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Contemporary Problems of Ecology

2020 year, number 3

Architectural analysis of representatives of the order Celastrales: the structure and rhythm of development of the shoots in connection with adaptations of species to different environmental conditions

I. A. Savinov
Moscow State University of Food Production, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: архитектурные модели, модели побегообразования, побеговые системы, побеги, аксиллярные комплексы, порядок Celastrales, адаптации, экология, architectural models, models of shoot formation, shoot systems, shoots, axillary complexes, Celastrales, adaptations, ecology

Abstract

In despite of the considerable interest of many researchers in the Celastrales order, which is largely due to the great diversity of structural characters and almost cosmopolitan distribution (with the exception of some arid regions), a comprehensive biomorphological analysis of its representatives has not yet been carried out. The aim of this work is to analyze the structural and rhythmological characters of the shoots and shoot systems (vegetative and reproductive) of representatives of the order Celastrales, the volume of which is taken according to the latest data of molecular phylogenetics [APG IV]. The main working tool for this analysis was the concept of architectural models. Among the studied representatives of the order, the following architectural models were identified [according to the terminology of Hallé et al., 1978]: Rauh, Attims, Champagnat, Mangenot, Scarrone, Stone. The shoot systems are of three types: 1) polycarpic polycyclic with monopodial or acrosympodial growth and intercalary or pseudo-terminal inflorescences, with orthotropic, plagiotropic and / or mixed orientation of shoots in space, according to the rhythm of development - silleptic and proleptic shoots; 2) monocarpic mono-and dicyclic, terminal inflorescences; 3) monocarpic monocyclic - once blooming, with sympodial growth and terminal inflorescences, with elongated or shortened shoots. In all these cases, the nature of the blooming of flowers is basipetal. For grassy and semi-woody representatives ( Parnassia , Stackhousioideae), they additionally used shoot formation models identified by Russian biomorphologists [Serebryakova, 1981]: monopodic rosette (generative shoots are monocarpic monocyclic, flowers single, terminal) and sympodial semi-rosette (generative shoots are monocarpic monocyclic, but with acropetal blooming of flowers in inflorescence). For the taxon as a whole, the formation of axillary complexes is very usually, which are very different in structure and rhythm of development, that allows to successfully use these characters in the characterization of individual species and in establishing evolutionary trends. Thus, the structural diversity of shoot systems, which is the basis for the formation of different biomorphs, has been revealed for representatives of the Celastrales order. A high degree of ecological and morphological plasticity is manifested in individual and intraspecific shoot polymorphism, the dependence of the ratio of different types of shoots from environmental conditions, the possibility of changing the model during ontogenesis, the formation of transitional models (in Celastrus , Tripterygium ). The possibility of rapid transformation of the all shoot system under extreme environmental conditions was shown using the example of the genus Parnassia and the subfamily Stackhousioideae.