Home – Home – Jornals – The journal "Ateroskleroz" 2019 number 3

Based on observational data of meteorological stations and reanalysis data, seasonal-daily values of total radiation and wind speed in the Russian sector of the Arctic were estimated over the time interval 1987-2016. Possible climate change effect was also considered. It was revealed that the total solar energy flux reached the peak values in June (7-8 kW h/m²); moreover, its increase was noted in summer months, when moving from west to east. The median values of wind speed in the region were 4-6 m/s and they were not significantly changed during a year. Minimal values of wind speed increased from winter to summer, and the maximal ones decreased. When moving from west to east, as well as from north to south a decrease in median and extreme wind speed values was observed. It was established that the frequency of wind speed less than 1.5 m/s, on average in the region, was 9%, and it varied from 4 to 20%, and the duration of windless periods did not exceed 3 hours (p = 95%). The probability of appearance of intervals with wind speed less than 1.5 m/s decreased with an increase in the length of these time intervals according to the exponential distribution law. Thus, a joint usage of solar and wind energy potential in the northern regions of Russia gives rise to all prerequisites in accelerated development of renewable energy sources in the Russian Arctic.

The use of Landsat 8 satellite images made in winter allow one to detect the existing installations for associated petroleum gas flaring in the west of the Tomsk region. The zones of their thermal impact on the landscape of oil fields are determined. A model for estimating regional pollution of territories from a set of sources is suggested. The fields of relative pollution of oil producing areas in winter and summer periods are numerically reconstructed according to the data on flare thermal radiation and the estimation model.

The use of satellite data for quantitative assessment of the status of remote areas of oil and gas fields of the Tomsk region is considered. Time series of Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), which is a modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with reduced sensitivity to the influence of atmospheric conditions, were calculated using. MODIS data with a spatial resolution of 250 m for the period from 2007 to 2017. The average values of EVI were calculated for the territories of five hydrocarbon fields of the Tomsk region: Archinskoye, Shinginskoye, Zapadno-Ostaninskoe, Yuzhno-Tabaganskoye, and Kazanskoy.

A model of the atmosphere is considered as a sequence of homogeneous layers 100 m thick from the Earth’s surface to a height of 5 km. Layer parameters are defined for a standard atmosphere. Contribution to the outgoing radiation of the atmosphere in the spectral regions of the methane absorption band of the P- (1240.901-1240.949 cm^-1) and R-branches (1327,12-1327,17 cm^-1) is equal to the contributions to the outgoing radiation of the Earth by all non-uniform layers. A possible method for adjusting the temperature of the atmospheric layer and the underlying surface according to the convergence of the results of simultaneous calculations of the content of the test gas in atmospheric layers using outgoing radiation in the P- and R-branches of the absorption band of this gas is shown.

In article the possibilities of modern microwave radiometers to the study of variations of characteristics of atmospheric moisture are discusses. Based on analysis of ground-based, ship and satellite microwave radiometers investigated variations of atmospheric water vapor and cloud liquid in a wide range of time scales in different regions over the ocean and over land, to describe the approximation obtained temporary structural function of water vapor.

The work is devoted to the analysis of our first results about the impact of lightning data assimilation on the numerical weather forecast. We present a brief overview of the methods for lightning data assimilation in weather prediction models, a description of the algorithm used, and the results of numerical experiments on convective storms over Krasnodar region, Russia, observed in 2017. It is found that the average absolute errors are reduced. It is shown that the configuration of prognostic precipitation fields and their intensity is much closer to the observations. This is especially clearly seen for light precipitation (0-7 mm).

A possibility of short-term (from 1–2 days) eddy covariance measurements with the use of mobile complex of equipment is shown as well as with fetch and wind direction as filtering parameters for flux separation from concrete site (the case of secondary waterlogged peatland in Moscow region). Obtained СО₂, СH₄, and H₂O fluxes allow to deduce diurnal dynamics in different meteorological conditions and from different contiguous areas with one changes in the wind direction. Application of the multiple-stage filtering leads to separate representative amount of 30-minutes average values, which afterwards could be used for analyzing of the dependences between fluxes and ecological parameters, modeling, making estimates for longer periods, comparing with data obtained by chamber method and are complement for the inventory of greenhouse gas sources and sinks.

The article discusses the crucial need for rekindling social and economic growth in Russia. The social and economic development in the regions should be driven primarily through the mobilization of investment in fixed assets and knowledge-based economy, especially in human capital; since it is human capital, as well as people’s knowledge and skills, that determines social and economic growth. The article considers the opportunities that the regions have to improve citizens’ well-being.

The article discusses the first steps that were taken to introduce the Program for the Development of the Novosibirsk Scientific Center as a high R&D concentration territory (Akademgorodok 2.0 Megaproject) and some results of substantiating the prospects for development of the NSC SB RAS within Science City («Naukopolis») in Novosibirsk metropolitan area. We analyze approaches to development scenarios for this territory under combined social and economic, scientific and technological, infrastructural and urban-planning decisions. The article paints a picture of the future Akademgorodok 2.0 for each of the three scenarios considered. We examine approaches to creating a management system in Science City (including those focused on the Federal Law of July 29, 2017 No. 216-FZ «On innovative scientific and technological centers and on making changes in certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation»). As an alternative management model, we propose to organize the National Science and Technology Corporation for Siberia’s Development and register it as a joint-stock company, which will both ensure that the funds allocated for the Akademgorodok 2.0 projects are used efficiently and solve the problem of earning and replicating financial resources for these purposes.

The article studies a change in the spatial coherence of economic activity of Russian regions that occurred over the period from 1997 to 2016. We obtain quantitative estimates through spatial econometric methods and use two model specifications: the spatial lag model and the spatial error model. Relations between regions are modeled as spatial externalities described in two ways, either with the adjacency or distance matrix. The article tests the following hypotheses: 1) unified macroeconomic policy and market integration encourage better spatial coherence of economic activity; 2) the western Russian regions have a stronger spatial bond in comparison with the eastern ones; 3) economic sanctions against Russia encouraged creating new internal relations and strengthening the existing ones, as well as increased overall spatial coherence inside the country. According to our estimates, there are no distinct trends towards change in the spatial coherence of economic activity in Russia, and international sanctions did not affect interregional relations. Territories maintain interactions crucial for economic activity primarily with their neighbors. The cooperation that emerges between regions is not spatially deep and quickly fades with increasing distance. This observation is also confirmed by the fact that spatial relations are much more significant for the European part of the country compared to the eastern regions.

In the past two decades, Russia has seen a decrease in the number of banks. The two reasons for the drop are as follows: the concentration and consolidation processes taking place in the banking industry throughout the world, and the banking sector sanitation policy pursued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (CBR). As a consequence, now banking activities in the country are conducted primarily by banks with headquarters in the capital. The article discusses the implications of such geographical centralization of the Russian banking sector in terms of providing the regions with enough bank branches. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of distances on the ability of banks to maintain their presence in the regions, as well as to identify differences in this regard between different categories of banks, taking into account the type of ownership, headquarters location, and bank size. The estimation of the influence of distances on the number of banks ’ offices in the regions that were available at the end of 2018, according to the CBR data, is made using the Poisson regression method for gravity models of interregional trade. The results showed that the largest banks orient their branch distribution strategy around the characteristics of locations, regardless of their distance from the bank headquarters. At the same time, the type of ownership does not matter much, although the actual availability of financial services and financial inclusion across the country is largely ensured by the largest state-owned banks. The strategy of placing offices is also associated with the headquarters location being in Moscow or elsewhere. The remaining regional banks often act locally and consider distance a significant factor of the branch network formation. Despite the 2018 bank licensing reform, the decline in the number of banks is continuing and the level of competition and diversity in the banking sector in the regions remains in question.

The article presents an original typology of Russian regions based on this territory’s drug security. Its underlying method is the calculated index of territorial drug menace (based on the modernized methodology by A. V. Gavrikova). Through analyzing foreign and domestic literature, this paper defines drug security as an area’s ability to confront the drug menace. We assess the drug menace with an index method derived from the four aggregated indicators: morbidity-mortality rate due to drug abuse, total land area, population size, and GRP. Within the typology, we distinguish five levels of drug safety with different drug menace intervals. The methodology was tested on official statistics for Russian regions over 2005 and 2016, which revealed a relatively sustainable drug security situation in the regions. Based on the correlation building process, we have also determined the most severe social and economic consequences of the drug menace in the federal subjects of Russia: increasing crime rates, spreading infectious diseases, and growing numbers of various traumatic injury hazards (including road accidents) among others. We conclude that the proposed research methodology may be further elaborated by means of actively involving the academic community and anti-drug committees.

The purpose of this work is to determine whether preferential mechanisms introduced by the subjects of the Russian Federation for socially beneficial services providers (SBSPs) have (or do not have) any impact on an increase in budgetary funds allocated for subsidizing non-profit organizations (NPOs) in social sector. To identify this dependence, we develop a methodology correlating the legal acts adopted by the federal subjects to introduce preferential mechanisms for SBSPs with the amounts of subsidies to NPOs. The results of the study showed that, although not much time has passed since the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 398 dd. August 8, 2016 was adopted, approving priorities among socially beneficial services, some social sectors experienced positive effects from the introduced preferential mechanisms for SBSPs. The study identifies budget areas where the largest number of federal subjects had their share of subsidies to NPOs increased in the total amount of expenditures for the corresponding area, as well as where regions moved up the ranking for this indicator. To expand the engagement of NPOs as socially beneficial services providers, we propose to amend regional legislation and establish specific preferences for SBSPs, as well as to address this issue in the Methodological Guidelines for Public Authorities and Local Governments on Supporting Socially Oriented Non-Profit Organizations, introduced by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation.

The article discusses the transformations of personal subsidiary farms belonging to Russia’s rural population over the time that has passed since market reforms started. We refer to the data collected during the two National Agricultural Censuses to run a critical analysis and identify any changes in the range of business activity, production output, and specialization of farming households in different regions of Siberia over the period between 2006 and 2016. To study individual local cases, we use in-depth interviews given by local chiefs and specialists of rural administrations, working on family farms in Tomsk, Tyumen, and Novosibirsk Oblasts. We compare the results of quantitative statistical analysis with the conclusions of qualitative sociological local case studies, both to identify long-term trends and to account for possible distortions of information originating from institutional sources. As a basic hypothesis, we believe that the transformations of private subsidiary farms in different regions do not follow any single trend and that they are greatly influenced by the state and local governments’ agrarian policies, as well as certain specific local factors. The author’s observations confirm this hypothesis. In nearly 25 years since market reforms started, the rural household economy sector has undergone radical changes. On the one hand, it has noticeably lost in scale and given up its former leading position in the structure of production. On the other hand, it has diversified and is now represented by a broad spectrum: from a small family garden to a miniature farm with hired staff. However, in certain cases, government support can deteriorate farming households’ economic situation. Qualitative findings presented in this study may be useful to justify measures aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of rural areas.

The article presents the capabilities of a system designed for managing the implementation of regional development programs and projects in real-time. Their efficiency depends on the quality of informational support for managerial decision making and execution. Based on interpretative structural modeling, we develop a resulting structural model of a supervision and control system, as well as set forth the current scheme for managing the implementation of one of the region’s strategic development programs. As the article shows, this scheme may be improved by following any of the two scenarios, evolutionary or revolutionary, where each has its benefits and drawbacks. We propose to focus on abandoning multi-link procedures when complying with requests from the project office and ensuring relevant and complete data with the requirements of digitalization. Having analyzed the existing intellectual property of government bodies (namely, state information systems), we put forward an option for improving data supply for managerial decision making and monitoring. The article suggests that the revolutionary scenario is an approach aimed more on the efficient implementation of regional development programs. For both scenarios, we prepare schematic diagrams for managing the implementation of regional development programs. If and when applied, they will make it possible to interlock the contours for the management of programs and regional development projects within the requirements of economy digitalization, shorten the cycle and increase the effectiveness of management decision-making by executive and state authorities, provide an opportunity to concentrate resources for creating high-order competitive advantages in the interests of residents of Novosibirsk Oblast and all stakeholders.

The authors evaluate the impact of infrastructural endowment and spatial externalities on economic growth in Russian regions. The main hypothesis of the study states that the availability of transport, energy and telecommunication infrastructure in a region impacts GRP growth rates, but the nature of the impact varies depending on a region’s specialization and development level. Estimation of panel regressions indicates that the development of highways and mobile communications provides the most significant impact on economic growth, and spatial externalities of improved infrastructure in nearby regions are positive. The economies of the less advanced eastern regions are more sensitive to infrastructural limitations than those of the western ones. Industry-oriented regions are the major beneficiaries of investments in highways in the neighboring regions, as well as an increased power supply on their territories. The development of the mobile communication infrastructure has had a positive growth impact over the period between 2001 and 2017 in many Russian regions. However, since the nationwide diffusion of mobile communication mostly complete, potentialities of using telecommunication infrastructure development as a growth factor are practically exhausted.

The recent years in Kemerovo Oblast - Kuzbass saw a shift in regional power, which paved the way for designing and adopting the Strategy for the socio-economic development of Kemerovo Oblast until 2035 (the Kuzbass-2035 Strategy). The Strategy declared re-industrialization policy, accelerated socio-economic growth, and widespread clustering as primary drivers for regional development, as well as announced the idea of a «two-year breakthrough» (2018-2019). Kuzbass, as conceived by the Strategy’s authors, should become the leader in terms of development rates and standard of living among the regions east of the Urals. At the same time, these promises rely neither on the economic realities prevailing in the region nor on the assessment of its competitiveness. This article puts forward a hypothesis that all the development strategies executed in Kuzbass over the past two decades had failed due to the gap between the resource nature of the region and the local development models used in the region. The goal of the article is to select development models in Kemerovo Oblast, as well as to advise on their transformation and synchronization with the current region’s development strategy. The research findings are applicable to management practices in Kemerovo Oblast, especially those concerning the design and implementation of the mechanisms for harmonizing the interests of business, society, and government.

The article discusses the peculiar development of the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol after their reintegration as parts of Russia with a shortage of fresh water on the peninsula, intentionally created by Ukraine for political reasons. We present results of the Priority Action Plan to ensure domestic and drinking water supply to these new constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The article analyzes the course of water management activities stipulated in the federal special-purpose program «Social and Economic Development of the Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol until 2020», shows what corrections have been introduced into this document and the reasons behind them. We consider a controversial project for river flow transfer, as well as examine structural changes in the region’s economy and environmental impacts of fresh water scarcity. The article presents ways to increase water supplies in Crimea and ongoing comprehensive research addressing this problem.

The article proposes an approach to assessing the attractiveness of large cities of the Russian Federation for residents, businesses, and tourists. While working on this approach, we have determined the private parameters of cities’ attractiveness for individual economic agents and calculated an integrated indicator. The hypothesis of the study relies on the fact that, if a city is placed high in a certain ranking, it is not always guaranteed to hold the top spots in other areas; however, as a rule, it is more typical of outsiders to rank differently in ratings than of front-runner cities. As a research toolkit, we use system analysis, methods of factor, statistical, structural, and dynamic analysis, classification, methods of correlation and regression analysis, economic and mathematical modeling. The approach has been tested on the data for major cities in the Russian Federation. We have both defined sets of particular indicators characterizing certain areas of research and an approach to establishing an integrated indicator of the city’s attractiveness, necessary for a generalized assessment. The presented results ostensibly confirm the initial hypothesis. Under current conditions, state municipal authorities should pay special attention not only to the development of individual cities but to the integrated development of a regional spatial framework, where cities play a pivotal role. The proposed approach to evaluating the attractiveness of Russia’s cities produces logical and comprehensible results applicable in problem-solving.

This article deals with the justification for public investment in cultural heritage conservation projects. As a case study, we consider the Preservation and Development of Russia’s Small Historic Towns and Settlements Project. Its drafting was accompanied by a calculation of the project’s net present value, which made it possible to justify the feasibility of public funding. During a cost-benefit analysis, we found a need for polling different target groups of potential project users on their willingness to pay for the proposed improvements. To this end, we carried out contingent valuation surveys in two historical cities - Rostov Veliky and Chistopol. The article further discusses the methodological aspects of evaluating the efficiency of public investment in Russia and abroad, presents the results of the surveys, and provides various calculations for the project under review.

An intense effect of acoustic waves on the structure and shape of the burner flame was discovered by Rayleigh. The present paper deals with acoustic waves in the case of flame propagation in a tube. The flame emits acoustic waves generating the flow in the tube. Being actually a wave beam, the flow bounded by the walls experiences friction and also diffraction divergence, resulting in the emergence of secondary waves, i.e., waves of flow perturbations. They induce the formation of a cellular structure of the flame; at high velocities, the flame becomes turbulent. All these processes play important roles in the deflagration-to-detonation transition in tubes. Emission of acoustic waves by the flame is also responsible for the formation of spherical detonation. Spin and pulsed detonation can be interpreted on the same basis.

The standard enthalpy of formation of 1,4-diethynyl)benzene was determined experimentally to be 500.6 ± 6.7 kJ/mol. Calculations showed that 1,4-di(ethynyl)benzene has a relatively high adiabatic combustion temperature (about 1970 K at a pressure of 5 atm) and very high heat of combustion in oxygen (42 MJ/kg); therefore, 1,4-di(ethynyl)benzene can be used as the basis to develop an effective dispersant of solid fuel providing an adiabatic combustion temperature of up to 2500 K at a heat of combustion far exceeding the values that provide the HMX and other azides of N-heterocycles previously proposed for this purpose.

The passage of the combustion wave of a titanium powder layer in air through an inert shaped obstacle was studied experimentally. The study showed the possibility of the formation of an inhomogeneous wave-like structure of the front associated with a limited supply of gaseous reagents and the thermal instability of combustion of the titanium powder layer. The conditions of the optimal transition combustion in the presence of gaseous impurities affecting gas exchange in the reaction zone and the stability of the front in the layer system were obtained. It is shown that there exists a phenomenological criterion for assessing the nature of the transition combustion mode of titanium powder depending on the shape of the inert obstacle and the front.

The formation of a gas filtration combustion wave by a heated region of an inert porous medium is studied by numerical simulation. The mechanism of formation of the combustion wave is described. Dependencies of the time of wave formation on the feed rate of the gas mixture, the temperature of heated region of the porous medium, and its length were obtained. The ignition limits of the filtration combustion wave were found.

The conditions of occurrence, nature, size, and shape of combustion hot spots of energy condensed systems and the spatial dynamics of the hot-spot combustion wave are discussed. A model for the propagation of the hot-spot combustion wave in condensed systems is briefly described based on the cellular automata method. A possible explanation of the occurrence of unsteady effects in the combustion of solid rocket propellants is proposed.

The laws and mechanism of combustion of TiO₂ based termite systems with a complex reducing agent (Al and Ca) under the influence of overload are revealed. The termite system includes a basic composition whose combustion products are target elements (Ti, Al, Nb, and Cr) and a high-energy additive (CaO₂, Al, and Ca) for realizing a high combustion temperature. With the introduction of an energy additive, the system acquires the ability to burn, and the combustion products (Ti _x Al _y and oxide solutions Al₂O₃ and CaO) are capable of melting with a sufficient content of the additive. With an increase in the proportion of Ca in the base mixture composition, the burning rate drops, and the reduction completeness of the target oxides increases. With an optimal ratio of Ca and Al in the mixture, the yield of the target elements in an ingot is close to the calculated value

This paper presents a study of direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy during the combustion of a (80Zr + 20CuO) - (LiF + CaF₂ + MgF₂) - (15Zr + 85CuO) thin three-layer condensed energy system, which is a high-temperature galvanic cell. It is determined that this cell during combustion generates an electric signal with an amplitude of 1.6 V and a half-width of 15 s. Its formation mechanism is proposed. A time-resolving X-ray diffraction method is used to identify the phases formed.

Effect of carbon content in a Ni-Al-C system and preliminary mechanical activation on a burning rate, sample elongation, and yield of the mixture after mechanical activation, as well as on the structural features of combustion products is under study. Combustion in pressed samples from a mechanically preactivated Ni + Al mixture at room temperature could not be activated. The introduction of carbon (2, 4, 6% (wt.)) Into the Ni + Al reaction mixture allows for combustion in Ni - Al - C based pressed samples. Preliminary mechanical activation of the Ni + Al + x C reaction mixture expands a carbon content limit in the mixture at which the combustion of pressed samples is possible. In addition, mechanical activation, as well as an increase in the carbon content in the Ni - Al - C system reduces the burning rate. An explanation of the observed relationships is proposed.

The results of diagnostics of thermal conditions of an electric thermal explosion (ETE) of a mixture of titanium and soot powders under quasistatic compression are presented. The effect of quasistatic compression pressure on the thermal and electrical parameters of an ETE is studied. It is shown that nonuniform heating occurs at low pressure, while uniform heating occurs at high pressure. A criterion is proposed for determining the thermal regime of the ETE of a heterogeneous mixture, based on the ratio of the exothermic interaction times and the electric current variation during a thermal explosion. It is established that the dependence of the electric current variation rate on time has one peak when the sample is heated nonuniformly and two peaks when it is heated uniformly. An abnormally low effective flash point of the heterogeneous titanium - soot mixture is explained.

An experimental study of the effect of grinding on the thermal destruction of coal is carried out. Artificial neural networks are used to develop a model that allows predicting the degree of burnout of ground coals with high accuracy (an average relative error of 3% and a determination coefficient of 96%).

A method for calculating the optimal ratio of the fuel and solid propellant in the gas generator of a high-velocity flying vehicle is proposed. A thermodynamic approach is used to describe the processes in the gas generator. The ratio of the solid propellant and fuel in the gas generator is determined by their physical and chemical properties. An increase in the density and heat of combustion of the solid propellant and in the fuel porosity leads to reduction of the volume fraction of the solid propellant in the gas generator. An increase in the density, specific heat capacity, specific heat of sublimation, and temperature of sublimation of the fuel leads to an increase in the volume fraction of the solid propellant in the gas generator.

The objective of the present analysis is to investigate the effect of gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, such as Octane C₈H₁₈, Hexane C₆H₁₄, and Pentane C₅H₁₂ on the cyclic combustion process in an obstructed channel of the pulse detonation engine. Three-dimensional reactive Navier-Stokes equations are used to simulate the combustion mechanism of stoichiometric hydrocarbon fuels along with a one-step reaction model. The fuel is injected at atmospheric pressure and temperature and is ignited with pre-heated air. The investigation shows that initially a high-temperature combustion wave propagates with the local speed of sound; it creates turbulence after colliding with obstacles, resulting in an increase to supersonic flame speeds. Therefore, different values of the combustion flame propagation speed, combustion efficiency and impulse per unit area are obtained for these fuels. The detonation speed in the hexane-air mixture is about 5.8% lower than the detonation speed predicted by the NASA CEA400 code. However, it is observed that the octane fuel reduces the deflagration-to-detonation transition run-up distance as compared to other fuels.

The results of studying the explosive decomposition thresholds of PETN-aluminum composites depending on the concentration of inclusions at various sample densities are presented. An increase in the density of the samples reduces the minimum critical energy density of explosive decomposition and the concentration of inclusions at which explosions are observed.

It is a key problem to design and prepare metallized explosives of high energy and low sensitivity. In order to study the effect of the content of the boron/aluminum (B/Al) compound powder on the energy output property of metallized explosives in the air blast, three HMX-based explosives containing B/Al were designed and prepared. Air blast tests of cylindrical samples are performed, accompanied by numerical simulations by the finite element program LS-DYNA. The results show that the shock wave overpressures of explosives containing B/Al are higher than those of explosives containing Al under the same conditions. The deviations between the values calculated by the empirical equation and the measured values are smaller than 3.5 kPa, and the deviations between the values obtained in numerical simulations and the measured values are smaller than 4.9 kPa. Although the Al powder can enter the reaction with detonation products and air easier, the burning time of the boron powder is longer and the released energy is larger. Moreover, as the content of the B/Al compound powder increases, the burning time becomes longer, and the aftereffect work ability and the damage effect become stronger

Sound velocity variation behind a shock wave front is measured in pressed samples of micro- and nanodispersed mixtures of nickel and aluminum powders at pressures of 10, 30, and 60 GPa in order to verify the possibility of a reaction with the formation of nickel aluminide in a submicrosecond time range. It is shown that, in a pressure range of up to 60 GPa, the sound velocity in the samples from a nanodispersed mixture is higher than in the samples from a microdispersed mixture. Moreover, upon reaching 60 GPa, the sound velocities in both mixtures with account for errors are practically equalized, which is related to melting of the samples. Based on the data obtained, it is concluded that there is no noticeable progress of the Ni + Al reaction during less than 1 s.

This paper presents a computational comparison of the penetrability of two shaped charges - with conical and hemispherical (degressive thickness) liners. It is shown that close values of the penetrability of the charges are provided only in the ideal case of strictly axisymmetric motion of shaped-charge jets.

Shock-wave loading is an effective method of volumetric hardening of materials. This study of the structure and mechanical properties of 110G13L steel before and after explosive loading has shown that the mechanical characteristics reach maximum values at the surface of the explosively treated material: a hardness of 480 HV, a yield strength of 850 MPa, and a tensile strength of 1240 MPa. The thickness of the hardened layer is »40 mm. For steel without shock-wave loading, the listed parameters had values of 240 HV, 355 MPa, and 840 MPa, respectively. Metallographic studies revealed that the number of slip lines in grains decreases with distance from the explosive loading surface.

The breach of a steel column target (steel 45, 120 mm in diameter) by an inward-cutting circular shaped charge is considered. The jet penetration process is simulated by a 3D model run in the ANSYS/LS-DYNA program. The results are compared with actual tests, where photographs of the jet penetration process allowed observation of detonation forms, timing of the jets arising at the cross section of the detonation points, and detonation wave collision points. Different penetration effects are observed with 2-, 4-, or 8-point symmetrical synchronous initiation of detonation. With 2-point initiation, the circular-shaped charge can basically cut off the steel column target, but 4- and 8-point initiations are more effective. A greater number of detonation points provides more detonation wave collision points, higher jet velocity, earlier jet-target contact, greater penetration depth, and more rapid cutting of the target.

The aim of the work is to compare the number of copies of mtDNA in myocardial tissue in persons who died of sudden cardiac and non-cardiac death. Material and methods. Group of sudden cardiac death (SCD, 150 samples): the autopsy material was collected from those who suddenly died outside the medical and preventive treatment facilities of persons who underwent a forensic medical examination according to a standard protocol. As a control group (n = 150), a sample of individuals (selected by gender and age) was used, which, according to the conclusion of the forensic medical examination, died suddenly from other causes (SD). The study of the number of copies of mtDNA was performed in DNA samples isolated from myocardial tissue by the method of phenol-chloroform extraction, using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results. In both studied groups, there are no significant correlations of the number of copies of mtDNA with age in both men and women. In the general regression analysis, with the introduction of age into the model, the difference between the SCD and SD groups was obtained in the number of copies of mtDNA (p = 0.01). When divided by sex in the group of women, there are no differences between SCD and SD in the number of copies of mtDNA (p = 0.089). In men, differences in the number of copies of mtDNA persist between SCD and SD (p = 0.023). High variability in the number of copies of mtDNA in the myocardium was noted even within the same group in individuals of the same sex and of comparable age compared to the variability in the number of copies of mtDNA in peripheral blood leukocytes (according to the literature). This is probably due to the heterogeneity of the groups on the etiology and pathogenesis of sudden death. In men, the decrease in the number of copies of mtDNA in the group with SCD, compared with those who died suddenly from other causes, is more pronounced at the age of 50 years and older. Conclusion. The number of copies of mtDNA in myocardial tissue in men who have died of SCD is lower, compared with men who died suddenly from other causes (especially over the age of 50 years).