Taxonomic and Ecological Structure of Basidial Macromycete Biota in Polar Deserts of the Northern Hemisphere
A. G. SHIRYAEV1, I. V. ZMITROVICH2, O. N. EZHOV3,4
1Institute of plant and animal ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620144, Ekaterinburg, 8 March str., 202
2V. L. Komarov Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, Saint-Petersburg, Prof. Popov str., 2
3N. P. Laverov Federal Research Centre for Integrated Studies of the Arctic of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 163000, Arkhangelsk, nаberezhnаya Severnoy Dviny str., 23
4Russian Arctic National Park, 163000, Arkhangelsk, ave. Sovetskikh Cosmonavtov, 57
Keywords: Арктика, адаптация, биогеография, разнообразие, экология грибов, экстремальный климат, Basidiomycota, Arctic, adaptation, biogeography, diversity, fungal ecology, extreme climate, Basidiomycota
Abstract
The results of more than a century history of study of taxonomic and ecological structure of basidial macromycete biota in polar deserts of the Northern Hemisphere are discussed. Nowadays, 77 species of macromycetes, among which 40 species are Agaricoid and 30 - Aphyllophoroid fungi, and 7 are Gasteromycetes, are known from this region. The greatest number of species is known for the Franz Josef Land archipelago and the Severanya Zemlya. All the identified species of Agaricoid and 86 % of Gasteroid fungi are aboriginal representatives of extremely high latitudes, collected under natural conditions, whereas 80 % of the Aphyllophoroid fungi are alien elements. All alien species are able to exist in the region exclusively in the human-modified habitats, colonizing anthropogenic woody and grass substrates, and disappear with the depletion of these resources. Despite the existence of mycobiota at the limit of the global thermal gradient, a concrete species complex of macromycetes that does not occur anywhere in the world is formed here. The most adaptable to such extreme conditions are symbiotrophic species (basioliolichens and mycorrhiza-forming). The general features of the organization with the Antarctica mycobiota are established. The possibility of new species appearance in the region is discussed in connection with the intensification of human economic activity and global climate change.
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