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Data on the Cu content in native gold and silver and the Ag and Au contents in native copper are summarized. The standard thermodynamic functions of solid solutions the Au–Cu and Ag–Cu binary systems and the Ag–Au–Cu ternary system have been estimated. The corresponding calculation module is prepared for the Selektor software.

The Late Neoproterozoic sediments of the Yenisei Ridge formed in several isolated basins. These sediments are correlated, and the composite section of this age in the region is described. Two age limits are of extreme importance: pre-Chapa (650 Ma) and pre–Vendian (600 Ma). The former, observed in a much larger area, predominates. The great importance of the pre–Chapa transformation becomes evident owing to its coevality with the Marino–Nantuo global glaciation and the preceding tectonic events. This glaciation was immediately followed by a significant biotic event that gave rise to the Doushantuo–Pertatataka microfossil assemblage and, afterward, Ediacaran fauna. The Chapa Group is proposed as a prototype of the Angarian–a unit of the General Late Precambrian scale, which is of the same rank as the Vendian. According to these data, the main Late Neoproterozoic units are the Baikalian, Angarian, and Vendian.

Chemical, radioisotopic, and palynological studies of the bottom sediments of mesotrophic Lake Arakhlei have been carried out for paleoclimatic reconstructions and estimation of the sedimentation rate.

The paper is focused on recent displacement rates in the Altai-Sayan region, obtained by hydroleveling, leveling, and satellite geodesy. Effective elastic moduli and viscosity parameters of the crust are used in the modeling of coseismic and tectonic processes. The elastic moduli are determined from measurements of periodic vertical displacements during seasonal loadings of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydropower plant. We present the results of the modeling of coseismic displacements during the earthquakes of 10 February 2011 (M = 6.1) and 27 December 2011 (M = 6.7) in Tuva and West Sayan. The results of GPS determinations for postseismic displacements in the Chuya earthquake zone (Gorny Altai, 27 September 2003, M = 7.5) are analyzed; models for the geologic medium are selected; and its effective viscosity is estimated. The tectonic component of the recent crustal displacements in the Altai-Sayan region is defined.

A 450 km long composite crustal section of the Urals folded system at 67º N and 60–90° E has been compiled from seismic data on the Polar Urals transect and the results of targeted studies. The main elements of the subsurface structure at more southerly latitudes are preserved for this cross section. The general deep–seated structure is divided into the western and eastern branches. The western one has a northwestern trend and corresponds to the West Urals megazone. The eastern one, with a northeastern trend, includes the Central Urals and East Urals megazones.

A thermomagnetic analysis has been performed for 737 picroilmenite samples from the cores of eight boreholes in the N–S–striking drilling profile of the Zarnitsa kimberlite pipe in the Daldyn kimberlite field, Yakutia. Based on the shapes of thermomagnetic curves and the Curie points, 29 samples were chosen for detailed microprobe studies of chemical composition and elucidation of the dependence of their thermomagnetic parameters on the content of the hematite end-member in the picroilmenites. The thermomagnetic curves of most of the studied picroilmenite samples are approximated by a two-component model for the hematite end–member distribution: the main and supplementary distribution. The average hematite end-member content in the main distribution coincides with the probe microanalysis data and is always lower than the average content in the supplementary distribution. The relative hematite end–member contents in the main and supplementary distributions within the picroilmenite grains are indicators of the dynamics of the mineral formation in different parts of the Zarnitsa pipe. The data obtained testify to the multistage formation of the pipe under unstable thermodynamic conditions, which explains the intricate distribution pattern of picroilmenite.

The paper describes the effects of the passage of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid (exploded on 15 February 2013 over the Chelyabinsk Region), which were established from geophysical data from West Siberian stations. The trajectory and speed of the meteoric body from the start of the glow to the breakup were recorded by surveillance cameras and dashcams. Records from broadband seismic stations were used to determine the exact time of the explosion (03:20:34 UTC) from the arrival times of the surface wave produced by this event. The explosion energy was estimated from the surface-wave amplitudes at ~100 ktons on the assumption that the wave originated from a point source similar to a high–altitude thermonuclear explosion. A database of records from seismic stations obtained during the meteoroid passage has been compiled.

Muscovy and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth (the Grand Duchy owned some Russian and Belarusian lands) were states derived from the same root - the culture of Kievan Rus’. In the course of their historical development their paths significantly diverged which was the reason for both the mutual understanding and mutual misunderstanding between the subjects of both states. In 1632, Russian troops blocked the Smolensk fortress, defended by the Polish garrison and forces of “pospolite ruszenie” assembled by the neighboring gentry. Russian army was commanded by Mikhail Borisovich Shein, who was the commandant of Smolensk in 1607-1611 and defended it from the Poles. Russians intensively shelled the fortress, but could not take the city. Polish army under the command of King Wladislaw IV came to Smolensk in September 1633. Russian troops were trapped. The Russian army surrendered in February 1634. The war ended, but two years of warfare caused the appearance in Siberia of significant group of people from the Belarusian lands. In August 1633 approx. 150 “Lithuanians” arrived at Tomsk. On June 14, 1634 a “ploughing peasant” Timothy Emelyanov Smolyanin accused them of plotting to kill Russian Cossacks and the Governor and then to escape in big number to the West in order to get back to “Lithuania”. Interrogation of suspects gave modest results. The majority said that they heard about the plot for the first time. However, the Governor took decisive action and ordered to hang 12 men, whom he considered the most dangerous. Then he sent to Moscow the investigation materials, which are the only historical source at our disposal. The essential part of these materials is published as an appendix to this article. In Siberia of 1630s prisoners were perceived ambiguous. On the one hand, they were not completely “strangers”, they had meaningful names and spoke in plain language. On the other hand, a large group of prisoners of war was perceived by the local population as a threat, so the locals demanded from the government to take steps in order to remove them from the city.

In the course of several centuries a complex and multi-ethnic society was formed in Siberia. It comprised people of various nationalities, including descendants from Belarussian, Ukranian and Polish lands (before 1917 - Western outskirts of the Russian Empire). Researchers of Siberian history face the task of going into a more profound analysis of interethnic contacts and evaluating of the role played by different ethnic groups in colonization of the region. Along with Russian scholars this topic is actively studied by researchers from Poland, Belarus, Germany, USA and other countries. The author of the present paper aims at revealing main approaches applied by foreign researchers to studying historical links between Siberia and Western outskirts of the Russian Empire and defines prospects for future research. Having analyzed the range of problems studied by foreign researchers the author comes to conclusion that the most topical issues connected with descendants from Poland, Belarus and Ukraine in Siberia are the history of exile and penal labour; mass peasant migrations beyond the Ural; problems of ethnosocial and confessional development. Special attention is paid to the period of XIX - early XX centuries when Siberia experienced a huge influx of migrants from European Russia. During the last several decades the foreign historiography dealing with this topic witnessed a gradual shift from studying universal patterns of history (e.g., within a “modernization” approach) to a more close attention to ethno-cultural aspects of colonization, problems of “national identity”, specifics of “civilizational” development and “building an empire”. At the present stage a more profound analysis of the actual role played by Ukranians, Belarussians and Poles in Siberian colonization is possible on the basis of joint research projects combining efforts of representatives of various schools of scientific thought and trends in historiography.

The paper deals with causes and pattern of migration of Belarusians to Siberia, their participation in accession and colonization of the region. It is shown that the main infl ux of Belorusians to Siberia in the XVII century was caused by the wars between Russia and Poland. Russian authorities in order to enlarge the military contingent beyond the Urals used military experts recruited from the prisoners of war and voluntary re-settlers from Belarusian lands. Among those who entered military service and held command positions preference was given to the well-born and belonging to the Orthodox Church. Natives of “Belaya Rus”, with combat experience were appointed by Moscow to command and ordinary assignments and sent to Siberia and other garrisons. It was found out that the service activities of the Belarusian “szlachta” P. Arshinsky, S. Kruglik and their descendants holding high positions in the Siberian “army” involved a wide range of responsibilities and critical assignments. These included participation in military campaigns, expeditions, embassies, various investigative and fiscal actions. Rank and fi le Belarusians were in foot troops and cavalry Cossack service, along with Russian soldiers collected tribute, erected strongholds, defended borders of the new Russian possessions. Along with military service Belarusians were actively involved in agricultural development of the region, had a significant amount of farmland and livestock. In their farms they used waged and bonded labor which products were sold at the local markets. Incorporation of Belarusians into the Siberian society was facilitated by the similarity between the Belarusian and Siberian frontiers as well as by their inhabitants’ cultural, religious and linguistic nearness. It is noted that as opposed to other descendants from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, integration of Belarusians in the Siberian society was more rapid and less painful.

The opponents of the liturgical reforms imposed by Patriarch Nikon appealed to Russian manuscripts and printed books of the Moscow Printing Yard to prove the illegality of changes in the rites and liturgical practices of the Russian Church. There was gradually formed a system of authoritative books of the Old Belief, made up of books that also were significant for the opponents. This circle includes miscellanies “Kirill’s Book” (“Kirillova kniga”) and “Book about Faith” (“Kniga o vere”), which were printed in Moscow but composed of the writings of Ukrainian and Belarusian Orthodox authors in the late XVI - early XVII centuries. The next generation of the Old Believers also appealed to the original texts, namely, so-called “Lithuanian” (“Litovskiye”) books printed on the territory of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. Old Believers used them to look for ideas and arguments to support their position. In the first quarter of the XVIII century these books were included in the circle of reputable sources. The article describes one of the methods used by Old Believers in order to give importance to “Lithuanian” (“Litovskiye”) books. Thus a large number of arguments in the “Pomorian answers” (“Pomorskiye otvety”) were references to editions printed by Orthodox printing houses of Kiev Metropoly, which were allocated into a special section titled “Belarusian” or “belorossiyskie” books. Vygovtsy used this term obviously guided by 1620 Decree which labeled the Orthodox population of the related Metropoly as “Belorustsy”. Patriarch Filaret called to treat them with great caution, as the living conditions in the heterodox environment contributed to some deviations from the true faith, while for the Old Believers in the early XVIII century the term “belorossiyskie” became synonymous with “Orthodox”, “true”, “right”.

Based on the documents of monasteries’ management and record keeping from the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Krai the article considers development of three Orthodox cloisters in the Yeniseisk diocese (formed in 1861) during the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. It highlights such aspects as sources of monasteries’financing, their contribution in development of public education and charity; analyzes educational level and regional origin of cenobits. The author studies population changes and reasons for which descendants from Western parts of Russian Empire settled in Siberia; shows how they influenced the organization of monastic life. The study is focused on the lives and activities of two outstanding descendants from Western governorates: the celibat priest Zosima who was the founder and first abbot of the Krasnoyarsk Uspensky monastery and Philaret - the founder and fi rst abbot of the Krasnoyarsk Znamensky monastery. In particular it describes how Philaret created the Znamenskiy monastery which became one of the most authoritative religious centers by the beginning of the XX century. In the monastery a school and asylum for disabled veterans of the World War I were established.

The article is devoted to characteristics of historical sources newly introduced into scientific use and connected with the development of Eastern Siberia and annexation of the Amur river region in the middle of XIX century. The article shows Hector Bildzyukevich’s administrative activities in eastern Russia. He held a middle management position and arrived to Siberia from the territories of modern Belarus. Bildzyukevich came to Siberia voluntarily, as he wanted to be an employee under the leadership of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, Count N.N. Muraviev-Amurskiy and to participate in the development of the Amur region. Besides public service H. Bildzyukevich was actively involved in studying history, ethnography, statistics, geography, population, flora and fauna of the region. He made several drawings - panoramic views of Siberian settlements, natural objects, ethnographic and genre sketches, images of flora and fauna. He wanted to inform his fellow countrymen about the Eastern Siberia. As a result, he compiled “The Picturesque Album” - a systematized collection of essays and illustrative materials. The article details annotated illustrative component of “The Picturesque Album.” H. Bildzyukevich was a police chief (“zemskiy ispravnik”) in Gizhiga in the mid-1860s. The article analyzes his annual report and a memo dated from 1866. These documents relate to the problems of national policy of the Russian Empire in the Far North and the overall geopolitical situation in the eastern frontier of the country. H. Bildzyukevich tells about the economic and strategic significance of the region and opposes the principle of «national borderlands». He puts forward important initiatives for further integration of the Siberian indigenous ethnic groups into the Empire’s space and strengthening the State’s authority. This set of documents has been recently published. It will be useful for specialists in many areas of knowledge.

The article aims at analysis of the original sources on the history of Belarusian local branches of the Peasant Land Bank, which are stored in the archives of the Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Lithuania. The archival documents allow revealing distinctive features of the Peasant Land Bank activities aimed at solving a long-simmering agrarian question in Belarusian provinces. It is important to note, that currently there is a need for revision of the long-term approaches to studying the Peasant Land Bank activities, formulated in the Soviet historical science. Specifies of its activities in the territory of Belarus remain understudied in the contemporary scientific literature. This circumstance stipulates for the novelty of research topic. Besides, the theme of the research is not just soundly based on theory, but also has practical value that explains its topicality and the need for profound analysis. Special attention is drawn to the problem of interactions between local branches of the Bank and land surveying commissions. They established cooperation to mobilize land property and to raise farming standards. Besides, the role of the Peasant Land Bank in realization of the Stolypin agrarian reform in the territory of Belarus is shown.

The article gives brief overview of the data on Siberians - natives and inhabitants of the Siberian region, as well as Belarusian Siberians, who made the significant contribution to the development of partisan movement and underground struggle in Belarus during the Great Patriotic War. Given examples testify that Siberians were involved in organization of partisan movement and the Party and Komsomol underground from the first days of the war. The examples also show the reasons for which Siberians appeared in the occupied territory of BSSR. Some of them lived or worked there during the prewar years, some served in the Western Special Military District armies, some arrived to Belarus after the beginning of the war as a part of detachments of the internal military districts of the Soviet Union. The other appeared in the occupied territory as a part of partisan groups and detachments, organizational and reconnaissance groups and raiding forces formed by the Central Committee of KP(B)B, the Central Committee of All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (VLKSM), NKVD-NKGB, General Staff Reconnaissance Directorate of RKKA, Councils of War of fronts and armies. The examples given in the article testify that Siberians held important positions in the Party and Komsomol “underground” structure, were commanders and commissioners, chiefs of staff, commanders of squadrons and platoons of partisan formations (groups and brigades). Many of them fought as ordinary partisans and “underground” soldiers. Many of them were decorated with medals, five Siberians (including two Belarusians) were awarded for participation in partisan movement the ranks of the Hero of the Soviet Union (two of them - posthumously). Three partisan groups had the name “Siberian”, one of the partisan brigades was named after its commander A.K.Flegontov. This research allows significantly to enrich our knowledge of the Siberians and Belarusian natives of Siberia contribution to organization and development of the partisan and underground struggle in Belarus (1941-1944).

Out of 60 divisions formed in 1939-1943 in the Siberian military district (Altay and Krasnoyarsk Regions, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo and Tomsk Oblasts) only 20 divisions took part in the combats for liberation of Byelorussia in 19431944. The term “Siberian major units” needs to be specified for the purpose of defining the share of “Sibiryaks” (natives of Siberian region or drafted into the army from there). As a rule in the course of intensive combat operations there was a considerable rotation of the military personnel and it was replaced not only with “Sibiryaks”. Apparently, the term “Siberian divisions” during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 had certain psychological and propagandist connotation as an element of psychological and moral support while handling the enemy. During the period of September, 1943 - February, 1944 the Soviet Army carried out hard fights in a westerly direction which resulted in liberation of the Upper Dnieper. Siberian divisions without the adequate fire support literally “gnawed through” the fortified lines and suffered huge losses. For the outstanding acts of bravery 65 Siberian soldiers were bestowed with the title “Hero of the Soviet Union”. Almost one third of them were decorated with this title posthumously. In the Belorussian strategic offensive operation “Bagration” (June 23 - August 29, 1944) 16 Siberian divisions took part which equaled approximately 10% from all large units employed in the four fronts. For participation in the battles conducted during the summer of 1944 57 Siberian soldiers were bestowed with the title of the “Hero of the Soviet Union”, 19 of them received it posthumously. At the time of accomplishing a feat 41 heroes were younger than 30, while 2 soldiers had just turned 18. 13 out of 16 Siberian divisions that took part in the operation “Bagration” were bestowed with high government decorations. On June 23, 1944 the Belorussian offensive operation began; on July 28 the red banner fl ared up over the ruins of the Brest fortress. Siberian soldiers and divisions formed in Siberian military district contributed signifi cantly to the liberation of the brotherly republic.

The paper deals with the activity of Academician Valentin Afanasievich Koptyug (1931-1997) as a scientist in the fi eld of physical, synthetic and applied organic chemistry and also as an organizer of science in general. The author shows his role in organization of fundamental research of organic chemistry and training of scientific cadres and also in creation of new scientific institutions in the Siberian region during the 1980-1990s, his activity connected with maintaining the academic potential of Russia and Siberia in the post-Soviet period. Koptyug, Belarusian by nationality, disciple and follower of academician N.N. Vorozhtsov, realized his creative plans in the Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry. He defended his D. Sc. thesis and made significant contribution to fundamental research of physical, synthetic and applied organic chemistry. He was the founder of the scientific schools in the fi eld of organic chemistry and chemical informatics. For his scientific merits and contribution in the development of science he was elected acting member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (later - Russian Academy of Sciences) and awarded with many prestigious awards. Being the head of the Institute of Organic Chemistry in 1987-1997, the Academician Koptyug determined the Institute’s general strategy, based on the global trends in the development of science. In this period the Institute started to apply new physical methods, mathematical modeling and data bases in chemical research practice and to carry out experiments with advanced equipment. At the same time the Institute became an active participant in international projects in the field of organic chemistry. As Chairman of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences in 1980-1997, the academician V.A. Koptyug contributed to establishment of affiliates located in Tomsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ulan-Ude and Yakutsk as scientifi c centers of the Siberian Branch. Owing to his initiative separate academic institutes in Kemerovo, Omsk and Tyumen were re-organized into research centers of Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In this years institutions with functions of research centers in Barnaul, Chita and Kyzyl were established. In the post-Soviet period the academician V.A. Koptyug developed a system of measures for saving the academic potential of Russia and Siberia, which remains relevant today.

The article based on census materials analyzes the quantitative and qualitative changes in Belarusian rural families under the in uence of urbanization. The author proposes to use a typology applied for classi
cation of households for family groups and subgroups. Such an approach extends the family statistics. The family structure was divided into 3 groups of families (simple nuclear, extended nuclear and compound families), which in turn have been divided into 9 subgroups. It was found that by 2009 there was an alignment of rural and urban families (3.0 persons). However, this alignment was not uniform in all components of the family structure. Major changes in family composition signi
cantly affected a group of simple nuclear families. Here the number of families originating fr om one married couple with or without children has been decreasing continuously over time. The opposite is the dynamics in incomplete nuclear families (children with one parent) - their number has been steadily growing, but as to the equity level, the number of rural families is continuously lagging behind the number of urban ones. Thus, the research results show that the crisis in family sphere continues because of a growing proportion of single-parent families wh ere the children are brought up without one of their parents. We calculated the average size of families in each of the distinguished family subgroups. We show that in general the size of rural families in subgroups is not lower than in urban ones. So it is concluded that the concordance in the average size of urban and rural families is due to the different equity level of subgroups forming a general family structure. If we standardize the territorial family structures, the average rural family size will be higher. Major “losses” in the actual size of a rural family are brought by a high proportion of simple nuclear families without children (in rural areas the share of such families is more than 10% higher compared to the same share in urban areas). Thus, changes in the structure of rural family in Belarus, based on the convergence of rural and urban patterns of marital behavior, strongly suggests that the urbanization process in the village is still ongoing.

The article is devoted to the main problems and prospects of studying the status of Belarusian Diaspora in the Russian Federation at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries. The introductory part of the article describes the basic features and possible consequences of the impact of the national question on international relations. It also shows the importance and severity of relations between nations in the modern world. The author characterizes the current status of the Belarusian minority in Russia in contemporary geopolitical processes, their impact on preservation of Belarusians national identity in the Russian Federation. Noting the existence and use of such different concepts as «diaspora», «fraternity», «partnership» etc. in regard to Belarusians and their national-cultural organizations in Russia, the author shows differences in key concepts and terms used by researchers studying this problem. Attention was also paid to historiography on the status of Belarusian national minority and national-cultural organizations of Belarusians existing in Russia nowadays. In particular, it reviews the main subjects of publications and highlights the most important works containing materials about the activities of national-cultural organizations of Belarusians. The author studies the most important periodicals considering them a special type of sources on the history and activities of Belarusian national-cultural communities; notes the journalists’ role and contribution to studying the problem. The main approaches and problems of historiography along with the most important materials and works on the history of the problem are listed. Based on the research results the author offers an optimal model and methodological basis for further study of the current status of Belarusian Diaspora in Russia. In particular, the key trends and issues that should be considered in the future study are outlined. The need for interdisciplinary approach and application of methods and principles of social, ethnic, and political psychology is indicated.

The paper presents analysis of contemporary Russian historiography on the history and culture of Byelorussians in Siberia. It is noted that for the last twenty years the history and culture of Byelorussians in Siberia has been studied within several fields of knowledge: folklore studies, ethnography, historical demography, history of settlement and development of Siberia, biographic and local history. The author characterizes key publications of the recent years dealing with different aspects of the Byelorussians’ role in colonization and socioeconomic development of the region. New problems and methodological approaches to the subject in contemporary Russian historiography on the history of Byelorussians in Siberia have been analyzed. Certain complications for researchers have been revealed: the problem of identification of Byelorussians among the whole Siberian population in the XVI-XIX centuries, the lack of methods allowing revealing the Byelorussian folklore sources belonging to the early period. The paper focuses on the integration efforts of various specialists - both from Russia and Byelorussia. Prospects for further investigation are outlined, including such topics as migration links between the populations of Byelorussia and Siberia, economic practices brought by Byelorussians to Siberia, cross-cultural interaction and succession of traditions, as well as development of local history studies dealing with the role of Byelorussians in the history of some Siberian cities and villages.

Studying the ethno-cultural heritage of Belarusians in Siberia is crucial for its consolidation, introduction into scientific and information environment as well as for its judicious use in communications between Siberian and Belarusian museums and conducting the comparative historical and museological studies. Modern forms of actualization of ethno-cultural heritage of Belarusians in Siberia are revealed based on the analysis of museum collections and scientific and museographic publications. Among these forms are joint Russian and Belarusian works on history and ethnography («Belarusians in Siberia: Preservation and Transformation of Ethnic Culture»); creation and exhibition of museum collections that refl ect Belarusian culture in the second settlement area of the Belarusian people (Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo, and Irkutsk regional museums of local lore); cataloging the collections («Culture of Eastern Slavs in the Collections of Museum of Archeology and Ethnography of Omsk State University»); museumification of cultural heritage (project of reconstruction and museumification of Belarusian estate in the Taltsy Museum of Architecture and Ethnography); and publication of memoirs of the descendants of “armoured boyars”, i.e., Belarusians involved in colonization of Siberian territories. Siberian museums preserve everyday objects of the descendants from the Mogilev, Gomel, and Vilna Governorates (the late XIX - early XX century); photographs depicting daily life in rural villages of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940-1950) and cultural and household traditions of Belarusians in Siberia (1960). Creation of an information system “Ethnocultural heritage of Belarusians in Siberia” and an integrated online catalogue of Belarusian collections in Siberian museums, as well as implementation of intergovernmental scientific and museum projects are considered perspective ways of cultural heritage actualization in the era of globalization.

The paper gives a detailed analysis of monographs by historian P.N. Pavlov (1921-1974) “Fur trade in Siberia in the XVII century” and “Trade colonization of Siberia in the XVII century”, published in Krasnoyarsk in 1972 and 1974. Pavlov’s contribution to studying the development of fur trade in Siberia is noted. Much attention is paid to the historical sources Pavlov used in his research, first of all to the books of Siberian custom houses which were the main primary sources for studying this specific subject. The author describes techniques applied by Pavlov for processing these historical sources; cites the scholar’s conclusions about completeness and reliability of information contained in custom-houses’ books. The statistics received by Pavlov in the course of studying the custom-houses’ books and other sources (on the price of Siberian furs, share of various animals’ fur production in the total output; share of furs in the state budget) are listed. Pavlov’s contribution to research of technological and economic aspects fur trade is considered. Historian’s conclusions about the process of peasant and trade colonization of Siberia, “yasak” policy, state’s attitude to the private fur trade, relationships between the Russian fur traders and local population, practices of using the hunting areas are described. Pavlov’s views on the territorial origins of fur traders, evolution of small commodity production and large business and on the essence of “pokruta” in the Siberian fur trade are presented.

The article is aimed at studying the history of relations between the two largest Russian cooperative unions - the Moscow Union of Consumer Societies (since 1917 - Tsentrosoyz), that was an All-Russian cooperative association, and the Union of Siberian Cooperative Unions (Zakupsbyt) comprised of the Siberian consumer cooperatives. Based primarily on archival documents and materials from periodicals the author concludes that the Moscow Union of Consumer Societies, founded in 1898, became the first Russian cooperative union with centralized organizational structure consisting of consumer societies and cooperative unions. However criticism of the Moscow Union’s internal structure along with dissatisfaction of local authorities with its trade and distribution policies led to the fact that in 1916 the leaders of Siberian cooperative unions decided to organize their own Siberian center of consumer cooperatives - Zakupsbyt. It was an organization alternative to the Moscow Union as it had a decentralized (“federated”) organizational structure, leaving a large amount of authority for shareholders. However, due to exacerbation of the socioeconomic crisis, management of the Union of Siberian cooperative unions was forced to make transition from a federated to a centralized system of control. In 1916 - 1919 contacts between Zakupsbyt and Tsentrosoyuz encompassed a wide range of activities - from mutually beneficial agreements to direct competition for the markets and procurement of goods. The keynote of relations between the two cooperative unions was competition for consumers, which was hidden behind the official slogans stating the two supposedly alternative ways of the Russian cooperative movement development

The article is devoted to the problem of formation of tax bodies in the USSR during the NEP, which is understudied in the historical science. On the basis of archival materials the activity of Soviet government in Ukraine is disclosed with the purpose of training and improving professional skills of tax officials during the NEP. In 1921-1922 the issue of high-quality staff training of the bodies of People’s Commissariat of Food Supply of the USSR was a priority for the Soviet authorities under conditions of hyperinflation and goods famine. It was resolved owing to the temporary use of experienced “old” experts and training of new personnel even though it was resource- and time-consuming. Being unable to organize a comprehensive and fundamental training of financial personnel by means of re-opening higher educational institutions within the shortest possible time, the government established the tax training courses under support of provincial food supply committees for the specialists in the field of food taxation. Organization of food taxation courses in Ukraine was a rather large scale campaign. Since the beginning of monetary reform in 1922 the Soviet government raised requirements to professional training of tax personnel in the structure of the People’s Commissariat of Finance of Ukraine. The fundamental nature of educational process made the Bolsheviks at first to resort to the “services” of financiers of the “old school”(as it was in the case of the People’s Commissariat of Food). Training of tax staff by the People’s Commissariat of Finance, unlike the People’s Commissariat of Food, actually began only in 1923, but it was more ambitious and enduring. Tax courses were organized at the central, regional and provincial levels and lasted from six to eight months. The courses were attended primarily by the members of the Party and those who came of the workers and peasants’ families. However, in 1923 there appeared negative tendencies in the work of tax bodies in the USSR: purges were initiated, in particular, dismissals of politically unreliable people.

A unique prison camp subculture that can be characterized as compensational-creative mechanism of individual adaptation and self-realization under extreme conditions of imprisonment emerged along with formation and development of the Soviet criminal-executive system, with expansion of the USSR NKVDMVD prison camp and settlement network. Many on-stage performance groups functioned as an element of cultural and educational work in GULAG prison camps. One of the brightest phenomena related to the post-war period of the GULAG’s history in the sphere of ideological and cultural work among the masses was the emergence of theatre and music organizations under the guidance of the Northern Administration of Railroad Construction Prison Camps that built the Trans-Polar Railway Chum (Vorkuta) - Salekhard - Igarka. The Musical-Dramatic Theater of the Northern Administration of Railroad Construction Prison Camps that emerged in 1947 (upon an initiative of the senior managers of the grandiose construction project) at the premises of cultural and educational establishments of Pechora Correctional Labor Camps reached its prime by 1950. The theater was high in demand among prison camp administrators, most notably as a means of entertainment for the constriction managers and civilians. Only a few performances were intended for the prisoner population. Plays and shows were staged at prison camps as a reward for best workers, in order to create a compensational mechanism even if limited in its scale for people working under extreme climatic conditions, as an element of relaxation and cultural activities. The theater was included into the system working under the guidance of Cultural and Educational Department. When the adjusted mechanism of construction became ineffective and the great infrastructure project was localized in areas with minimal industrial production activities, the theater was quickly closed. It was viewed as a rudiment of the past that for some reason had survived after the period of rapid construction development. The theater was closed in 1950, and two years later the construction of Transpolar Railway was completely abandoned.

The paper is devoted to the role of monetary incentives in stimulation of industrial activities of the young workers of Siberian defense enterprises during the Great Patriotic War. The author analyzes dynamics, disproportion in the wage level of young workers as well as their relation to the existed differentiation in wages. Changes in the average amount of salary of factory apprentices and workers (particularly as young as 25) are revealed. The author also shows the use of time-based payment, piece-rate pay and progressive forms of payment as well as correlation of these forms of stimulating wages at the large enterprises of the region. In addition, it shows the differences in wage levels depending on the conditions, type, scope and quality of work of the low-and high-paid categories of young workers - low-skilled workers and highly skilled workers (Stakhanovites). This paper also deals with application of monetary encouraging bonus system of the Stakhanovite labor characterized by high performance. At the same time the living conditions of wartime decreased the role of salaries in sustainment of young workers due to the growth of market prices and fi scal pressure from the state in general. However, normalized distribution of food and manufactured goods grew into a sort of commodity-money exchange, which at the same time rendered complete devaluation of wages impossible from the young workers’ viewpoint. Accordingly, money wages maintained their value and played an important role in survival of the young workers during the war. Nonpayment or delayed payment of wages could trigger their negative reaction and lead to a breach of labor discipline. However, in general the monetary rewards ceased to play a separate role in material stimulation of their work, because the actual employment earnings depended on the system of rationing distribution.

Vladimir V. Struminskii devoted the period from 1966 to 1971 to the development of aerodynamics in Siberia. It was a period of construction of aerodynamic facilities of the institute, which later formed the basis for the high level of ITAM researches and recognition of ITAM results by both domestic and foreign aerodynamic centers and universities. The undoubted credit should be given to V.V. Struminskii for creating a team of researchers-aerodynamicists within several years when he was the ITAM Director. It was in those years that the unique experimental basis in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was developed and constructed; these facilities provided a possibility of development of basic research in aerogasdynamics. Many pioneering and fundamental results on stability and transition to turbulence, separated flows, aerodynamic interference, and rarefied gas dynamics were obtained in these wind tunnels.

The development of disturbances in the boundary layer of compressible gas on a flexible surface has been investigated in the linear and nonlinear approximations (the weakly nonlinear stability theory). The regimes of mode-rate (the Mach number М = 2) and high (М = 5.35) supersonic velocities as well as a model of a porous wall, on which a flexible film is spanned, have been considered. The boundary conditions for disturbances with regard for their trans-formation by a flexible porous coating have been derived. The character of the variation of the coefficients of the stream-wise growth of linear oscillations of different nature (the vortex waves of the first mode and the acoustic waves of the second mode) is shown. The direction and the degree of their deformations are determined by the flexible coating parameters. It is found that at moderate Mach numbers, the stabilization of disturbances and the diminution of increments occur, whereas at high М on a surface with a film, the acoustic components are destabilized, which may lead to an earlier onset of nonlinear processes. The nonlinear interactions in three-wave symmetric triplets between the vortex waves at М = 2 and between the waves of different nature at М = 5.35 are considered. In the latter case, the plane acoustic wave is the pumping wave, which excites the three-dimensional subharmonic components of vortex nature.

The work presents the results of investigating the process of supersonic flow deceleration in a duct of the two-dimensional inlet throttled by variation of the outlet cross-sectional area. An inlet with three external compression shock waves designed for the freestream Mach number М_d = 7 was considered as an example for the investigation. A one-dimensional analysis of the conditions for realization of the supersonic flow deceleration regimes in the inlet duct with two throats — in the inlet entrance and at the inlet duct outlet, has been carried out. The parametric numerical computations of two-dimensional inviscid or turbulent flows in the inlet were performed with the use of the Euler and Navier—Stokes codes of the program package FLUENT. The critical conditions for the nonuniform flow in the outlet throat bringing to choking the inlet duct were determined.

Results of an experimental study of a cylindrical air inlet designed for high flight speeds on the basis of plane flows are reported. For an air inlet intended for Mach number М = 4, the flow-rate characteristics at М = 2.85, 3.83, and 4.95 for angles of attack ranging from 0 to 9 degrees have been measured. The results of tests have shown that at free-stream Mach number М = 3.83, close to the design Mach number, the mass rate of the air flow captured by the air inlet was 96 % of its design value, and this rate increased to 99 % as the Mach number was increased to 4.95. At a lower, in comparison with the design value, free-stream Mach number, М = 2.85, the mass rate of the air flow captured by the inlet installed under zero angle of attack has decreased to 68 %. For all the examined Mach numbers, an increase in the angle of attack from 0 to 9 degrees resulted in an 8-14 % decrease of the mass rate of inlet-captured air flow. For comparison, numerical calculation of the air-inlet flow at Mach number М = 3.83 was performed. The obtained data were found to be in a qualitative agreement with experimental data.

The present paper aims at evaluating the mean wall skin friction data in laminar and turbulent boundary layer flows obtained from two optical and one thermal measuring techniques, namely, laser-Doppler anemometry (LDA), oil-film interferometry (OFI), and surface hot-film anemometry (SHFA), respectively. A comparison among the three techniques is presented, indicating close agreement in the mean wall skin friction data obtained, directly, from both the OFI and the LDA near-wall mean velocity profiles. On the other hand, the SHFA, markedly, over estimates the mean wall skin friction by 3.5–11.7% when compared with both the LDA and the OFI data, depending on the thermal conductivity of the substrate and glue material, probe calibration, probe contamination, temperature drift and Reynolds number. Satisfactory agreement, however, is observed among all three measuring techniques at higher Reynolds numbers, Re_x > 106, and within ±5% with empirical relations extracted from the literature. In addition, accurate velocity data within the inertial sublayer obtained using the LDA supports the applicability of the Clauser method to evaluate the wall skin friction when appropriate values for the constants of the logarithmic line are utilized.

The present work is devoted to a description and substantiation of an original module for computing the location of laminar-turbulent transition in subsonic boundary layer flows, which is based on the eN -method and enables more accurate computations of the flow around bodies in the presence of the so-called natural transition to turbulence in the boundary layer. A combined work of the module and the RANS solver from the aerodynamic part of the LOGOS package is demonstrated by the example of the flow past a flat plate. The obtained computed locations of the beginning and the end of the laminar-turbulent transition coincide with known reference values.

A non-steady, non-isothermal flow while filling a channel is studied with account for dissipation of mechanical energy, dependency of viscosity on temperature, and existence of free surface. Simulation results are presented for fields of temperature, viscosity, dynamic and kinematic parameters of flow as a function of key dimensionless parameters.

The present paper studies high-velocity heterogeneous flows produced with nozzle designs unconventional for cold spray; the process of coating deposition was studied under these conditions. The possibility of using uncon-ventional gas dynamic tools (swirling of main flow, nozzles with permeable profiles and with slots in the supersonic part of nozzle) for control of particle distribution in the supersonic jet is investigated: this might be useful for obtaining a proper shape of the spray spot. These experiments offered a method of gas-dynamic design for the spray spot shape, which extends the possibilities of cold spray technique.

Numerical computations of the electric arc in the external magnetic field have been done for testing the unsteady three-dimensional mathematical model. The arc of a conical and helical shape has been implemented numerically. A satisfactory agreement of the computational results with experimental data points overall to the correctness of the mathematical model and of the computational algorithm.

The work considers heat and mass transfer in the homophasic polymerization reactor. The reactor is a coaxial channel with internal tube in the form of a channel of confusor-diffuser type. The authors compared the degree of polymer transformation in the intensified coaxial reactor with internal tube of confusor-diffuser type and the reactor with constant rectilinear longitudinal section. It was found that in coaxial channels with internal tube of confusor-diffuser type, it is possible to reach high values of the transformation degree and to improve the quality of the obtained polymer.

Thermodynamic studies of the converter characteristics were performed to produce hydrogen-containing syngas from hydrocarbon fuel (kerosene) with its separated supply for thermo-oxidative and steam reforming. It is demonstrated that the optimal conditions of the converter performance correlate with the oxidant ratio of α > 0.5 at the heat-transfer wall temperature of 1200 K. Hydrogen content in the final syngas reaches 60 % by volume, free carbon (soot) deposition in reforming products is excluded, and there is no need to apply walls water cooling in the converter.

We have performed an experimental study of the evaporation intensity for droplets in atomized-liquid flow moving through a flame of fixed height. Integral characteristics of the atomized-liquid evaporation process were evaluated. Evaporation of two water droplets moving sequentially one after the other through high-temperature combustion products is analyzed. A comparison of obtained data with available theoretical predictions is given.

Results of a study of the flow rate — pressure head characteristics of a perforated membrane immersed in an oscillating liquid flow are reported; such characteristics need to be known when hydropneumodiodes are used as a pump. We show that the perforation pattern (or, more specifically, the number of perforated holes) affects just the rate of the liquid flow through membrane.

On February 20, 2014 Anatoliy M. Grishin, researcher in the field of mechanics, aerothermochemistry and thermophysics, Honored Scientist of RF and Honored Professor of Tomsk State University became 75 years of age.