartes, philosophy, ontology, substance, incorporeal god, material world, creation of the world, laws of nature, dependence of god, independence of god

Abstract >>
The article notes, considers and assesses the presence of a materialistic component in the philosophy of R. Descartes, which is embodied mainly in the recognition of the independent ontological status of the material world. This is its status as an independent substance. However, Descartes combines this with the assertion of the absolute dependence of everything that exists on the creative activity of the incorporeal god. But even when such dependence is claimed, the existence of something that is present in the corporeal world independently of god is also recognized. Special attention is given to how this parallel adherence to mutually exclusive positions influenced Descartes in advancing the materialistic position as one of them.



3.
CRITICISM OF THE ANALYTICAL METHOD BY THE EXAMPLE OF JOHN RAWLS’ THEORY OF JUSTICE AND THE RESULTS OF ITS TRANSFORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PERFORMATIVE TURN. PART 1

Anna Yurievna Moiseeva, Alina Sergeevna Zaykova
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Añademy of Sciences, 8, Nikolaev st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: analytic philosophy, analytic method, theory of justice

Abstract >>
Among the multiplicity of philosophical schools, analytic philosophy is considered to be one of the least practical. However, from time to time, the analytical method is also used in those areas of philosophy that are obviously focused on applying the results of theoretical research to practice. The question arises of how analytical philosophical constructs fit into this context. The answer implies solving the following problems. First, we will describe different ways of understanding what is analytic philosophy and characterize the analytical method. Next, we will examine John Rawls’s theory of justice and its criticisms and show that the shortcomings of the theory of justice, which are visible when looking at it in a practical perspective, are a consequence of Rawls’s use of the analytical method in its traditional form. This will enable to show the need for a reform of the analytical method, as well as to get a general idea of what kind of reform would it be.



4.
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS: KUHN’S PARADIGMS vs. RORTY'S RE-DESCRIPTIONS

Oksana Ivanovna Tselishcheva
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Nikolaev st., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: science, progress, paradigm, re-description, Kuhn, Rorty

Abstract >>
The article compares the views of two leading representatives of modern relativism, T. Kuhn and R. Rorty. It is shown that the difference between the roles of paradigms in the development of natural sciences in Kuhn and re-description in the understanding of man in the context of the humanities in Rorty results in a loss of certainty in the interpretation of relativism. Moreover, it is proved that when explicating the concepts of the development of sciences, this difference leads to paradoxes indicating the inadequacy of relativism.



5.
UNDERSTANDING OF THE MATHEMATICAL PROOF: LOGIC vs. MATHEMATICS

Vitaliy Valentinovich Tselishchev, Aleksandr Valerievich Khlebalin
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Nikolaeva str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: mathematical proof, understanding, logic, mathematics, language of mathematics

Abstract >>
The article analyzes the opposition of the understanding of the mathematical proof and its formalization. It is shown that two problems are mixed in this opposition; those are the relation between mathematical logic and mathematical proof practice and the one between mathematical and formal proofs. It is demonstrated that the mathematical proof being meaningful aims at explaining, while the formal proof is meaningless and confines itself to representing the rules. The strategy of D. Macbeth, which claims to overcome the mentioned opposition, is analyzed. According to this strategy, the integral system of signs is correlated with mathematical ideas that are expressed in ordinary language and the logical reconstruction of the translation of these ideas into a series of manipulations with signs loses sight of the content of the ideas. The vulnerability of such a position is shown and instead an interpretation of the intensional content of mathematical discourse as a result of the translation of a mathematical statement into a formal system is proposed.



6.
ON THE INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS

Igor Evgenievich Pris
Institute of Philosophy, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 1/2, Surganov st., Minsk, 220072, Belarus
Keywords: measurement problem, relational quantum mechanics, QBism, quantum pragmatism, relative fact, quantum correlation, contextual quantum realism

Abstract >>
The article formulates the main philosophical problem of quantum mechanics - the “measurement problem”. We reveal strengths and weaknesses of C. Rovelli’s relational interpretation and QBism developed by C. Fuchs and others. In our view, these are two extremes that share the premises of modernist philosophy: the physicalist/naturalist and the subjectivist/phenomenological. We reject the notion of relative fact that both approaches resort to and propose a new viewpoint - “quantum contextual realism”, according to which quantum ontology is sensitive to context.



7.
THE CONCEPT OF STATE IN QUANTUM PHYSICS

Aleksander Leonidovich Simanov
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Nikolaev st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: the concept of state, quantum mechanics, hypothesis

Abstract >>
The article shows the evolution of the concept of state in quantum mechanics. It is marked that at the present stage of the development of quantum mechanics, its significance in the description of quantum mechanics processes minimizes. This is caused both by a great number of external characteristics of the description of a quantum object and its interaction with the environment, which are satisfactory mathematically, and by the fact that there are put forward hypotheses about its internal state, but the verification of them is impossible at the current stage of the development of science. Thus, the problem of interpreting the concept of state in quantum mechanics is not eliminated, but becomes complicated.



8.
DEEP RISKS OF MACHINE LEARNING

Dmitriy Vladimirovich Vinnik
Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, 49, Leningradsky Prospekt, 125993, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: artificial intelligence, neural networks, machine learning, risk, logical transparency, optimal brain surgery, perceptron, network-centric warfare, bureaucracy, cognitive functions

Abstract >>
The article assesses specific machine learning technologies (as methods of computer realization of specific cognitive functions) in terms of the need for rational explanation of their work, reliability and efficiency, as well as related social properties (responsibility for the use of results, the threat of degeneration of human skills, etc.). The risks of introducing machine learning technologies in various types of activities and various fields are analyzed in view of whether logical transparency is a crucial criterion or not. The conclusion is made that the logical opacity of most machine learning results is a serious challenge to rational thinking and reasonable argumentation in public administration It is argued that negative consequence of the imprudent introduction of neurocomputers may be a partial or complete loss of personnel’s skills to perform routine intellectual procedures (filling in tables, arithmetic calculations, classifying information and documents into categories, self-service research for information).



9.
PROBLEMS OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: PHILOSOPHICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Karpin
Surgut state university, 1, Lenin prospect, Surgut, Tyumen region, 628412, Russia
Keywords: evolutionary biology, critical analysis, dialectical method

Abstract >>
The current state of biological sciences requires further development of the synthetic theory of evolution, which is generally recognized today. Most of the available critical theories have an alternative nature, since they are based on opposite, “polar” opinions. A promising philosophical and methodological approach may consist not in an opposing, but in an attempt to combine dialectical categories of biological development.



10.
BIFURCATION MARKER AS A MEANS OF ASSESSING THE FUNCTIONING OF SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES. THE CASE OF NOVOSIBIRSK SCIENTIFIC SCHOOLS OF RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

Anastasia Sergeevna Panova
Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, 28, Vilyuyskaya st., Novosibirsk, 630126, Russia
Keywords: scientific school, scientific community, physiology of kidneys and water-salt metabolism, renal physiology, bifurcation marker, history of biology, history of physiology

Abstract >>
The article considers the influence of various factors on the functioning and development of scientific communities, in particular, the scientific schools of renal physiology in Novosibirsk. It is aimed to reveal the concept of bifurcation marker as a tool for assessing the functioning and development of scientific communities. The results of the study show that ups and downs in the work of scientific schools are caused by the action of a bifurcation marker - an event that determines the vector of the school’s further development. In our opinion, the following should be considered as such for the Novosibirsk schools of renal physiology: socio-economic factors; the factor of the leader’s personality; the activity of the research team; material and technical equipment; collaboration; the change in the main line of scientific activity; decrease in the size of the school staff; the change of leadership, departure of the leader. The use of the proposed tool will make it possible to analyze the significance of various factors for ensuring the functional activity and the very existence of scientific communities.