V.V. Vrublevskii1, A.V. Nikiforov2, A.M. Sugorakova3, and T.V. Kozulina1
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:436:"1 Tomsk State University, pr. Lenina 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
2 Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetnyi per. 35, Moscow, 119017, Russia
3 Tuva Institute for Exploration of Natural Resources, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Internatsional’naya 117a, Kyzyl, Tyva Republic, 667010, Russia";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: Alkaline magmatism, isotope geochemistry and geochronology, plume–lithosphere interaction, Sangilen upland, Central Asian Orogenic Belt
The Paleozoic foidolite–foyaite plutons of the Sangilen upland (Bayan-Kol, Dakhu-Nur, Chik, and Kharly ones) might have formed in the Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician (~490–500 Ma, Sm–Nd and U–Pb); they are the result of the oldest alkaline magmatism in southeastern Tuva. The intrusion was accompanied by the formation of high-temperature (up to ~600–900 ºC) endogenous carbonate rocks containing calcite, alkali pyroxene, Na–Ca amphibole, biotite, fluorapatite, microcline, and nepheline. Silicate and carbonate derivates were produced, most likely, from genetically related heterogeneous sources with εNd(T) varying from 3.0 to 6.3 and from –0.5 to 6.5, respectively, which might be due to the mixing of the depleted (PREMA) and enriched (EM) mantle materials. Initial ratios 207Pb/206Pb ≈ 0.89 and 208Pb/206Pb ≈ 2.15 in K-feldspar from calcitic rocks are close to those of EM 1. The correlation between the stable-isotope ratios (δ18O ~ 7.2–19.5, δ13C from –6.0 to –1.4 ‰) and the high 87Sr/86Sr(T) ratio (0.7057–0.7076) indicates a significant crustal contamination of magma in the upper horizons of the lithosphere and a minor impact of a meteoric fluid. The assumed synchronous formation of the studied plutons and other alkaline rock complexes of the Early Paleozoic Large Igneous Province in the west of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt as well as their isotope similarity do not rule out that the intrusion took place in the plume–lithosphere interaction setting.
N.P. Pokhilenko1,2, T.G. Shumilova3, V.P. Afanasiev1, and K.D. Litasov1,2
1 V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
2 Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
3 Institute of Geology, Komi
Science Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul.
Pervomaiskaya 54, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
Keywords: Natural diamond, synthetic diamond, carbonado, volcano, ophiolite, contamination
Lavas of the Kamchatka volcanoes store cubic-octahedral diamonds identical in morphology and structure to synthetic crystals, and their natural origin is doubted. Judging by published data, the diamonds discovered in the Tolbachik lavas are similar to synthetic diamonds made by different producers, and the analyzed samples ra-ther result from contamination with synthetic material. Ophiolite-hosted diamonds reported from Europe, China, Mongolia, and Polar Urals look like the Tolbachik diamonds and are of the same type. The similarity between crystals coming from geologically dissimilar objects indicates that contamination may occur in those cases as well. Thus, diamonds found in unusual hosts or geologic settings require careful checking. These findings have to be reproduced repeatedly in other in situ samples and approved by independent experts; with all respect to the priority of the first finders, the sampling sites should be open to many researchers, especially the respective spe-cialists. The inevitable disproval of false diamond findings is discouraging and discredits the true discoveries. Possible contamination with synthetic or natural material from cutting tools has to be excluded in all newly found diamonds before claiming their natural origin.
F.P. Lesnov1, M.A.P. Pinheiro2, S.A. Sergeev3,5, and N.S. Medvedev4
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:769:"
1 V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
2 Serviço Geológico do Brasil, Av. Brasil 1731, Funcionários, Belo Horizonte, MG 30140-002, Brasil
3 Center of Isotopic Research, A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute, Srednii pr. 74, St. Petersburg, 1999106, Russia
4 A.V. Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, pr. Akademika Lavrent’eva 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
5 Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg State University, 10-ya
Liniya Vasil’evskogo Ostrova, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: Ultramafic rocks, zircons, geochemistry, LA–ICP-MS method, isotopic age, U–Pb method, SIMS SHRIMP II, São Francisco Craton, Brazil
We present the first data on the geochemistry and isotopic age of zircons from rocks of the Roseta (lher-zolite and olivine orthopyroxenite) and Córrego da Areia (olivine orthopyroxenite) ultramafic massifs localized among Archean–Proterozoic metamorphic strata in the southern folded framing of the São Francisco Craton. The examined zircons differ in crystal morphology, the intensity and type of cathodoluminescence, oscillatory zoning, the distribution of trace elements, and U–Pb isotopic age. Zircon crystals from the Roseta lherzolite have an age of 800–728 Ma and show negligible cathodoluminescence. Some of them have reaction rims with an age of 663–619 Ma. The crystal cores are enriched in REE but are often depleted in U as compared with the reaction rims. The age of zircons from the Roseta olivine orthopyroxenite showing moderate cathodoluminescence is within 622.6–596.9 Ma. Zircons from the Córrego da Areia olivine orthopyroxenite show moderate to intense cathodo-luminescence and often have a rhythmic oscillatory zoning. They are characterized by an uneven distribution of REE and other trace elements and have high contents of U and Th. Most of these zircons have an ancient isotopic age (2558–2100 Ma). The examined zircons are of several types: relict, inherited (xenogenic), syngenetic, and epigenetic. The Roseta and Córrego da Areia massifs are considered to be protrusive outliers of a deep-seated Precambrian mafic–ultramafic complex, which were tectonically transferred along faults into the intensely meta-morphosed Archean–Proterozoic strata in the southern folded framing of the São Francisco Craton.
1 Siberian Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources, Krasnyi pr. 67, Novosibirsk, 630091, Russia
2 V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
pr. Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
3 Central Research Institute of Geological Prospecting for Base and Precious Metals, Varshavskoe shosse 129, korp. 1, Moscow, 117545, Russia
4 A.P. Karpinsky Russian
Geological Research Institute, Srednii pr. 7, St. Petersburg, 199026, Russia
Keywords: Granitoid magmatism, U/Pb (SHRIMP-II) zircon dating, petrogeochemical and isotope-geochemical (Sm/Nd and Rb/Sr) studies, gold, copper, lead, zinc, metallogeny, Republic of Tyva, East Tannu-Ola sector, Tuvinian magmatic belt
The East Tannu-Ola sector of the Tuvinian magmatic belt is composed of Early Cambrian volcanosedi-mentary rocks of an island-arc association (Kadvoi, Serlig, and Irbitei Formations), which are intruded by granit-oid massifs of different ages (from Cambrian to Devonian) of the Tannu-Ola areal pluton.
We analyzed the structural and geologic position, chemical composition, metallogenic signatures, and ge-ochronological (U/Pb) and isotope-geochemical (Sm/Nd and Rb/Sr) characteristics of Early Paleozoic granitoids of the Ungesh pluton (western part of the Tannu-Ola areal pluton). The available and our new data made it possi-ble to establish the specific chemical parameters, age sequence, duration, intensity, and metallogeny of granitoid magmatism in the East Tannu-Ola sector of the Tuvinian magmatic belt.
An early Cambrian (534–518 Ma) gabbro–plagiogranite complex similar to the Maina complex in West Sayan has been recognized in the Ungesh pluton. The age and metallogeny of the middle–late Cambrian (508–492 Ma) Tannu-Ola diorite–granodiorite–plagiogranite and Late Ordovician (451–447 Ma) Argolik granite–leucogranite complexes have been refined.
Granitoids of the early Cambrian complex formed probably at the initial stage of formation of an island arc, in association with the Kadvoi–Serlig basalt–andesite–rhyolite complex. It is in these granitoids that early low-productivity gold–sulfide–quartz veins and veinlets originated.
Granitoids of the Tannu-Ola complex formed at the initial stage of evolution of the accretion–collision system. Magnetite-containing skarns and numerous vein–veinlet zones of late high-productivity gold-sulfide-quartz mineralization evolved in these granitoids.
Granitoid massifs of the Argolik complex formed at the final stage of evolution of the accretion–collision system and probably played a crucial role in the regeneration of ore mineralization in some areas.
We present results of study of the chemical composition, formation conditions, and genesis of gold-bearing pyrite–pyrrhotite ores widespread within the ophiolite belts in the southeast of East Sayan. The study was performed at the Ol’ginskoe ore occurrence localized in the Ol’gino gold ore zone. Sulfide mineraliza-tion zones are composed of lenticular interbeds and bodies subconformable with the bedding of the enclosing schist strata. The ores are carbonaceous siliceous garnet–biotite schists variably enriched in sulfide minerals, mainly pyrrhotite, with impurities of other silicate minerals: tremolite, chlorite, albite, plagioclase, diopside, and epidote. In addition, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and arsenopyrite are present in small amounts in the ores. The established Р–Т conditions of ore metamorphism (T = 430–540 °С, P ~ 5 kbar) correspond to the lower boundary of the epidote–amphibolite facies. Thermobarogeochemical studies of fluid inclusions in vein quartz showed close temperatures (536–340 °С) but lower pressures, 200–800 bars, which indicates that the quartz vein formation was related to a pressure drop. The predominant salts of the fluid inclusions are Fe and Mg chlorides with Na and K impurities. The geologic location, structures, textures, and mineral, geochemical, and isotope compositions of the studied sulfide ores indicate their formation in submarine deep-water environments as a re-sult of the activity of hydrothermal systems, analogues of «black smokers», later subjected to metamorphism. During metamorphism, primary ores underwent mineral and chemical transformations: pyrrhotitization of pyrite, appearance and coarsening of native gold particles, and redistribution of components (Mn, As, etc). The low contents of gold and some ore-forming elements (Zn, Cu, and Pb) in pyrrhotite ores testify to the removal of these elements with a metamorphogenic fluid. The removed ore-forming components might have been a source of material for later gold–sulfide–quartz deposits of the Urik–Kitoi zone in East Sayan.
Siberian Research Institute of Soil Management and Chemicalization of Agriculture, Siberian Federal AgroBioTech Scientific Center,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoobsk, 630501, Russia
*A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Favorskogo 1A, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
Keywords: Physicochemical modeling, soils, fine colloids, clay minerals, humic acids, end-members, chemical po-tentials, activity coefficients
We studied the total chemical and mineralogical compositions of fine colloids (fraction <0.08 μm) in the upper horizons of contrasting soil compositions and properties. Based on the analytical data, the crystallochemi-cal formulas of clay minerals with a 2:1 structure are calculated, and the chemical potentials of independent com-ponents and the activity coefficients of the main end-members are determined. Using the Selector software, the equilibrium phase–multicomponent composition of soils is calculated, and the similarity and difference in the crystal chemistry of 2:1 clay minerals produced by two different methods are shown. The calculated Gibbs ener-gy values of these minerals are close to the calorimetric data for smectites. It is shown that the contents of typical elements in 2:1 clay minerals reflect the genetic properties of soils. In soils of alkaline series (Solonetz), such minerals are relatively enriched in sodium and magnesium; in soils of acidic series (Podzoluvisols and Cambi-sols), in hydrogen and iron; and in soils of the neutral series (Chernozems, Arenosols, and Umbric Gleysols), in calcium.
The paper presents a description of three Late Pleistocene sections within the Khibiny pluton, outcropping on the proximal slope of the Kukisvum morainic ridge, a fluvioglacial terrain in the valley of the Kukisiok River, and a glacial complex in the valley of the Vuonnemiok River. Various small disturbances of the primary stratifi-cation were found in the first two sections. These structures do not form horizons sustained along the strike and are associated with the top of sand–silt sediments with horizontal or wavy bedding of shallow lacustrine genesis. They form small wavy bends, ‘tongues”, ovoids, and flexural microfolds that could not be preserved at the bot-tom of the basin and, consequently, formed after overlapping deposits accumulation. Analysis of the cross bed-ding of the coarse clastic deposits of the fluvioglacial terrace has allowed us to relate its formation to north-to-south glacial water discharge along the trough valley of the Kukisiok River. In the glaciolacustrine varve clays of the third section (the Koashva open pit), extended horizons of plicative disturbances 0.5–2 m in thick-ness and 300 m in length were studied. The soft-sediment deformations are covered with an unstructured horizon composed of coarse grains dispersed in sand–silt matrix, which means that the deformation was caused by either a glacial flood or a mudflow. The study has revealed no signs of seismic liquefaction during the formation of the folded structures.
The relevance of the performed study is determined by the fact that it has become possible not only to clarify the formation conditions of the Quaternary Khibiny deposits but also to develop the objective criteria for determination of the soft-sediment deformation structures associated with thixotropic effects in weakly consoli-dated sediments. Similar structures are sometimes regarded as seismic convolutions, which can lead to unjustified overestimation of the regional seismic hazard level.
1
Tomsk Division of the A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
pr. Akademicheskii 4, Tomsk, 634055, Russia
2 Tomsk Polytechnic University, pr. Lenina 30, Tomsk,
634050, Russia
Keywords: Soda waters, conditions of water spread, chemical and isotope compositions, water–rock system, for-mation mechanisms, equilibrium, Chulym–Yenisei basin
Results of studies of soda waters of the Chulym–Yenisei artesian basin are presented. It is shown that these waters are ubiquitous within Cretaceous or Jurassic sediments at depths of ~100–300 m to 1.5–2.3 km. According to the formation conditions, mineralization, and pH, they are divided into three groups: Type I waters spread to a depth of 600 m and have pH = 7.4–8.4 and TDS 0.5 g/L, type II soda waters occur at depths of 0.6–2.3 km and are characterized by pH = 8.0–8.9 and TDS = 0.7–4.1 g/L, and type III waters («Omega») form a local segment among type II waters and have a unique composition: high alkalinity (pH = 9.0–10.3) and low mineralization (TSD = 0.2–0.6 g/L). We focus special attention on type III waters and present results of studies of their microcomponent, gas, and isotope compositions. The cause of their low salinity and high pH is explained for the first time. Taking into account the isotope data (δD, δ18O, and δ13C), we have established the infiltration origin of soda waters of the three types and the biogenic source of their carbon dioxide. Calculations of equilibria in the water–host-mineral system have shown that all soda waters are in disequilibrium with many primary alu-minosilicate minerals but are in equilibrium with a wide range of carbonates and clays. In passing from type I to type III waters, the number of minerals in equilibrium with water continuously increases (albite, microcline, muscovite, and biotite). Taking into account the data obtained, we present schemes of formation of different types of soda waters in the studied basin at different stages of the evolution of the water–rock–gas–organic-matter sys-tem and estimate the time of each system.
V.A. Kontorovich1,2, E.S. Surikova1, and D.V. Ayunova1,2
1 A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: Seismic exploration, petroleum prediction, gas pool, «bright spot», dynamic parameters of a seismic record, West Siberia
Seismogeological criteria for the gas potential of the Aptian–Cenomanian sediments of West Siberia are substantiated. The research was carried out by the method of integrated interpretation of seismic materials, well logs, well test results, and petrophysical studies. As a reference object we used the Yubileinoe oil and gas con-densate field located in the Nadym–Pur interfluve, in which a unique gas deposit is concentrated in the Cenoma-nian reservoir PK1 and the Albian sand bed PK18. Based on the research results, seismogeologic criteria for gas prediction have been formulated.
Massive Cenomanian gas pools are displayed in wave seismic fields by: (1) the presence of reflectors formed at the gas–water contacts in time sections and a decrease in the amplitude parameters of the reflector G confined to the roof of Cenomanian sequence; (2) an increase in the time thickness (Δt), a decrease in the interval velocities (vint), and a decrease in the amplitude–energy parameters of a seismic record in the Aptian–Cenomanian sequence.
Aptian–Albian sheet gas pools are displayed in the wave fields by a drastic increase in the amplitudes of a seismic record, forming «bright spot» anomalies in the time sections.
1 V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, 630090, Russia
2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
3 Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
ul. Nedorezova 16a, Chita, 672014, Russia
Keywords: Magmatism, petrogeochemistry, Au–Cu–Fe skarns, polysulfide and epithermal Ag–Te–Bi mineralization, Kultuminskoe deposit, eastern Transbaikalia
The Kultuminskoe deposit is located within the Gazimur metallogenic zone in eastern Transbaikalia. Min-eralization is associated with the Middle–Upper Jurassic Kultuma pluton composed of subalkaline rock series ranging from quartz monzonites and quartz syenites to granites and of monzodiorite dikes. Dikes of Late Jurassic age are composed of subalkaline gabbro. Analysis of fractionation trends of major and trace elements suggests that the monzonitoids prevailed in the Kultuma pluton and the dike complex formed through the differentiation of subalkaline basaltic melt from an enriched mantle source. The formation of the gold–copper–iron–skarn and me-dium-temperature veinlet-disseminated polysulfide and epithermal Ag–Te–Bi mineralization as well as iron–magnesia and silica–alkaline metasomatites was a long multistage process during the general evolution of the ore-magmatic system.
1 A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Favorskogo 1a, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
2 V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
Keywords: Ore-magmatic systems, age of igneous rocks, geochemical typification of granitoids
Study of granitoids spatially and genetically associated with gold mineralization within the Kara gold ore cluster has provided a new insight into their genesis, association with ore mineralization, and the sources of their ore material.
The regional granitoids associated with gold mineralization are part of two individual complexes. One of them, earlier assigned to the Amanan complex, has an isotopic age of 182.9 ± 2.6 Ma and must be related to the subduction zone that existed on the southern margin of the Siberian continent in that period. Its granitoids differ in age and composition from the granitoids of the Amanan complex and must be separated as an independent taxonomic unit after an additional geological study. The second, Amudzhikan-Sretensk, complex has an isotopic age of 151.7 ± 1.9 Ma and might be related to the collision of the Siberian and Mongol–Chinese continents after the closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk ocean.
In geochemistry the granitoids of the Amanan(?) complex correspond to adakites and must be considered melting products of the basaltic layer of the oceanic lithosphere. The granitoids of the Amudzhikan-Sretensk complex are similar in geochemistry to sanukitoids, melting products of subcontinental sources contaminated with continental-crust material.
The granitoids of both complexes have high contents of gold and must be considered gold-bearing. In the Amanan(?) complex, adakites are the gold-richest rocks (as estimated from the slab melt composition), which in-dicates the primary nature of this gold. In the Amudzhikan-Sretensk complex, the highest contents of gold are specific to primitive sanukitoids, melting products of a mantle source with gold signatures. This suggests the primary nature of gold, whose content is determined by the portion of slab melt in the source of the rock material.
The presence of adakites and primitive sanukitoids in the regional granitoid complexes indicates the exist-ence of a subcontinental mantle source with gold signatures during the magma generation. The source formed in the subduction zone that existed on the southern margin of the Siberian continent in the Early Jurassic and was remobilized under collision of the Siberian and Mongol–Chinese continents in the Late Jurassic. This source might have controlled both granitoid magmatism and ore mineralization.
The East Sikhote-Alin volcanic belt extending for ~1500 km is commonly considered a single tec-tonomagmatic structure formed during the Late Cretaceous subduction and the Cenozoic oceanic-slab breakup and active asthenospheric diapirism under transform plate sliding. Based on analysis of the published geological information and the new data on the age and trace-element and isotope compositions of the igneous rocks of the Late Cretaceous Bol’ba Formation, it is shown that the initial stages of volcanism in the southern and northern Sikhote-Alin took place in different geodynamic settings. In contrast to the coeval suprasubductional volcanics of the southern sector (Primorye), the volcanic section of the Bol’ba Formation is dominated by magnesian (Mg# = 26–40) adakites (La/Yb = 19–34) and high-Nb basalts. This igneous rock association and the lead (Δ8/4Рb = 30–46) and neodymium (0.51279–0.51281) isotope ratios of the studied rocks suggest the influence of the «hot» oceanic asthenosphere on magma genesis. The earlier slab breakup north of 48–49 °N was due to the oblique convergence of oceanic and continental lithosphere plates in the Late Cretaceous, accompanied by sinistral shears.
The results obtained indicate that the lateral zonation of the eastern Sikhote-Alin is due to different geody-namic settings of formation of its northern and southern sectors rather than variations in its basement composi-tion. In theoretical aspect, the performed research is important for the correct reconstruction of the geologic events in zones of convergence of oceanic and continental plates. It is necessary to take into account not only the general direction of the convergence but also the configuration of the plate boundary.
Manganese silicate rocks together with silicate–magnetite ores and jaspers (Late Anisian–Ladinian) form lenticular or tabular bodies in the Triassic Sikhote-Alin chert formation. The lower part of the formation (Olenekian–Early Anisian) is enriched in clayey and organic matter.
Nickel and cobalt compounds and other ore minerals in the Sikhote-Alin manganese silicate rocks belong to two genetic groups including minerals of the valence and ultimately reduced Ni, Co, and other metals.
Minerals of the valence species of Ni, Co (sulfoantimonides, sulfoarsenides, sulfides, antimonides, ar-senides, tellurides, and silicates), and other metals (galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, wolframite, scheelite, molybdenite, cassiterite, stannite, cinnabar, stibnite, boulangerite, jamesonite, bournonite, löllengite, bismuthite, fahlore, altaite, native Sb and Bi, etc.) formed from the protolith material during metamorphism under the same conditions as the rock-forming minerals.
The presence of minerals of ultimately reduced Ni, Co (maucherite, native Ni, Ni phosphide, Ni and Co chromides, disordered solid solutions, and intermetallic compounds of Ni with Cu, Zn, Sn, and Pb), and other metals (native Pb, Zn, Fe, Sn, Se, Au, Pt, “cupriferous gold”, and intermetallic compounds of Cu, Sn, Pb, Sb, Al, and Zn) in the manganese silicate rocks is due to the influence of the organic matter of the underlying carbo-naceous silicites. During metamorphism, the most volatile components (first of all, poorly bound water and hy-drocarbons) were released from the heated carbonaceous rocks; as a result, a metal-enriched fluid with highly or ultra-highly reducing properties appeared, which migrated along fractures into other rocks.
The manganese silicate rocks are the products of contact metamorphism of siliceous rhodochrosite rocks formed through the diagenesis of biogenic siliceous muds enriched in Mn oxides and organic matter. Erosion of the weathering crust of islands composed of gabbroids of the Kalinovka, Vladimiro-Aleksandrovskoe, and Ser-geevka complexes (in the late Middle Triassic–Late Triassic) played the leading role in the formation of metallif-erous sediments. Manganese silicate rocks localized in the stratigraphic column above the carbonaceous silicites of the Triassic chert formation are enriched in Au (up to 35.38 ppm), Pt (11.27 ppm), and Pd (5.33 ppm). They contain noble-metal minerals and a wide spectrum of native elements and intermetallic compounds.
The presence of Au–Pd–Pt–Ni–Co association (typomorphic for basic and ultrabasic rocks) in the Trias-sic protoliths of the manganese silicate rocks and carbonaceous silicites is probably due to the sorption of these elements by Mn and Fe hydroxides and organic matter during the exogenous weathering of the ancient Sikhote-Alin gabbroids.
E.F. Sinyakova1, V.I. Kosyakov2, A.S. Borisenko1,3, and N.S. Karmanov1
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:463:"
1 V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
2 A.V. Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Lavrent’eva 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
3 Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Keywords: System Cu–Fe–Ni–S, PGE, Te, fractional crystallization, zoning, pentlandite
The method of quasi-equilibrium directional crystallization was used for experimental modeling of the be-havior of noble metals in the presence of Te during the fractional crystallization of Cu- and Ni-rich sulfide mag-ma. The experimental melt contained (mol. %): Fe = 18.5, Ni = 19.1, Cu = 16.7, S = 44.1, and Pt = Pd = Rh = = Ir = Ru = Ag = Au = Te = 0.2, i.e., is similar in composition to the massive pentlandite–bornite ores of plati-num–copper–nickel deposits of the Noril’sk group. The crystallized sample consists of six primary zones differ-ing in chemical and phase compositions. The main minerals crystallizing from the melt include the following sul-fide phases: bornite solid solution (bnss), quaternary solid solution (tss), described earlier in the literature, and three phases (cfpn, cnpn, and npn), which we attributed to pentlandite according to their chemical composition.
The primary phases crystallized from the melt decay on cooling with the formation of secondary phases. The cfpn, cnpn, and tss phases decay completely, and the npn and bnss phases, partly. As a result, secondary zoning forms in the sample. Formation of drop-like inclusions of telluride melt was observed in the end zone of the ingot.
The obtained data show that pentlandites and tss are the main high-temperature concentrators of PGE, with each of the macrophases showing specific PGE accumulation.
Eight types of impurity phases have been detected. They form by different mechanisms: crystallization from sulfide melt of refractory compounds, isolation from telluride melt, and formation through complete or par-tial decay of primary macro- and microphases.
A scheme of the zonal structure of the crystallized sample and the evolution of the phase composition during fractional crystallization has been constructed. It clearly demonstrates the intricate formation of primary and secondary major-component and impurity zonings and can be used to explain the nature of the zoned struc-ture of massive PGE-bearing pentlandite–bornite orebodies.
1A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
2Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
This is a pioneering study on lateral zoning of groundwater chemistry and authigenic mineralogy in the Oxfordian regional reservoir of the Nadym–Taz interfluve. According to thermodynamic calculations, the nonequilibrium–equilibrium water–rock system lacks equilibrium with primary magmatic minerals, such as al-bite, anorthite, and microcline, though the water is moderately saline (up to 63.3 g/L) and has been in interaction with rocks for ~165 million years. Authigenic minerals form continuously and successively (kaolin-ite–montmorillonite–illite–micas–chlorite–albite–microcline) fr om waters that have certain рH and contents of SiO2, Al, Na, K, Ca, and Mg. The equilibrium of groundwater with primary aluminosilicate minerals impinges on a carbonate barrier, and almost all rocks are more or less strongly carbonatized. Authigenic mineral assem-blages from the southern Nadym–Taz interfluve include kaolinite unlike those from the northern part of the re-gion wh ere albitization is more common. Authigenesis generally decays in the eastern direction.
Yu.L. Rebetsky, A.V. Marinin,
and L.A. Sim
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:141:"О.Yu. Schmidt United Institute of the Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Bol’shaya Gruzinskaya 10, Moscow, 123995, Russia";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: Slickensides, stress, tectonophysics, shear, fold, deformation phase, paleostress
Paleostress inversion may be
ambiguous when several markedly different local stress states are inferred for
a group of outcrops. Attempts of reconstructing regional stress regimes
(compressional, extensional, or strike-slip) by selecting local principal
stresses of proximal directions turn out to have poor grounds. Each stress
permutation (e.g., extension to compression) attendant with buildup of large
irreversible strain (fault slip) requires a 5–6 kbar change in middle-crust
horizontal stress and at least 50 Myr stable and uniform loading.
Tectonophysical stress reconstructions for present active intracontinental
orogens show heterogeneous patterns: Stress directions in uplifts are different
from those in large intermontane basins and even in relatively subsided parts
of mountain ranges or in adjacent uplifted zones (e.g., a plateau and a range).
Paleostresses should be interpreted with reference to present stress fields in
the respective areas. It is suggested to reconstruct regional stresses using
the approach of L. Sim implying search for “common stress fields”. Another
important technique is to trace stress changes in specific structures (large
folds etc.) in the course of their evolution. The available data indicate
correlation and bipolarity of stress states in large basins and uplifts.
O.P. Smekalin1, A.V. Chipizubov1, N.A. Radziminovich1, and V.S. Imaev1,2
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:317:"
1Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lermontova 128, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
2 Diamond and Precious Metal Geology Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Lenina 39, Yakutsk, 677027, Russia ";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: Khambin active fault, Gusinoe Ozero paleoseismogenic structure, seismic potential, shallow-depth ex-ploration, trenching, Transbaikalia
The paper presents results of a seismogeological study based on analysis of seismic data and historical facts about the seismic activity of the Khambin fault zone. According to the data obtained, a genetic type of dislocations on conjugate faults (Gusinoe Ozero and Orongoi paleoseismogenic structures) is related to reverse faults with a strike-slip component. Geophysical studies of the Gusinoe Ozero structure have determined the dip of the fault plane toward the mountain framing of the depression and its outcrop at the bottom of the seismic scarp. The significant seismic potential of the Khambin fault is responsible for the maximum intensity of shocks in the nearby cities and settlements of southeastern Transbaikalia. The seismic fault activity has been confirmed by the historical earthquakes of 1856 and 1885, the M = 5 earthquake that occurred on 2October 1980, and at least two prehistoric earthquakes. The latest of the latter occurred no earlier than ~4 ka and had M = 7.0–7.3, while the earliest was even more intense and took place in the first half of the Holocene, no later than ~6 ka.
S. V. Serdyukov, M. V. Kurlenya, L. A. Rybalkin, T. V. Shilova
Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: угольный пласт, метан, кливаж, напряженное состояние, схема дегазации, скважина, зона дренирования, гидроразрыв, направления развития трещин, фильтрационное сопротивление, проницаемость, проппант, Hydraulic fracturing, mathematical modeling, working fluid leakage, pore pressure
Features of stress state and jointing as well as their effect on hydraulic fracture propagation direction in coal seams are considered. The flow resistance in drainage areas is analyzed depending on hydrofracture orientation, thickness of seams and spacing of holes. The comparison of one-stage and multi-stage hydrofractures created in-plane and orthogonally to hole axes is given. In simulated reservoir conditions, permeability of dense coal is studied without a fracture and with a through propped fracture subjected to confining pressure. The recommendations are developed for improving efficiency of gas drainage in coal seams based on in-seam hydraulic fracturing.
O.V. Alexandrovich, N.V. Perova, A.D. Deev, N.V. Gomyranova, V.A. Metelskaya
National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of Minzdrav of Russia101990, Moscow, Petroverigskiy ln., 10, bldg. 3
Keywords: lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein AII, pulse wave velocity.
Aim of the study – in subjects without any signs of atherosclerosis to study the associations between blood serum level of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) from one hand, and lipoprotein profile, insulin-mediated glucose utilization parameters and pulse wave velocity (PWV), from the other. Material and methods. Totally 202 subjects (68 men, 134 women) aged 25–75 years without clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis-related diseases but with cardiovascular disease risk factors were included into the study. Blood lipid and carbohydrate parameters were measured by standard methods, serum concentration of Lp(a), apolipoproteins (apo) AI, AII, and B – immunoturbidimetrically. PWV was used as a measure of arterial stiffness. Results. Serum level of Lp(a) positively correlated with apo B concentration (R=0,143; p=0,043) and negatively with apo АII content (R=–0,286; p<0,0001). No associations between Lp(a) level and glucose metabolism parameters were found. At the same time, the comparison in groups differed by Lp(a) level according to the highest quintile of its distribution, showed that in subjects with elevated Lp(a) (≥ 50 mg/dl), PWV, apo AII concentration, and postprandial glycemia were lower, while apo B concentration and apo B/apo AI ratio were higher, than in those with Lp(a) < 50 mg/dl. Subjects with high Lp(a) level have upward trend to increased frequency of atherosclerotic plaques presence in carotid arteries. Conclusions. The relationship between elevated Lp(a) level with the initial stages of atherosclerosis was found; however, this association wasn’t coupled with increased arterial stiffness. Higher Lp(a) level positively correlated with apo B concentration and negatively with apo AII content. The relationship between Lp(a) and glucose level was observed only after glucose load in glucose tolerance test and might be explained by more favorable glycemic control in subjects with increased Lp(a) level.
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:285:"1 Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine – Branch of Federal Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics of SB RAS, 630089, Novosibirsk, Boris Bogatkov str., 175/1
2 Novosibirsk National Research State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Pirogov str., 1";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, Lp-PLA2, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, PCSK9, familial hypercholesterolemia.
Pages: 15-23
Objective was to study the levels and the relationship between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), their relationship with other lipid parameters in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in Russia. Material and methods. The study involved 47 patients (11 males) observed in the Scientific-clinical center of lipidology of Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of SB RAS with diagnosis of «possible» or «definite» FH according to the criteria of The Simon Broome Register Group and «probable» or «definite» FH according to the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Criteria. Patient age was 49.13 ± 12.67 years (mean ± SD); 50.00 [40.00; 59.00] years (median [lower quartile; upper quartile]). Lp-PLA2 and PCSK9 content was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a test systems «Human Proprotein Convertase 9/PCSK9 Immunoassay» («R&D Systems», USA) and «ELISA Kit for Phospholipase A2 Group VII (LpPLA2)» («Cloud-Clone Corp.», USA). Results. Lp-PLA2 level was 73,69 [64,99; 106,53] ng/ml, PCSK9 – 352,16 [272,94; 416,79] ng/ml. There was a trend to moderate positive correlation between Lp-PLA2 and PCSK9 content (r = 0.614; p = 0.059), the statistical significance value was borderline due to the small number surveyed. Males showed a strong positive correlation of LP-FLA2 concentration with age (r = 0.746; p = 0.008), partial – with triglyceride (TG) content (r = 0.793; p = 0.019). A strong positive correlation of PCSK9 level with apolipoprotein B / apolipoprotein A ratio (r = 0.702; p = 0.007) and a weak positive correlation with TG concentration (r = 0.330; p = 0.033) were shown in the general group. Moderate positive correlation of PCSK9 content with age (r = 0.660; p = 0.038), a strong negative correlation with total cholesterol (r = –0.815; p = 0.004), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = –0.828; p = 0.006) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = –0.851, p = 0.002) concentration were shown. Women with TG level <1.7 mmol/l had lower PCSK9 level then women with TG level ≥1.7 mmol/l (328.45 [231.02; 387.82 and 397.12 [348.45; 531.62] ng/ml, respectively (p = 0.013)).
Conclusion. The correlation of PCSK9, the perspective marker of cardiovascular diseases, with the avowed marker Lp-PLA2 confirms the importance of PCSK9 in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular homeostasis and is the basis for its further research as a biological marker of cardiovascular diseases.
1Scientific Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 650002, Kemerovo, Sosnovy boul., 6
2Kemerovo Regional Clinical Cardiology Dispensary named after academician L.S. Barbarash, 650002, Kemerovo, Sosnovy boul., 6
3Kemerovo State Medical University of Minzdrav of Russia, 650056, Kemerovo, Voroshilov str., 22 a
Keywords: myocardial infarction, chronic cerebral ischemia.
Pages: 24-29
We aimed to analyze the factors determining a severity degree of cerebral pathology in patients with myocardial infarction complicated with left ventricular failure and associated with chronic cerebral ischemia. Material and methods. The study included 182 patients with Q-wave myocardial infarction and concomitant chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI), complicated with left ventricular failure, 149 (81.9 %) men and 33 (18.1 %) women. The mean age was 60.5 (53.0; 69.0) years. The following procedures were performed: clinical and anamnestic examination, selective coronary angiography, echocardiography and duplex scanning of the arteries. Results. The signs of CCI grade II were revealed in 67.6 % of the patients, CCI grade I – in 20.9 % of the patients, 11.5 % of the patients had cerebrovascular accident and transient ischemic attack. All the patients had intima-media thickness more than 0.1 cm. No patients with hemodynamically significant stenoses of extracranial arteries were revealed; in 37.4 % of the patients less than 50 % carotid stenoses were detected. The patients with multivessel coronary bed lesions prevailed. The severity of CCI was associated with the multifocality of the atherosclerosis, history of arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, angina pectoris, previous MI and chronic heart failure. Conclusion. The factors which determine the severity of the clinical course of CCI in this group are not the presence of hemodynamically significant extracranial stenoses, but the previous coronary history and multifocality of the atherosclerotic process.
1Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine – Branch of Federal Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics of SB RAS, 630089, Novosibirsk, Boris Bogatkov str., 175/1
2Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Institutskaya str., 3
3National Medical Research Center named academician E.N. Meshalkin of Minzdrav of Russia, 630055, Novosibirsk, Rechkunovskaya str., 15
Purpose: to determine the content of mineral elements in the homogenates of atherosclerotic plaques of human coronary arteries. Methods: research material – homogenates of samples of atherosclerotic plaques of coronary arteries obtained during coronary bypass surgery. The concentration of chemical elements Ca, Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, Zr in the homogenates of atherosclerotic plaques was determined by x-ray fluorescence analysis using synchrotron radiation (SRXRF). Results: in all the studied samples the predominant presence of Ca was observed, in stable plaques 1791.93±3042.25 µg/ml, in unstable atherosclerotic plaques 2024.33±1267.13 µg/ml.Association of Ca with Fe (r = 0.798; p < 0.01), Zn (r = 0.963; p < 0.01) and Sr (r = 0.981; p < 0.01) in the atherosclerotic focus was revealed. No significant difference between the measured elements in stable and unstable plaques was found. Conclusion: the method x-ray fluorescence analysis using synchrotron radiation revealed some patterns of the mineral composition of an atherosclerotic plaque of a human. The main mineral component of the atherosclerotic plaque is calcium, with a tendency to increase the concentration of the element in the unstable focus. Minor components-iron, zinc, strontium are associated with calcium. In this case, iron tends to reduce the concentration in an unstable atherosclerotic focus, and the concentration of strontium and zinc does not change significantly.
Purpose of the study was to evaluate the features of biological risk factors for chronic non-infectious diseases in various clinical forms and coronary angiography manifestations of acute coronary syndrome in men. Material and methods. 77 men with acute coronary syndrome (62 patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and 15 with unstable angina (UA)) were examined. The biological risk factors of chronic non-communicable diseases (RF CNСD) have been investigated: abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia. All patients underwent emergency coronary angiography. Results. It has been established that in patients with MI with stenosis of the coronary arteries (CA) ≥75 %, the level of low-density lipoproteins is higher than in UA with CA stenosis <75 %, and the concentration of high-density lipoproteins is lower than in UA with stenosis ≥75 %. In MI with stenosis of CA ≥75 %, the frequency of occurrence of atherogenic index > 3 is higher than with MI with stenosis of CA <75 % and UA with stenosis of CA <75 %. When analyzing the carbohydrate metabolism, it was found that in patients with MI with stenosis ≥75 %, the fasting plasma glucose level has higher than in infarction with narrowing of the CA <75 %, moreover, a direct correlation is shown between the presence of hyperglycemia and the occurrence of CA occlusion. The level of diastolic blood pressure in patients with stenosis ≥75 % and myocardial infarction with stenosis ≥75 % is higher than in patients with congenital stenosis with CA <75 %. With a combination of three or more risk factors, a more significant percentage of stenosis and an increase in the frequency of occlusion of spacecraft is established than with one or two risk factors. Conclusion. Heavier clinical and coronary angiographic variants of acute coronary syndrome were diagnosed in men with risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, increased low-density lipoprotein content and atherogenic index, decreased high-density lipoprotein concentration, fasting hyperglycemia and increased diastolic blood pressure. The chance of CA occlusion significantly increased when combining three or more biological RF CNCD.
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:180:"Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine – Branch of Federal Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics of SB RAS, 630089, Novosibirsk, Boris Bogatkov str., 175/1 ";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic sugar-sweetened beverages, simple sugars, body mass index.
Aim of the study was to assess the chance of metabolic syndrome development in individuals aged 45-69 years consuming simple carbohydrates and non-alcoholic sugar-sweetened beverages. Material and methods. Data of the epidemiological survey of Novosibirsk residents aged 45–69 years conducted in 2003–2005 are analyzed. The population of the Oktyabrsky and Kirovsky districts of Novosibirsk was examined – 9.360 people, including 4.266 men and 5.094 women. Data was processed for 8096 respondents: 3.699 men and 4.397 women, without diabetes mellitus. The average age of the examined is 57.6 years. Results. In cross-sectional epidemiological study of actual nutrition, data were obtained on the high level of consumption of simple sugars, with a low consumption of total carbohydrates. When comparing the levels of consumption of basic nutrients (g/day) in diets between men and women with the standardization of calories, it is noted that men have higher content of fat, protein components of the diet, total carbohydrates, while women have higher content of simple sugars. In the Siberian population 67.9 % of persons aged 45–69 years drink sugar-sweetened beverages in a volume of 200 ml more than once a 3 month. An assessment of the metabolic status of individuals in our study showed that in the group of more frequent intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (both sexes), there are more individuals with elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a frequency of abdominal obesity. The high level of consumption of simple carbohydrates and sugary soft drinks against the background of low consumption of common and complex carbohydrates is a marker of an unhealthy diet. Recommendations to increase the consumption of complex carbohydrates while simultaneously reducing simple sugars, including sugar-sweetened beverages, are a necessary measure to reduce the risk of metabolic disorders in the Siberian population.
Leptin and its receptor are widely distributed mainly in white adipose tissue. Serum leptin concentration correlates with body mass index, and its levels decrease with fasting. Insulin appears to increase leptin mRNA and protein expression, as well as release by adipocytes, synthesized both in advance and de novo, and reduces the levels of adiponectin and its receptors. According to the literature, chronic hyperinsulinemia increases leptin levels. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on the effect of insulin on leptin synthesis and secretion; cellular mechanisms that control the synthesis and release of white adipose tissue are presented.
1 Federal State Budgetary Institution «National Medical Research Center of Cardiology» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
2 Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine – Branch of Fedaral Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
3 Federal State Budgetary Institution “National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
4 Military Medical Academy n.a. S.M. Kirov, St. Petersburg, Russia
5 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “St. Petersburg State University”, St. Petersburg, Russia
6 North-Western State Medical University n.a. I.I.Mechnikov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
7 Center for Diagnostics and Innovative Medical Technologies of the CDC Medsi in Belorusskaya, Moscow, Russia
8 SBEI of HE «NI Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
9 FSAEI of HE «Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia», Moscow, Russia
10 FGBOU DPO «Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education» Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
11 Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirsky, Russia
12 Institute of Human Brain n.a. N.P. Bekhtereva of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
These guidelines represent all current aspects of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the clinical and statistical group of familial hypercholesterolemia in both adults and children in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Health of Russia.
Reliable supply of consumers with petroleum products at affordable prices has traditionally been one of the most discussed problems of the Russian economy. This problem directly affects interests of a large number of car owners, and indirectly (through a system of inter- sectoral relations) almost the entire population of the country. Interest in this topic rises dramatically in periods of shortage of oil products and / or a sharp rise in their prices. But the “fuel” question is only a visible part of problems that have accumulated in the Russian oil and gas sector and our domestic economy as a whole. The article identifies a range of sectoral problems that perpetuate crises of fuel supply with uncanny recurrence. Each failure to resolve those problems will require more effort later and incur higher cost, while their complexity gets more exacerbated.
E. S. Vasiutina1, L. V. Matraeva1, N. A. Korolkova2 1Russian State Social University 2LARIUM Consulting
Keywords: теория поколений, экономическая модель поведения, поколение Z, ценностные установки, трансформационные сдвиги, theory of generations, the economic model of behavior, generation Z, value settings, transformational shifts
The article discusses features of formation and development of the modern generation from a point of view of theory of generations of Howe N. and Strauss W. The analysis is based on a large-scale sociological study conducted in 2016 by Sberbank of Russia that served to identify directions of transformational changes in the behavioral model as well as causes and consequences for development and effectiveness of government regulation in various sectors of economy. The authors evaluate key elements such as information processing, self-perception, value settings, frustrations, fears and expectations from the future generation Z, underlying problems that cannot be resolved in the current institutional environment of economic policy.
H. S. Simonov
PJSC FGC UES
Keywords: топливно-энергетические ресурсы, географическое размещение топливных баз, топливно-энергетический баланс, транспортная инфраструктура топливно-энергетической промышленности, реформа электроэнергетики, энергоемкость валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП), fuel and energy resources, geographical location of fuel bases, fuel-energy balance, transport infrastructure of the fuel and energy industry, power industry reform, energy intensity of gross domestic product (GDP)
The author of the article analyzes the importance of transport component in the price of energy resources in different historical periods of domestic energy industry. According to economic and geographical features of predominant production (in tons of conventional fuel), these periods are divided into: “Donetsk-Baku”, Donetsk-Volga-Ural” and “West-Siberian”. The author argues that development opportunities of “Giant energy” critically depend on geographical location of main fuel bases and cost of production and delivery of all used energy resources to places of their consumption. The relevance of approaches of Soviet leaders to solve the problem of permanent deficit of energy resources is illustrated by: 1) transfer of most energy-intensive industries to the sources of cheapest energy; 2) transfer of energy from energy surplus regions to energy-deficient regions with the help of long-range overhead lines; 3) saving of energy due to energy-saving technologies and economic incentives. It is suggested that the tremendous transport infrastructure of the fuel and energy industry of the former USSR continues to send distorted signals with pricing errors to the electricity market.
V. I. Zorkaltsev1, E. N. Kuzevanova2 1Irkutsk Scientific Center SB RAS 2The Baikal Museum of ISC SB RAS
Keywords: эколого-экономические проблемы, Байкальская природная территория, экологическое образование, экология, учебники по Байкаловедению, Baikal, biology, ecological education, ecology, textbooks of the Baikal studies
The history of formation, the main components, the non-standard methods of teaching the new school discipline «The Baikal studies» are outlined. The article is formed in the interview with the editorial board member of the journal with the organizer of this academic discipline, the author of a number of textbooks, scientific and popular publications about Baikal, a specialist in Baikal, candidate of biological sciences, deputy director of the Baikal Museum of the SB RAS, Elena Nikolaevna Kuzevanova. A brief description of the history of the study of Baikal is given. Ecological and economic problems of Lake Baikal are discussed. Analogies are being made between the laws of ecology and the models of the economy. The possibilities of financing measures to improve the ecological situation in the Baikal natural territory at the expense of rental income from natural resources of Lake Baikal are estimated. It is concluded that Baikal already at the present time is fully capable of «self-financing» - the rental revenues received from the hydroelectric power of the Angara River are estimated at more than 120 billion rubles. in year. The necessity and possibility of consistent coexistence of ecological and economic efficiency of people's life on the Baikal coast is discussed.
Xueqiu Liang
Russian Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences, Harbin, China
Keywords: «Один пояс - один путь», китайско-российское трансграничное сотрудничество, высшее образование, the Belt and Road, Sino-Russian Cross-Border Cooperation, Higher Education
China and Russia are two neighboring major world powers as well as important nodes along the routex of the Belt and Road Initiative. In the context of a comprehensive strategic partnership, it is becoming more and more urgent and important to improve the results of Sino- Russian cooperation on cultural education, especially in the field of higher education, thus strengthening the cultural and technological potential of the two countries. It is shown that a comprehensive and institutionalized mode of cooperation on education between China and Russia has been established and great achievements have been made. A reasonable analysis has been carried out on the basic status, necessity of cooperation, current problems and countermeasures in educational exchanges between China and Russia with reference to the strengthening of efforts on educational cooperation with Russia.
R.R. Gumerov
Institute of Macroeconomic Studies
Keywords: государственная программа Российской Федерации, проектные методы управления, пилотная программа, целевые индикаторы, state program of the Russian Federation, project management methods, pilot program, target indicators
The article discusses the features of the new edition of the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets, developed in a pilot format based on project management principles. The shortcomings of the current state program in terms of the target block, structure and risk assessment of its implementation are analyzed. The author argues that the system deficiencies of the state program, as well as the whole instrument of state programs of the Russian Federation, are due to frequent revisions of the regulatory framework for the development, implementation and evaluation of the effectiveness of state programs of the Russian Federation.
A. I. Alekseev1, S. G. Safronov1, M. S. Savockul1, G. Yu. Kuznetsova2 1Lomonosov Moscow State University 2Russian Foreign Trade Academy
Keywords: сельская местность, типы населенных пунктов, развитие сельского расселения, Rural area, types of settlements, development of rural settlement
The paper reviews the dynamics of rural settlement of the USSR and Russia from 1926 to 2010. Among the factors of its evolution during the Soviet period are urbanization and the policy of the Soviet government (collectivization, consolidation of collective farms, etc.). In the post-Soviet period, the principal factors are de-agrarization, a decline in the role of production and an increase in the share of “purely residential” functions of human settlements, an aging population, and an increase in recreational functions. Contrary to the established opinion, the policy of “resettlement of unpromising villages” did not have a significant impact on the rate of reduction in the number of settlements and increased outflow of population from the village. The traditional («Soviet») typology of rural settlements was based on their place in the system of collective farm production. But now the system of settlement and the territorial organization of the economy, which had almost coincided before, do not match. Therefore, the typology requires completely different indicators: the presence or absence of a resident population, its ratio to the temporary population, the presence of the working-age population and jobs.
T. G. Nefedova
Institute of Geography RAS
Keywords: Московская агломерация, сельское расселение, сельское хозяйство, землепользование, пригороды, периферия, занятость, трудовые миграции, дачи, Moscow agglomeration, rural settlement, agriculture, land use, suburbs, periphery, employment, labor migration, cottages
The article deals with the impact of the Moscow agglomeration on the rural areas of the surrounding regions of the Central Federal district by various parameters related to spatial disparities in population change, economic activity, employment and mobility of the population, land use and secondary suburban development. The settlement patterns around the Moscow agglomeration and its change due to the ongoing urbanization are analyzed. The invariance of the suburban-peripheral organization of this territory is shown. The post-Soviet transformation of agriculture in Russia has led not only to shrinking land use around the Moscow agglomeration, but also to selective local developments of industrialized agriculture with a small number of employees, aimed at supplying Moscow and other large cities. At the same time, small-scale private economy with the depletion of labor potential, on the one hand, and the possibility of earnings outside agriculture, on the other, collapses. Оne of the adaptation options of the local population to unemployment in rural areas was regular labor migration to the Moscow agglomeration, which still retains the population in villages. In summer, the regions around Moscow Oblast are filled with urban residents, whose number in many areas exceeds the number of the local rural residents. The combination of the local industrial rural economy with mass development of seasonal second home recreation at this stage is the main way of development of rural areas in that large territory.
O. P. Fadeeva1,2 1Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering SB RAS 2National Research Novosibirsk State University
Keywords: местное самоуправление, сельские поселения, самоорганизация, сельское развитие, локальные сообщества, регионы Сибири, Local government, rural settlements, self-organization, rural development, local communities, regions of Siberia
The article reviews the evolution of the system of rural self-government in Russia over the last 15 years. Following adoption in 2003 of the relevant federal law, the active institutional design of local self-government was replaced by a tendency to restrict the powers and autonomy of the municipalities - and, first of all, at the level of rural settlements closest to the population. Reduced financing of local budgets became a major factor in restricting rural development. The local self-government got introduced to the system of government as the lowest, most dependent and resource-limited level of the power hierarchy. In her field study, the author conducted interviews with heads of rural settlement administrations in Siberian regions that formed a “from bottom” view on the ongoing transformations to help understand the reaction of rural communities to changes in the external institutional environment. It is shown that the answer to the reform challenges is development of informal practices that facilitate self-organization of the population, which serves as a kind of compensatory mechanism. In such a system, the role of the heads of rural administrations considerably increases as they have to initiate and organize projects demanding complicity and solidarity of inhabitants in order to resolve common tasks.
A.M. Nikulin
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Keywords: А. А. Богданов, А. В. Чаянов, марксизм, народничество, индустриализм, аграризм, пролетариат, крестьянство, культура, A.A. Bogdanov, A.V. Chayanov, Marxism, populism, industrialism, agrarianism, the proletariat, the peasantry, culture
The article compares the social worldviews of two prominent scientists of the beginning of the 20th century, Alexander Bogdanov and Alexander Chayanov, through the analysis of their utopian works, which in artistic form captured the essential features of the socio-economic and cultural-ethical views of these thinkers. It is shown that the monism of A. Bogdanov and the pluralism of A. Chayanov in many respects predetermined the ideological dominants of Bogdanov industrialism and Chayanov agrarianism.
Yu. A. Orlova
National Research University Higher School of Economics
Keywords: оптовый рынок электроэнергии и мощности, стимулирование инвестиций, договор о предоставлении мощности, распределенная генерация, затратный метод регулирования, wholesale market of electricity and capacity, incentives for investment, capacity supply agreement, distributed generation, cost based price formation
Power industry reform is one of a few transformations in Russian economy that was sophisticated by design and went far in its implementation. Electricity and capacity wholesale market (OREM) development started competitive pricing in a sector that had being considered as demanding regulation for a long time. The practice showed effectiveness of the market procedures at OREM. Nevertheless, non-market mechanisms at OREM are pervasive, namely capacity supply agreements that guarantee rate of return to generators and orders for national power engineering industry, subsidizing some regions, etc. Cost based price formation and using power market as an instrument of industrial policy contradict the aims of the reform plan and aggravate the long-term risks for the sector as well: the market loses pricing signals, the motivation for improving efficiency may be distorted, conditions for Averch-Johnson effect are provided, the technological progress is balked.
The article presents an analysis of the state and economic policy of resource companies, constituent entities of the Federation, the influence of geopolitical risks on the efficiency of fulfilling state tasks and priorities for creating an oil and gas complex and developing petrochemical chemistry in Eastern Russia. It is proposed to consider the resource megaproject as a tool for coordinating the state policy and interests of resource companies in the formation of the East-Siberian oil and gas complex. Preconditions of cluster activation of the development of related industries and petrochemical complexes of the VOSOGK mega-project for innovative modernization of the economy of the northern and southern regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East are analyzed.
I.L. Shagalov
National Research University Higher School of Economics
Keywords: сопроизводство, общественно-государственное партнерство, ТОС, местные сообщества, социальный капитал, общественные блага, коллективные ресурсы, co-production, public private partnership, TOS, local communities, social capital, public goods
In economics the co-production of public goods by local communities, consider quite fruitful for replacement of government failures. The article describes the practice of implementing TOS communities (Territorialnoe Obshchestvennoe Samoupravlenie) projects on co-production of social urban infrastructure. Using the cases of local communities in the city of Kirov and the data on the Russian regions, we demonstrate that the effects of co-production can be multidirectional. We found that local government usually supports TOS communities. TOS allows in terms of municipal budget deficit over the citizen’s participation in funding of infrastructural projects to solve local problems and put-off attention of political active citizens for possible protest activities. The research demonstrates that TOS occurs when three conditions (vectors) form in society: civil responsibility, civil helplessness, and paternalism. In these circumstances, the authorities encourage and subsidize the formal self-organization of citizens that capable singly and under their responsibility to solve problems to which the authorities did not get around. At the same time government is in the position of win-win, on the one hand, it “drops” their responsibilities to citizens (through TOS), and on the other hand gets support of the population. These effects demonstrated in the paper.
The article analyzes the current level and dynamics of regional disproportions in Russia. The resulting conclusion demonstrates a high level of differences in social and economic development of territorial subjects of the Russian Federation, despite some positive shifts. There is a need to reconsider public actions aimed at balanced and complex development of the regions. The author reviews positive experience of the European Union that decreased territorial disproportions in the attempt to adapt this to the Russian reality, suggesting a number of recommendations to improve the policy of spatial development in Russia. At the same time, public impact on economically weak regions needs to become a basis for change, allowing them to solve existing problems and ensure sustainable development. Results of conducted research demonstrate the relevance of territorial differentiation as well as the need to improve public policy of regional development in the Russian Federation. The results may be used by public authorities to implement measures for improved territorial development.
