Home – Home – Jornals – Humanitarian sciences in Siberia 2019 number

Due to its size and high altitude, the growth of the Tibetan Plateau remains an enigma. Based on a synthesis of anterior collisions, paleoaltimetric data, geochemistry of ultrapotassic lava and their rare mantle enclaves, combined with a reinterpretation of tomographic data, we suppose that Tibet’s growth took take place in two main stages. Initially, the accretion of Gondwana terranes to the margin of South Asia, especially during the Early Triassic-Cretaceous period, resulted in the first episode of plateau growth, which affected an area of about 2/3 of the current plateau. We suppose that during the Late Cretaceous, the Tibetan crust reached a thickness of about 50-55 km, which is equivalent to an altitude of about 2500 to 3000 m, with local landforms that could have exceeded 4000 m. Another important consequence of these successive accretions was a strong metasomatism and a softening of the upper part of the Tibetan cover. The P wave low-velocity anomaly currently observed under the central part of Tibet would correspond not to a temperature anomaly but to a composition anomaly. From 50 Ma onwards, the convergence between India and Asia, estimated at about 1000 km on the Tibetan side, led to a shortening of the plateau by about 40%. We suppose that this additional shortening, which has led to the current thickness of the Earth’s crust of about 70 km and an average altitude of 4800 m, has been compensated by the reactivation of the continental slabs along the previous sutures and by the homogeneous shortening of the crust.

A quantitative assessment of the fractionation of elements during sedimentation is made based on long-term comprehensive studies with the participation of geochemists, hydrobiologists, soil scientists, and chemists. Analytical studies of the chemical composition of water, soil, bottom sediments, and biota were carried out at the Center for Collective Use of Scientific Equipment for Multielement and Isotope Studies and at the Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk. Based on a mineralogical and geochemical approach, we chose lakes with different types of biogenetic formation and different classes of organomineral sediments and performed detailed studies of the relationship between the organic and mineral parts of the sediments. It has been established that the organomineral sediments of different classes and biogenetic types of formation differ not only in the contents of major elements (Si, Ca, C, and O) but also in the group composition of organic matter. The direct effect of the transformation of organic matter on the mineral composition of bottom sediments has been revealed. The contents of other elements vary in a narrow range of values. At the same time, the difference in the contents of elements between organomineral sediments of different types and classes is comparable with their difference within a class. The leading role in the formation of the geochemical and mineral compositions of the organomineral sediments of small lakes belongs to intricate biological, biochemical, and physicochemical processes depending mainly on azonal factors and occurring under prolonged freezing-up (anaerobic conditions).

The paper presents a detailed review of chemostratigraphic data on the Bonarelli oceanic anoxic event (OAE2) at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary from different regions worldwide, with a focus on the respective redox conditions in the basins, metal anomalies, and δ¹³C excursions. Marine sediments with OAE2 signatures in Eastern Kamchatka are compared with their counterparts from submarine volcanic rises in the northwestern Pacific. The available isotopic ages of lavas from some large igneous provinces are correlated with the age of OAE2. The Bonarelli event was triggered and governed by several interrelated factors: volcanism, climate, and ocean circulation. The supply of nutrients into oceans as a result of enhanced magmatism, hydrothermal activity, and weathering on continents played an important role in maintaining anoxia. The spatial patterns of black-shale deposition were controlled by ocean circulation. Geochemical and biochemical processes associated with high productivity ultimately led to its reduction and to the recovery of oxic conditions in oceans.

Studies of helium isotope ratios in groundwaters discharging as springs within the Tunka-Oka-Sayan rift in the East Sayan area reveal an anomaly extending for 350 km along the East Sayan fault on the extension of the Tunka anomaly in the southwestern flank of the Baikal rift system. The calculated heat flow values ( qR ) agree with the measured ones ( qT ), and the heat flow anomalies correlate with those in the ³He/⁴He ratios throughout the Oka-Sayan and Bilin-Busiyn-Gol rifts. The correlation of the geophysical and geochemical parameters confirms that both are controlled by heat and mass transfer. Both mantle helium and heat apparently originate from a mantle plume beneath the South Baikal volcanic province (SVVP). The concordant ³He/⁴He and heat flow patterns in the Oka-Sayan fault record ongoing rifting and magmatism along the East Sayan Fault zone. The helium isotope and heat flow anomalies are consistent with the presence of low-velocity zones in the upper 200 km beneath the southwestern Baikal rift zone as far as the southern edge of the Siberian craton, which are detectable in seismic tomography images. Magmatism in the extreme southwest of the Baikal rift zone was maintained by active tectonic movements in the Pliocene and by the activity of the SBVP mantle plume. The obtained helium isotope data and high heat flow values indicate that rifting and magmatism propagate northwestward along the East Sayan fault zone. This pattern fits the geothermal model for continental rifts implying that magmatic activity in the western end of BRS has been controlled by lithospheric deformation. The geothermal model for the Baikal-Mongolia region covers the area northwest of the system of three rift basins along the East Sayan faults.

This paper considers the use of radioactive elements for the solution of geochemical problems related to granitoid magmatism. The metallogenic types of granites are recognized on the basis of the contents of radioactive (Th-bearing, rare-metal, U-bearing, gold ore, etc.) elements in them. Special attention is focused on the Th/U ratio, which is higher than 2.5 in primary igneous rocks, such as Li-F granites of the Ongon-Hayrhan deposit (Mongolia). Granitoids with Th/U < 2 (and, the more so, Th/U < 1) cannot be considered igneous. They are either metasomatized or of metasomatic genesis. Petrochemical and geochemical data on these types of rocks should be used for petrological implications with great care. Radiogeochemical indices can and must be used as additional indicators of the genesis of rocks, when it is controversial because of the widely manifested convergence and metasomatism processes.

The paper presents results of a comprehensive study of ferromanganese crusts from a submarine volcano on the Sonne Ridge, which was discovered during the 178th cruise of the RV Sonne (2004) investigating the northern slope of the Kuril basin in the framework of the KOMEX program. Results of study of the structures, textures, and mineral and elemental compositions of the crusts suggest their hydrogenous origin. The contents of major, trace, and rare-earth elements and Y (REY) in four mineral phases of ferromanganese crusts of the Sea of Okhotsk have been determined by phase analysis for the first time. The REY patterns of the manganese and ferrous in-situ phases confirms the hydrogenous origin and indicates no hydrothermal influence.

New thermobarogeochemical and isotope-geochemical data are presented, which show the intricate and long history of the formation of the unique Olimpiadinskoe gold deposit with predicted gold reserves of >1000 tons on the Yenisei Ridge. Metal-bearing oxidized water-carbon dioxide and reduced carbon dioxide-hydrocarbon fluids participated (at the same time or successively) in the formation of the deposit at 220-470 ºC and 0.6-2.5 kbar. Fluids of gold-bearing mineral assemblages include CO₂, hydrocarbons, and S-, N-, and halogen-containing compounds capable of transporting ore elements, including gold. Highly mobile carbon dioxide-hydrocarbon fluids were responsible for the appearance of disseminated gold mineralization in large bodies of quartz-carbonate-mica schists serving as geochemical barriers in the Olimpiadinskoe deposit. The deposit formed in the period from 817 to 660 Ma, which fits the time interval from crystallization to cooling (868-721 Ma) of the most proximal multiphase Chirimba granitoid pluton. The hydrothermal activity of the fluids that formed the Olimpiadinskoe deposit lasted at least 100-150 Myr.

The Aksug porphyry Cu-Mo deposit is located in a region of long-lasting magmatic activity. Gabbroids of the Khoito-Oka complex are the earliest intrusive rocks, in which the Aksug granitoid pluton hosting ore-bearing small porphyry intrusions is localized. The intrusive activity was terminated with emplacement of late leucogranite dikes. There are different viewpoints on the age of magmatism and mineralization of the Aksug deposit, with the concept of their Devonian age prevailing. To solve the debatable issue, we performed isotope geochronological studies and analyzed new results of U-Pb (SHRIMP-II) zircon dating and previously published Re-Os molybdenite dates (518 ± 2, 516 ± 2, and 511 ± 2 Ma). The concordant U-Pb zircon ages for igneous rocks are younger than the Re-Os age for mineralization. New U-Pb dating of Khoito-Oka gabbro-diorites has yielded an age of 503 ± 2 Ma. The U-Pb SHRIMP zircon age of tonalites from the Aksug pluton has been estimated at 504 ± 5 Ma. The U-Pb zircon ages for ore-related tonalite porphyry I and tonalite porphyry II are 500 ± 6 and 499 ± 6 Ma, respectively. The obtained SHRIMP age for leucogranite dike is 509 ± 4 Ma. Two groups of U-Pb dates have been obtained for each of the analyzed zircon samples: close to the Re-Os dates (518-511 ± 2 Ma) and younger (507-486 Ma). The weighted average zircon ages calculated for early and late populations from post-ore leucogranites are 515 ± 4 and 500 ± 4 Ma, respectively. We suggest that zircons with an age close to the Re-Os dates found in post-ore leucogranites were assimilated from the underlying substrate and zircons with an age of 500 ± 4 Ma crystallized from melt. The oldest U-Pb dates (509-515 Ma) of individual zircon grains from ore-bearing tonalite porphyry are consistent with the Re-Os molybdenite ages. Zircons from tonalite, tonalite porphyry, and Khoito-Oka gabbroids sometimes show internal textures indicating secondary alteration. The younger U-Pb concordia zircon ages relative to the Re-Os dates might be due to the influence of late thermal processes on the U-Pb isotopic system. The younger dates (486-507 Ma) of individual zircon grains probably reflect the time of the impact of a thermal fluid process. The weighted average of these younger dates (502 ± 2 Ma) falls within the weighted average age of post-ore leucogranites (500 ± 4 Ma). According to the Re-Os dates, the Aksug deposit formed at the end of the early Cambrian. Ore occurrences similar in magmatism and mineralization to the Aksug ore deposit are widespread in Tuva and in the Lake Zone in Mongolia. Therefore, it is necessary to reassess the role of the Cambrian and Devonian magmatism in the development of porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization both in Tuva and in the Altai-Sayan orogenic area.

The imperial governance system as a historical and legal problem has not lost its relevance for more than a century. The imperial problematics’ actualization at the early XXI century is determined by changes in the principles of relations between the center and regions. The researchers have moved away from the Lenin’s definition of periphery, and replaced it by the concept of “frontier”. In the modern historical science, the theory of “frontier” is widely used to study a vast array of problems in the history of foreign policy (“new frontier” factor), urban history etc. Two last decades in the Siberian historiography were marked by intensifying research interest in the special administrative bodies of the eastern regions in the XIX century - the First and the Second Siberian Committees, as well as the Siberian Railway Committee. Two main political institutions of the imperial Russia were investigated in details - the institution of Governor-Generals and the institution of Governors. The Russian Empire was an administrative space with complex structure from the governance viewpoint. The imperial regionalism is the subject of modern Siberian historians’ research. The focus shifted from the center to periphery in works published in the XXI century; the problems of ruling the Empire are viewed through the prism of the peoples inhabiting its margins, and influenced by the active integration into a single imperial administrative space. Each ethnic group inhabiting the empire had its own specific mentality largely determined by its relationship with the government. The issue of stability of the empire’s physical structure was related to the administrative system’s formation and evolution, which attracted the attention of modern historians. Recent scientific works are free from ideological clichés, which promotes active international cooperation among historians within the framework of joint projects. Appreciating the diversity of the imperial center’s models of the marginal regions’ management, many modern researchers see regionalism as a driver of the empire’s stability in the past and the guarantee of Russia’s prosperity in the future.

The modern sociocultural anthropology pays great attention to visual historical sources, in particular, photographs, drawings, films. The discipline of visual anthropology justifiably has taken a significant place in the West European scientific circulation, but in Russia, this field has been developed only fragmentarily. At the same time, visual anthropological practices in Russia have a rich history associated with expeditions to develop Siberian and Far Eastern regions, expressed in cumulating a corpus of historical photographs in regional archives that deserve researchers’ attention and introduction into scientific circulation. The materials created directly by professional researchers are of particular importance in this heritage. This article is devoted to one of them, so-called “Dybowski’s album”, a collection of unique photographs on the history of Kamchatka. The research work of Benedict Dybowski, an encyclopedic scholar who devoted a considerable period of his activity to studying and popularizing materials on Siberian and Kamchatka anthropology and zoogeography, is a poorly-studied page in the history of scientific development of the mentioned territories. The scientific novelty of the research consists in operating archival sources and focusing on the analysis of photographic heritage of the researcher and his colleagues. Many of these sources are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. B. Dybowski’s photos, made in the classical manner without any special artistic delights, represent a special “look” of a foreign researcher on various life aspects of Kamchatka and adjacent areas. Studying “Dybowski’s album” as the explorer’s travel pages supplemented with materials from his biographers, allows merging photographic images gradually into a single collective image, which is an informative visual source of information on the history of the Far Eastern frontier at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries.

The article analyzes publications on the history of Siberian butter industry and dairy cooperation published from the early XX century to the modern period. The main historiographical heritage of pre-revolutionary period are monographs containing the description of socio-economic and natural-climatic conditions and factors favourable for the establishment and development of the butter industry and dairy cooperative societies in Siberia. The author introduces into scientific circulation actual materials reflecting the opposition of cooperators to private enterprises, activity of foreign capital, role of state institutions in supporting butter production, interaction of peasant communities and cooperation. Some works which appeared in the early 1920s partly inherited the tradition of systematic scientific analysis of the pre-revolutionary stage, but in the late 1920s the Soviet doctrine prevailed, which ignored the achievements of pre-revolutionary butter cooperation in Siberia. The most significant works devoted to NEP period shifted the focus of research to technical and technological aspects of the butter industry’s modernization. Only in the 1970s-90s, researchers again drew attention to the phenomenal development of the butter production in the pre-revolutionary period. In 2000s, historians showed greater interest in identifying patterns and features of development of Siberian butter manufacturing in the early XX century. The period of the First World War, studied superficially in Soviet historiography, attracted special attention of researchers. Publications on NEP period are few. They revealed the dynamics of butter production in the context of major manufacturers’ competitive struggle, causes of slow recovery and declining butter industry and dairy cooperative societies. A considerable drawback of modern historiography is the lack of works in which butter manufacturing and cooperation are examined over a long historical period in conjunction with a complex of domestic and international factors. A comprehensive, multivariant analysis of the development of butter cooperation, from its inception in the late XIX century and elimination in the early 1930s to the present time has not been carried out from the economic history stand-point.

The paper considers the VI International Congress of Historical Sciences held in August 1928 in Oslo, the Norwegian capital. The official Soviet delegation took part in the work of Congress for the first time. It pays attention to such a historical source as ego-documents containing personal impressions of the Soviet participants of the Congress about their sojourn in Norway. The article introduces into scientific circulation, analyzes and publishes full body of private messages consisting of six letters from Oslo by V.V. Adoratsky. This epistolary corps contains nowhere else published detailed information about the Congress activity, presented reports, lobby discussions, meetings with foreign colleagues, communication with them, as well as the everyday life during the trip to Oslo, starting with getting visas, solving difficult transportation problems, and to depicting the vivid impressions of the cultural program of the Congress, local sights, solemn banquets and feasts, habitation in a student hostel.

The question of the possibility of the Soviet society’s development on the “new economic policy” base in the historical literature of the early XXI century received mainly a negative answer: according to many authors’ views, there was no alternative to Stalin’s modernization in the USSR in the late 1920s. For example, the thesis of “delivering as one” of delegates of the XVI AUCP(b) conference remains until now, 90 years later. The paper objective is to reveal whether the postulate of the integrity of the XVI conference delegates is true; to find out who were participants of fierce internal party struggle during a year (April 1928 - April 1929); is there really no need to talk about any form of discussion at the conference, and as a consequence - how fair it is to claim that there were no alternatives to Stalin’s mobilization model? The article deals with the events of the XVI AUCP(b) conference in the general political context of the first months of 1929. Among delegates of the XVI AUCP(b) conference the most significant was the group of Communists who opposed the most unbridled initiatives of the Stalinists. The New Economic Policy (NEP)’s positive results developed some potential of social immunity from left-wing radical actions, and violence in the lives of some Soviet functionaries. It was those managers who tried to talk about acute social and economic problems; to preserve at least a “truncated” NEP. This group’s position was weakened by long-standing hatred of private capital, especially kulaks, but without applying the preventive repressive measures. Contrasting to four previous Plenums of the AUCP(b) Central Committee in spring 1928 - spring 1929, which divided the party elite into supporters of preserving a multi-layered economy (“resisting”), conformists, and those who actively supported Stalin’s line, the majority of delegates of the XVI AUCP(b) conference demonstrated both resistance to the course of continuous collectivization, and emphasized conformism, regularly voting for resolutions condemning the “right”.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the food situation in the Ural village in the mid-1930s. This problem has not been sufficiently covered in the historical literature. Materials from a number of publications do not give a clear idea about the famine that broke out in the Ural countryside. It is connected with the fact that historians use data on food consumption according to sources in annual average (publications by S.A. Nefedov and other authors). The article objective is to determine the food situation in the Ural countryside in the summer of 1936 - summer of 1937. Numerous historical sources show that the rural population’s is nutrition turned out to be critical due to the crop failure caused by drought. Already in the late autumn of 1936, the famine broke out and gained strength; there was no timely state aid, seed and food loans began entering the collective farms only before spring field work. The nutrition situation of the collective farmers is analyzed based on the energy index - the ratio of calories received and expended by collective farmers and their family members. The sources’ condition made it possible to compare the peasant nutrition in the 1926/27 fiscal year and collective farmers in 1936, which showed decreasing nutrition energy index of the Ural rural residents for this period. The average data for 1936 do not permit reporting about the famine which broke out in the village, they only indicate the unfavorable food situation. Calculations on main products (crops, flour, meat, milk, butter, potatoes and vegetables, etc.) were based on monthly budget surveys of collective farmer families in Sverdlovsk Region in the administrative boundaries of 1936-1937. The compiled graphs vividly reflect a rapid drop in the collective farmers’ consumption in the spring-summer of 1937, which allow reconstructing the hunger stages of rural population in the region. The article concludes that famine hit not only rural, but urban areas in the region as well. The authorities once again, as in 1932-1933, failed to cope with supplying food to population. The help rendered to the starving persons turned out to be untimely and insufficient.

The USSR Government Purchasing Commission (GPC) in the USA of the National Commissariat of Foreign Trade (NCFT) was responsible for booking, dispatching and transport cargo to the Soviet Union. The article studies the cargos’ destiny after their arrival to the USSR using a concrete historical analysis of GPC archival documents. Continuous delays in delivery of cargoes took place at the early supplying period, especially in the Northern route due to heavy losses in route. Cargo arrival supervision was carried on by NCFT Engineer Department. Reports of NCFT authorized persons, ports and customs statements give characteristics of freight condition, nomenclature, quality, as well as plans of their distribution and re-distribution due to losses. Reports describing cargoes used such terms as “crashed during the enemy raid”, “damaged with storm”, “got wet with water”. Cargoes were sorted according to departments including the group “undistributed cargoes” and “cargoes of ‘Lenvneshtrans‘ which included goods for besieged Leningrad. Starting with the17th convoy, freight documents processing was made in points of ship unloading, and delays in paperwork stopped. Documents on PQ-17 convoy disclose specific “fraud” of institutions with one of the best Lend lease goods - canned meat. National Commissar of Foreign Trade A.I. Mikoyan confirmed proposals to allot meat products first of all to Leningrad (2000 tons), and to the nearest fronts. He himself suppressed the departments’ abuses, a case to sell in Arkhangelsk soap sent as a gift from the Red Cross, ordered to pass that soap to fronts. Customs acts revealed various kinds of violations, among which the most widespread was “cargo didn’t arrive”; they fixed shortcomings in freight wrapping and arrangement while loading the ship, facts of theft, especially of foods from damaged containers. According to GPC data, over the whole period of Lend Lease shipping in total 2743 ships were sent to the Soviet Union (17 349 thousand ton cargo). Losses of ships as a result of enemy activities or the other reasons for this period comprised 2, 6 %, or 76 ships with 455 thousand ton cargo.

Defining the role of glosses in the progression of author’s narrative is one of the significant and complex problems of textological analysis of a medieval work. To put forward approaches to its solution on the example of analysis of the writings of Metropolitan Daniel and Maximus the Greek is the goal of this article. It has been established that in the chapters of Sobornik of Metropolitan Daniel, glosses, as a rule, accompany extracts and quotations from patristic literature which are assembled according to themes and compiled probably at Daniel’s order by the scribes of Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery who worked in the metropolitan workshop. By their nature, the glosses of Sobornik represent (according to hermeneutic classification) literal interpretations. The early writings of Maximus the Greek (before the year 1525) contain single glosses of a lexicographic character. We find many scholia in Joasaph and Khludov collected works of Maximus the Greek (the end of the 40s - the beginning of the 50s of the 16th century), preserved in the lists with writer’s autographs. This article presents the results of analysis of The Word of Praise to Peter and Paul, which contains the largest number of glosses and marginalia. They allowed us to conclude that the glossing was not a one-act process which took place simultaneously with collected works compilation. The type of marginal notes made by the author and scribes in the margins of manuscripts makes it possible to see how Maximus the Greek edited his own texts which already contained glosses and marginalia. Disclosure of symbolism and figurative narrative, deepening of the meaning of the text, its commentation should be recognized as the main functions of glosses in the text of The Word of Praise to Peter and Paul. Glosses in the writings of Maximus the Greek, unlike the Words of Metropolitan Daniel, are diverse in their purpose. They are a tool which reveals the meaning of the text. They serve as a means of communication of the author (editor) and the reader, providing reception of the work. Glosses often had the character of allegorical and moral interpretations (allegorical and tropological type). The article attempts to identify the signs which distinguish the author’s glosses from scholia compiled by scribes. The numerous glosses observed in the manuscripts of the 16th century reflect the dynamics of development of the book culture of Muscovite Rus’ and level of understanding and perception of the text.

The community of church writers from the Patriarch’s surrounding occupied a specific place among the variety of groups of intellectual influence in the second half of the XVII century. The paper focuses on the most bright leaders of the community: Afanasy Kholmogorsky, Ignatius (Rimsky-Korsakov), Euphymius Chudovsky and Mitrofan Voronezhsky. The author uses manuscripts dated from the late XVII - early XVIII centuries as research materials, which are personal essays of the abovementioned writers or their contemporaries. The article objective is to identify and examine interpersonal communications of the community intellectual leaders based on the scientific analysis of these sources; receive data on the ways of their artistic communication and relations, ideas and values that were born within such communication. Almost all mentioned leaders of the community had a significant ideological and spiritual influence both on their surrounding and large groups of population due to their church activities. The main tool of their intellectual influence was spoken and written word. Studying their works shows that they reflected not only the specificities of literary works and interpersonal contacts, but also their active participation in the social life and debates on topical issues of the the epoch; demonstrated their role in preserving and maintaining the Orthodox standards and values as a traditional basis of the Russian national life and culture. Interpersonal communications of intellectual leaders of the church writers’ community close to the Patriarch were of constant and intense character. There were different ways to contact, including direct communication during face-to-face meetings; letters; author texts and books exchange (new translations of patristic and works by late Byzantine church writers); and cooperative bookish works. Within these artistic communications the writers exchanged their ideas, mastered their literary skills, polemic skills, developed their ideology, values and socio-cultural milestones influencing formation of the community identity.

The paper discusses two cases related to the loyalty of the Old Believers from the Vyg enclave to the Tsar’s regime. The first one was reflected in rhetoric panegyric texts and other writings of the 1720s created by AndreyDenisov, an ideological leader of the Old Believer “second generation”. The second one was elaborated in the works by his follower Andrey Borisov (about the 1780s). This article presents new interpretive approaches aimed to understand the Vyg enclave members’ viewpoint which gradually led to their adoption of the prayer ritual for the Russian emperor. Such position was not dominant among the Old Believers and became a cause of acute inter-confessional disputes and conflicts. Based on the analysis of handwritten texts that expressed the idea of justifying the Tsar’s autocracy, this paper studies the Vyg’s ideologues’ argumentation determined by the type of rhetorical book culture that was formed in Vyg at the early XVIII century. The author shows that Andrei Borisov, an Old Believer’s writer of the Enlightenment age, developed a particularly sophisticated argumentation. He substantiated the Old Believers’ right to call the tsar “pious” and “right-believing” relying on linguistic, philosophical, rhetorical arguments and the authority of Andrey Denisov, the famous predecessor. The loyal position of the Vyg enclave leaders conflicted with the central thesis of the eschatological doctrine which determined the Old Believer movement’s entire logic, but at the same time re-habilitated the New Testament’s postulate, according to which there was no authority except for God. The paper analyzes new manuscript sources including rhetoric and polemical writings created by Andrey Denisov and Andrey Borisov. These unique materials make it possible to suggest that idealizing the Tsar’s autocracy was not just the result of the forced compromise, but conditioned by the Old Believers’ utopian ideas about the state. Such belief was successively connected with the Russian concept of the Third Rome and the messianism, which were paradoxically combined in the Old Believer consciousness with the discourses on “last times”.

The study is devoted to forming the collection of authoritative fragments of the XVII century texts, which were selected by the Old Belief advocates as arguments to defend their right of being the official Church opposition. R.O. Krammey very precisely designated this collection as the “sacred texts’ canon”. It is composed of quotations of the Holy Scriptures and the patristic tradition, the works of church writers found in manuscripts and old printed books. The article shows the first period of research carried out by the church reform opponents in order to find authoritative texts indicating that Patriarch Nikon had violated the Russian Church tradition. This search started after the first steps of introducing innovations in liturgics and rite. The Solovets monastery monks largely determined the used texts’ range and provided the highest level of book culture in arranging and ordering extracts from them. This fact determined the selected quotes credibility both for the common readers, and the opponents. Appealing to Gerasim Firsov’s treatise “On a sign of the cross with two fingers...” and the collection compiled by Geronty allowed the author to illustrate how the Solovets monks were able not only to find the necessary quotes indicating the illegality of innovations, but to declare the original texts as “sacred” as well. This stage initiated the formation of “sacred texts’ canon”, which was inherited by the Old Believers’ next generations. The article shows how and why the “sacred texts’ canon” included publications of the Moscow Printing House in the XVII century, whose contents should be characterized as the creative heritage of Kiev Metropolia adapted for the Russian reader. Based on selected fragments of manuscripts and old-printed books, Old Believers offered solutions to the discussed questions of the rite and liturgical practice.

The article analyzes a polemic Siberian writing of the late 1890s by an unknown Belokrinitsky (“Austrian”) writer, monk Augustine, which is kept in the Centre of Books and Manuscripts Storage. It reveals sources of the epistle, reasons for its creation, mainly due to the struggle for spiritual and intellectual leadership among the Old Believer communities. The author investigates main issues and directions of sharp discussions between the two Old Believers’ branches (“Chasovennye” and the “Austrians”) with the originally common historical fate. The research restores reasons for their ideological discrepancies at a particular poorly-studied Old Believer center, which were determined both by changes in government policy related to Old Belief throughout the XIX century, and by the Beglopopovtsy’s own evolution. The paper shows that the studied topics are the next stage in perennial disputes periodically bursting with one of the Old Believers’ main opponents - the Belokrinitsky hierarchy.

The relevance of a subject is determined by huge importance of military libraries in training and upbringing of the Russian army officers, whose education level influences the military power, the country’s defense capability. The article expounds the main problems of creation of Officer Artillery School, its books’ acquisition and functioning; analyzes the regulatory framework of their activity for the first time in historiography. The paper objective is to characterize functioning of Officer Artillery School libraries. One of them was for students, another - for the officer corps. The author applies comparative, chronological, bibliographic, source study methods. The study provides better understanding of history of the artillery department libraries, and military library science of the Russian army in general. It shows the attitude of the Ministry of Defense to libraries of military schools, which can be characterized as understanding their importance for officers’ training, as well as active regulating their creation, acquisition and functioning. Based on “The instruction for officers of variable structure of the Officer Artillery School of firing” issued in 1909, 1910, 1912 the paper reveals features of using books and periodicals from the educational library by the changing staff of the school. Studying these libraries is difficult due to the fact that researchers can’t find their catalogs, neither printed, nor hand-written. The research results reveal some sources of library collections acquisition (free editions of the Ministry of Defense and Military and Topographical Department of the General Staff and purchasing books abroad), and a large number of publications on the artillery prepared by the school teachers and officials and sent to these libraries and other libraries of the Ministry of Defense according to their catalogs’ analysis.

The multi-party system, which came to Russia in the early 1990s, was accompanied by the appearance of publishing production of newly created parties, social movements and associations. Not only the parliamentary parties but so-called marginal ones and political organizations produced their books, magazines, bulletins, newspapers, leaflets and posters in large numbers. The article attempts to assess the scope of publishing activity of each political structures in the late XX - early XXI centuries in the territory of Siberia and the Far East (“United Russia”, the Communist party, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), marginal parties of the 1990s), as well as social movements of centrist, left and national-patriotic orientations. The author represents the repertoire of newspapers, books and brochures, analyzes their content in the context of evolution of social life of the country. The study shows that the parties forming the basis of democratic movement in Russia in the early 1990s had lost the initiative in the political press by 1996. Newspapers of Union of Right Forces, party “Yabloko”, and others were published in East Russia only during the election campaigns, although having huge circulations. On the contrary, the main opponents of the current government - the Communists - created a stable network of their newspapers in the regions covering all regions of Siberia and the Far East with party publications in the early XXI century. The publishing practice of LDPR was extremely unstable: it had developed significantly in a number of areas by the end of the XX century, but declined then. Nowadays the main printed products of the Liberal Democrats are produced in million copies by the central headquarters in Moscow, and sent to regions. The specificity of the 1990s - early XXI century is editing in the regions of a large number of newspapers, magazines, brochures, which propagandize reactionary, nationalistic, chauvinistic ideology, including anti-Semitism and neo-Nazism. The article analyzes this phenomenon. The author concludes that extremist and conservative trends in the publishing products of a number of social forces were associated with the crisis in the first decade of post-Soviet history. In general, the emergence and development of a multi-party press and book publishing are an element of forming the civil society in Russia.

The article regards the organizational activity tendencies of the academic museums using the example of the Museum of the Buryat Scientific Centre SB RAS. It has significantly expanded its subject and accumulated a certain experience in the museum activity practice and theory in its 50-year history. The analysis of archive documents created in the museum functioning process, and the directives of the Museum Council of RAS and SB RAS, allows discovering vectors of the museum development driven with internal and external factors. The paper reveals modern problems of the museum activity, most of which are related to the legal difficulties in determining the academic museum status and its interaction with the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation.

The article reviews problems of managing ecological and socio-economic development of the Baikal natural territory (BNT). Exclusion of the Baikal region from objects of strategic planning in the state regional policy according to the new spatial development strategy and assignment of its subjects to different federal districts raised new challenges for improving the integrated system of regulating environmental and socio-economic activities in the BNT. The predominance of the departmental approach to decision-making on key problems of the PBT at the federal level leads to a priority of prohibitive measures and insufficient consideration of local specifics. The interrelatedness of the economies of the Irkutsk region and Buryatia as a joint Baikal natural-technical system requires management of environmental protection and sustainable development at the interregional level. The authors propose recommendations to organize an interregional and interdepartmental management body with functions in the new zoning framework. Consideration is given to an organization structure of interregional and interdepartmental management body and its possible functions in the new pattern of zoning.

Platform models of business are considered to be an important element of digital economy. They deal with transformation and disruption of many industries, competition changes and growth factors of companies. Multi-agent platforms with several types of participants and complex cooperation are more complicated and more attractive for innovative development. They comprise a system of dissemination and consumption of platform products, supplementary product development, processes of joint creation of values and joint utilization of platform assets. The paper deals with methodological aspects of multi-agent platform creation. Most attention is paid to these three key elements: platform participants, their roles and cooperation; platform thinking; approaches to platform activity monetization. The author presents a platform formation matrix that includes main types of participants and aspects of platform cooperation.

The article undertakes to identify general laws of the market of cargo services performed by passenger flights, as well as its specific Russian features. The main target of the authors’ research was to separate a segment of ‘way’ cargo transported by passenger flights within the general structure of the air cargo market in order to study its qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Based on the industry statistics data, the authors studied the market segment of way cargo through a number of criteria: a type of market structure and a type of aircraft used, the total demand for cargo capacity, geographical characteristics of flights performed in the Russian Federation, and analyzed specific interactions between participants in this market. The cargo potential and the structure of the Russian market of air cargo services were evaluated with account to the industry features that affect interpretation of statistical data. The paper demonstrates existence of quantitative and qualitative interactions between the passenger and cargo components of regular passenger flights, as well as the impact of presence/absence of wide-body vessels on the cargo potential of a passenger airline. The authors discovered that most Russian air carriers are not sufficiently effective in utilizing their potential way cargo capacity on passenger flights.

The US, Canada and the UK face global surplus of oil production and refinery capacity, large sovereign debt and fiscal consolidation in 2015-18. The article analyses special features of fiscal relations with oil industry faces in those countries, which may be useful for Russia. The research method of the article is a review of budgetary revenue structures, tax regimes, lists and effects of tax stimuli and budgetary subsidies for oil industry from publications of budgetary and tax authorities, nongovernmental and international organizations. The research highlights, that the tax structure on oil in analyzed countries is similar to Russia. The consolidated budget of Canada depends on oil revenues similarly to the Russian one, of the UK and the US - several times less. The total tax burden per barrel of crude oil or gasoline is 2 times higher in Russia than in the US, especially due to higher excise taxes on gasoline. Canada and the UK tax oil excavation less than gasoline consumption - significantly more than Russia, with some subsidies to vulnerable consumers. Investment tax credit and accelerated depreciation dominate among tax stimulus. Budgetary subsidies target few relatively small projects by royalty reductions, share capital investments and export financing. The US and Canada have no VAT, the UK provides zero VAT rate for export oriented oil refineries, without such payments and refunding as in Russia. The article concludes that Russian oil tax maneuver follows the three countries’ practices, and Russian excise taxes on gasoline should be twice higher than the 2018 level. With high tax burden and surplus oil production, the countries had to invent new stimulus for their oil industry, such as financial sanctions against Russian competition.

The article deals with longevity of people living in a low-populated northern region. There has been a shift in gender and territorial indicators due to active migration of the elderly from the country to urban settlements. The authors review average life expectancy of people who have reached retirement age, pointing out increased probability of reaching an advanced age with persisting gender differences. The authors argue that one of factors contributing to longevity of the Yakut people is consumption of traditional meat products from horse meat (flesh of colt). It was pointed out that the source of unique meat composition of the Yakut horse, affecting longevity, is the feed frozen by natural cold (cryo-feed) with a high content of essential fatty acids. Conducted field studies demonstrated that the content of linoleic acid increased by 2.1 times, and α-linolenic acid by 1.8 times in the cryo-feed compared with their respective summer levels. The economic background of green cryo-feed use is presented as a basis for increasing the nutritional value of the Yakut horse meat.

Victor Nikolayevich Bogachev, a deputy editor-in-chief of ECO journal, borrowed the phrase ‘scientific professor’ in one of the articles sent to the journal for publication from a republic of the Soviet Union. He went on to prefix it with a title ‘Mr’ and used it jokingly for self-introduction. Behind his back, his colleagues referred to him in the same manner, not as a form of slight but with respect and admiration. V.N. Bogachev worked in the journal for 18 months only but it was the crucial period of take-off when a new style of description and analysis of surrounding economic events and processes was born and refined. This May, 2019 he would have been 90 years old.

An outstanding Soviet economist V. N. Bogachev, would have been 90 this year. He managed the “ECO” journal from the very beginning of its publication. He influenced the style and forged the orientation of the journal publications. This article is a reprint (with some abridgement) of his article from the 6th issue of “ECO” of 1989. It is remarkable in conveying the spirit of polemics of that perestroika time between scientists who pondered the question of where and how to direct the development of the economy and the society of the Soviet Union. Viktor Nikolaevich thought about specific issues, sharply and even sarcastically criticizing the economic illiteracy of the authorities, who made absurd decisions on price and income policy, and about fundamental problems, the relevance of which, paradoxically, has not faded with time, but is becoming ever more acute and painful. Being ahead of many of his contemporaries in understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the economic science, he called for reasonable restraint in the import of “advanced” ideas of Western economic liberalism and at the same time demanded a full, integrated use of the Russian economic science with its rich heritage of such classics as K. Veksel and R. Houtri, J. M. Keynes and M. riedman. This article reflects many thoughts of this great economist.

Life expectancy at birth almost doubled during the last three centuries, in all geographical and demographical parts of the world. Such indicators as life expectancy and death rates, reviewed and examined in the article, are considered to be the most important components in overall human economic development. The article is devoted to long-term analysis of longevity significance, along with the role of investment in healthcare and close-related medical innovation in declining mortality, and, finally, to the overall economic growth, conditional on these factors. Firstly, the article provides analysis of factors, forming current patterns of life expectancy trends all over the world for several centuries. Next, there is a discussion concerning features of investment activity and innovation implementation in healthcare, with the latter being the main factors increasing the share of healthcare industry in GDP. Finally, the article includes analysis of impact of all the aforementioned relations on economic growth.

The share of working-age population in Russia is gradually decreasing. According to forecasts, in 2026 the total population will decrease by 4.3%, while the able-bodied - by 16.4%, which will lead to a drop of this group’s share in the overall age structure to 55.1% (in 2008 it was 63.2%). For this reason, the health status of this category of citizens, cause of death analysis and measures of reducing it are of particular importance. The purpose of this study is to examine the status, dynamics and characteristics of morbidity, including occupational, and causes of death of the able-bodied population of the Siberian Federal district (SFO). Based on analysis of literature on morbidity and mortality of persons of working age in the SFD and Russia, as well as statistical data of regional health authorities of the SFD, the authors concluded that the health of working-age population in Siberia is significantly worse than the average in Russia. At the same time, the sickness rate both with a first-time diagnosis and the overall morbidity continues rising. Although mortality decreases over time, this process is slower than in the whole country, so over 7 years the gap from the all-Russian indicators increased from 14.8 to 17.25%. External causes of death, such as murder, suicide, poisoning with alcohol substitutes and other are rising in the structure of mortality rate (relative to Russia as a whole). Despite a significant reduction in the number of fatal accidents at work (per 1,000 people), the Siberian Federal district still ranks ahead of the Far East and the Volga Federal districts.

The article analyzes the marketing innovations of private medical clinics as a significant internal driver of transformation and development of the private healthcare market in Russia. The transformation of private healthcare market, with high rate of dissemination of professional practices and new formats of activity, business models and value propositions, directly affects the structure and volume of the market potential of private medical clinics. Product innovations, which are the basis for the value proposition and positioning of medical clinics, are forming new segments of Russian private healthcare market. The authors identified main directions of the formation of innovative product categories in the market of private healthcare in Russia such as multi-products, highly specialized medical services, highly specialized medical care, “accessible clinic” format, anti-age medicine, pain-free dentistry with gamification elements.

The paper considers the status quo of Mongolian international economic cooperation. The authors provide a brief description of Mongolian economic development and review its foreign trade over the past fifteen years, considering the structure of foreign direct investment in the Mongolian economy. The authors characterize main trends and development prospects of Mongolian international economic relations.

The article is devoted to the development of conceptual approaches to understanding the rehabilitation potential of the bankruptcy institution and methods for assessing the implementation of bankruptcy mechanism. The author proposes to consider the rehabilitation potential of bankruptcy at the micro level (from the point of view of the owner, who has saved the restored business), and at the macro level, when a positive effect for the economy arises from the sale of the existing business and the inefficient owner dismissal. The paper presents the results of a statistical analysis of the bankruptcy implementation in Russian and international practice, substantiates the expediency of statistical accounting for quasi-rehabilitation procedures, the main one being the settlement agreement. Special attention is paid to the study of foreign experience of preventing business insolvencies and identifying possibilities for its application in Russia.

The article presents the results of an ongoing theoretical, methodological and empirical study of engineers employed in Siberian industrial enterprises. The project is carried out in line with qualitative studies in sociology and involves the focused interview method. The interviews revealed a variety of attitudes towards different aspects of labor and industrial relations in enterprises, as well as their influence on subjectivity acquired by engineers in the course of their work. The discourse of engineers consists of their personal statements about the technical bases of enterprises, levels of their equipment. It includes assessment of the adequacy of monetary reward for industrial work that is relevant for the socio-economic domestic realities, as it highlights the problem and the request for public recognition. The author considers the process of labor subject formation as polyphonic (dialogical) - at the intersection of two types of attitudes to the profession of engineer: representatives of the reference group (engineer, his colleagues, family, friends) and the “outside” view (managers, the state, etc.), contributing to the value-normative regulation of the personality of engineers. It is shown that the key to the process of labor subject formation is the paradoxical experience that is realized in practices of conscious, intentional overcoming of structural limitations in the system of labor relations - the principle of “contrary to”.

The possibility of economic modernization and socio-economic development of the Russian Federation and its regions including the Republic of Buryatia greatly depends on shaping its demographic potential, which is going through some negative changes. The article analyzes quantitative, structural and qualitative factors of the demographic development in the republic in the period from 1990 to 2018. The main predictive characteristics of the population - birth-rate, mortality rate, natural and migratory increase (decrease) are considered. The declining natural increase against the background of the migration exodus, ageing processes, dispersed nature and insufficient turnover of the population point to persistent problems in the demography. The author concludes that socio-economic development is impossible without immediately resolving the demographic problem. However, it is absolutely necessary to apply an integrated approach in managing demographic and migration processes.

The article is devoted to the development of the preschool education system and to the standard of living of pedagogical employees (as measured by the purchasing power of their salary). The problem is quite relevant for Russia, since being short of labor resources, the system needs additional female labor force. It is also true that the standard of living of pedagogical employees affects the quality of education. The Siberian Federal District was chosen because it plays an important role in the country’s economy, and the time period under research allows studying the latest trends in the development of the education system. The number of preschool institutions has been decreasing and depends mostly on the political will, while coverage of children by preschool education has been growing and depends on the birth rate and labor demand. This leads to on increased group size in kindergartens, which is negatively perceived by parents. The living standard of teachers is low and continues to decline, although in the Siberian Federal District it is higher than the national average.

One of the peculiarities of Russia is a significant number of single-industry towns, many of which turned out to be extremely vulnerable in the situation of continuous economic reforms and crises. Deteriorating socio-economic situation and the popular living standards in single-industry settlements has always attracted the attention of the public, the scientific community, and the country’s leadership. There are federal and regional programs adopted and implemented to support such municipalities. Our analysis of the existing regulatory framework governing the status and additional funding of monotowns in the Russian Federation, as well as scientific publications on their problems, showed that development of electric power industry in these localities remains beyond the attention of both legislators and scientists. This fully applies even to energy single-industry towns, where generating stations are city-forming organizations. Assessment of the profile of energy companies in such cities showed that, in comparison with the industry average indicators, they are distinguished by a higher degree of depreciation of fixed assets and low financial results. It is not possible to overcome this lag without attracting additional investment. The authors propose a possible solution to this problem in redistribution of electricity tariffs in single-industry towns, increasing the share of funds attributable to generation. It is assumed that this mechanism should be implemented openly and publicly under state and municipal control. This will produce an additional stream of targeted funds, making it possible for power plants to upgrade equipment.

According to a long-standing tradition of our journal, we try to complement opinions of scientists on various problems of economy with a point of view of experts. In this issue, we asked S. V. Bukharov, a representative of energy business, to take part in our discussion. He has over 15 years of experience in financial and economic management of power engineering (Novosibirskenergo Group, TGK-13, Association NP Market Council and others). As a consultant, he participated in preparation of materials for the Government of the Russian Federation concerning a decision to include the workers’ village of Linevo of the Iskitimsky District of the Novosibirsk Region into a heat supply price zone. He tried to evaluate the measures proposed by the authors of the article «Improvement of territorial power electricity policy in monotowns of Russia» in terms of consequences for the energy complex of respective regions and concluded that they are absolutely inapplicable under the current operating conditions of local power systems.