E.V. Sharkov, O.A. Bogatikov
Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetnyi per. 35, Moscow, 119017, Russia
Keywords: Thermochemical mantle plumes, large igneous provinces, mantle xenoliths, lower crust, mantle fluids, Syria
Our study of mantle xenoliths in the Cretaceous lamprophyre diatremes and late Cenozoic plateau basalts in western Syria has shown that the ancient lower crust that existed in the Cretaceous and was composed of garnet granulites and eclogite-like rocks was replaced by mantle peridotites in the late Cenozoic. We conclude that the heads of the local (secondary) plumes of the present-day Afro-Arabian thermochemical mantle plume responsible for the regional basaltic magmatism reached the basement of the ancient upper sialic crust, where they spread, leading to a displacement of the mafic lower crust.
I.V. Karmysheva1,2, V.G. Vladimirov1,2, R.A. Shelepaev1,2, S.N. Rudnev1, V.A. Yakovlev1,2, D.V. Semenova1 1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: Late-collision magmatism, gabbro-granite associations, collision zone, shear zones, Tuva-Mongolian massif, Sangilen
The Bayan-Kol gabbro-granite association has been recognized within the West Sangilen fragment of collision zone in the northwestern framing of the Tuva-Mongolian massif, and its composition, age, and tectonic and geodynamic settings have been studied. The association includes the Bayan-Kol pluton and composite (mingling) dikes, which formed in the late collision period (495 ± 5 Ma), during the transition from transpression to extension mode with left-lateral strike-slip kinematics. The Bayan-Kol gabbro-granite association is spatially confined to the penetrating tectonic zones of the West Sangilen shear system. The position of gabbroid and granite bodies is controlled by local zones of tectonic extension. Basic magmas have a similar petrogeochemical composition, which indicates their intrusion from a single chamber of basic composition and differentiation of ascending magma. The melting, transfer, and formation of crustal granitoids of the Bayan-Kol association are genetically related to the thermal effect of basic melt and syntectonic drop in lithostatic pressure. The intrusion and formation of basic and acid melts of the Bayan-Kol association took place at the lower and middle crustal levels in the settings of the reactivation and subsequent fragmentation of the tectonic zone.
G.A. Palyanova1,2, A.M. Sazonov3,4, T.V. Zhuravkova1,2, S.A. Silyanov3,4 1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University 3Siberian Federal University, Svobodnyi pr. 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia 4Tomsk State University, pr. Lenina 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
Keywords: Sovetskoe quartz-gold deposit, pyrrhotite composition, pyrrhotite-(pyrite)-containing parageneses, acanthite, uytenbogaardtite, petrovskaite, nanosized microinclusions
We present results of investigation into the composition and parageneses of pyrrhotite at the Sovetskoe gold-quartz deposit (Yenisei Ridge, Russia) have been studied. The variability of parameters (temperature T and sulfur fugacity fS2) during the stage crystallization of pyrrhotite-containing assemblages has been assessed from the composition of this mineral (Fe0.873±0.02S-Fe0.885±0.02S) and its parageneses. The compositions Fe0.873-0.875S close to Fe7S8 (Apy + Po + Rut + Qz), for which the estimated formation parameters are T = 486-465 ºС and lg f S2 = -4.71 to -5.28, are typical of early pyrrhotite in the form of microinclusions in arsenopyrite, associated with rutile and quartz. According to the composition of inclusions of pyrrhotite microcrystals (Fe0.873-0.881S) associated with pyrite in native gold (950 ‰) (Au + Po + Py), the formation parameters are T = 489-410 ºС and lg f S2 = -4.63 to -6.98. Coarse pyrrhotite grains containing microinclusions of relict arsenopyrite and galena, sometimes, in aggregate with siderite (Po+Apy+Ga+Sid), and pyrrhotite in aggregate with pyrite and siderite (Py + Po + Sid) have composition Fe0.874-0.878S and form at 479-443 ºС and lg f S2 = -4.9 to -5.9. The xenomorphic pyrrhotite microinclusions present together with galena and native gold (950 ‰) in pyrite crystals (Py + Po + Ga + Au) are characterized by higher contents of iron (Fe0.878-0.885S) and, correspondingly, lower temperatures of formation, 432-382 ºС, and lg f S2 = -6.27 to -7.95. The lg f S2-Т diagrams have been calculated for the systems Fe-S and Ag-Au-S in the temperature range 25-700 ºС with regard for the stability fields of iron sulfides (pyrite FeS2, troilite FeS, and pyrrhotite Fe7S8), phases Fe11S12, Fe10S11, and Fe9S10, metallic iron, native sulfur, uytenbogaardtite, petrovskaite, and solid-solution phases Fe1- x S (0 < x < 0.125), Ag1-zAuz (z = 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1), and Ag2- y Au y S (y = 0, 0.5, 1, and 2). The calculation results have demonstrated that there is a field of petrovskaite and uytenbogaardtite solid solutions and Au-Ag alloys (>670 ‰, Ag0.5Au0.5-Au) in the stability field of the pyrrhotite-pyrite parageneses of the Sovetskoe deposit. The gold and silver contents in iron sulfides of the Sovetskoe deposit show that the Au/Ag ratios in pyrrhotites (0.002-2.4) and pyrites (0.004-13) are lower than those in high-fineness (950-980 ‰) gold (19-50). The difference in the Au/Ag ratios in these minerals and the results of thermodynamic calculations show the possible presence of Au-Ag sulfides and Au-Ag alloys of lower fineness in the pyrrhotite-pyrite ores of the studied deposit. The absence of visible mineral forms of gold sulfides from the ores suggests that these sulfides are present in finely dispersed or invisible microscopic forms. The pyrrhotite compositions in pyrite-containing parageneses as well as Au/Ag in pyrites, pyrrhotites, and visible native gold in sulfide ores of other gold and gold-silver deposits can be used to assess the possible presence of nanosized solid microinclusions of sulfide and other gold and silver forms.
D.S. Ponomarev1,2, K.D. Litasov1,2, A. Ishikawa3, I.S. Bazhan1, T. Hirata4, N.M. Podgornykh1 1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 3Dept Earth Science and Astronomy, University of Tokyo, Komada, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan 4Geochemical Research Center, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
Keywords: Iron meteorite, kamacite, taenite, silicate inclusions, olivine, pyroxene, phosphates, crystallization, shock metamorphism, asteroids
The minerals of the Maslyanino iron meteorite and their trace-element composition are described in detail for the first time, and the meteorite classification is substantiated. The meteorite is a fine-structural octahedrite. Its metallic matrix consists of kamacite, taenite, and schreibersite. Large troilite segregations are associated with silicate inclusions; in addition, rare minerals altaite and dobreelite are found. The silicate inclusions contain olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, apatite, merrillite, chromite, and graphite. A detailed trace-element analysis of the metal matrix permits the Maslyanino meteorite to be assigned to the narrow Pitts subgroup of the IAB group. It is also similar to meteorites of the Udei Station subgroup. Both subgroups include meteorites with silicate inclusions and are intermediate between the sLL (low Au and Ni contents) and sLM (low Au and medium Ni contents) subgroups. According to the metallographic data, the cooling rate of the Maslyanino meteorite is 30-60 ºC/Myr. The data obtained are consistent with the formation of the meteoritic material under impact of a parent asteroid resulting in the removal of its outer chondrite-winonaite shell. Subsequent weaker impacts led to the formation of IAB group meteorites (including meteorites with silicate inclusions) and winonaites from the asteroid remnant.
L.B. Khazin1,2, I.V. Khazina1, O.B. Kuzmina1,2, D.E. Ayunov1, N.A. Golikov1,3, L.V. Tsibizov1,2 1A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 3Novosibirsk State Technological University, pr. Karla Marksa 20, Novosibirsk, 630073, Russia
Keywords: Ostracod, palynomorph, moisture content, particle size distribution, magnetic susceptibility, Pleistocene, Holocene, Lena delta, East Siberia
Paleoenvironmenal reconstructions have been made from a multidisciplinary study of a borehole permafrost record on Kurungnakh Island (Lena delta). According to data on palynomorphs and ostracods, the clay silt units from the 10.58 to 13.54 m and 1.58 to 10.3 m core depth intervals were deposited in the Late Pleistocene (during the Karginian interstadial) and Early-Middle Holocene, respectively. The sediments were studied in terms of moisture contents, grain size distribution, mineralogy, and magnetic susceptibility, and the results were compared with published evidence from nearby natural outcrops. Quite a cold oligotrophic lake existed in the area during the Karginian period, and the deposition was interrupted by a gap recorded at a core depth of about 11 m. In the Early and Middle Holocene, the area was covered with shrub tundra vegetation.
I.S. Novikov1, F.I. Zhimulev1, E.V. Vetrov1,2, P.Yu. Savelieva1 1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Siberian Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics, and Mineral Resources, Krasnyi pr. 67, Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia
Keywords: Geomorphology, neotectonics, paleogeography, peneplain, continental orogeny, Salair Range, Altai-Sayan mountain province
Middle Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic events on the periphery of the West Siberian Plain and in the flanking mountains of the northwestern Altai-Sayan province produced highland topography over a part of southeastern West Siberia. The activity stages were separated by a long lull from Late Cretaceous through middle Paleogene, when the Mesozoic mountains were denuded to the base level corresponding to the level of the West Siberian epicontinental sea. The sea of that time was connected to the World Ocean, and its level fell in several successive events. The periods of stable sea level are marked by surfaces at 200, 250, and 300 m above sea level (in the present reference of elevations) and correlate with global sea level changes according to Haq and Vail. The stability surfaces were revealed during geomorphological surveys in the Salair Range and in the Bugotak-Sokur upland. Their elevations have not changed since the origin in the studied part of the Bugotak-Sokur area, but the SW tilting Salair block delineated by thrust faults in the north and in the east has been uplifted at 0.1 mm/year. In the course of neotectonic activity, the line of mountain growth shifted notably to the southeast, leaving behind the Fore-Altai plain and the Bugotak-Sokur upland, which were occupied by high mountains in the Jurassic. The lack of post-Mesozoic molasse in the Kuznetsk Basin and in the Chulym plain indicates that the present Kuznetsk Alatau and Salair Ranges are considerably lower than their middle Mesozoic precursors.
M.S. Sudakova1,2, M.R. Sadurtdinov1, A.M. Tsarev1, A.G. Skvortsov1, G.V. Malkova1 1Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Malygina 86, Tyumen, 625026, Russia 2M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
Keywords: GPR, dynamic parameters, attenuation, volumetric water content
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiling is applicable to study peatlands and swampy areas in permafrost but have some limitations in summer time. Theoretical calculations and field experiments show that estimating attenuation of electromagnetic waves is required for planning GPR survey. Radar images acquired with a 300 MHz antenna fail to resolve reflections from below the permafrost if the thaw/permafrost boundary is deeper than 1.5 m and the attenuation coefficient is 0.7, as in water-saturated peat. GPR data allow high-resolution lithological division of permafrost and provide reliable constraints on the depths to interfaces and physical properties of the ground. Thus, GPR can fully or partly substitute for the time- and labor-consuming direct measurements. The inferences have been confirmed by field results.
O.A. Loktionova1,2, L.M. Burshtein1,2, L.M. Kalinina1,2, V.A. Kontorovich1,2, P.I. Safronov1 1A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: Ust’-Tym megadepression, Hettangian-Aalenian deposites, Togur Formation, geologic structure, petroleum potential, hydrocarbon generation
Analysis of the geologic structure of the Hettangian-Aalenian deposits of the Ust’-Tym megadepression was carried out. The history of the formation of traps in the Hettangian-Aalenian complex has been reconstructed on the basis of a comprehensive interpretation of seismic materials and deep-drilling data. The oil and gas potential has been estimated. The time of the subsidence of the Togur Formation into the oil window has been determined, and the history of the generation of liquid hydrocarbons (HC) by the organic matter (OM) of the Togur Formation has been reconstructed. The Lower Jurassic and Aalenian deposits overlap the rocks of the pre-Jurassic basement with disagreement and are distributed almost over the entire study area. The complete section of the Hettangian-Aalenian deposits is in the most submerged parts of the territory. The section includes the Urman, Togur, and Salat/Peshkov Formations and the lower Tyumen Subformation. Three oil and gas subcomplexes - Hettangian-Early Toarcian (U16-17), Toarcian-Aalenian (U15), and Aalenian (U11-14) - are distinguished within the Hettangian-Aalenian sediments. Closed positive structures that can serve as hydrocarbon traps have been identified in each of the subcomplexes. Positive structures developed in the Jurassic, Berriasian-Early Aptian, and Aptian-Albian-Turonian time were inherited and finally formed at the post-Turonian stage only. The authors carried out a quantitative assessment of the total oil resources of the D0 category for all promising objects, taking into account the success rate. The heterogeneous organic matter of the Togur formation is the main source of hydrocarbons in the Hettangian-Aalenian complex. The Togur Formation began to enter the oil window (OW) about 115-110 Ma and fully entered it about 5 Ma. The escape of rocks from the zone of the oil window began about 48 Ma and still continues. The history of the generation of liquid hydrocarbons by the organic matter of the Togur Formation has been reconstructed for types II and III of kerogen. For type II, the generation began about 94 Ma, at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian), and for type III, it began in Turonian time (89.8 Ma). The most significant volumes of liquid HC were generated in the last 5 Myr. Potential hydrocarbon traps existed throughout the generation process, which allowed accumulation of the generated hydrocarbons in the Hettangian-Aalenian complex. Comparison of the estimated oil resources of the D0 category in the traps of the Hettangian-Aalenian complex with the volumes of generated hydrocarbons leads to the conclusion that the traps might have been filled. The results obtained in the course of the study suggest that the Hettangian-Aalenian complex is oil- and gas-promising and the Togur Formation is the main source of hydrocarbons.
D.Yu. Demezhko, B.D. Khatskevich, M.G. Mindubaev
Institute of Geophysics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Amundsena 100, Yekaterinburg, 620016, Russia
Keywords: Geothermics, convection, borehole, infrared thermography
Temperature logging furnishes the essential part of geothermal data. Its applications are progressively expanding owing to advanced temperature loggers and data acquisition systems that ensure precise and stable measurements at high spatial and temporal resolution. However, it may be hard to achieve the full effect of the available logging facilities because of noisy temperature oscillations produced by natural convection in water-filled boreholes. A new laboratory method is suggested to study the structure of convection flows and their thermal effect by infrared thermography in conditions close to those of real temperature logging. Thermographic cameras image temperature anomalies on the outer wall of a water-filled pipe, which are imprints of the convection processes in the water column. The temperature gradient on the pipe wall maintains flow of warm air ascending from a toroidal heater. It is shown experimentally, using a pipe 20 mm in inner diameter, that convection of fluid in the pipe forms a helical system rotating around a vertical axis at Rayleight numbers in the range of 280 to 2800. As the Rayleigh numbers increase from 280 to 2800, the helical pitch decreases from 270 to 130 mm, while the angular velocity increases from 0.7×10-2 to 3.4×10-2 rad/s. The experiment confirms the theoretically predicted dependence of the standard deviation of temperature fluctuations on the temperature gradient and inner radius of the logged borehole: σ T = 3 G·r .
G.J. Yetirmishli, S.E. Kazimova, I.E. Kazimov
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Republican Center for Seismological Survey, 123, ul. Gusein Javida, Baku, Az 1001, Azerbaijan
Keywords: Seismology, earthquakes, compression and extension stress axes, Azerbaijan
Seismic-moment tensor solutions for earthquakes in Azerbaijan for 2012-2015 have been calculated with a new method by full waveform inversion of broadband data fr om modern digital seismic stations and processed statistically. The results are used to model main faulting elements in the region, to correlate the seismicity and fault patterns, and to compile a map of fault plane orientations for large events. The principal compression stress (Р) directions are NW to SE in the Zaqatala area and N-S in the Shaki area but then gradually change clockwise toward NE-SW in the Caspian Sea. The directions of principal extension are mainly NE-SW and N-S within the zone wh ere the Kura basin is subsiding beneath the Great Caucasus.
M.N. Alekseeva, I.G. Yashchenko
Institute of Petroleum Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: температура земной поверхности, тепловые космические снимки Landsat-8, факельные установки, попутный нефтяной газ, загрязняющее вещество, атмосфера, temperature of the earth's surface, Landsat-8 thermal satellite images, flare units, associated petroleum gas, pollutant, atmosphere
An automated algorithm is suggested for detection of gas flaring units. It is based on the calculation of the land temperature from Landsat 8 satellite imagery using two methods for retrieving the Earth’s surface temperature. The methods include calculation of the Earth’s surface emissivity and solution of the equation accounting the atmospheric water vapor content. The difference between Earth's surface temperature calculated and the temperatures measured at meteorological stations does not exceed 2 °C. Two gas flaring units were detected with the algorithm in Tomsk Oblast and in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Carbon monoxide prevails in the emissions associated with gas flaring. The emissions of carbon, nitrogen, and methane oxides significantly contribute to environmental degradation of oil and gas producing regions and to the greenhouse effect.
V.A. Arkhipov, A.A. Antonnikova, S.A. Basalaev, K.G. Perfilieva
National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: коэффициент сопротивления, сферическая частица, вдув газа с поверхности частицы, неизотермические условия, гравитационное осаждение, вязкая жидкость, drag coefficient, solid spherical particle, gas injection from the particle surface, non-isothermal conditions, gravity sedimentation, viscous fluid
A technique and results of the experimental study of a drag coefficient of a spherical particle in nonstandard conditions are presented. The effect of the gas injection from a surface of a solid spherical particle on the drag coefficient is analyzed under variations in the ratio of the gas injection velocity and the velocity of airflow around the particle. The dependence of the drag coefficient on the velocity of the gas injection from a particle surface is derived. The influence of the temperature difference between the fluid and particle on the drag coefficient during particle sedimentation in a viscous fluid is studied; the corresponding dependence is found.
The variability of time series of the integral moisture content of the atmosphere and the surface partial pressure of water vapor for the territory of Europe are studied over a long period. It is established that the contribution of fluctuations on time scales from 2 to 5 years is from 35 to 60% of the interannual variance. The spatial dependences of the local coherence of harmonics on the scales of 2-4 Nino3.4 index and the partial water pressure in Europe are found. It is found that the correlation of these variations is 0.7-0.9. It is shown that planetary waves propagating from east to west play a significant role in the energy transfer from equatorial processes to middle latitudes. Their energy begins to increase in winter in the year of El Niño and reaches the maximum in a year.
S.V. Zuev
Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: суммарная солнечная радиация, прямая солнечная радиация, рассеянная солнечная радиация, пиранометр, total solar irradiance, direct solar irradiance, diffuse solar irradiance, pyranometer
This paper describes the multisensor oriented solar irradiance meter without moving parts for measuring total, direct, and diffuse irradiance and sunshine duration.
V. I. KHARUK1,2, A. S. SHUSHPANOV1,3, I. A. PETROV1, D. A. DEMIDKO1, S. T. IM1,2,3, A. A. KNORRE2,4
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:305:"1V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest of SB RAS, Кrasnoyarsk, Russia 2Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 3Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 4”Stolby” State Nature Reserve, Krasnoyarsk, Russia";}
Keywords: изменения климата, засуха, усыхание хвойных древостоев, Abies sibirica, пихта сибирская, атаки насекомых, Polygraphus proximus, жуки-короеды, tree mortality, coniferous decline, climate change, pest attacks, bark beetles, Polygraphus proximus, drought, Abies sibirica, Siberian fir
In the initial phase of climate warming, an increase in radial increment was observed, which was replaced by a depression in 1985-2017. The declining of fir trees was preceded by an increase in the relationship between growth index and SPEI, also between growth index and root zone moisture content. At the same time, growth index of the declining cohort was more closely associated with root zone moisture content ( r2 = 0.56) and SPEI ( r 2 = 0.74) than growth index of the surviving cohort ( r 2 = 0.15 and r 2 = 0.39, respectively). Fir declining began in the 2000s, when Abies sibirica trees, weakened by water stress, were attacked by Polygraphus proximus Blandford. During this period, dead stands were localized mainly on the relief elements with the highest probability of water stress (steep slopes located in “rain shadow”). By 2017, the declining spread throughout the entire territory of fir stands, which led to the mortality of ~75 % of fir stands. During the period of tree declining, a close relationship was observed between growth index and fir mortality ( r = -0.79). The surviving trees grew in conditions of a higher humidity of root zone (compared to declining trees). Noteworthy is the proximity of growth index trajectories of cohorts of declining and surviving trees, which indicates the probability of mortality of surviving trees in the context of a predicted climate aridity increase.
P. A. Shary1, L. S. Sharaya2, A.V. Ivanova2, N. V. Kostina2, G. S. Rozenberg2 1Institute of Physiochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of RAS, Pushchino, Russia 2Institute of Volga Basin Ecology of RAS, Tolyatti, Russia
Keywords: видовое богатство сосудистых растений, спектры жизненных форм, климат, энергия, освещенность склонов, множественная регрессия, species richness of vascular plants, life form spectrum, climate, energy, slope insolation, multiple regression
A single quantitative parameter, d , is introduced for the spectrum of seven life forms (LFs) that characterizes proportions of their species richness (SR) in the Middle Volga region for 25 plots of 100 km2 each. It is substantiated that d grows with moisture. All significant links between SRs of various LFs were positive. However, links of different signs were found between proportions of species numbers of each LF from the total SR, or relative species richness (RSR). For example, a strong negative link was observed between RSR of dominant in the region LF, hemicryptophytes, and annual grasses (therophytes). Using regression models, we describe specific relations between SR and RSR of the seven LFs and climate and topography. Within the region, precipitation was more important for some LFs, and temperature for others. The links were stronger when insolation was taken into account, but links with it may have different signs for SR of various LFs. Maps of SR and RSR for hemicryptophytes and therophytes were calculated using regression models. These maps demonstrated subdivision of these LFs in space: hemicryptophytes are related to flat areas near water divides, while therophytes are related to northeastern slopes. The main factors that differentiate these LFs in space were solar energy and precipitation in March and in winter. The subdivision of these LFs potentially results in diminishing of competition between them.
T. T. Efremova, A. F. Avrova
Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Keywords: болота, торфяные почвы, кислотность среды, обменные основания, диагностика, парный регрессионный анализ, swamps, peat soil, acidity, exchange bases, diagnostics, paired regression analysis
The quantitative relationships of active acidity (pHH2O) of peat soils with the value of exchange acidity (pHKCl), nonexchangeble (total potential) acidity (1M CH3COONa extract), and the content of exchange cations and alkaline-earth bases, as well as the degree of bases saturation were established by the type of linear function. The coefficients of the regression equations are given. Using independent data, we proved the high predictive capability of regression models. Using the regression equations eliminates the time-consuming execution of analytical works, which allows to quickly classification the wetlands and peat soils on the chemical principle - saturation of alkaline-earth bases and pH value. The indicator role of the botanical composition may be credible provided the low peat decomposition degree and special knowledge of morphology and anatomy of sphagnum mosses and vascular bog plants.
M. A. Shelyakin1, M. P. Andreev2, G. N. Tabalenkova1, T. K. Golovko1 1Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia 2Komarov Botanical Institute of RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: лишайники, Антарктида, дыхание, азот, температура, lichens, Antarctica, respiration, nitrogen, temperature
The data on the respiratory activity of 12 species of Antarctic lichens are presented. It was founded that respiration of the foliose lichens was more intensity then that fruticose lichens. The lichen respiration rate correlated positively with nitrogen content in the biomass, and depended on temperature. The thalli O2 uptake rate was increased of 2.2-2.4 times with the increasing of temperature from 5 to 15 °С. The reaction of respiration to further rise of temperature was species-specific. The decrease in the temperature coefficient of respiration ( Q 10) with an increasing temperature to 35 °С was most pronounced in the well adapted to Antarctic conditions of the endemic species Usnea aurantiaco-atra . The calculations showed that in summer daily, the lichens are able to lose in respiration the amount of substrate equivalent to 0.8-1.4 % of the thallus dry biomass. The total respiration cost of the lichen maintenance under snow during the winter can reach of 30-35 % from their biomass. The results extend our knowledge on the Antarctic lichens, and prediction their response to climatic change.
A. A. Romanov1, E. V. Melikhova2, M. A. Zarubina1, N. A. Miklin3, V. O. Yakovlev4 1Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 2All-Russia Research Institute for Environment Protection, Moscow, Russia 3Institute of Biology and Chemistry, Moscow, Russia 4Russian Society for Conservation and Studies of Birds, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: авифауна, население, ареал, распространение, видовое разнообразие, горы Северо-Восточной Сибири, высотный пояс, avifauna, population, range, distribution, species diversity, north-eastern Siberia mountains, altitudinal belt
In our study we analyzed ecological patterns of the altitudinal belts differentiation of birds fauna and population in the North-Eastern Siberia mountains. Data was collected during expeditions conducted in summer 2014-2016 in the regions with distinct forest, subalpine and alpine altitudinal belts. Breeding avifauna of the region includes 150 species. We specified distribution ranges of 26 birds species. Avifauna of the North-Eastern Siberia mountains develops in a framework of general zonal-landscape and altitudinal zonal patterns. Species diversity of birds decreases in northern direction and from foothills to the mountain tops. In the forest belt nest 63-64 species (89-97 %), in the subalpine belt - 13-33 species (20-47 %), in the alpine belt - 8-15 species (12-21 %). Wide vertical distribution of many bird species predetermines great general biodiversity even in high-altitude belts with extreme environment conditions. In the mountains of the North-Eastern Siberia population density of birds and their abundance progressively decrease with altitude in the majority of species. Birds population density of the forest belt is 312-594 ind./km2, subalpine belt is 57-266 ind./km2, and alpine belt is 40-111 ind./km2.
V. G. Mordkovich, I. I. LyubechanskII
Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Жужелицы, карьеры, сукцессии, жизненная стратегия, Carabid beetles, open-cast mines, successions, life strategies
In 1983-1985, the population of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of plain lignified brown coal dumps in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Krai (Kansk-Achinsk fuel and energy complex, KATEK) was investigated. 7 sites were studied, ranging in age from several weeks to 26 years. The change of abundance and species richness of ground beetle populations in a sequence of uneven-aged communities has a wavy character. These demographic parameters are high in three communities: pioneer (less than one year old), initial (age 2 years), and medial (age 26 years). Three communities which can said model ones for the above stages, are distinguished by their own set of preferential species with an increased density of populations in key habitats. For a quarter of a century of succession in carabidocenosis, the 3 types of the cenotic strategy (specific combinations of adaptive tactics) are gradually replaced in the following sequence: extreme pioneers → ruderal → stress-tolerants. The parameters of ground beetles population succession and the order of their replacement on the plain dump are radically different from the population of the dump with differentiation of habitats by mesorelief. In the conditions of the hilly-hollow relief, the composition and structure of the 25 year-old beetle population approached the native standards of the forest-steppe biome much closer than in the placer conditions of the leveled dump.
V. A. Nesterenko1, O. A. Burkovskii2 1Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia 2Sakhalin Energy Investment Company, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia
Keywords: грызуны, структура сообщества, численность, Сахалин, rodents, community structure, number, Sakhalin
On the basis of a long-term comparative study of two rodent communities of Sakhalin Island, similar in their species composition, patterns of transformation of their structure are considered. Analysis of the dynamics of species abundance and dominance structure showed that monodominant community structure on Northern Sakhalin is characterized by the absence of interannual rearrangements and is very stable, and the formation of the total number of rodent communities occurs only depending on the abundance of M. rutilus , whereas the southern part of the island is characterized by two structure type: monodominant with a predominance of either M. rutilus or M. rufocanus , or bidominant, when both species act as co-dominants. The number of secondary species varies independently from dominants. Abundance of M. rutilus and M. rufocanus within the same community change synchronously, while the conjugation of the population cycles of these species in the southern and northern communities is absent.
A. A. Erst1, V. V. Yakubov2 1Central Siberian Botanical Garden of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
Keywords: Rhodiola rosea, морфогенез in vitro, сохранение биоразнообразия, Rhodiola rosea, in vitro morphogenesis, biodiversity conservation
The evaluation of the morphogenetic potential in in vitro culture of the valuable medicinal plant Rhodiola rosea from six natural habitats as a basis for the development of effective methods of reproduction and conservation of this rare species has been carried out. The influence of different quality seeds from different habitats on germination in vitro ; the dependence of the regenerative capacity of R. rosea shoots on the concentration and combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA); the effect of shoot precultivation on media with growth regulators on the development parameters of regenerants on a hormone-free medium 1/2MS. The dependence of the germination of in vitro seeds of R. rosea on the habitat of samples and shelf life is shown. It was noted that the introduction of growth regulators into the nutrient medium led to an increase in the multiplication factor by 1.9-2.8 times and a decrease in the height of the shoots by 2.4-3.3 times. Variant number 2 from the Sakhalin region was characterized by the highest average rates of shoot height and breeding rate. For variant N 4 from the Kamchatka Territory, various morphogenic reactions in an in vitro culture have been noted: sprouting, callus formation, flowering of plants. For all the studied variants, 100 % rooting on 1/2MS medium is typical. For variants N 1 and 5, the positive effect of pre-cultivation of explants on media containing 1 mg/l BAP alone or in combination with NAA 1 mg/l is shown to obtain optimal indicators of rhizogenesis and the development of regenerants. Significant differences in the parameters of growth and development of explants in in vitro culture depending on the composition of the nutrient medium and habitat of R. rosea are shown.
I. Yu. Kudrevatykh, P. I. Kalinin, A. O. Alekseev
Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil of RAS, Pushchino, Russia
Keywords: биогеохимия, химические элементы, степная растительность, полупустыня, коэффициент биологического поглощения, biogeochemistry, chemical elements, steppe vegetation, semi-desert, coefficient of biological uptake
The steppe and semi-desert landscapes of the Republic of Kalmykia and the Rostov Region (12 in total) in various ecological and geochemical conditions (rainfall, temperature, soil salinization, position in meso- and macro- relief, etc.) were studied. In selected areas samples of vegetation and soil were taken, in which Р2О5, MgO, Al2O3, K2O, CaO, TiO2, MnO, Fe2O3, S, Sr, Ba, Zn and Ni by X-ray fluorescence were measured. In the soil organic carbon (Corg), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), pH and gran size were determined additionally. To assess the absorption and biogenic accumulation of chemical elements by vegetation the coefficient of biological uptake (CBU) was calculated. For interpretation and visualization of the obtained data, the method of nonmetric multidimensional scaling was used. It was revealed that in the studied plants with varying environmental conditions the content of elements decreases in the following: Са > Al > Fe > K > S > P > Mg > Ti > Mn > Sr > Ba > Zn > Ni. It is shown that, according to aggregate characteristics, the concentrations of the studied elements in vegetation reliably differ in the above-ground part of Poaceae Barnhart, the above-ground and underground part of Artemisia L. and the underground part of Poaceae Barnhart. The highest content of Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ti, Ba, Zn, Sr were in plants of the Poaceae Barnhart, Ca, K, P, S - Artemisia L. For the studied plant species, the coefficient of biological uptake of chemical elements above 1 was at S(1.1-12.7), Zn(0.2-6.5), K(0.1-3.9), Ca(0.1-3.5), Sr(0.1-3.0) and P(0.2-1.3).
V. A. Fedyunin, A. A. Poromov, A. V. Smurov
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: Asterias rubens, морские звезды, токсичность, металлы, биоконцентрация, целомоциты, целомическая жидкость, поведенческая реакция, Asterias rubens, starfish, toxic effect, metals, bioconcentration, coelomocytes, coelomic fluid, behavioral response
Toxic effects of various concentrations of cobalt, manganese, iron, lead, cadmium and copper on survival, behavioral response of starfish Asterias rubens , and changes in cellular elements of coelomic fluid (CF) in response to exposure to these metals were investigated. The experiments included survival evaluation, evaluation of the righting time, number of cells and cell distribution among different groups. Half-lethal concentrations measured for copper (0.98 ± 0.16 µM), lead (9.6 ± 0.4 µM) and cadmium (15.1 ± 0.96 µM). Exposure of these metals leads to a significant righting time growth. Number of cells circulating in CF increased under lead, cadmium and copper exposure, under the highest doses of cobalt, manganese and iron. Exposure to Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ resulted in an increase in the proportion of agranulocytes, Co2+, Mn2+ and Fe3+ leads to an increase in the percentage of red amoebocytes (granulocytes) in the CF. It was shown that Cu2+, Cd2+, Mn2+ and Co2+ are dose-dependent bioconcentrated in bodies of Asterias rubens .
Aim of the study was to investigate whether endothelial cells internalise magnesium phosphate and calcium phosphate bions. Material and methods. Magnesium phosphate and calcium phosphate bions synthesised through supersaturation of the culture medium with the respective salts were further added to the confluent cultures of primary human coronary artery endothelial cells for 4 h. Internalisation was evaluated by backscattered scanning electron microscopy (BSEM) and confocal microscopy. For BSEM, cells were fixed in 10% neutral phosphate buffered formalin, postfixed/stained by 2 % osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, stained by 2% uranyl acetate, impregnated into acetone:epoxy resin (1:1) and into the fresh epoxy resin with its subsequent polymerisation, grinding, and polishing. Samples were then counterstained by lead citrate, sputter coated with carbon, and visualised utilising BSEM. Confocal microscopy was conducted after exposure of endothelial cells to FITC-labeled magnesium phosphate bions or calcein-labeled calcium phosphate bions with the following staining by a pH sensor LysoTracker Red and nuclear stain Hoechst 33342. Results. All types of bions were internalised by endothelial cells within 4 h. BSEM after long-term postfixation/staining by osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate, embedding into epoxy resin and counterstaining by lead citrate visualised multiple black electron-dense mineral inclusions which were not detected both within the control cells and in the intercellular space. Confocal microscopy also detected internalised MPB and CPB in cytosol and lysosomes. Conclusion. BSEM visualised MPB and CPB internalised by endothelial cells after 4 h exposure while confocal microscopy detected their colocalisation with lysosomes. MPB is an appropriate comparison group to study the specificity of CPB-related pathogenic effects as both of these bion types have close physico-chemical properties and are similarly internalised.
A.S. Vorobyev1,2, L.V. Kovalenko1, K.Yu. Nikolaev2,3, I.A. Urvantseva1,2, T.O. Simonyan1, M.I. Rudenko1 1Surgut State University, 628412, Surgut, Lenin av., 1 2District Cardiology Clinic Center of Diagnostics and Cardiovascular Surgery, 628403, Surgut, Lenin av., 69/1 3Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of Federal Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics of SB RAS, 630089, Novosibirsk, Boris Bogatkov str., 175/1
Keywords: myocardial infarction, myocardial remodeling, TIMP-1, prediction
In this paper we thought to investigate clinical value of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in predicting left ventricular (LV) myocardial remodeling in patients having Q-wave myocardial infarction (Q-wave MI). We demonstrated that TIMP-1 serum level clearly corresponds to degree of postinfarction LV myocardial remodeling. In patients who had serum concentrations of TIMP-1 over the established cut-off value (144.0 ng/ml), the risk of post-infarction LV remodeling was 3.33 times higher than in individuals who had TIMP-1 levels lower this value. Thus, TIMP-1 is a reliable prediction biomarker of adverse left ventricular myocardial remodeling in Q-wave MI.
M.V. Kruchinina1, A.A. Gromov1, M.V. Parulikova1, A.V. Rabko1, M.V. Shashkov2, A.S. Sokolova3, V.N. Kruchinin4 1Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of Federal Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics of SB RAS, 630089, Novosibirsk, Boris Bogatkov str., 10 2G.K. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Akademik Lavrentiev av., 5 3N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Akademik Lavrentiev av., 9 4A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics of SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Akademik Lavrentiev av., 13
Keywords: resistant arterial hypertension, fatty acids, membrane of erythrocytes
This study aims to evaluate peculiarities of composition and level of fatty acids (FAs) in eruthocytemembranes (EM) of patients with resistant arterial hypertension (RAH) which could be applied in diagnosis of pathogenic aspects of the disease, development of new therapeutic targets. 24 males with controlled arterial hypertension (CAH) (stage 2), 20 subjects with RAH (53±5.7 years), 22 healthy males were included into the study. The Agilent 7000B (USA) GC system was applied to study FAs composition. The patients with CAH demonstrated increase in ratio of saturated, monoenoic FAs as well as decrease of polyenoic ones. Significant increase was registered in levels of C14:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C18:1; с9 (p < 0.01-0.05). We registered decrease in ratio of n6 unsaturated FAs: (C18:2, C20:4, C22:4) n6, (p < 0.01-0.05). Patients with RAH displayed increase in levels of C15:0, 16:0 FAs, oleic, midic ones (p = 0.03-0.05). The registered increased level of C20:3 n9 would compensate synthesis which would take place in cases of deficit of n6, n3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA). Increase in ratio (C20:3/C18:1) n9 tends to evoke active synthesis of substrates for formation of prostacyclins, thromboxanes which are known to possess vasoconstrictive properties. Changes in PUFA tended to be most highly pronounced, especially in cases of n3 (C22:5, C22:6; p < 0.01). Patients with RAH demonstrated 2.1-time decrease of total n3 PUFA as compared to subjects with CAH. Increase of arachidonic acid level by up to 37.8 % served as an outstanding finding in patients with RAH. That was the sign of deficit of n3 PUFA. Disbalance in structure of n3, n6 was seen in decreased n3/n6 ratio (p < 0.01). Patients with RAH demonstrated accumulation of saturated, polyunsaturated n6 FA with deficit of n3 PUFA in erythrocyte membranes. This speaks in favor of decrease in fluidity of cellular lipid bilayer, inhibition of binding ligands with the receptor, activity of enzymes bound with membrane, including PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 proteins (responsible for sensitivity to pressure). Increase in disorganization of lipid components of cellular membrane causes progression of hypertension with further development of resistant forms, what should be considered an important link in pathogenesis and target for therapy.
I.N. Grigorieva1,2, Yu.I. Ragino1, T.I. Romanova1, S.K. Malyutina1 1Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of Federal Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics of SB RAS, 630089, Novosibirsk, Boris Bogatkov str., 175/1 2Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Pirogov str., 1
Keywords: coronary heart disease, gallstone disease, conventional risk factors
The aim of the study was to evaluate in the epidemiological study the possible association of coronary heart disease (CHD) and gallstone disease (GSD) in women aged 25-64 years and in men aged 35-54 years, and assess the possible impact on it of certain conventional risk factors (body mass index (BMI), dyslipoproteinemia (DLP), the presence of arterial hypertension (AH) and of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2) in women. In the frame of the WHO “MONICA” programs it was shown, that among the unorganized urban men population (n = 399) there was no significant relationship between the presence of «definite» IHD and GSD: OR = 0.8 (95 % CI 0.1-6.4, p = 0.8). Among the unorganized urban women population (n = 870) a direct association of GSD with a «definite» coronary artery disease was established: OR = 2.0 (95 % CI 1.1-3.4; p < 0.05), which did not depend on the presence or absence of AH (OR = 1.8; 95 % CI 1.01-3.1; p < 0.05), DLP (OR = 1.9; 95 % CI 1.1-3.6; p < 0,05) or DM type 2 (OR = 1.8; 95 % CI 1.03-3.6; p < 0.05), but disappeared when age and BMI were included in the analysis (OR = 1.5; 95 % CI 0,9-2.7; p > 0.05 and OR = 1.6; 95 % CI 0.9-2.9; p > 0.05, respectively).
A.V. Sukhanov
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Keywords: aging, cognitive functions, atherosclerosis-associated diseases, stroke, dementia
The assessment of the cognitive testing success in the elderly (by the Mini-Cog test) depending on the presence of a burdened family anamnesis by stroke and dementia in the parents of the examined persons has been performed. 305 people were examined (participants of the health groups in the Regional Gerontological Center - continuous series): 31 (10.2 %) men and 274 (89.8 %) women. The average age of men was 71.4 ± 7.2 years, women - 67.4 ± 7.6 years. It was shown that the burdened family anamnesis by atherosclerosis-associated diseases (stroke and dementia) has a negative impact on the state of cognitive functions in the elderly.
O.Yu. Kutumova
Krasnoyarsk Regional Center of Medical Prevention, 660049, Krasnoyarsk, Parizhskoi Kommuny str., 33
Keywords: incidence, blood circulatory system diseases, age features
A research objective was to analyze the prevalence of blood circulatory system diseases (BCSD) with determination of their importance among other classes of diseases on the basis of the integrated assessment of indicators and also establishment of priorities of separate nosological groups of cardiovascular pathology at various age contingents of the population. According to official statistical data for 2016-2017 the incidence of the population of Krasnoyarsk Krai with the analysis of indicators of the general, primary negotiability and the persons staying on the dispensary registry, calculation of coefficients of relative importance and their integrated assessment is studied. Comparative characteristic of incidence of the separate age contingents of the population by 7 main nosological groups of diseases of the blood circulatory system is given. It is established that with increase in age there is an increase of the importance of this class of diseases which from the 10th place at children become the leading pathology in adult and elderly age groups when their specific weight of the importance changes according to 2.6 % up to 24.3 and 42.7 %. At the same time among children and teenagers basic diseases are heart troubles (except ischemic) and also existence at considerable number of patients of the increased arterial blood pressure (teenagers). At adult population of working-age the increased arterial blood pressure, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease prevail, the defining 85.2 % of addresses of patients with BSK is most significant. 88.9 % of requests of the elderly population for medical care are connected with the same groups of diseases of BCSD. The carried-out analyses and the integrated assessment of BCSD prevalence in Krasnoyarsk Krai allowed to establish the importance of this class of diseases and to define priorities of separate nosological groups among various age contingents of the population. The received results are a basis for forming of strategy of the organization of medical care and determination of demand of medical technologies in the region.
Z. Pásztory1, B. Heinzmann1, M. C. Barbu2 1University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary 2Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Kuchl, Austria
Keywords: измерения штабеля, промышленная древесина, фотооптические измерения, харвестер, stack measurement, industrial timber, photo optical measurement, harvester
In the last decades different methods have been developed for measuring piled wood, i.e. wood stacks. There are two main groups of measurements: the first one is manual methods and the second one is automatic measurements. Taking into consideration the amount and market value of stacked wood, the accuracy of applied measurement is of high importance, as the price is calculated according to the measured amount of wood. Manual measurements are mostly time consuming and dependent on individual performance. On the other hand, the automatic methods are fast and their accuracy has increased in the last years. They allow to obtain relevant results when calculating prices at different locations, independent of the measurement time. These methods range from simple manual measurements using a tape to photo-optical measurement systems. Also, other measurement methods (e. g. water immersion) are currently used in practice. The paper describes the individual manual and automatic measurement methods for industrial timber and their working principles. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages related with the requirements and accuracy of the individual procedures have been explained and their practical use discussed.
M. Venäläinen1, S. Heikkonen2, N. Terziev3, P. Torniainen4 1Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Savonlinna, Finland 2Metsä Wood, Metsä, Finland 3Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 4Luleå University of Technology in Skellefteå, Skellefteå, Sweden
Keywords: Larix sibirica, ядровая древесина, биостойкость, европейский стандарт EN 252, контакт с грунтом, тестирование, Усть-Илимск, Пункахарью, Larix sibirica, heartwood, bioresistance, European norm EN 252, ground contact, testing, Ust-Ilimsk, Punkaharju
The study describes a ground contact test on natural durability of the Siberian larch heartwood timber. The test has been conducted in Finland according to the European norm EN 252 since the year 2006. The material is timber imported from natural larch stands in Ust-Ilimsk, Russia, and cultivated larch stand in Punkaharju, Finland. The Finnish stand is growing outside the natural range of distribution of Siberian larch. Untreated Scots pine heartwood and impregnated Scots pine sapwood were used as reference materials. The results after 11 years showed that there was remarkable variation in the durability between the larch heartwood samples. Nevertheless, the most durable timber lots on average were the Siberian larch heartwoods harvested from the Russian native stands and the Finnish cultivated stand. It is predicted that it will take another 10 years or more until the failure of the most durable larch stakes.
This overview presents the research fields of the Institute of Wood Science at the University of Sopron (Hungary) in the first two decades of the third millennium. The classic wood research topics such as physical, mechanical and anatomical examinations of untreated wood species are one of the major fields of the studies conducted. The other major part is the topic of this paper, i.e. the study of different wood modification processes. There are many possibilities in wood science to improve the properties of wood and, as a result, to improve its usability. Various heat treatments were performed in gaseous atmosphere for more than ten softwood and hardwood species, as well as heat treatment in different fluids. The latter includes the treatment in vegetable oils, paraffin and beeswax to improve the resistance and dimensional stability of wood. Within the mechanical wood modification the densification of poplar resulted in a great increase of its hardness to make this common wood available in more fields of wood industry. The longitudinal compression of hardwoods results in obtaining a flexible material that extends the usability of wood. As a chemical treatment, acetylation provides a good protection against wood-destroying organisms, a high increase in dimensional stability and a long life span. The impregnation of wood with different nanoparticles has successfully in improved its durability. In summary, this paper demonstrates several processes from mechanical wood modifications through heat treatments to chemical modification methods.
S. R. Loskutov, A. A. Aniskina, O. A. Shapchenkova, E. A. Tyutkova
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: древесина, «сибирские» породы, анализ изотерм сорбции, термогравиметрия, дифференциальная сканирующая калориметрия, wood, Siberian species, analysis of isotherms of sorption, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry
This paper deals with the hygroscopic properties of the wood of the Siberian tree species. We analyzed Siberian larch Larix sibirica Ledeb., Scotch pine Pinus sylvestris L., Siberian spruce Picea obovata Ledeb., Siberian fir Abies sibirica Ledeb., drooping birch Betula pendula Roth., and wood samples of aspen Populus tremula L. using sorption models including the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH), Zimm-Lundberg (ZL), and micropore volume filling (MVF) theories along with accurate methods, namely thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The isotherms of moisture sorption by wood were used to quantify the most important hygroscopic characteristics. We used BET to calculate monolayer capacity ( um ), specific inner surface area ( Ssp ) and ZL equation to find water vapor content and relative pressure when water clusters start to form in the wood samples, FHH model and MVF theory to obtain fractal dimension of «sorption surface» and characteristic sorption energy ( Ес ), respectively. Application of Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method to TG/DTG data allowed us to identify a dependence of water desorption activation energy on the stage of nonisothermal wood drying and to determine maximum moisture loss rate. Based on the measurement values obtained from DSC experiments, we found the energy spent for the removal of bound water when heating samples at a constant rate. The values of um , Ssp and Ес indicated that moisture sorption differed considerably (8.8 % for um and Ssp and 31.4 % for Ес ) among the woody species of interest. A kinetical analysis revealed that the wood of birch, aspen, and larch had higher values of moisture desorption activation energy as compared to pine, spruce and fir. These differences agreed well with the values for moisture evaporation heat determined by DSC method.
Due to the increase of the amount of unused waste, including that of plant origin, the prospects of its application to obtaining new products is becoming increasingly important. Unused (irreversible) soft wood waste from woodworking enterprises and spinning waste of flax and cotton are sent to landfill or incinerated, which adversely affects the environment. Plant waste can be used to obtain new products, which is a positive approach from the point of view of natural environment. Domestic and foreign studies have developed composites based on plant waste, including the use of chipboard technology (CB) and board materials produced by soft fiberboard technology, which has not been developed yet. Composite board materials with wood chip fillers and irreversible waste from the processing of flax and cotton based on a matrix of thermosetting binder can be used as a building material for thermal-insulation purposes. The paper is focused on physical and mechanical properties of composites manufactured using the CB technology and soft fiber board on a phenol-formaldehyde binder, and examines the effect of environmental temperature and humidity on the performance of composite board materials. The results of determining the dynamics of strength and thickness swelling of board materials after cyclic tests of «soaking - freezing - thawing - drying» are considered. The results of experimental studies have shown that heat-insulating composites of soft wood waste on a phenol-formaldehyde binder made according to the technology of CB have higher strength during static bending in comparison with boards made of spinning waste of plant fibers. However, wood composites have a higher thickness swelling after being water treatment and a more intensive decrease in strength and water resistance. Experimental data confirm long-term resistance of composites to changing temperature and humidity; this allowed us to recommend the materials as heat-insulating elements of building structures.
S. Mapelli1, M. E. Malvolti2 1Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Milano, Italy 2Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Porano, Italy
Keywords: осмотический потенциал, радиальная изменчивость ствола, растворимые сахара, аминокислоты, доступность почвенной воды, osmotic potential, stem radial variation, soluble sugars, amino acids, soil water availability
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia L. is a fast growing tree, used in forest establishment. It is an economically important tree for tool production, obtaining timber and fuel as well as an important constituent element for landscapes. Though the tree is abundant, information on genetics, physiology, biology, wood quality and adaptability to different ecological conditions is limited and fragmented. The aim of this research was to study physiological and biochemical adaptation by comparing two black locust Clones that showed different responses to drought. The two Clones were exposed to different water regimes: Medium Stress and High Stress (50 and 25 % of water supplied to control). Physiological and biochemical measurements were made. Stress affected negatively the growth of both Clones. The effect of different stress intensity (MS and HS treatments) was observed on stem shape. When re-watered the stem showed partial recovery. Net photosynthesis rate in drought period did not show marked difference between the Clones. After soil rehydration both Clones recovered photosynthesis level. The Clones 1 did not show differences in osmotic potential when comparing Control and MS or HS trees. The Clone 2 showed increased osmotic potential in relation to stress intensity. The maximum potential in Clone 2 was comparable to the values for Clone 1. Amino acids, especially proline, increased in drought. The soluble sugars increased during the stress period in the stems of Clone 2. The increased absence of osmolytes increase in Clone 1 could be due to the absence of adaptive mechanism. Alternatively, osmolytes concentration was already too high to be increased more by drought. Different osmotic potential and changes during drought can be related to the growth during tree life. Selection of Clones according to osmolyte index could to select better trees for different climate zones.
A. V. Kopanina
Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Far Eastern Branch, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: спирея Бовера, феллема, вторичная флоэма, арктические кустарники, аномальная древесина, вулканизм, spirea of Bower, fellem, secondary phloem, arctic shrubs, wood anomaly, volcanism
The results of comparative analysis of adaptive features of bark and secondary xylem of the spirea of Bower Spiraea beauverdiana Schneid (Rosaceae Juss.) are presented in the extreme conditions of the Arctic and volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands. Structural analysis of the bark and wood parameters in ontogenesis under the conditions of post-volcanic activity is carried out. The identified features are of adaptive character and are aimed at optimizing the water supply system. It has been established that the combination of environmental factors in conditions of gas-hydrothermal outputs of the Golovnin volcano caldera on the Kunashir Island causes disruption in the activity of phellogen and cambia. Unstable operation of these meristems leads to the formation of tissues of abnormal structure, forming separate loci in the stem, as well as tissues with deviations from the normal structure. In terms of their structural and functional characteristics, the anomalies formed in the secondary phloem and xylem are similar to the anomalies caused by stem pitting syndrome. The commonality and specificity of structural reaction of the secondary xylem under these conditions is revealed. In these extreme conditions, spirea of Bower wood retains its juvenile features throughout the entire ontogenesis, with solitary and cluster vessels located within one year growth ring. More specialized vessels, cluster vessels are more narrow and larger rays are present, with the former being homogeneous (ray cells upright) and the latter being mixed heterogeneous and heterogeneous (rays with procumbent, square and upright cells).
E. A. Shilkina, A. A. Ibe, M. A. Sheller, T. V. Sukhikh
Russian Centre for Forest Health, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: генетическое исследование, микросателлиты, сосна обыкновенная, незаконно вырубленная древесина, genetic studies, microsatellites, Scots pine, illegally harvested timber
Illegal timber harvesting and traffic is one of the most pressing environmental and economic problems worldwide. According to some estimates, between 15 to 30 % of the world’s timber market are of illegal origin. At present it is becoming increasingly important to conduct an independent examination to confirm the legality of the origin of forest products. One of the effective approaches that allow such verification is genetic analysis. This paper presents the results of genetic examination of 34 timber samples of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L., collected in the framework of a model experiment from the logged area and from the timber storage site. Genetic analysis was performed on the basis of ten microsatellite loci of DNA. Electrophoretic separation of amplification products was carried out in a polyacrylamide gel. The images indicating the identity or difference in DNA of timber samples collected from the logged area and timber samples collected from timber storage site were obtained by gel electrophoresis. 26 combinations of multilocus genotypes were identified in the analysis. Four variants of the genotypes indicated the identity of timber samples collected from the logged area and timber samples collected from the timber storage site. Thus, within the framework of this experiment the efficiency of using the methods of molecular genetic analysis of timber samples to determine the degree of their identity is confirmed. It was revealed that the microsatellite loci of DNA (SSR-analysis) can reliably verify the place of origin of samples. The results of these works can be used to create a national system of harvested timber control and identification of forest products.
V. A. Senashova, G. V. Permyakova, I. D. Grodnitskaya, N. V. Pashenova, S. R. Loskutov
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: экстракция коры хвойных, концентрированные экстракты, фенольные соединения, антимикробные свойства, conifer bark extraction, concentrated extracts, phenolic compounds, anti-microbial properties
The problem of wood waste utilization is of great importance. In connection with the outbreaks of microorganisms resistant to most of the known antibiotics researchers are increasingly interested in natural objects that can serve as raw materials for producing medicines, including those with antimicrobial activity. Bark of conifers is a source of many biologically active substances. From the pharmacological and therapeutic points of view, phenolic compounds of bark are most interesting. The extraction of the bark of conifers with monoethanolamine provides a product with an increased proportion of phenolic compounds in comparison with other known methods. The antibacterial activity of the extracts and their solutions obtained by the abovementioned method from the bark of conifers of Siberian larch Larix sibirica L. , Scotch pine Pinus sylvestris L., and Siberian fir Abies sibirica L. was studied. We used the museum strains of sanitary-indicative opportunistic bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae (Schroeter) Trevisan Т 904, Escherichia coli Migula ATCC 39/21141, Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach АТСС 25922, Proteus vulgaris Hauser MX 19 и Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter) Cohn emend. Wieser et al. ATCC 9341 as test objects It was found that the extract of Scotch pine demonstrated greater inhibitory activity while fir bark extract had the lowest bacteriostatic properties. The diluted extracts of larch and Scotch pine bark were less effective against the tested bacteria, and the diluted extracts of fir bark had no antibacterial effect. The obtained data are promising for further research of the development of antibiotic / disinfecting substances based on conifer bark extracts.
