Home – Home – Jornals – Chemistry for Sustainable Development 2013 number 4

This article provides the results of investigations of aerosol microphysical properties variations in the lower part of the atmosphere in the Primorye coastal area. The analyzed data were obtained during the period from 01.08.2010 till 31.12.2012 at the lidar station of the Institute of Automation and Control Processes FEB RAS. Typical values of mass concentration of submicron aerosols, black carbon and particle size distribution functions were obtained for different seasons. During the winter with strong north winds and low relative humidity values (50 ± 20)% a dry continental aerosol dominates at the region of investigation and numerical aerosol concentration (N_a) has higher values between 100 and 120 cm^–3. During the summertime when south winds dominate and relative humidity reaches values of 98%, N_a has low values of (5 ± 5) in June, 2011 and (44 ± 20) cm^–3 in July, 2011. Diurnal variations of mass and numerical concentrations of atmospheric aerosols and black carbon are well-defined in winter. Modal radius of fine aerosol particles has values of 0.275 mm in summertime and 0.375 mm in wintertime and for the coarse aerosol particles modal radius reaches 1.05 and 2.5 mm in winter and summertime, consequently. The more stable seasonal and diurnal variations were obtained from black carbon mass concentration measurements. Its values vary in the range from (0.5 ± 0.5) at the early summer to (3.0 ± 2.0) mg/m³ in winter. It was shown that diurnal variations of M_BC in Tomsk and Primorye coastal area have the same shape, but in the last case the amplitude of variations is bigger.

A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the aerosol obtained in the Caspian Sea on the RV "Rift" in November 2008 and in October 2012, in the near-water atmospheric layer and throughout the entire thickness of the atmosphere. Under study were: aerosol optical depth (AOD in the wavelength range 0.3–2.14 microns) and the columnar water vapor of the atmosphere, particle number concentration and particle size distribution in the range of 0.3–20 microns in diameter, the mass concentration of submicron aerosol mass concentration and absorbing aerosol – "soot", chemical ionic composition of the soluble part of aerosols and trace gases – Cl^–, SO₄^2–, NO₃^–, РО₄^3–, F^–, HCO₃^–, Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, H⁺, HCl, HNO₃, SO₂, NH₃.

Ecological problems of the rocket-space and aviation techniques exploitation are discussed. The mathematical modeling results of the thermogasdynamic processes at the liquid-drop medium polluting the atmosphere at separated stages of the rocket carries falling and at the aviation fuel emergency reset are presented.

The paper presents the results of field survey, chemical-analytical and numerical analysis of data on processes of dust aerosols precipitations in the area of intensive influence Tomsk GRES-2 of emissions in winter periods from 2009 to 2012. In the model reconstruction of the field depositions monodisperse contaminants from a point source we interpret the observed data content in the snow solid residue of uranium, thorium, in the direction of the route of sampling. It is shown that the most significant deposition of contaminants occur near vicinity of tall pipes station comprising larger particle fractions.

The problem of nonlinear propagation of intense femtosecond laser pulses in the near-infrared spectral range in air is theoretically considered. By numerically solving of the paraxial propagation equation for optical wave envelope the dynamics of self-focusing and filamentation of dark hollow light beams having a ring-shaped transverse intensity profile are investigated in the conditions of a wide variation of beam initial angular divergence. We found that the filamentation region of such beams in comparison with the Gaussian beam filamentation of equal power is located much father on the optical path, and posseses a significantly greater longitudinal extent, as well as the density of the free-electron laser plasma. By changing the initial angular divergence or the width of the annular region of initial intensity profile it is possible to effectively control the position and length of the filaments on the propagation path.

Within the density matrix framework, we obtained an expression for the transient third-order susceptibility and relating refractive index induced by stimulated Raman scattering of femtosecond pulse on molecular rotational transitions. It is explicitly shown that the nuclear sub-system response to the pulse field is anisotropic and delayed in time. Calculated average values of the refractive index n₂ for molecular nitrogen (2 × 10^–19 cm²/W) and oxygen (4 × 10^–19 cm²/W) agree with those available in literature.

Results of the analysis of existential variability of total solar radiation in the territory of Western Siberia are presented. It is shown that in the South and the southwest of Western Siberia the tendency of a negative trend of coming solar radiation is noted. In the south of Western Siberia the maximum receipt of total radiation is registered in June–July depending on the year of measurements, and in the north – in July. The minimum variations of the monthly sums of total radiation are observed during the summer period (2–15 of %).

By results of plane sounding the dynamics of vertical distribution of ozone in the atmospheric interface is considered. Measurements were made from the An-2 plane board. During 2011–2012, 6 plane soundings of vertical distribution of ozone were carried out to the characteristic periods of year (winter, spring, summer) in an interface to the atmosphere over Berezorechka post of the Tomsk region. It is shown that during active photochemical generation of ozone in an interface of the atmosphere the noticeable daily course, which is defined by its formation of in situ was observed. Thus, in the period of an active turbulent exchange in the top part of an interface the descending stream at the expense of ozone involvement from the free atmosphere, in its lower part the expressed ascending stream, which is caused by ozone generation from gases of predecessors is observed.

The conditions for obtaining higher detection probability of spatial objects by either panchromatic or multi-spectral detector have been determined using statistically synthesized model of optimal detector.

Aspects are investigated of building the statistical characteristics of random functions for discrete-continuous averaging according to the end-time response of the measurement device. This averaging is typically implemented in practice, and any discrete sequence (empirical values ​​of a random function) is partially averaged sequence (over some interval of the argument). Estimates of the rate of convergence are found of the time-mean to the ensemble-mean (the generalizations of the Taylor ergodic theorem). These estimates provide a convergence in probability. It is shown that the convergence rate depends on the integral correlation scales of the random function. These scales are determined by the type of averaging, they are different for the continuous, discrete, and discrete-continuous averaging. An equation relating the correlation functions of non-averaged and partially-averaged random processes is found. It is found that correlation function of the non-averaged process can be satisfactorily recovered from a partially-averaged data, even at very long intervals of partial averaging.

Based on results of numerical simulation and processing of real satellite data, a method is proposed for automatically estimating the quality of MODIS meteorological data, used for atmospheric correction of satellite IR measurements of land surface temperature.

The description of the complex measurement and computation system for monitoring and forecasting the meteorological situation at the airport is presented. The system consists of the meteorological temperature profiler MTP-5PE, Vaisala Weather Transmitter WXT520, main and remote control terminals, network data storage, two high-resolution meteorological models, server, and SKIF Cyberia complex at Tomsk State University. The paper presents the results of the measurements and forecasts of the atmospheric temperature profile and surface values of the wind velocity and direction, pressure, humidity and temperature of the previous winter, characterized by various extreme weather events observed at the airport Bogashevo. It is shown that the measured and calculated temperature profiles for the lower part of the atmospheric boundary layer have a good qualitative and quantitative agreement of the results.

Errors in lidar measurements of the air density in the middle atmosphere are analyzed. A lidar was placed onboard the ISS. A solid-state Nd:YAG-laser, operating at the 3rd and 4th harmonics with wavelengths of 355 and 266 nm, was used as a lidar transmitter. Calculations were performed for the lidar with reasonable parameters: pulse energy of 0.4 (355 nm) and 0.2 J (266 nm), pulse repetition frequency of 20 Hz, accumulation time of 60 s, radius of the receiving mirrors of 0.3 and 0.5 m, field of view of the receiving telescope of 1 and 0.1 mrad, filter bandwidth of 0.5, 1, and 10 nm, and spatial resolution of 1 km. The results showed that radiation at a wavelength of 355 nm can cover altitude range, on average, from 75 km at night and from 55 km in the daytime to 10 km depending on the parameters of the lidar with 10% measurement errors (calculations were not carried out below 10 km). When operating with radiation at 266 nm for 10% measurement error, the sensing range can be expanded to the upper mesosphere at 90 km and penetrate deeper into the atmosphere to 38 km. Thus, the use of two harmonics allows the altitude range of air density measurements from the ISS to be expanded from 90 km down to the troposphere.

The results of photo-acoustic measurements of the laser pulses with a wavelength of 266 nm by water vapor mixed with nitrogen on laser radiation intensity are presented. The laser radiation intensity varies from 0.5 till 10 mW/cm² and water vapor partial pressure changes with 0–10 mbar. It is shown that with laser intensity increase the absorption is linear for H₂O partial pressure increase from 0 to 5 mbar and becomes ruther stable at H₂O partial pressure increase from 5 till 10 mbar.

Enumeration problems for n-valued serial sequences are considered. Sets of increasing and decreasing sequences whose structure is specified by constraints on lengths of series and on a difference in heights of the neighboring series in the case when this difference lies between δ₁ and δ₂ are examined. Formulas for powers of these sets and algorithms for the direct and reverse numerations (assigning smaller numbers to the lexicographically lower-order sequences or smaller numbers to the lexicographically higher-order sequences) are obtained.

A probabilistic method for regularization is proposed. This method enables one to obtain a non-negative solution to systems of linear algebraic equations. A theorem of existence of the best possible solution is proved. A numerical example of the method application is given.

In this paper, some aspects of numerical realization of algorithms from the software package for solving problems of minimization of nonlinear functions including non-smooth functions with allowance for the linear constraints set by sparse matrices are considered. Examples of the solution of test problems are presented.

A new method for constructing efficient monotone numerical schemes for solving direct, adjoint, and inverse atmospheric chemistry problems is presented. It is a systhesis of a variational principles combined with splitting and decomposition methods and a constructive realization of the Eulerian integrating factors (EIM) by means of the local adjoint problem technique. To provide the efficiency of calculations, a method to decompose the multi component substances transformation operators in terms of mechanisms of reactions is also proposed. With the analytical EIMs, the decomposed systems of stiff ODEs are reduced to the equivalent systems of integral equations. To solve them, non-iterative multistage algorithms of given order of accuracy are developed. An original variational method for constructing of mutually consistent algorithms for direct and adjoint problems, and sensitivity studies for complex models with constraints is developed.

The problem of isolation of discrete random values and vectors with discrete distributions having a given average value and a minimum dispersion is solved. The vector model is associated with statistical methods of calculation of multiple integrals and solutions to systems of the integral equations.

An iterative algorithm with an efficient preconditioner for the numerical solution of an elastic problem in approximation of plate theory with mixed boundary conditions is proposed and substantiated. Exact constants of energy equivalence for optimization of iteration method are obtained. Inversion of the preconditioner is equivalent to the double inversion of a discrete analog of the Laplace operator with the Dirichlet boundary conditions.

This paper presents the results of studies of the scalar linear functional-differential equation of a delay type x˙ (t) = a(t)x(t − 1) + b(t)x(t/q) + f(t), q > 1. The main attention is being given to the original problem with the initial point, when the initial condition is specified at the initial point, and the classical solution, whose substitution into the original equation transforms it into the identity, is sought for. The method of polynomial quasi-solution, based on representation of an unknown function x(t) as polynomial of degree N is applied as the method of investigation. Substitution of this function in the original equation results in the residual Delta( t)=O(t^{N}), for which an accurate analytical representation is obtained. In this case, the polynomial quasi-solution is understood as exact solution in the form of polynomial of degree N, disturbed because of the residual of the original initial problem. The theorems of existence of polynomial quasi-solutions for the considered linear functional-differential equation and exact polynomial solutions have been proved. The results of the numerical experiment are presented.

In this paper, an implicit method of decomposition of hermit cubic splines using the new type multiwavelets with supercompact supports is investigated. The splitting algorithm of wavelet-transformations on the parallel solution of two three-diagonal systems of the linear equations with strict diagonal domination is reasonable. The results of numerical experiments are presented.

The paper reconstructs the transition from theological symbolism of unity to naturalistic one in British philosophy of 17–18th centuries. It reveals the specific of this process in comparison with continental philosophy and shows how the meaning of the concept «nature» transformed in Hobbes's and Locke's works in the light of the problem of solidarity.

The paper presents a new periodization of the development of science. The author regards the antique science as a starting point (“thesis”) in formation of the modern natural science; he treats the classic stage of the development of science as its opposite (“antithesis”); and he considers the future science to be a special “synthesis” of antique and modern conceptions. Also, the author developed the method of “controllable growth of scientific knowledge” which makes possible to foresee what main features science will possess in future.

The paper considers the evolution of ideas of philosophy of science with a regard for the development of concrete sciences. The research is aimed at trying to answer the question if it is possible to create a single unified philosophy of science.

The paper discusses the problem of elimination of unconfirmed theories out of scientific knowledge as Paul Feyerabend’s objection to known rational scientific methodologies. To solve the problem, the author suggests to rank scientific knowledge according to its cognitive significance basing on the principles of rational skepticism which he introduces. One realizes ranking with the help of a procedure which the author suggests as a universal method and criterion of demarcation of scientific knowledge.

In the authors’ opinion, the main thing in Ramsey’s transcendental argument is still the fact that one treats the axiom of infinity as a tautology. Extensional functions really do not play a demonstrative part but serve just as an instrument to realize the program of logicism. However, it is not the most important thing in the transcendental argument. The most important thing is right that one may present the axiom of infinity as a tautology. And it is the possibility to write it down as a tautology in various presentations that is evidence of its transcendental truth.

The paper presents results of the study aimed at revelation of the methodological basis of the standard cosmologic model. Its revelation makes possible to specify the nature of relationship between cosmology and physics and to forecast a general trend in the development of cosmologic conceptions.

The post-non-classical science studies the evolution of complex self-developing systems. The third paradigm, viz. the synergetic one, as a research program underlies the post-non-classical philosophy. It should become a methodological foundation in creation of the modern theory of biologic evolution.

The paper considers the problems of the unity of structure and development of the Megasystem where the Earth being its small part plays a strictly subordinate role of a component. In the context of general scientific (cosmological) problems, the authors show the significance of geological research and identify its function in solution of fundamental problems of natural science including cosmology.

The author proposes an approach to interpretation of a technical object. She suggests treating it as a form of synthetic knowledge in which mathematical, logical, physical and aesthetic pieces of information integrate as a functioning system. In such a form, knowledge should meet conditions of paradigm consistency and praxeological admissibility. The paper considers epistemological aspects of direct and reverse construction and extraction of information about a subject and socio-cultural context from a technical object.

The paper deals with revelation and study of rational basis in the content of ancient cosmogonical myths of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece. The purpose is to retrace correlation of conceptions of the origin of the Universe and their change in comparison with views of the earliest antique natural philosophers (Presocratics).The analysis is carried out by semantic unification of main concepts in the spirit of more rational Greek philosophy. It makes possible to reveal an substantial structure of knowledge as well as to find and compare signs of transcultural evolution of ancient cosmogonies.

Article is devoted to an actual problem of history of natural sciences – to physiophilosophy and medicine interference in the III century. This period of history of antique natural sciences is characterized by huge importance of the processes happening in medicine: at a boundary of the II–III centuries in medicine there is an important change – Galen's anatomo–physiological system is formed. In article the special place and value of the Alexandria school in natural sciences development within which the synergy of ancient philosophy and Christian theology was provided is also in detail analyzed.

The paper recounts and analyses philosophical views of Archimedes, the great ancient Greek scientist. The specific attention is paid to methodological criteria which Archimedes used when solving mathematical, physical, astronomical and cosmologic problems. Also, the author considers factors which determined Archimedes’s choice of the picture of the world.

The article analyses the terms «intellect», «creative work», which are well-known in the scientific literature, and the notion of «chess creativity», the essence of which has not been revealed in the scientific and special literature. On the basis of essence analysis the term «creative abilities» is derived. As a result of theoretical investigation, the following list of terms has been offered by the author: «chess creativity»; «chess player’s creative abilities»; «describing-evaluating ability»; and «chess intuition».

A review of hepatotoxic microcystins produced by cyanobacteria of different genera is presented. The chemical structure and properties of microcystins, the mechanism of their action and toxicokinetics are considered. Methods of microcystin analysis and the genetic basis of their production are described. The results of the studies of cyanobacteria and their toxins (microcystins) in different water reservoirs of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine are presented.

Properties of fibrous petroleum collectors obtained by non-isobaric thermal treatment of various kinds of polystyrene raw material with water vapour were studied. It was shown that these sorbents possess high sorption capacity with respect to petroleum products and can be used as the filtering material in the process of water purification from petroleum products. It was established that fibrous sorbents possess not worse characteristics than the commercial analogues do.

The plants of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. growing in the Middle Urals can serve as a source of flavonols, catechins, tannins, saponins and carotenoids. A definite specificity in their accumulation in organs was established. The high carotenoid content in the leaves of Filipendula ulmaria was established by us for the first time.

Low molecular mass nitrogen bases inherent in highly resinous paraffinic oil species were studied. It is demonstrated that the structural-group composition thereof does not depend on the content of resin-asphaltene substances and paraffins in the oil and substances being characterized by a set of compounds typical for the bulk of the oil species produced.