Home – Home – Jornals – Avtometriya 2014 number 1

The depth of two-dimensional plane images spaced apart along the visual axis of the eye for stimulating accommodation in 3D displays is considered. The diffraction depth of the plane images is determined, and it is demonstrated to increase with decreasing image resolution acuity.

This paper considers the effect of errors in the technological process using an optimized contour mask technique for fabricating piecewise continuous relief diffractive optical elements on the reduction in the backward slopes of diffraction zones and the increase in the diffraction efficiency of the elements. The process parameter tolerances necessary for the implementation of the method are within the parameters of the standard microelectronic processes and equipment. The proposed method can be useful for laser writing systems and projection lithography that form the relief in a photoresist with a backward slope width exceeding 1 µm since it provides a significant improvement in the performance of the fabricated diffraction structures.

A method is proposed for selecting an adaptive threshold for the detection of an interference signal in an optical profilometer based on estimation of optical quantum noise in interferograms of each measurement point. It is shown that when using differential interferograms, this approach allows extending the dynamic range of detection of interference and automate the process of measuring surface topography with a large variation in the light reflection coefficient in the measurement zone. Theoretical calculations, and results of calculations and experiments are presented.

Estimates are given of the power of the Kuiper and Watson goodness-of-fit tests and three Zhang tests with the Z_A, Z_C, and Z_K statistics with respect to some pairs of competing laws in testing simple and composite hypotheses. The powers of these tests are compared with the powers of the Kolmogorov, Cramer-von Mises-Smirnov, and Anderson-Darling tests. Statistic distribution models and tables of percentage points are constructed which allow the Kuiper and Watson goodness-of-fit tests to be used to test composite hypotheses about the goodness of fit of samples against various parametric distribution laws. An interactive simulation method is proposed that allows constructing and using distributions of test statistics in solving problems of statistical analysis.

One approach to finding suitable critical values of statistics of a new nonparametric statistical test previously proposed by the author for the problem of testing the hypothesis of homogeneity of two and three samples is considered. The Wilcoxon test is equivalent to a particular ("linear") case of the proposed test. A comparative analysis of these tests is performed for the case where the Wilcoxon test is locally the most powerful one among the ranking methods.

A passive bistatic radar comprising an illumination source and two antennas for receiving the direct signal from the illumination source and a mixture of signals scattered by moving objects is considered. The problem of estimating the amplitudes, delays, and Doppler shifts of scattered signals is formulated as the problem of minimizing the residual of an overdetermined system of linear algebraic equations. An additional condition is imposed on the unknown amplitude to provide sparsity of the desired signal amplitudes in the delay-Doppler shift coordinates. The problem is solved by the variational method.The method was successfully tested using real data.

Algorithms of filtration of trajectory points with the use of the Kalman filter and particle filter are studied from the viewpoint of object tracking in a seismic security system. A comparative analysis of the algorithms is performed in terms of the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the object trajectory points and computational complexity.

The use of the Bezier surface as a smoothing filter for vector fields is studied. Advantages of the Bezier surface over the moving average filter are determined. The algorithm of adaptation of the filter aperture size is modified. The efficiency of adaptation of the aperture size in vector field processing in the problem of estimating the material strain by the method of digital image correlation is considered.

Asymptotic properties of a nonparametric estimate of the two-dimensional probability density of independent random variables are studied. Based on these results, the dependence of its efficiency on data incompleteness in the initial statistical information is determined.

A revision of works on the methods of writing and apodization of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) is presented. The possibilities of apodizing FBGs recorded by holographic methods with phase masks and Lloyd interferometer using laser radiation with a Gaussian intensity profile are considered. FBG reflection spectra are numerically simulated for different parameters of the writing beam and configurations of the experimental setup. Side-lobe suppression and FBG spectrum smoothing are experimentally demonstrated. It is shown that this effect is due to equalization of the average value of the induced refractive index in the FBGs. FBG applications, in particular, as frequency selectors in fiber lasers (tunable, narrow-band, and multiwavelength) are described.

Results of studying the possibilities of passivating InAs surfaces by ultrathin oxide films (~3 nm) in a glow-discharge plasma and producing tunnel MIS photodiodes on this basis are presented together with results of investigating the kinetics of oxidation and the chemical composition of oxide films formed. This is the first time when anhysteretic dependences of the capacitance on the bias are observed for InAs-based MIS structures at the liquid nitrogen temperature in a wide field range (from −7 · 10⁶ to +5 · 10⁶ V/cm). MIS structures are IR-photosensitive in the current mode. The estimated values of detectability are D^* = 2.6 · 10¹²-8.2 · 10¹² cm·Hz^1/2 · W⁻¹ and D^* = 1.5 · 10¹¹ cm · Hz^1/2 · W⁻¹ at temperatures of 78 and 198 K, respectively. The ampere-watt sensitivity value at a temperature of 78 K is 0.98 A/W, and the quantum efficiency is 0.43 (with no antireflecting coating of the InAs substrate and sapphire window).

Spectral dependences of quadratic nonlinear coefficients of new chromophore-containing polyimides with covalently attached DR13 chromophore molecules are synthesized and studied by the second-harmonic generation method in the fundamental radiation wavelength from 800 to 1400 nm. The obtained record values of quadratic nonlinear coefficients are 80 to 120 pm/V. Dispersions of refractive indices and extinction coefficients in the spectral range from 400 to 800 nm are determined by spectral ellipsometry, resulting in the improved accuracy of nonlinear coefficients.

The paper considers the techniques for measuring and assessing regional labour productivity and its dynamics and differences. It compares the results obtained by applying the different techniques, and can state that the trends identified according to different methods, display a little difference. Only the indicator of a real labour productivity compared to wage shows a higher difference and results in higher ratings of the regions where wages are relatively low. A high share of extractive industries in regions is a key factor of a high labour productivity. The labour productivity and its dynamics show a strong sectoral difference. The growth of a total labour productivity in regions can be explained by the increased efficiencies but not by relocation of production and labour forces to the regions with higher indicators of efficiency.

The paper proposes a methodical approach to the quantitative-qualitative evaluation of labour potential in regions. The authors performed a comparative analysis of the labour potential dynamics in the Russian northern regions over 2002-2010. As our analysis show, the working life span close to the maximal level, employment index and level of professional education of the employed population are key factors of the integral labour potential index for both Russia and the Russian North. However, the GRP per capita indices and capital-labour ratios, which displayed a many times increase over the time between last and previous censuses, make the most significant contribution to positive dynamics of the labour potential index in the context of the economic growth in 2002-2010.

The author analyzes a nature and causes of the endogenous threats Russia and its regions can face in their economic development. Possible consequences of a modern type of the Russian development are shown. They are depopulation in the Russian Federation subjects, the national economy orientated on export of raw materials and a possible imbalanced ratio of the civil sectors to military ones.

The paper analyzes modern principles of regional policy and whether they are applicable to the Russian economy. We consider, on the one hand, the principles of the World Bank policy based on a spatially neutral approach to choosing measures of regional policy, and, on the other hand, the EU policy which is focused on local targets and insists on a necessity of differentiated regional incentives. The arguments of both approaches are based on the different concepts, i.e. the theory of the new economic geography and theory of endogenous growth.

The paper describes the specifics of Siberia as a mega-region with a focus on its three images - as the Russian colony, trade and transportation route, and tourist zone; how Russia differs from other colonial countries; what role Siberia play in the fight for land and see routes of the world trade; and what the World Heritage List of Sites, UNESCO and special economic zones could bring to the development of the Siberian tourist and recreation potential. Other images of Russia are also described: Russia as a resource stockpot, innovation generator, and homeland.

The paper compares indicators of the SFD economic development with those concerning Russia in whole. It shows major qualitative differences of the dynamics in this region over the initial and next periods of the economic reforms; key factors of the negative development trends in the region; and their specifics in the 1990-s and beginning of the current century. Our main conclusion is that not so many the positive changes in the role the District played in recent years can be observed and the District shows a relatively stable position within Russian economy. Moreover, the time of radical changes of the spatial production and consumption indicators is over for the most part, and there are no signs of the stable and especially radical spatial proportions which would allow the suggestion that the SFD started reinstating its positions it had lost in the past.

The paper analyzes the methodological approaches to choosing principles, forms, and methods of regional policies pursued by the RF subjects, as well as major objectives, structure and content of such policies. The paper also analyzes the preconditions and limits of the regional socio-economic development, which impact on competitiveness of the regions, and instruments of regional policy, which perform distributive, regulative, and stimulating functions. The authors present their recommendations on building indicators, including an integrated one, which would show how effective the regional development administration is. The application of a cluster approach to realize the competitive advantages of regions is considered necessary. Two types of regional clusters are specified. How effective the elaboration and implementation of regional policy could be depends on such factors as the involvement of local communities in these processes and monitoring of the socio-economic processes.

The paper analyzes perspectives, strategies, and procedures of participatory social mapping to diagnose and encourage public participation in local corn-munities' development. It shows that involving local people in mapping as experts could allow producing not only empirical data concerning the nature of territorial identity, territorial interests and public participation, but also building «zones of agreement» and residents' involvement in their communities' development. We describe residents' involvement in mapping taken place in the rural communities of the Novosibirsk oblast.

Our analysis of the population reproduction transformations observed in Yakutia shows that sources of the population changed. The natural population growth in the region does not balance the outward migration flows, and depopulation could be regarded as a current trend of the regional demographic development. The aggregate and crude birth rates are still high. Despite the rise in births over the previous decade, the population replacement has been observed. The high indicators of bastardy are still characteristic and this displays the existence of new forms of matrimonial behavior in the region. The number of deaths in the region still remains high whereas the expected lifespan is low. The transformations observed take place due to positive dynamics of infant mortality. In recent years a coefficient of outward migration flow dropped but it is twice as much in the region than in the Far East District in whole.

The paper presents a list of the Russian cities with the high number of higher education institutions, the analysis of quality of life in the cities chosen, and composite city rating according to the young people's attractiveness when they chose where to continue their education. The analysis show that Moscow, according to its high rank, is still the most attractive city to the young people despite high cost of living there, expensive housing, and social misbalances. Only several urban agglomerations between Moscow and Novosibirsk may stand against Moscow in fight for the talents.

The paper analyzes how fiscal policy could be set at the regional level and how tax regulation and tax control could be realized. The study bases on comparison of the regional tax statistics data and indicators. To characterize a regional fiscal policy, we present a comparative analysis of efficiency of tax advantages, tax burdens, tax arrears, tax office expenditures, and direct and reverse financial flows in the SFD regions. We show that regional results of the tax control depend not only on regional differentiation, but also reflect the policy pursued by the RF subjects, and there are three types of fiscal policies pursued by the different regions.

The paper analyzes the contradictory features of the Siberian development which do not fully reflect what Siberia contributes to the growth of the country's economy. We consider several investment preconditions which would allow new industrialization in Siberia and the Far East, and what our science and innovations could contribute to the SFD regional development. We describe how regional branches of the RAS could be involved in scientific supervising a number of technological platforms and clusters to enhance the development of the new and traditional sectors in the eastern regions of the country and how the existed and potential forms of regional branches of the RAS could cooperate with other participants of innovation activities for this purpose.

The paper analyzes Russian fiscal policy toward Siberian regions. The assessment of efficiency of intergovernmental relations set in the spirit of fiscal federalism, in the author's opinion, should be connected, first of all, with a balance between fiscal revenues and expenditures in regions. It is a matter of correlation of the demand for fiscal expenditures in time and opportunities to meet them by tax and non-tax revenues located in regions (without external resources). In general the SFD showed a good balance of regional demand and local resources to meet them except the recession years. The District could be considered as a self-sufficient region which can maintain its balance, although extremely vulnerable, of the regional revenues and spending. The opportunities to cover the demands by their own revenues significantly differ in the different regions, and a lack of own revenues is reimbursed through outer support. The question is a scope of such support to regions since any centralized support should take into account what appropriate share the region contributes to the total revenues of the country. To what degree our current fiscal policy meets these conditions is in focus of this paper. Our conclusions are: fiscal capacities of region-outsiders could not be less than their contributions to the total revenues of the country; and region-leaders' contributions could not be an upper limit of their fiscal capacities due to the social and political requirements.

The authors carried out more than thirty simulative fire experiments in the forests of Krasnoyarsk Krai within the framework of the international projects on fires in boreal forests. We obtained the representative and statistically-valid experimental data on how wildfires behave in the conditions of Siberian climate and landscape; what energy combustion properties of the forest biomass are; what smoke emissions into atmosphere are and how they impact on the chemical, optic, and respiratory properties of the near-earth atmosphere as well as weather and climate; to what degree, depending on fire intensity, the forest stand is destructed after fires; how physical and chemical properties of the forest soils can change; how fires impact on forest biocoenosis; and for how long bio-coenosis can be restored after wildfires. In practice, almost all fires in Siberian taiga forests are surface ones and they are spread on the forest ground cover. The experiments show that a share of the destructed trees is 10-15% when combustion intensity is not so high. This means that the softwood timber stand may well survive three-five fires with intervals approximately of 30—10 years over its natural productive life. The data obtained could be applied to assessing ecologic and economic damages from fires happened in the pine and larch forests commonly observed in Siberia.

The paper analyzes ecologic impacts of coal mining observed in industrial regions and it presents a case-study for Kemerovo Oblast. We can state that the increased coal production brings higher pollution of water basins whereas its impact on the atmosphere is not so unambiguous. There is also no effect of decoupling observed in the region. We obtain the statistical estimates of environmental pollution from the increased coal production and recommend a number of institutional and economic tools to reduce ecologic impacts which would contribute to transition to a decoupling model of the development by the region.

The paper analyzes the experience of structural and cohesion policies pursued by the countries of the Eastern and Central Europe during their membership in the European Union. We can state that the countries - new members of the EU - displayed the increased economic, social, and infrastructural disparities. The paper considers the factors of the lowered effectiveness of regional policies such as the point of institutional equilibrium in regional policy, inevitable transboundery cooperation, and management of development plans as they are important for the purpose of coming planning for 2014-2020. The conclusion is to change factors of regional development means to change regional policies, their goals, tools, and institutions with safeguarding national interests.

The paper analyzes the labour dynamics in the Volga Federal District over the past decades. The condition of labor resources and their development trends impact on regional development. Research and forecasting allow public authorities, educational institutions, and commercial organizations to make medium-and long-term plans. The structure and dynamics of education of the labour resources in the different oblasts of the District reflect their qualitative characteristics. The lack of labour resources requires their higher quality.

We propose a numerical method of solving systems of linear non-autonomous ordinary loaded differential equations with non-separated multipoint and integral conditions. This method is based on the operation of convolution of integral conditions to local conditions. This approach allows reducing the solution to the original problem to solving the Cauchy problem with respect to a system of ordinary differential equations and to linear algebraic equations. Numerous computational experiments on several test problems with application of the formulas and schemes of the numerical solution have been carried out. The results of the experiments have shown a sufficiently high efficiency of the approach described.

A new method of solving time-optimal control problems in real time has been developed. The method is based on the following: 1) approximating the attainability sets with a family of hyperplanes; 2) subdividing the whole computational process into the computations performed beforehand and those that are carried out while the control takes place; 3) integrating differential equations only over the displacement intervals of the control completion moment and the switching moments. The labor-intensive characteristic of the method is evaluated. Characteristics of calculating the optimal control of a linear system with retarded control in real time are considered. The results of modeling and numerical estimations are presented.

Based on quadratically convergent Schröder's method, we derive many new interesting families of fourth-order multipoint iterative methods without memory for obtaining simple roots of nonlinear equations by using the weight function approach. The classical King's family of fourth-order methods and Traub-Ostrowski's method are obtained as special cases. According to the Kung-Traub conjecture, these methods have the maximal efficiency index because only three functional values are needed per step. Therefore, the fourth-order family of King's method and Traub-Ostrowski's method are the main findings of the present work. The performance of proposed multipoint methods is compared with their closest competitors, namely, King's family, Traub-Ostrowski's method, and Jarratt's method in a series of numerical experiments. All the methods considered here are found to be effective and comparable to the similar robust methods available in the literature.

Characteristic properties of a sensitivity functional in the variational inequalities mechanics on an example of a scalar Signorini problem are investigated. Applications of sensitivity functionals in duality schemes are considered.

For quadratic systems of algebraic equations we propose an algorithm generating a posteriori estimates of a convex hull of a set of solutions using the results of a step of the Newton method. Results of numerical tests are given.

This paper considers a class of highly stable block methods for the numerical solution of initial value problems (IVPs) in ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The boundary locus of the proposed parallel one-block, r–output point algorithms shows that the new schemes are A-stable for output points r = 2(2)8 and A(α)-stable for output points r = 10(2)20, where r is the number of processors in a particular block method in the family. Numerical results of the block methods are compared with a second derivative linear multistep method in [8].

The semilocal convergence of Super-Halley's method for solving nonlinear equations in Banach spaces is established under the assumption that the second Frёchet derivative satisfies the ω-continuity condition. This condition is milder than the well known Lipschitz and Hölder continuity conditions. The importance of our work lies in the fact that numerical examples can be given to show that our approach is successful even in cases where the Lipschitz and Hölder continuity conditions fail. Difficult computation of the second Frёchet derivative is also avoided by replacing it with a divided difference containing only the first Frёchet derivatives. A number of recurrence relations based on two parameters are derived. A convergence theorem is established to estimate a priori error bounds along with the domains of existence and uniqueness of the solutions. The R–order of convergence of the method is shown to be at least three. Two numerical examples are worked out to demonstrate the efficiency of our method. It is observed that in both examples the existence and uniqueness regions of solution are improved when compared with those obtained in [7].

An effect of various concentrations of high molecular mass components of oil as wastes of petroleum production on the soil state and plant production processes was studied. From the standpoint of toxicity, its permissible concentrations values thereof for the normal vital function of plants were determined. A positive effect of oil on some agrochemical soil properties has been revealed, which opens up prospects for developing a biological method of utilization of oil wastes disposal.

Adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation kinetics for sulphide ions on zinc oxide in aqueous solutions has been studied. It has been found that the rate constants of sodium sulphide adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation on zinc oxide decrease with increasing the substrate concentration, which indicates an auto-inhibition of these processes due to blocking the surface of zinc oxide by sodium sulphide.

Integrated investigation of the thermolysis of black coal from the Tavantolgoy deposit (Mongolia) was carried out. It was discovered that coal decomposes during thermolysis within temperature range 300–500 °С with the evolution of gas, low-melting and low-boiling phases, intensively increases in volume and gets agglomerated. As a result, rather strong porous cake is formed. Its volume is 1.5–2 times larger than the volume of the initial sample. It was shown that coal from the Tavantolgoy deposit (without any binding additives) can be used for briquetting.