Home – Home – Jornals – Humanitarian sciences in Siberia 2013 number

The specific chemical and mineral composition of discoid, cake-shaped, and platy ferromanganese nodules (FMNs) from the Chukchi Sea are considered. The main ore components of these FMNs are Fe, Mn, and P. The contents of trace elements (except for Ba and Sr) do not exceed hundredths of percent. Maximum concentrations of most of these elements are specific for the cake-shaped nodules. In general, Mn accumulates most intensely in FMNs. Next (in order of decrease) are Ag(?), Co, Pb; Sr, Fe, P, Y, Ca; and Ni, La, Zn, Cu. As for Ba, Cr, Mg, and K, they do not accumulate in the FMNs. «Dilution» is typical of Si, Al, Na, and Ti. The main ore phases are strengite and amorphous Mn hydroxides. It has been revealed for the first time for the Chukchi Sea that Cu, Zn, Sn, Ni, Pb, W, Bi, Cr, Fe, Ti, Ag, Au, Y, Zr, and La–Nd lanthanides form individual mineral microphases in FMNs: native elements, intermetallic compounds, oxides, and, much more seldom, tungstates, silicates, and phosphates. Accessory ore mineralization is the best pronounced and most diverse in the platy nodules. Though the FMNs from the Chukchi Sea are diagenetic, high-temperature fluids are, most likely, the source of microinclusions of various accessory ore minerals.

The first data on PGE contents in the volcanic rocks of the West Siberian Plate are presented. Analysis has shown that most of the studied rocks have clarke contents of these elements. Rocks from the central areas of paleorift valleys are enriched in ∑PGE (2.0–32.0 ppb), particularly in Pt (0.1–24.2 ppb) and Pd (0.3–8.0 ppb), which might be related to the action of plume. The magmatic PGE pattern confirms the earlier conclusions about the mantle genesis of the studied rocks.

We performed system studies of age parageneses and lateral conjugation of peat and gold accumulation areas, as well as the regularities of formation of noble- and rare-metal mineralization in Cenozoic coaliferous deposits in the south of the Russian Far East. The migration properties of noble metals (NMs) and their behavior in different media are considered. Based on literature data and results of experimental studies, we performed analysis and selection of the most optimal methods for the quantitative determination of NMs and trace and rare-earth elements. The experiments have confirmed the NM fugacity and have shown for the first time the scales of transportation of NMs as ultrafine particles during coal combustion. The obtained results significantly expand the notions of the migration properties of NMs and serve as the key to the solution of the problem of NM extraction in analytical and technological processes. Also, areas promising for noble- and rare-metal mineralization have been revealed in coal basins.

The history of the peneplain in East Sayan was studied using apatite fission-track analysis (AFTA). This method is suitable for determining the formation time of the erosional surface and estimating its denudation rate. The largest known relic of the peneplanation surface in this area is the Oka Plateau, separated from the Kropotkin Ridge by the Oka–Jombolok fault. The AFTA shows that the peneplain on the Oka Plateau formed in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous. This peneplain is much younger than the erosional surfaces that persist today in the Tien Shan, Gobi Altai, and Mongolian Altay (Early Jurassic). However, it is older than that on the Chulyshman Plateau, Altai (Late Cretaceous), suggesting asynchronous formation of the ancient peneplain in Central Asia. The similar exhumation histories of samples from the Oka Plateau and Kropotkin Ridge indicate that these morphotectonic structures developed from Jurassic to late Miocene as a single block, which underwent continuous slow denudation at an average rate of 0.0175 mm/yr. Active tectonic processes in the Late Miocene caused the destruction of the peneplanation surface and its partial uplifting to different altitudes. The rate of Pliocene–Quaternary vertical movements along the Oka–Jombolok fault is roughly estimated at 0.046–0.080 mm/yr, which is several times higher than the denudation rate in this area. During the Pliocene–Quaternary, the Oka Plateau has not undergone any significant morphologic changes owing to its intermediate position between the summit plain and datum surface of East Sayan and to its partial shielding by basaltic lavas.

Seismic-tomography studies were conducted in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan using two different observation schemes. The first was based on the arrival times of P and S waves from regional earthquakes recorded with local seismological networks (local scheme). Nonlinear tomographic inversion with the LOTOS algorithm was used to construct the 3D distributions of P and S wave velocities in the crust beneath the Kyrgyz Tien Shan and to refine the earthquake locations. The second scheme was used to study the upper-mantle structure based on data from world earthquake catalogs (regional scheme). All the data on waves which at least partly travel within the volume studied were used here, including (1) those from regional earthquakes recorded at world seismic stations and (2) teleseisms recorded at the local stations. This approach was earlier applied to calculate the upper-mantle structure beneath Asia. We used a fragment of this structure beneath the Tien Shan and adjacent areas. A series of synthetic tests was performed to estimate the resolution provided by both schemes. The tomography shows traces of the delamination of the Tarim mantle lithosphere from south to north. Also, the local and regional schemes reveal evidence for cold-matter descent from north to south in the northern Tien Shan but on a much smaller scale. Low velocities in the upper mantle beneath the Tien Shan indicate lithospheric thinning. These data suggest that mantle lithosphere delamination is taking place underneath both the northern and the southern margins of the Tien Shan collision belt. Lack of the mantle lithosphere beneath the Tien Shan leads to lithospheric weakening and active deformation, thus causing intense orogeny.

The results of studying Ordovician ostracods from the southeastern Siberian Platform are presented. Ordovician sections are described in brief from outcrop and core studies. Four of the ostracod zones distinguished in the Ordovician strata of the Siberian Platform have been found in the Volgian, Kirensko-Kudrinoan, Chertovskaya, and Baksanian Horizons. Stratigraphic correlation takes into account the available data on the distribution of other groups (e.g., conodonts and cephalopods).

We discuss the results of study of the Holocene seismic activity in the zone of the Hustai Fault, Central Mongolia. Applying seismological methods (remote, trenching, geophysics), we have revealed signs and determined the quantitative parameters of the paleoearthquake that led to the fault dissection at 3.0–5.5 ka. The high seismic potential of the Tola zone and its proximity to Ulaanbaatar confirm earlier estimates of the seismicity of the capital of Mongolia, 8 points on the MSK-64 scale.

The aim of the study is to increase the reliability of estimation of the acoustic parameters of a layered permeable formation using a new software, based on two-velocity continuum equations for 2D numerical simulation of acoustic waves propagating in a borehole. The key method is the method of finite differences as applied to solving equations of the continuum filtration theory. The dissipative characteristics of Stoneley waves have been identified for the case of their propagation in a layered formation. These aspects should be taken into account when using Stoneley waves to estimate the permeability of geologic media.

An heuristic method for determining the binarization threshold is proposed which is stably operating for bimodal and unimodal histograms of observed images. A measure based on the skewness and kurtosis of truncated distributions is proposed to choose the threshold. Experimental studies have shown that binarization can be successfully performed regardless of differences in class size.

Bayesian and maximum likelihood algorithms are considered. A comparative analysis of their effectiveness is performed. The results are specified for an image in the shape of an ellipse with linearly varying intensity.

A model of a fractional Brownian process is defined by its structural function with a Hurst exponent α ∈ (0, 1). It is proved that the spectral density of this process exists and coincides with the known power-law relationship only for values of the exponent α ∈ (0, 1/2]. In the range of α ∈ (1/2, 1), the spectral density does not exist and the periodogram estimate of the exponent has a constant value equal to 1/2. The theoretical results were verified by modeling trajectories of the process, calculating periodograms, and estimating the spectral density exponent.

The influence of adaptive bilateral filtration on the calculation of the fractal dimension of optical images is estimated. Filtration parameters are chosen on the basis of various criteria. The use of the maximum dispersion of the probability as the most effective parameter of estimating the image filtration quality is considered.

This paper presents a method for analyzing the fracture kinetics of a sample with multiple defects by calculating the change function of a crack image histogram. A method of automated identification of defect location is developed based on processing photo images of a surface with multiple defects taken at various stages of deformation of the investigated template. Experiments have confirmed that this method can be used to detect cracks whose direction coincides with one of the axes of the image.

A method of modeling a dynamic process on the Earth surface, for instance, a forest fire, with the use of a recurrent neural network is proposed. The learning process of the neural network, similar to the process of data assimilation in GIS technologies, is described. A method of acceleration of neural network learning by using the Kalman filtration is proposed. The efficiency of its application is analyzed, and the neural network parameters at which it is reasonable to use the Kalman filter are determined.

This paper considers the problem of improving the accuracy of time synchronization of sounding acoustic signals and recording of the pulses reflected from the seabed in offshore hydrocarbon exploration. The main method of exploration is continuous seismic profiling (CSP). The method is based on the analysis of the structure of an acoustic signal reflected from geological horizons. In this case, the possibility of resolving thin-layer structures is mainly determined by the accuracy of time synchronization. An instrumental method for increasing the required accuracy is proposed. A feature of this synchronization method is the use of dynamic autocorrection to add time corrections to the main devices of CPS systems, such as navigation, source control, and record control units, after each synchronization cycle with external GPS signals. This approach differs the proposed method from the traditional one. A test model created by this method showed that the guaranteed synchronization error is in the range ± 2 µs, while the technical requirements allow for errors not less than 1000 µs.

This paper presents an instrument designed to study temperature dependences of the small-signal capacitance and current of semiconductor structures in the range from −180 to +300 ºC.

The structure and specific features of operation of microelectromechanical systems, micromirror devices, and diffraction gratings controlled by an electric field are considered. Elements of microelectromechanical diffraction gratings and some applied problems solved with the use of these gratings are described. A new element of the microelectromechanical diffraction grating based on using dielectric materials with a high dielectric permeability in the gap between the electrodes is proposed. As compared with available analogs, this element has a lower control voltage, a higher clock frequency, and better processability. The characteristics of the new element and available analogs are compared.

Silver nanoparticles sprayed onto a crystalline quartz substrate are characterized by means of the low-frequency Raman scattering. Contributions of silver nanoparticles of different sizes to the Raman scattering spectrum are estimated. Data of scanning electron microscopy are used to verify the validity of the results obtained.

The temperature dependence of the intensity of generation of the second harmonic of laser radiation with λ = 1.064 µm in various powders of extra-pure potassium nitrate is studied. The powders are obtained from crystals grown in a KNO₃–Ba(NO₃)₂–H₂O water–salt system. It is demonstrated that the centrosymmetric phase is crystallized from pure solutions. If Ba(NO₃)₂ is added to the solution, non-centrosymmetric phases of KNO₃ or 2KNO₃ · Ba(NO₃)₂ double salt are formed. As the crystals are cooled down from the temperature of 160 ºC, the samples display a ferroelectric phase transition and a hysteresis relaxation dependence of the nonlinear optical response due to the method of sample preparation.

Methods are developed to record and process microimages which are suitable to obtain quantitative information about the fluorescence polarization anisotropy caused by resonance energy transport between green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled proteins in a living cell. The methods allow for accurate detection of dimers and higher order associates for GFP-labeled proteins. Protein-protein interaction between subunits of the trimeric GFP protein was recorded. The sources of hardware inaccuracies were found and ways to eliminate them were proposed, which reduced the coefficients of data variation by an order of magnitude in comparison with the previously obtained values.

The efficiency of adaptive correction of turbulent distortions of optical radiation depends on corrector control using information obtained by a wavefront sensor. A wavefront reconstruction algorithm based on analyzing the spatial transformations of the wavefront during passage of the light field through a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor and controlling the operation of the system is proposed.

A method for studying the temperature dependence of the effective refractive index of optical waveguides was proposed and tested. The samples were heated using a Peltier thermo-optic module. This technique is simple and easy and improves the measurement accuracy and capabilities of temperature studies of optical waveguides and the materials from which they are made. Obtained dependences can be used to determine the thermo-optic coefficient of film materials. The method was tested on optical waveguides using SiO₂–TiO₂ films produced by sol-gel technology.

The article considers problems of civilizational development of the Siberian region within the Russian state; analyzes specifics of formation of the world’s biggest state, colonization of its borderlands in the light of historical dynamics of the Russian national tradition’s development .

The paper reviews major works on history of social and economic development of Siberia in the XVII – early XX centuries published by the British, American, Canadian and German scholars . The author comes to conclusion that Western researchers focused on history of fur trade, agrarian colonization, development of transport communications . Although Western researchers used a rather limited range of available historical sources they offered original approaches to studying Siberia’s social and economic development based on the concepts of «frontier», «colonization» and «modernization» .

The article considers the origins and celebration of a local holiday «Siberia Day» associated with seizure of the Siberian khanate’s capital Kashlyk by Yermak on the 26 ^th of October, 1581 . The tradition of its celebration took on its final form in 1881-1882 and existed until 1919 .

History of the Russian population in the XVIIth century Siberia became a topic in its own right in the middle of the XIX century . In the second half of the XX century a number of classical works appeared in Russian historiography, covering the demographic characteristics of Russian population . Such studies continued in the XXI century . The article reviews these studies, evaluates their contribution, points to common challenges and future research prospects .

The article presents analysis of events in Siberia provoked by the Governor Gagarin and Siberian administration in order to cover up his plans to separate the region as independent principality . In the spotlight are the actions of Peter`s agents and Gagarin`s countermeasures, in particular the so-called Ishim uprising .

The paper shows Siberian merchants’ participation in intelligence activities in Dzungaria . Owing to the merchant A . Verkhoturov and other secret agents Russian authorities obtained necessary intelligence data on domestic and international situation in the nomadic empire, which allowed Russia to secure her borders and strengthen her presence in Inner Asia .

The article describes the critical state of material and technical resources of the Siberian cooperative butter-making societies in the 1920s . The author proves that modernization of the butter-making industry was devaluated due to credit mismanagement, inefficient siting of the butter-making plants, excessive financial overpressure of dairy cooperative system and disincentives for peasants to deliver milk to dairy plants .

The paper studies the process of demographic modernization of one of the largest regions in Russia – Western Siberia . The author describes socio-historical conditions and factors of demographic modernization . Much attention is paid to analysis of regional and sub-regional peculiarities of the process, its intermediate and final results, difficulties and contradictions . Demographic modernization with demographic transition as its core process is presented as an integral part of the traditional society’s modernization .

This article focuses on the comparison of two approaches to periodization of civil service reforms in Russia . The first approach is traditional and based on changing nature of service relations . The second one is offered by the author and based on changing requirements to the skill level of civil servants . The goal of these changes was to solve the main problem in the sphere of state administration – to create an efficient system of public service . This task was of high priority in the course of reforms and characterized the main trend in the development of public service .

In the present article the author, based on the study of the relevant archival sources, lays out his own version of emergence of the «Statute of Alien Administration» («Ustav ob upravlenii inorodtsev») draft text, which is kept in the Fund of the I Siberian Committee . The author reconsiders the opinion of those researchers who date this legislative project back to 1798 and proves another date . The analysis of the most important provisions of the considered document is carried out .

High-speed 4-kHz visible imagery from 13 field detonations of aluminized RDX munitions with varying liner compositions are collected to study shock wave and fireball dynamics. The Sedov–Taylor point blast model is fitted to shock front temporal history data, and blast wave characteristics are interpreted by varying the energy release factor s and blast dimensionality n . Assuming a constant rate of energy release (s=1), the Sedov–Taylor model establishes a near-spherical expansion with the dimension n=2.2–3.1 and shock energies of 0.5–8.9 MJ. These shock energies correspond to efficiencies of 2–15% of the RDX heats of detonation. A drag model for the fireball size yields a maximum radius of ≈5 m, which is consistent with the luminous fireball size in visible imagery, and initial shock speeds corresponding to Mach numbers of 4.7–8.2. Initial shock speeds are smaller than the RDX theoretical maximum speed by a factor of 3–4. Shock energy decreases if aluminum is in the liner rather than in the high explosive.

A mathematical model of the self-heating of dispersed solid mixtures is considered taking into account the boundary kinetics of formation of the intermediate product phase. It is shown that decreasing the ratio of the characteristic diffusion time to the characteristic reaction time can lead to a transition from the diffusion regime to the kinetic regime, resulting in a change in the effective activation energy of the synthesis and the growth pattern of the product layer. This change may be due to decreases in the heterogeneity scale of the mixture and the ratio of the activation energy of the formation of the new phase to the activation energy of diffusion. An analytical model of the solid-state reaction in the kinetic regime was developed and used to obtain temperature dependences of the coordinates and velocities of the boundaries of the growing layer.

We investigate the cause of the appearance of two maxima in the curve of the specific impulse of a high-energy composition with increasing content of the borohydride component in it. It is shown that such anomalies can occur for some values of the enthalpy of formation of the oxidizer, for a certain hydrogen content in the boron-containing fuel, etc. As the content of borohydride in the composition is increased, a time comes when oxygen is not sufficient for the formation of B₂O₃ and excess boron begins to be oxidized by nitrogen to condensed boron nitride. Under certain conditions, this can lead to a second local maximum of the specific impulse.

This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the reaction zone structure in steady-state detonation of nitromethane sensitized by diethylenetriamine (DETA). The concentration of DETA was varied within 0.0125–15%. It is shown that small additions of DETA lead to a qualitative change in the flow pattern in the reaction zone. After the shock, the mass flow rate continues to increase for about 10 ns, reaches a maximum, and only then decreases. The amplitude of the chemical spike decreases by an order of magnitude. These features are explained by the decomposition of nitromethane sensitized by DETA in front of the shock wave, which is due to a sharp increase in the initial reaction rate.

The thermal and caloric equation of state of the orthorhombic phase of silver azide are presented. For this material, pressure–temperature relations along the Hugoniots of the material with different porosity and shock velocity–particle velocity relations are calculated. The calculations are performed for pressures up to 3 GPa and temperatures of 300–500 K, particle velocities of up to 0.4 km/s, and initial porosity of 1–1.5. The relative positions of the Hugoniots and equilibrium lines of polymorphic transformations of silver azide in the indicated region of thermodynamic variables is discussed.

Based on the conservation law and the Hugoniot equation, a simple relation is derived for the limiting compression of metals whose volume corresponds to the extremely close packing of cations. It is predicted that the metals under extreme compression by shock waves will have low electronic conductivity up to the level of semiconductors. In the case of polyvalent metals, their further compression will lead to electronic transitions with increased charge of cations.

The mechanisms of the stationary and nonstationary interaction between a metal shaped charge jet and the front reactive armor plate (moving toward the jet) and rear (moving behind the jet) reactive armor plate. The range of interaction parameters in which these mechanisms take place was determined. The interaction of the shaped-charge jet with the front plate is mainly stationary and leads to the wearing of the jet in the transverse direction (reduction in the diameter of the jet) and its deflection by a small angle. The interaction of the shaped-charge jet with the rear plate is mainly of a nonstationary discrete nature and forms unilateral transverse perturbations in the jet, which, developing, lead to its bending and subsequent destruction.

The initiation capability of a microdetonator 0.9 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height is studied. The critical height of the lead azide explosive is 1.8 mm. The optimal ratio of the heights of the primary and secondary explosives in a microdetonator is determined to be 0.7–2.3. At an identical ratio of the primary and secondary explosive heights, the output pressure changes from the highest to the lowest value in the sequence from CL-20 to HMX and then to RDX.