Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2019 number 11

The features of the aerosol microstructure are investigated in the near-surface layer and vertical column of the atmosphere when smoke enters the atmosphere. The aerosol microstructure parameters were determined by solving the inverse problem for spectral measurements of the aerosol extinction coefficient using the base method, and of the aerosol optical thickness, using the solar photometry method in the clean atmosphere and under conditions of the smoke-polluted atmosphere near Tomsk. The geometric cross section, volume concentration, and mean radius of aerosol particles of submicron and coarse fractions were calculated. For background conditions, the coarse fraction prevails in the total volume of the aerosol. The submicron fraction becomes dominant under the condition of the smoke-polluted atmosphere. As a result, the particle radius averaged over the total ensemble decreases in the smoke-polluted atmosphere. The regression relations between the microstructure parameters of different aerosol fractions and the spectral characteristics of the light extinction significantly change in the smoke-polluted atmosphere.

The generalized statistical characteristics of the results of long-term two-point measurements of atmospheric aerosol parameters carried out in the Middle Urals are presented. The characteristics of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the features of the temporal variability of aerosol atmospheric turbidity in Yekaterinburg and the rural background area are compared. The differences in the mean values, interannual, annual, and diurnal variability of AOD, and of coarse and fine AOD modes are found.

A differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system based on optical parametric oscillators (OPO) with nonlinear KTA and KTP crystals is designed. The crystals allow laser radiation tuning in the IR wavelength region. A series of experiments on remote monitoring of methane along a horizontal surface sounding path in the 3300-3430-nm spectral range was carried out. Based on the experimental results, the CH₄ concentrations along the 800 m surface path are retrieved in the spectral range under study with a spatial resolution of 100 m.

The series of long-term average temperatures obtained at 927 weather stations of the Northern hemisphere from 1955-2014 are compared with the known data on astronomical insolation for the same intervals and localizations. It is shown that the average annual astronomical insolation as a function of latitude subjected to linear transformation should be considered as the average value of long-term average temperatures at weather stations of the corresponding latitudes for the period under consideration, i.e., like mid-latitude temperature. The justification of this result is carried out by regression of the compared data and by grouping the weather stations. The estimates of the increase in the mid-latitude temperature in the period 1985-2014 are compared with those in 1955-1984. The contributions to the temperature variability of the components, determined by astronomical insolation and by stochastic processes in the geosphere, do not contradict well-known estimates, which verifies the introduced linear transformation of astronomical insolation.

Based on observational data of meteorological stations and reanalysis data, seasonal-daily values of total radiation and wind speed in the Russian sector of the Arctic were estimated over the time interval 1987-2016. Possible climate change effect was also considered. It was revealed that the total solar energy flux reached the peak values in June (7-8 kW h/m²); moreover, its increase was noted in summer months, when moving from west to east. The median values of wind speed in the region were 4-6 m/s and they were not significantly changed during a year. Minimal values of wind speed increased from winter to summer, and the maximal ones decreased. When moving from west to east, as well as from north to south a decrease in median and extreme wind speed values was observed. It was established that the frequency of wind speed less than 1.5 m/s, on average in the region, was 9%, and it varied from 4 to 20%, and the duration of windless periods did not exceed 3 hours (p = 95%). The probability of appearance of intervals with wind speed less than 1.5 m/s decreased with an increase in the length of these time intervals according to the exponential distribution law. Thus, a joint usage of solar and wind energy potential in the northern regions of Russia gives rise to all prerequisites in accelerated development of renewable energy sources in the Russian Arctic.

The use of Landsat 8 satellite images made in winter allow one to detect the existing installations for associated petroleum gas flaring in the west of the Tomsk region. The zones of their thermal impact on the landscape of oil fields are determined. A model for estimating regional pollution of territories from a set of sources is suggested. The fields of relative pollution of oil producing areas in winter and summer periods are numerically reconstructed according to the data on flare thermal radiation and the estimation model.

The use of satellite data for quantitative assessment of the status of remote areas of oil and gas fields of the Tomsk region is considered. Time series of Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), which is a modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with reduced sensitivity to the influence of atmospheric conditions, were calculated using. MODIS data with a spatial resolution of 250 m for the period from 2007 to 2017. The average values of EVI were calculated for the territories of five hydrocarbon fields of the Tomsk region: Archinskoye, Shinginskoye, Zapadno-Ostaninskoe, Yuzhno-Tabaganskoye, and Kazanskoy.

A model of the atmosphere is considered as a sequence of homogeneous layers 100 m thick from the Earth’s surface to a height of 5 km. Layer parameters are defined for a standard atmosphere. Contribution to the outgoing radiation of the atmosphere in the spectral regions of the methane absorption band of the P- (1240.901-1240.949 cm^-1) and R-branches (1327,12-1327,17 cm^-1) is equal to the contributions to the outgoing radiation of the Earth by all non-uniform layers. A possible method for adjusting the temperature of the atmospheric layer and the underlying surface according to the convergence of the results of simultaneous calculations of the content of the test gas in atmospheric layers using outgoing radiation in the P- and R-branches of the absorption band of this gas is shown.

In article the possibilities of modern microwave radiometers to the study of variations of characteristics of atmospheric moisture are discusses. Based on analysis of ground-based, ship and satellite microwave radiometers investigated variations of atmospheric water vapor and cloud liquid in a wide range of time scales in different regions over the ocean and over land, to describe the approximation obtained temporary structural function of water vapor.

The work is devoted to the analysis of our first results about the impact of lightning data assimilation on the numerical weather forecast. We present a brief overview of the methods for lightning data assimilation in weather prediction models, a description of the algorithm used, and the results of numerical experiments on convective storms over Krasnodar region, Russia, observed in 2017. It is found that the average absolute errors are reduced. It is shown that the configuration of prognostic precipitation fields and their intensity is much closer to the observations. This is especially clearly seen for light precipitation (0-7 mm).

A possibility of short-term (from 1–2 days) eddy covariance measurements with the use of mobile complex of equipment is shown as well as with fetch and wind direction as filtering parameters for flux separation from concrete site (the case of secondary waterlogged peatland in Moscow region). Obtained СО₂, СH₄, and H₂O fluxes allow to deduce diurnal dynamics in different meteorological conditions and from different contiguous areas with one changes in the wind direction. Application of the multiple-stage filtering leads to separate representative amount of 30-minutes average values, which afterwards could be used for analyzing of the dependences between fluxes and ecological parameters, modeling, making estimates for longer periods, comparing with data obtained by chamber method and are complement for the inventory of greenhouse gas sources and sinks.