Home – Home – Jornals – "Philosophy of Education" 2019 number 2

Among other problems, systems of space monitoring of the near-Earth space include detection of moving low-contrast objects in images with a powerful spatially unstable background significantly exceeding random (in most cases, weakly correlated) noise. The most effective method of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio under the conditions of different velocities of the objects and background is interframe processing of a sequence of images, which ensures suppression of the background component in the current frame by means of subtracting its estimate obtained from the previous frames. The problem is the presence of a priori unknown motion of the background, leading to significant errors in estimate formation in the regions of sudden changes in the background velocity. The algorithm of interframe processing is studied, which allows one to estimate moderate local motions of the background and to compensate for them down to fractions of the sampling step. Results of full-scale modeling are presented, which demonstrate the possibility of background component suppression down to the noise level even in regions with drastic changes in the background.

Spatial-local algorithms for signal and image filtering are widely used in practice because they have one or several parameters whose values significantly determine a filtering error. The choice of these parameters from the filtering error minimum condition is a known problem that has not been acceptably solved yet. A statistical algorithm is proposed that makes it possible to quite accurately estimate the optimal parameters of two spatial-local filters. An efficient algorithm for estimating the measurement noise variance is presented

A nonparametric algorithm of automatic classification of large arrays of statistical data is considered. Its synthesis is based on decomposition of initial data. The results of decomposition form a set of centers of multidimensional intervals and the corresponding frequencies of occurrence of values of random variables. Based on information obtained, classes corresponding to single-mode fragments of the probability density of features of examined objects are detected. The spatial interpretation of automatic classification results is analyzed. The nonparametric algorithms developed in the study are important tools of processing of data obtained by remote sensing of natural resources.

The comparative estimation of the probability distribution density parameters determined using the maximum likelihood and moment methods is carried out according to their accuracy and complexity of estimation algorithms. Expressions determining the Nakagami distribution parameters by the maximum likelihood method are obtained. A method for estimating the Nakagami distribution parameters by the moment method in which the distribution moments are replaced by their estimates is described. It is noted that parameter estimation by the maximum likelihood method has a smaller variance and displacement as compared with estimation by the moment method, especially with a small number of samples. It is shown that, unlike energy parameter estimation, the real laws of Nakagami distribution is approximated using a large volume of statistical data that describe the signal.

The results of temperature signal analysis are given. A mathematical model of a temperature signal in a form of an amplitude and phase modulated oscillation is presented. The amplitude and phase are calculated on the basis of the theory of analytical signals. The amplitude and phase of the temperature signals are applied as criteria for detecting climactic clusters. A climactic clustering algorithm is described

Errors of laser interferometers using quadrature detectors depend not only on the interferometers themselves, but also on the electronic systems for processing quadrature signals. There are three sources of errors of quadrature detector signals that affect the displacement measurement error of: the inequality of the amplitudes of quadrature signals, the phase shift of these signals (not equal to 90^◦), and the zero offset in each signal. A simple method for identifying and correcting these errors based on experimental data on signals obtained using analog-to-digital converters is considered. The proposed method is applicable to any interferometer with sinusoidal quadrature outputs

A problem of age recognition by a human's face is developed with the popularization of convolutional neural networks. They make it possible to determine the specific features of faces, unseen by a human eye, and interpret them as age characteristics. Existing approaches to age recognition are analyzed. Data from existing sets for learning with subsequent correction for reducing the errors made in markings by acquisition algorithms are used. Neural networks are taught and tested using the resulting data. There is a problem with head rotation, whose solution is carried out using the images of faces rotated using the PRNet neural network

It is experimentally demonstrated that the classification of fragments of a hyperspectral images with preliminary transformation of the spectral features of the image into the principal components and with the use of the Hilbert - Huang spectral transformation is fairly effective in the case of vegetation types that are difficult-to-distinguish on the basis of hyperspectra. This classification is compared with traditional methods, where hyperspectral features transformed to the principal components without using spatial information are used. Neural networks RBF are used in all methods at the final stage of the classification.

Theoretical and experimental estimates of the energy efficiency of holographic gratings as passive solar trackers were obtained. It is found that in central Russia, their use can provide an about 20 % increase in the signal of photovoltaic panels mounted in smart windows. Increase in the signal to a 35 % level is possible only by improving the diffraction properties of gratings, i.e., by expanding the angular selectivity contour while maintaining high diffraction efficiency. This can be achieved either by developing new materials with a refractive index modulation of more than 0.1 with a thickness of the recording layer of about 3 мкм, or using well-known hybrid surface-relief volume diffractive structures with refractive index modulation.

An approximate theory of the formation of images of one-dimensional binary objects in a partially coherent projection diffraction-limited system with an arbitrary ratio of the angular sizes of the light source and aperture diaphragm is developed. The solution of the two-dimensional problem for such objects can be reduced to a one-dimensional problem, i.e., to calculating the integral in the form of convolution of the object with a generalized aperture response whose spectrum has a tapered profile determined by system parameters. The convolution integral is further subjected to a nonlinear transformation whose level is defined by the ratio of the angular sizes of the source and the aperture diaphragm. It is shown that the profile of images formed in partially coherent light is determined by the threshold characteristic of the system that ensures reliable detection of the binary object boundaries. An approximation of this characteristic of this characteristic is proposed. The theory admits a simple physical interpretation of phenomena in partially coherent projection systems.

Proposals on compensation for distortions of circular trajectories implemented in laser image generators with circular scanning for increasing the accuracy of synthesis of the topology of optical elements being formed are analyzed. The expected gain in the accuracy of the element formation topology is estimated with the use of a photoelectric method of detecting the beatings of the axis of rotation of the laser generator spindle rotor

The dependence of the piezo-optical strain sensor gauge factor on the geometric parameters of the photoelastic element is obtained by accurate numerical simulations. It is shown that the piezo-optical gauge sensitivity to the applied force is more dependent on the photoelastic element shape than the sensitivity to deformation. A comparative analysis of the gauge factors and other parameters of strain-resistive, piezoelectric, fiber optic, and piezo-optical strain gauges was carried out. Strain-resistive and fiber-optic sensor gauge factors are three orders of magnitude lower than those of piezo-optical sensors. Correctly calculated piezoelectric sensor gauge factors are also two-three orders of magnitude inferior to those of piezo-optical sensors. A comparison of the basic properties and parameters of modern industrial strain sensors based on different physical principles is presented.

A method has been developed and tested to control the fabrication accuracy of precision synthesized structures on circular laser writing systems using specialized microstructures formed in two orthogonal directions. These microstructures consist of two parts, one of which is formed before the fabrication of a precision structure, and the second during the fabrication of the structure. The shift between the first and second part of the microstructure allows one to determine the errors of drift, substrate shift, etc. on each of the coordinates. The method provides an increase in the accuracy and certification reliability in the fabrication of precision synthesized structures.

The effect of linear acceleration on the characteristics of a optoelectronic vibration ring angular velocity transducer is analyzed taking into account the rigidity of the supports of the ring resonator. A method for compensating the effect of linear acceleration on the characteristics of the angular velocity transducer is proposed.

In this paper, stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with the first integral are considered. The exact solution of such SDEs belongs to a smooth manifold with probability 1. However, the numerical solution does not belong to the manifold, but it belongs to some of its neighborhood due to the numerical error. The main objective of the paper is to construct modified numerical methods for solving SDEs that preserve the first integral. In this study, exact solutions for three SDE systems with the first integral are obtained, and the proposed modification of numerical methods is tested on these systems.

The description of a method for modeling the motion of bodies in a viscous incompressible fluid with the use of counting technology on grids with overlapping («chimera» technology) is given. Equations describing the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid are approximated by the finite volume method on an arbitrary unstructured grid. Their iterative solution is implemented using the SIMPLE algorithm. The description of the basic equations in the case of grid motion is given in this paper. The features of realizing the conditions on the boundaries of the grid regions that are established during the construction of the interpolation template are described. A method for overcoming numerical instability in the use of a rigid body model is demonstrated. The feature of taking into account the forces of gravitation in the case of the presence of multiphase media is described. The results of solving the problem of the motion of a cylinder in a fluid, the problem of the drop of a sphere into a fluid, and the problem of the ship's model flooding are presented.

We present the approaches to solving a problem of shallow water oscillations in a parabolic basin (including an extra case of a horizontal plane). A series of assumptions about the form of solution and effects of Earth`s rotation and bottom friction are made. Then the resulting ODE systems are solved. The corresponding free surfaces have first or second order. The conditions of finiteness and localization of a flow are analyzed. The solutions are used in the verification of numerical algorithm of the large particles method, the efficiency of the carried out tests is discussed.

The presence of the nonlocal term in the nonlocal problems destroys the sparsity of the Jacobian matrices when solving the problem numerically using finite element method and Newton-Raphson method. As a consequence, computations consume more time and space in contrast to local problems. To overcome this difficulty, this paper is devoted to the analysis of a linearized Theta-Galerkin finite element method for the time-dependent nonlocal problem with nonlinearity of Kirchhoff type. Hereby, we focus on time discretization based on θ -time stepping scheme with θ ∈ [1/2,1). Some a error estimates are derived for the standard Crank-Nicolson ( θ =1/2), the shifted Crank-Nicolson ( θ = 1/2 + δ, δ is the time-step) and the general case ( θ ≠ 1/2 + kδ, k = 0,1). Finally, numerical simulations that validate the theoretical findings are exhibited.

In this paper, we introduce the notion of controllability of a non-parametric statistical test and compare the powers of one new controllable non-parametric statistical test and the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for the cases with samples from exponential distribution.

The hierarchy of minimal mathematical models of the dynamics of p53-Mdm2-microRNA system has been developed. The models are based on the differential equations with time delay, hiding complex mechanisms of interaction in the signal system of the p53 protein. We consider the two types of interaction of p53 with microRNAs: the positive direct connection and the positive feedback. The feedback of microRNA-p53 is due to the negative effect of microRNA on the protein Mdm2, which itself is a negative regulator of p53. To approximate the direct positive effect of p53 on the microRNA, a linear function or the Goldbeter-Koshland type representation is used. The comparison of numerical solutions with medical and biological data of a number of specific p53-dependent microRNAs is made, which proves the adequacy of the models proposed and the results of numerical analysis. Special attention was given to the analysis of the positive feedback of p53 and microRNAs. The minimal models adopted have allowed us to consider the most general regularities of the p53-dependent microRNAs functioning. In the framework of these mathematical models it is shown that it is possible to neglect the connection Mdm2-miRNA for, at least, some of the most studied microRNAs associated with a direct positive connection with p53. However, those of the microRNAs, which are important negative regulator Mdm2, can have the most significant impact on the functioning of the entire system p53-Mdm2-microRNA. Conditions were obtained under which the regulatory function of microRNAs with respect to p53 is manifested. The results of numerical experiments indicate that such microRNAs can be considered to be a factor of the anticancer therapy.

This paper deals with the multi-parameter asymptotic description of the stress field near the crack tip of a finite crack in an infinite isotropic elastic plane medium subject to 1) tensile stress; 2) in-plane shear; 3) mixed mode loading for a wide range of mode-mixing situations (Mode I and Mode II). The multi-parameter series expansion of the stress tensor components containing higher order terms has been constructed. All the coefficients of the multi-parameter series expansion of the stress field are given. The main focus is on the discussion of the influence of considering the higher-order terms of the Williams expansion. Analysis of the higher order terms in the stress field is made. It is shown that the larger distance from the crack tip, the more terms are necessary to be kept in the asymptotic series expansion. Therefore, it can be concluded that several more higher-order terms of the Williams expansion must be used for the stress field description when the distance from the crack tip is not small enough. The crack propagation direction angle has been calculated. Two fracture criteria: maximum tangential stress criterion and the strain energy density criterion, are used. The multi-parameter form of two commonly used fracture criteria is introduced and tested. Thirty and more terms of the Williams expansion enable the angle to be calculated more precisely.

It is known that the dual representation of problems (through solutions of the main and the conjugate in the Lagrange sense equations) allows one to formulate the perturbation theory serving as basement for the successive approximation method in the inverse problems theory. If, according to preliminary predictions, the solution of an inverse problem (for example, the structure of the medium of interest) belongs to a certain set A, then selecting a suitable (trial, reference) element a ₀ as an unperturbed one and applying the perturbation theory, one can approximately describe the behavior of the solution of the direct problem in this domain and find a subset A₀ that best matches the measurement data. However, as the accuracy requirements increase, the domain A₀ of the first approximation is rapidly narrowing, expanding it by adding higher terms of the expansion complicates the decision procedure. For this reason, a number of works have been devoted to the search for unperturbed approaches. Among them is the method of variational interpolation (VI-method), in the frame of which not one, but several problems a₁, a₂, …, a_n are used in order to compose from their solutions the desired one. The functional of interest is represented in the stationary form, and the coefficients of the expansion are determined from the condition of stationarity of the bilinear form. This paper demonstrates the application of VI-method to solving inverse problems in the frame of simple model situations associated with cosmic rays astrophysics.

The article considers consequences of Spinoza’s recognition of the fact that the universe, which he names also God, is the sole and single totality of an infinite multitude of solitary modes of its universal attributes, to which human also belongs. Special attention is paid to the specificity of Spinoza's picture of the universe caused by the philosopher's recognition of the strict necessity of the «nature» of everything that exists and at the same time to his efforts to reject that which by the end of his life was called «quietism». Meanwhile, in Spinozas's view, the «last goal» of human is only an adequate perception of the world and himself. According to Spinoza, only intellectual intuition, as he says, may attain it in an undoubtedly adequate way. Naturally, the article studies thoroughly and evaluates the component of Spinoza’s teaching which deals with intellectual intuition. It is summarized not just in his statement that it is only intellectual intuition which comprehends the individually unique and the singular, i.e. that the totality of which Spinoza thinks to be the only really existing components of the universe. Its equally important feature, according to Spinoza, is the fact that clear and distinct things in that what we cognize we perceive in no other way but «through themselves». The article shows the main direction of change in the object orientation of Spinoza's research attention in his Ethics which takes place as the philosopher increases his efforts to reveal a level of importance of a person’s reliance on intellectual intuition in his cognitive activity and spiritual quest as a whole. The author analyzes how Spinoza substantiates both the absolute truth of the result of the functioning of intellectual intuition and the perpetual state of soul beatitude which feels human possessing this result.

The article considers K. Godel's incompleteness theorem of formal Dedekind-Peano arithmetic in respect to various non-Godel means of formalizing (non)provability. A solvability predicate is introduced, using which we can frame up a formula that formally expresses the completeness of arithmetic and prove its insolvability. It followed that the addition of the axiom of completeness to formal arithmetic results in a consistent system which contradicts, in a sense, Godel’s first incompleteness theorem.

Concepts of time are significantly different in philosophy and the humanities on the one hand and in mathematics and physical and mathematical sciences on the other hand. Mathematics and physics traditionally focus on reproducible periodic processes paying attention to the prediction of their results. Philosophy and the humanities as a whole consider time mostly as a historical irreproducible stream of unique events which create history and as a unique development scenario. An urgent scientific problem consists in the convergence of both concepts, which is possible on the basis of modern ideas of deterministic chaos. For an adequate description of historical time, it is advisable to use the proposed concepts of “dynamic set” and “true (or temporal) number”. The features of deterministic-chaotic processes with the participation of temporal numbers can be shown by the example of computer models of continual cellular automata, for which the rules of transition between their states include nonlinearity.

The article proposes a contextual realist interpretation of one of the most popular modern versions of quantum mechanics such as Carlo Rovelli's relational quantum mechanics. The fundamentals points are correct interpretation of the concept of reality and taking into account the categorial difference between the ideal (concepts, theories, observers) and the real (applications of a theory, real objects, observed systems). In our interpretation, the observer consciousness (subjectivity) plays no metaphysical role. Our approach may also be regarded as a return to the Copenhagen interpretation (in a broad sense) corrected within the framework of contextual realism. In our view, later interpretations of quantum mechanics turned out to be worse than the original one proposed by the founding fathers of quantum physics. Contextual realism makes it possible to avoid metaphysical problems which different interpretations of quantum mechanics face with, including the relational one, to give a non-metaphysic interpretation of a quantum event arising when measuring a physical quantity, as well as a realistic and local interpretation of quantum correlations.

The article discusses philosophical and methodological problems which arise when studying the phenomenon of the generation of superweak electromagnetic radiation by living organisms and its regulatory function. It is shown how these problems can act as limitations in the study of the phenomenon, as well as in its acceptance by the scientific community.

The article considers the influence of consciousness on the brain and the cognitive unconscious. We summarize views of a number of psychologists, philosophers and linguists concerning cognition and consciousness. Basing on this analysis, we develop an ecological conception of consciousness. It implies that the system «consciousness - the unconscious - the brain» should also include individual's environment as the forth element.

The article analyzes the theory of consciousness as virtual reality proposed by T. Metzinger. We highlight the main aspects of the theory and show its differences from other modern theories of consciousness. We analyze Metzinger's assumption of a minimum set of structures necessary for the emergence of consciousness, i.e. his concept of "minimum consciousness". Also, we show the relation of the considered theory to the issues of the ontological status of subjective experience and self-consciousness, as well as to the key philosophical issues, namely the existence of the external world, the ontological status of consciousness, the existence of free will, the possibility of creating artificial consciousness and self-consciousness.

The paper aims to discuss the problem of the intuitive knowledge in the classification of living organisms, placed in the historical context. The ‘intuitivism’ vs. ‘operationalism’dilemma is considered, and the changes in their inter-relations during the development of biological systematics are reviewed. The reasons for the neglect of intuitivism in the modern systematics and the possible consequences of this are considered.

Introduction. During the transition from the industrial to the informational trajectory of development, the Russian system of higher education faced a serious crisis: on the one hand, under the influence of external factors, approaches, technologies and practices were introduced into the national education system that have proven themselves at leading universities in the world, but on the other hand, «qualitative breakthrough» in domestic education is not yet happening. The purpose of the work is to identify the reasons that hinder the increase in the reputation of domestic universities in the global educational market in the conditions of the information society and the emerging knowledge society. Methodology and methods of the research. To achieve the stated goal, a philosophical analysis of the specific development of the national educational system was carried out. The method of philosophical conceptualization allowed us to present a new level of analysis of the development of education and to overcome the fragmentation of approaches to its study. Socio-cultural and cultural-philosophical approaches used in the framework of the work made it possible to generalize the value character of the theoretical materials obtained. The results of the research. The paper substantiates that the development of education within the framework of the Soviet model was seriously limited to the industrialization approach, which did not meet the requirements of the information society and the emerging knowledge society, which ultimately led to a crisis of the system. It identifies the strengths and weaknesses of domestic education, which have been formed historically and determine the identity of the Russian educational system; identified positive elements of the previous experience of development of the domestic educational system, which can be effectively used in the conditions of the information society and the emerging knowledge society. Conclusion. It was concluded that if thoughtful adaptation of the best domestic experience in the development of university systems, successfully implemented on the basis of individual universities, to modern sociocultural conditions, is possible, this can contribute to the intensive development of the education system in accordance with the requirements of the information society and the emerging knowledge society and as a result, increase the reputation of domestic universities in the global educational market.

Introduction. The anthropological principle is actualized in the personality-oriented model of the new educational paradigm in the conditions of uncertainty. The criteria and indicators of «anthropological proportionality» and «anthropological disparity» in education are revealed as the results of the present research. Methodology and methods of the research. The methodology and procedures of the study are determined by the realities of digital age, the development of smart manufacturing. This reality challenges education (smart education) that is oriented humanistically towards self-actualization, self-construction, and self-realization of the personality in the conditions of freedom and responsibility. The results of the research. Oppositely, hostility and aggressiveness, the absurdity of existence, the loss of the meaning of life, «mental moratorium» increase in the case of anthropological disproportion (G. Marcel, M. Heidegger, K. Jaspers,J.-P. Sartre, A. Camus, V. Frankl, A. Maslow, C. Rogers, L. Kolberg, J. Habermas). The existential concept is pedagogically effective in the practice of «taking care of oneself» (Plato, M. Fuko, S. Khoruzhy, G. Petrova) for developing subjectivity, socialization, and identity in the reflection of knowledge about oneself, about the mechanisms of taking care of oneself, correlation with the care of others. The novelty of the author’s approach is argumentation of the relevance of the anthropological principle study in the face of uncertainty, the need for the practice of «taking care of yourself» in the context of anthropological proportionality and disparity. An empirical study of university students has included several methods that allow identifying the correlation between attitudes towards life and values on the one side, and self-confidence and «taking care of oneself» on the other side. A wide range of opinions of students about attitudes towards life and values, about self-confidence and «taking care of oneself» has been identified. Conclusion. The criteria and indicators proposed by the author have theoretical and practical importance for the pedagogy and education system. They can be adapted in aims, content, and procedures on different levels of the educational system to contribute to the personality development in all ages, through a competent understanding of anthropological proportionality and disparity between external and internal factors of uncertainty, freedom to choose oneself and responsibility for it based on selectivity. The prospect of research is connected with the concepts of «culture of usefulness» and «culture of dignity».

Introduction. The paper is devoted to the problematic field of comparative pedagogy, the study of development trends of the modern education. The aim is to analyze the content of the regulations of the Russian legislation which meet the principles of the idea of «continuing education» and to study the comparative education research related to lifelong learning which is topical for Russian comparative linguistics. Methodology and methods of the research. The research is based on the historical and comparative law methodology which makes it possible to compare and analyze the issue under study in its historical dynamics and to argue the conclusions by means of legal education regulations. The names of the first researches are mentioned, the topicality of lifelong learning issues research at the international level from the end of the 20th century till nowadays is emphasized. The results of the research. The paper is based on the development of the idea of «continuing education» in Russia and abroad. The composition of the elements providing the idea of «continuing education» is listed. The history of the «continuing education» idea formation which is based on domestic and foreign comparatists’ research is described, the composition of its principles is generalized. Each principle is interpreted through the provisions of two Russian educational legislation documents: the Federal law «On Education in the Russian Federation» and the Federal Target Program of Education Development for the period of 2016-2020. Conclusion. The analysis of the regulatory documents in the field of education allows us to conclude that continuing education principles are highly strengthened by the modern Russian educational legislation. Creating the conditions for functioning and developing new types and kinds of continuing education institutions in Russia is the trend of the state modern education policy.

Introduction. The paper deals with power as a system of management tools, which acquires new features in critical periods of history. A cardinal change of socio-cultural paradigm has a fundamental impact on education too. The paper shows that the features that stem from global trends appear in modern education. In the context of globalization, many of the characteristic features of the educational system in the context of globalization are becoming universal. The author considers power as the basis of any social system, the idea about which is formed already at school. The paper also examines the features of power structures, which are manifested at the level of relationship between the state and society. The educational system accumulates many features of the traditional power in Russia. However, in the modern world there is observed a transformation of the basic social structures. For the formation of harmonious worldview of the younger generation, the activities of authorities are of great importance. In particular, the subject-object relationships in the educational process, that are characteristic of the classical education, have increasingly become the subject-subject ones. Methodology and methods of the research. The methodological basis of the paper is the general scientific approaches related to peculiarities of education as a social institution. In addition, the leading methods used for the cognition of social processes are maximally used. In particular, thanks to the comparative historical method, a possibility has appeared to identify the leading trends that characterize the modern social reality. This method allows comparing the situation in the educational system with other social processes. The author of the paper demonstrates the limits of use of foreign experience in conducting social reforms. The application of all the indicated methods, as well as the use of philosophical-theoretical basis, allow achieving the objectives formulated in this paper. The results of the research. A real reduction in the level of social tension in society is largely due to the imperfection of the managerial mechanisms that lag behind the requirements of our time. In the educational system, such problems could provoke new crisis phenomena, whose effects may occur in the future. The paper shows that the problem of effective control over the actions of authorities is becoming a priority. Of great importance are also various ways to improve the power mechanisms based on historical traditions. According to the author, the optimization of the power structure is largely due to the formation of the global-regional world, the basis of which is laid at the level of the educational system. The traditions formed in the society allow creating the optimal power structures that are clearly manifested in the education sphere in a given region. In particular, the difference between subjects and objects of educational activities is, in fact, eliminated. Based on the analysis of various concepts, the author concludes that social transformation requires new management approaches to the educational process. Conclusion. The power system in any country is closely linked to the educational system, and this makes topical the studying of the world managerial experience. However, optimization of the system of management and education in an era of changing socio-cultural paradigm involves taking into account the historical traditions of the particular society. That is why, in the near future, the role of the humanities education in the process of creating new concept of power and education will naturally increase.

Introduction. The paper discusses the conceptual ideas of sustainable development, which, according to the author, are important for the modern education system of upbringing. Upbringing plays a special role in understanding the concept of sustainable development, because it forms moral principles and responses for creating conditions for human development, preparing the person for life in society. Methodology and methods of the research. The complex and multifaceted problems of upbringing in modern society require interdisciplinary research. The author notes the special role of the philosophy of education in understanding the sphere of upbringing in the context of the sustainable development of society. The idea of the unity of the world is considered as a conceptual idea of building and living a society of sustainable development. The results of the research. The authors have identified conceptual ideas of the sustainable development of society, which should be considered when forming the concept of modern upbringing. First of all, this is the idea of the unity of world and the idea of multiculturalism, which emphasizes the formation of a culture of international communication. Conclusion. In the context of globalization, upbringing acquires new social functions. Will Russia be able to accept new ideas and values of sustainable development? In this context, the authors substantiate the importance of the conceptual ideas of the sustainable development for educating and upbringing of next generation.

Introdustion. The article deals with the problem of modernization of Kazakhstani universities in the context of reforming the country’s higher education in the context of the concept of secondary modernization. The purpose of the work is to identify and summarize the main directions and problem points in the modernization of universities in the country, to justify the change of missions, forms and content of universities. Methodology and methods of the research. In the methodological part, the study is based on the conceptual provisions of Western theorists of higher education (Z. Bauman, M. Castells, K. Jaspers, M. Heidegger, H. Ortega-i-Gasset), whose works present the theoretical problems of the evolution of universities in a changing paradigm of social development. The research methodology is based on general scientific methods of system analysis of national regulatory documents in the field of higher education, methods of content analysis of the websites of leading Kazakhstan universities, as well as methods of comparing and summarizing foreign studies on the problems of university modernization. The results of the research. The main trends in the modernization of universities in Kazakhstan are identified and characterized, the features of the transformation of classical universities into research and business, the mechanisms and difficulties of international integration are shown. The preservation of state control in the system of national higher education, which acts as a deterrent to the modernization of universities, is noted. There is also a change in the organizational structure and academic management at universities towards the development of university democracy. The conclusion is substantiated about the necessity and practical significance of the implementation of the social function by Kazakhstani universities, which have not yet become fully the social institution of society that they are in the West. Conclusion. The author summarizes that the modernization of the country’s universities is in accordance with the principles of the Bologna process and demonstrates the desire of universities to integrate into the global educational space. A generalization of the identified main areas and problem points in the modernization activities of universities in Kazakhstan is presented.

Woody decay is a multifunctional consort in the overall cycle of the substance and energy cycle of the forest community, taking an active and multifaceted part in the formation of structures and sustainability of forests. The age structures of forest stands, tree fallout, types of wood-destroying fungi and their infestation of forest stands were studied in indigenous virgin spruce forests of the subzones of the northern and southern taiga of the European Russia. The structures of virgin spruce forests have different dynamic characteristics, but they are always of absolutely uneven age. The affection of trees by fungi of the wood-destroying complex in the age generations of indigenous northern spruce forests increases from the last generations to the first and can reach 50-70 % of the number of trees in the generations. Rotten foots of tree trunks and roots in 80 % of cases are the causes of windfalls and windbreaks that shape the structure of the deadwood which is part of the total mass of the forest tree. In the studied spruce forests, the number of windbreak trunks is 2.6 to 3.8 times higher than windfall trunks. This is associated with a greater spread in the stands of rotten butt and stem parts of living trees than the number of rotten roots. The main types of wood-destroying fungi of the complexes of biotrophs and xylotrophs, which cause the decay of living trees and decompose the trunks of dead trees are determined. Wood decay amount runs to impressive figures from 12.5 to 35.0 %. The number, volume, phytomass of deadwood stems and the mass of СО₂, Н₂О and Q (energy) released during the decomposition of dead trees at the stages of decomposition in terms of 1 ha area of the analyzed spruce forests are calculated.

It is essential to study forest fire occurrences and the climate of any region to address the issue of forest fire vs global warming and global climate change. Studies at regional and global level help to understand the forest fire characterization microscopically. The present study has made an assessment of the long-term forest fire events in the state of Chhattisgarh, India and identified forest fire hotspot areas. We have generated a spatial pattern of climate data and made a statistical analysis. Cramer V coefficient (CVC) was calculated and its relationship with forest fire events was suggested. The study revealed that the Baster and Dantewada districts of Chhattisgarh state of India show the highest forest fire percentage equivalent to 24 and 33 %, respectively. Generally, three forest fire hotspot zones were identified. In January, February and March zone 1 received less rainfall and showed relatively high maximum temperature and potential evapotranspiration when compared with zone 2 and 3. The number of rainy days in January and February in Dantewada and Bastar district (zone 1) was 0.72 to 0.92 and was found lowest among all districts of the state. The climate parameters were more favorable to forest fire events over zone 1 compared to other zones. The evaluation of CVC value of climate data with forest fire events showed that rainfall, maximum temperature, the number of rainy days and potential evapotranspiration were in decreasing order and in the range from 0.74 to 0.32. The highest value (0.74) showed that was closely related with forest fire events. In June, these areas receive adequate rainfall (90-177 mm) which leads to an increase in the moisture content and hinders forest fuel burning capacity. Geospatial technology proved capable of analyzing thematic datasets and various modules/algorithms used in mapping, allowing to draw logical conclusions in solving various research problems.

The methodology for calculating the compensation cost and calculating the amount of damage caused by illegal logging, injuries and destruction of green stands developed for land owned by the municipality in the territory of the Berezovskiy Region of the Krasnoyarsk Krai is discussed. The compensation value of green stands is a derived value of replacement value. The compensation value is calculated by applying correction factors to the replacement cost and taking into account the influence of such factors as location, actual state, ecological and social significance of green stands on the value of the stands and is determined by the formula: С_ct = С_r × К_t × К_с × К_ses × К_tr, where С_ct is the compensation value of the tree; C_r - the replacement cost of the tree; K_t - territorial factor; К_с - the tree condition coefficient; К_ses - coefficient of social and environmental significance; K_tr - the number of trees to be removed (all in Russian Rubles). Territorial coefficients and coefficients of social and environmental significance are applied. With green stands simultaneously belong to different categories, selected to take into account their social and ecological significance, the maximum value of a similar coefficient should be included in the cost calculations. The amount of damage caused by illegal logging and (or) destruction of green stands is calculated taking into account compensation value of cut down and (or) destroyed green stands using K_m = 5 multiplying factor. If the green stands are damaged and do not cause growth to stop, the damage is estimated at 0.5 of the compensation value of the damaged green stands. The compensation cost of cut-off green stands in case of forced demolition and damage caused by illegal logging, injuring or destruction of green stands shall be paid to the budget of the municipal entity in Berezovskiy District of the Krasnoyarsk Krai. The method can be recommended to be used in other regions of Siberia that are similar in natural climatic conditions, with adjustments of territorial coefficients.

«The forest is the national wealth and heritage of our country. Russia is a great forest power» - is stated in many government decrees, as well as in textbooks, manuals and other publications. In order to use forest resources in the Russian Far East wisely, in 1958, the leaders of the former Soviet Union established the Faculty of Forestry in the city of Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai. In 1963, the first year groups were formed, with 50 students recruited. Forty nine of them got the diplomas of forestry engineers. All the graduates were qualified as specialists in forestry and forest industries, many of them became industry managers, six graduates were awarded the degrees of PhDs and Doctors of Science. Over the past fifty years 55 groups of students were awarded the diplomas. They were qualified as forest engineers, later as Bachelors and Masters of Forestry. Forest industry of the Russian Far East has acquired several thousand specialists with higher forest education. The past 60 years have been associated with radical reforms in the field of social relations (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the transition to market economy), as well as in forest management. The Forest charter adopted by the State Duma in December of 2006 incorporated many ideas of forest science developed in our country and abroad. On the other hand, at present higher professional education is challenged by closing universities, introducing two-tier higher education, closing dissertation councils, increasing requirements to the applicants for doctoral degrees, and so on. We believe that Russia as a great forest power should have its own Ministry of Forestry which should a supplement to other Ministries.