Home – Home – Jornals – "Philosophy of Education" 2014 number 1

We consider the primary nature and sources of the protoliths of metamorphic rocks of the Kurai block located in the large Teletskoe-Kurai system of deep faults separating the Gorny Altai and West Sayan structures. It has been established that the protoliths of the Kurai block metapelites were deposits of transitional crust: They lack typical rocks of mature continental crust (arkoses, litharenites) and have reduced (relative to the upper continental crust) contents of lithophile elements and elevated contents of transitional elements. The average Nd model age of the protoliths of the metapelites of the Kurai complex corresponds to the Middle Riphean (1.4–1.6 Ga). The metabasites of the Kurai complex are similar in petrologic composition to metamorphic products of oceanic basalts. It is shown that the formation of metamorphic associations of the Kurai block was caused by tectonometamorphic transformations of a compositionally heterogeneous rock unit (basalts, aluminous and volcanomict sediments), which were, most likely, a fragment of Middle Cambrian–Early Ordovician turbidite basin with an oceanic basement.

Distribution of water among the main rock-forming nominally anhydrous minerals of mantle xenoliths of peridotitic and eclogitic parageneses from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe, Yakutia, has been studied by IR spectroscopy. The spectra of all minerals exhibit vibrations attributed to hydroxyl structural defects. The content of H₂O (ppm) in minerals of peridotites is as follows: 23–75 in olivine, 52–317 in orthopyroxene, 29–126 in clinopyroxene, and 0–95 in garnet. In eclogites, garnet contains up to 833 ppm H₂O, and clinopyroxene, up to 1898 ppm (~0.19 wt.%). The obtained data and the results of previous studies of minerals of mantle xenoliths show wide variations in H₂O contents both within different kimberlite provinces and within the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe. Judging from the volume ratios of mineral phases in the studied xenoliths, the water content varies over narrow ranges of values, 38–126 ppm. At the same time, the water content in the studied eclogite xenoliths is much higher and varies widely, 391–1112 ppm.

Gravity models of the crust and upper mantle to a depth of 100 km are analyzed to study structural relationships of tectonic and tectonophysical media of different rigidities with the distribution of shallow ore deposits above the Aldan–Zeya plume. The spatial correlation of ore clusters and districts with high crustal viscosity inhomogeneities at depths of 10, 20, and 35 km shows distinct stepwise behavior. On the other hand, media of decreased viscosity are observed in the lower crust (at depths of 25–30 km), subcrustal (40–50 km) layers, and asthenosphere (at a depth below 70 km). They are related to chambers of the complete or partial melting (heat sources) of magmatic and ore occurrences near the Earth’s surface. Lateral metallogenic zoning in the spatial distribution of the ore deposits is due to the spread and redistribution of magmas and ore-forming fluids, shielded by rigid plates in the lower crust. A naturally determined series of ore parageneses is observed from center to flanks of the plume: Au, Mo → Au, Ag, Pb, Zn → Au, Pb, Zn → Au, W → Au, Sb → W, Sn → Sn. The mutual position of the tectonic-magmatic structures of different ranks within the plume head obeys hierarchical and fractal laws.

The paper is focused on the regularities and character of the response of the regional landscapes of the Angara–Lena Plateau to variations in the global climate system during the Holocene. They were revealed by integrated studies of four peat bogs of the plateau — an important area for the understanding of the environmental dynamics in the entire Baikal region. Age models for the records obtained were provided by 16 radiocarbon dates. A spatiotemporal correlation of spore-pollen characteristics with the trend of δ¹⁸O records from global stratotypes was used to find out the possible causes of changes in the landscape conditions and climate of the Angara-Lena Plateau in the context of past changes in the global climate system. The plateau environment showed a dramatically varying response to global climate variations in the Middle–Late Holocene. Moreover, the observed intervals of reorganization in the regional environment took place in a quasi–millennial regime, in accordance with global climate rearrangement. However, not all the studied regions of the Angara–Lena Plateau made a synchronous or analogous response to global environment change. This emphasizes the complicated character of regional climate manifestations in the Holocene and necessitates the use of paleogeographical data from a wider range of territories.

We present results of research into the Holocene sediments of Lake Kiran, one of the small saline lakes with carbonate sedimentation in western Transbaikalia. The sediments were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR spectroscopy, analysis of stable ¹⁸O and ¹³C isotopes, laser granulometry, element analysis (SRXFA), etc. By the mathematical modeling of complex XRD patterns of lacustrine sediments, Mg-calcites with different Mg contents and excess-Ca dolomites have been determined in the assemblage of endogenic carbonate minerals. The obtained carbonate record gives an insight into the stratigraphic distribution of endogenic carbonates of the calcite-dolomite series, in which the number and proportion of phases with different Mg contents are determined by the Mg/Ca ratio, salinity, and total alkalinity of the lake water in the past. The abundance of excess-Ca dolomites in the sediments indicates that the lake is of shallow playa type. The mineral composition and crystallochemical structure of carbonates are in high correlation with the data of lithological analysis, results of determination of stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C), and distribution of some geochemical indicators of sedimentation conditions. Several stages of the lake evolution depending on the regional climatic changes have been recognized. It has been established that the most arid environments in southern Buryatia were in the Subatlantic. Despite the highly arid climate in the region in the period under study (from 7 ka to the present), it underwent fluctuations toward humidification, in particular, at the Atlantic stage (the time of the lake formation) and in the recent decades, up to the present.

The paper is concerned with the structure of the Arctic shelf sediments in the Ob’ region in the Paleogene and Neogene, sampled from boreholes drilled on the Yamal Peninsula, in the lower reaches of the Pur and Taz Rivers. The specifics of Paleogene marine sedimentation in the central and northern West Siberian Plain are studied. The effect of abiotic (tectonic) factors on the completeness of the geologic record is considered, as well as the effect of recent (Oligocene-Neogene) tectonic processes on topography and sedimentation. The borehole sections are compared with the main seismic sections of the Kara Sea and Lomonosov Ridge.

The parameters of 15 arbitrary dipoles that, in aggregate, represent the main geomagnetic field (MGF) are estimated to obtain information on the distribution of MGF sources within the Earth in the form of dipoles with an arbitrary position and value of the magnetic moment vector. For an adequate estimation of the results, the method of obtaining the data is described, including: the eccentric dipole model and the derivation of the basic formulas for the magnetic field components of an arbitrary dipole; the method of estimating the parameters of these dipoles, including the computational scheme and optimization method; necessary constraints on the dipole parameters and a justification of the choice of the initial values in the optimization fitting of the parameters. The results are presented as a map of the location of the centers of the dipoles and their northern axial poles for the epochs 1955 and 2005 and plots of changes in all six parameters of 15 dipoles for 50 years. Most of the dipole centers are located in the lower mantle. The results suggest the existence of current systems in the lower mantle that produce dipole magnetic fields. These currents are provided by the high conductivity of wüstite, an important component of the mantle, which, at a depth of 1000–2200 km, transforms to the low-spin state of iron with increased density and electrical conductivity.

Magnetic viscosity of rocks associated with magnetic relaxation of ultrafine ferrimagnetic mineral grains (superparamagnetism) is employed in magnetic grain size measurements. Magnetic viscosity is most often estimated from dual frequency measurements of magnetic susceptibility. The measured susceptibility values bear uncertainty that comprises two components: an instrument error and a drift. The instrument error refers to the accuracy of the measurement system and shows how precise the data are in ideal operation conditions. This error affects especially the low susceptibilities of weak samples, which thus should be measured on a high sensitivity range. Drift is due to external factors, such as changes in the temperature of sensors and/or samples, as well as in the orientation of the samples relative to the sensor, vibration, electromagnetic noise, etc. Drift, more critical for measurements on strong samples, is manageable by the operator. To reduce drift, every effort should be made to maintain suitable ‘quiet’ operation conditions.

An analytical model is suggested to describe the electrostatic field produced by near-surface inhomogeneities responsible for galvanic shift in magnetotelluric (MT) apparent resistivity sounding curves. The near-surface inhomogeneities are modeled in thin-sheet approximation with laterally variable longitudinal conductance and transverse resistance. The model accounts for the TM (transverse magnetic) mode secondary electric field in the conductive layered subsurface below the thin sheet. Equations have been obtained to relate the subsurface geoelectric parameters and the spatial harmonics of the secondary electrostatic field. This secondary field, which is the source of galvanic shift in MT data, turns out to be in-phase with the primary field. The equations derived to simulate galvanic distortions are applicable to long-period MT data acquired by a synchronous array.

This contribution represents the first Russian publication and in-depth analysis of accounts by J.G. Gmelin of earthquakes in Siberia from the late 17th and the first three decades of the 18th centuries. These forgotten accounts, though short and fragmentary, expand the existing database and enable new solutions of some of the problematic aspects in the study of seismicity in this region.

Various methods of background compensation in a sequence of images are analyzed under conditions where the main change in the background is its spatial shift. Methods of estimating the background in a current frame by means of interpolation of data contained in the previous frames are considered. Analytical estimates of the compensation error are given as functions of the spectral properties of images and interpolation methods. Results of numerical experiments are reported, which confirm these analytical estimates and show that the use of local interpolating filters allows extremely low errors of compensation.

An algorithm is proposed for segmenting anisotropic image based on estimates of the local orientation of textures obtained using a gradient structural tensor. A mixture of a uniform distribution and a von Mises distribution is used as the estimate model. An estimation algorithm for the unknown parameters of the mixture based on trigonometric moments is obtained. Examples are given demonstrating the effectiveness of the segmentation algorithm in identifying textures with one dominant direction.

This paper presents an algorithm for the reconstruction of digital color image component signals corrupted by impulse noise by exploiting interchannel redundancy. Results of numerical studies have shown that intercomponent gradient reconstruction is superior to median filtering in the accuracy of reconstruction of lost or corrupted color image elements. Processing of a three-component digital color image has shown the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

The basic methods of detecting individual tonal components and algorithms for their implementation are considered; their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. A generalization of the one-bin sliding parametric discrete Fourier transform is proposed. The algorithm implementing this transformation significantly reduces the number of operations required for the algorithm to enter the sliding measurement mode.

An algorithm of constructing displacement vector fields, based on the incremental approach to estimating displacements of image fragments, is proposed. Application of this algorithm for processing model and experimental optical images is analyzed. Noise immunity of the incremental algorithm for determining displacements is compared with that of the combined algorithm developed by the authors. It is shown that the proposed incremental algorithm ensures a more noise-immune estimate of displacements in processing images of a deformation relief essentially varying in time.

A method of synthesis and analysis of regression estimate of the multidimensional probability density under conditions of a large volume of initial statistical data is proposed. Its asymptotic properties are investigated. On this basis, the relationship between the efficiency factor of the proposed estimate and the parameters of the procedure of expansion of initial data is established.

A new method is proposed for suppressing artifacts of tomographic reconstruction. The method is based on selective estimation of the mathematical expectation of the residue between phantoms simulating a random distribution and their tomograms. The method is justified theoretically and is supported by a computational experiment.

This paper presents a study of an infinite-server multistage queuing system with a highrate renewal arrival process and arbitrary service time. It is shown that under the condition of infinitely increasing rate of arrival, the multidimensional distribution of the probabilities of the number of servers employed to service stages of the system can be approximated by a multidimensional normal distribution. The expectation vector and the covariance matrix of this distribution were obtained.

An experimental study of the effect of asymmetric strain of a photonic crystal in the form of changes in the slope of crystal planes during its filling with a gas analyte is performed. This effect is used as a basis for creating a model of a relatively inexpensive selective highly sensitive fast-response sensor of ammonia sensor.

A technique of calculating the spectral characteristics of model holographic photonic crystals (PhCs), including those with spatial structure defects, is presented. This technique is based on the model of a multilayer system of thin dielectric films and the calculated refractive index profile of the PhC structure along selected crystallographic directions. The calculation results of the studied characteristics for various examples of PhC structures are given.

The advantages of correcting the refractive errors of the eye (nearsightedness and farsightedness) by introocular phakic (i.e., without removing the crystalline lens) lenses over the other types of correction are considered. A relation between the optical power of spectacle glasses and contact and phakic lenses is obtained and analyzed. New, more accurate approximate formulas for calculating the optical power of intraocular artificial lenses and phakic lenses are derived. It is shown that the deviation of calculations by the proposed formulas from the calculations by the formulas based on geometrical optics are much less than the deviation of calculations by the regressive formulas used in ophthalmic practice.

This paper presents a holographic interferometer configuration with inclined fixed mirrors based on a beam-splitting unit in which the convergence angle of the partial beams is tuned only by rotating the interferometer relative to the radiation source. The continuous range of tuning is close to the maximum possible (0-180º). The path lengths of the interfering beams are automatically aligned due to the mirror symmetry of the system. The position of the axis of rotation providing minimal aperture limitations in almost the entire range of tuning is determined. A comparison is made with an alternative configuration based on a beam-splitter cube.

Acetylene in transformer oil is an important feature gas, which can reflect early discharge faults. A tunable fiber laser photoacoustic (PA) spectrometer based on second harmonic modulation, with its fast response and good noise immunity, can be well applied to detect trace gases. In this work, the second harmonic PA measurement of the acetylene gas at the 1530.3709 nm transition line is demonstrated. An accurate analysis of acetylene in transformer oil gases is ensured by using an overcomplete-independent-component-analysis(ICA)-basis BSS model and a five-point-sampling method to improve the detection limit from 1.12 to 0.71 ppb. The experiment for detecting and analyzing acetylene in transformer oil gases shows that the discharge acetylene productivity can reach 303.72 ppb/s with a dynamic response time of less than 10 s, relative error of about 1.40%, and relevance coefficient up to 0.99946. At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, this can meet the demands of acetylene detection and analysis in early or ultra-early predictions of transformer discharge faults.

The authors present research findings on dressing of Namibia shelf phosphorite. Alternative circuits of gravity dressing of phosphorite specimens having different chemistry and grain size composition are offered. The resultant phosphate concentrate contains 27% P₂O₅ at 81.2% P₂O₅ recovery.

This paper describes the treatment of gold ores via the bauxite waste mud used as a pH modifier in the cyanidation of gold. The red mud is irrefutable in modifying the pH of gold ore sludges. So any gold contained in the red mud is concentrated by gravity separation and is recovered along with gold from the gold ore. Carbon tests are carried out on cyanide leach solutions to determine the level of deactivation resulted by organics in the bauxite waste mud.

The author substantiates the feasibility and analyzes the essence of a synergistic approach to the competence based management training for future high school teachers. The article highlights the key provisions of synergetic methodology and investigates the basic principles of synergy, you should consider when the competence-oriented management. Thus the realization of the synergetic approach to training future high school teachers was substantiated.

The present stage of social historical progress - an epoch of becoming of the knowledge society, in formation and which development the special role is allocated education. Actualized the problem of the quality of education, which must meet the requirements of the time. Taking into account the multi-dimensionality of this concept, the article analyzes the definition of «quality education» presented at the Federal Law «On Education in the Russian Federation». Features of the modern approach to quality management of education, as well as prospect of perfection of an education system in a society of knowledge come to light.

In the clause the phenomenon of «a social solvency» as the education quality indicator is considered; a number of conditions for successful forming of pupils’ social solvency, based on the results of long-term skilled-experimental work of pedagogical staff of Tyumen and Khanty-Mansiysk is offered.

There is presented an analysis of the experience of implementing CDIO in classical universities. The problems of integrating the curriculums are considered. There is characterized the specificity of application of CDIO in the framework of the Bachelor and Master training in the engineering and humanitarian areas, as well as in students' socialization. Implementation of CDIO is interpreted as an innovative strategy of educational management.

It is shown that the process of globalization is universally accompanied by a kind of complex method called “foresight”. Foresight creates a new multidisciplinary picture of the constructed social reality, creating a new look at old concepts and creating interdisciplinary mental attitudes, including on the "here and now." The main focus of foresight has design “desired future”. Modern foresight – a complex method of analysis, examination, assessment, design and implementation of future social and reflexive support such projects. Foresight is specially designed for prediction and control in the context of globalization. Foresight is a comprehensive set of multi-level mental and organizational methods, such as the Delphi technique, a method of logical models, structural analysis, modeling, brainstorming, SWOT– analysis, method of scenarios etc. Broad representation and no alternative method require foresight of its ontological and epistemological explanation. On the one hand the power and effectiveness of foresight due to its content of compilations: Foresight has absorbed almost all of the known analytical tools and more specific methods. On the other hand, epistemology foresight has broad philosophical grounds, therefore, not surprising that the “analysts” and “technologists” of globalization in all its forms using this method.

The authors analyze the development trends of distance education in its interrelations with the development of the society of knowledge. These trends are examined in connection with the objective vectors of development of the society and technology. The specificity and potential of distance education and virtual distance education are shown in the article. The relations are analyzed between the foreign electronic educational resources and the national educational sovereignty of Russia. The challenges for the domestic educational market are described. The path to support the competitiveness and development of the domestic distance education is outlined.

The current requests of the state towards higher education are to produce innovative products; such production is impossible without using innovative processes and technologies. One of these processes is effective communication of the higher education institution within social networks. However, there are still more questions than answers concerning the search of network efficiency. The article describes the author’s view on the process of Russian higher education institutions’ starting to use social networks. It analyzes the mechanisms of network activity motivation developed by the higher education institutions. Productivity is determined of the social network activity according to the choice of the forms of network cooperation.

The authors analyze the backbone factors in constructing a new educational model of the higher education institution. The paper investigates the specifics of electronic educational space, its role as a consolidating tool of the educational system. On the example of constructing of a management system for e-learning, it is shown how the requirements of the modern educational model are implemented in practice; the perspective directions of the further development of this model are indicated.

There are presented the results of integration into higher education of special reflexive information technologies: the cross-technologies of the situational center. There are outlined the key features of these technologies. There is substantiated the category of meta-thinking as a cognitive-personal resource of innovations and a source of the transformational activity of the future professional. There is described experimental substantiation of the effectiveness of the cross-technologies of situational center for reflection and bringing together of the image of the demanded graduate from the point of view of all subjects of the design education. There is proved the influence of the information reflective cross-technologies of situational center on the dynamics of development of meta-thinking of the person and his/her value-professional priorities.

The article reveals the impact on human health of a social phenomenon as media information educational space. Last interpreted as educational space, which is integrated with the media space and operates through the use of computer technology and electronic information networks. Focuses on the characterization of risk to human health that arises within the investigated phenomenon.

The purpose of this article is to describe the methodological aspects of developing a multi-lingual multidisciplinary system to support online competitions. The properties of existing systems of this class are described. The main shortcomings of these systems are the need of the code modification when adding new languages, the lack of support of the multidisciplinary character, and lack of privacy of the tests added to the system. The focus of the work is a multi-user multi-stage mechanism for adding new tests. This process ensures the confidentiality of stored information about tests and test answers. Examples of using the system are given.

The existing philosophical origins of the metamorphism problem attest to the fact that in science the intention of reflection has a potential possibility to identify not just the mistakes but rather those causal relationships on which the desired results depend. The analysis of the situation in research shows the importance of philosophy there: people are guided by motives, the original world outlook orientations, personally actualized willingness to set goals and choose the ways to achieve them etc. Philosophy promotes setting and formulation of questions, without answering which the decisions cannot be productive. The person responds to the general questions of existence, social life, when the personal interest in these issues is awakened; and without this there is no awareness, no deep understanding of the fundamental statements of philosophy as the basis of personal insights into the events occurring in real life, which is vital for conscious and responsible decision-making. It is exactly philosophy that is called to teach to "read" the book of life with all its contradictions, revealing to the person the surrounding reality as a set of real-world conditions, which are the basis for setting productive and achievable goals.

In the article, the evolution of axiological bases of society and university on the example of the German university is considered. The priority of pure reason, solitude and freedom in modernity is converted through overcoming the political and social indifference in the form of solidarity in the middle of XX century and arrives into pluralism of values, individualization and communication in postmodernity. The risk of losing responsibility among academics in the modern supranational globalized society is discussed; and as a way to overcome this risk there is suggested understanding of ecological unity as the foundation of internal responsibility.

The article deals with a new situation in the education sector, which is conditioned by the peculiarities of modern stage of development of the national education system and is determined by the need to rethink the value-related principles of education in the twenty-first century through the lens of priorities of sustainable development of Ukraine as an independent state. A specific feature of modern social cognition, which defines a new paradigm, is that it is carried out through the analysis of cognitive attitude to social phenomena, which is accompanied by profound rethinking of the communicative nature of social reality, changes in the socio-communicative sphere.

This article gives the characteristic of studying process of followers and population within Islamic education. The author points out that there are official «Sunday Schools» and unregistered «Private Madrassas» as alternative, and also stresses their features in Russia. Besides, the author considers some problems of governmental regulation, caused by the lack of formed system of Islamic education. Comparative analysis of such educational institutions is based on the materials of author's survey in religious study.