Deformation patterns in subduction zones, feeder systems of volcanoes, and rifts are compared and investigated in terms of relations among elastoplastic strain, rheology, pore fluids, and temperature. Regional-scale subduction processes have been explored in segments of the Kuriles–Kamchatka, Izu-Bonin, and Mariana zones. Slab geometry constraints from the 3D velocity structure are used to model the balance of forces in the three subduction zones and to distinguish the regions of predominant push or pull. Stress and strain variations in suprasubduction crust are considered for the case of magma sources beneath the Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes. Time-lapse (4D) seismic tomography shows crustal magma reservoirs to appear and disappear rapidly as the volcanoes become active or dormant, respectively. This behavior is due to rapid strain changes, which cause fast flow of fluids and an ensuing decrease or increase in melting temperature in the magma reservoirs. In addition to subduction zones, stress-strain patterns are modeled for collisional (compressive) settings, with the example of the Altai–Sayan area and the Caucasus, and for the conditions of rifting (extension), in the case of the Vilyui basin. As the modeling shows, formation of a superdeep basin does not necessarily require the crust to stretch twice or more: only 20% stretching in the necking region is enough to produce a 10–15 km deep basin.
The kinematics of the Early Caledonian accretion process in the southwest (in modern coordinates) of the Siberian paleocontinent and the structure of its active continental margin are debatable subjects. This paper contains a generalization of paleomagnetic data on island-arc terranes of the Altai–Sayan and Baikal–Vitim folded areas for the Late Vendian/Cambrian–Early Ordovician interval, obtained mostly with the author’s participation during the last two decades. The large accumulated database finally allows one to find unambiguously interpretable patterns in the distribution of paleomagnetic poles for the analyzed terrane system and to justify numerically the kinematics of the Early Caledonian accretion. In particular, the analysis of paleomagnetic data proves our idea stating that the transformation of the active continental margin in the Cambrian consisted in its breakup and segmentation as well as the detachment of fragments of the initially whole island arc along a system of sinistral strike-slips during the clockwise rotation of the craton and conform drift of the continental and oceanic lithospheric plates. This also validates the mostly oblique conditions of the subduction and subsequent accretion, which means a subduction-transform mode on the ocean–continent margin. We propose complemented version of the paleotectonic reconstruction for the Cambrian evolution of the western margin of the Siberian continent, based on the kinematic scheme constructed from paleomagnetic data.
To elucidate the conditions of formation of epigenetic graphite inclusions in natural diamond, we carried out experiments on high-temperature treatment of natural and synthetic diamond crystals containing microinclusions. The crystal annealing was performed in the CO–CO2 atmosphere at 700–1100ºC and ambient pressure for 15 min to 4 h. The starting and annealed diamond crystals were examined by optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It has been established that the microinclusions begin to change at 900ºC. A temperature increase to 1000ºC induces microcracks around the microinclusions and strong stress in the diamond matrix. The microinclusions turn black and opaque as a result of the formation of amorphous carbon at the diamond–inclusion interface. At 1100ºC, ordered graphite in the form of hexagonal and rounded plates is produced in the microcracks. A hypothesis is put forward that the graphitization in natural diamond proceeds by the catalytic mechanism, whereas in synthetic diamond it is the result of pyrolysis of microinclusion hydrocarbons. The obtained data on the genesis of graphite microinclusions in diamond are used to evaluate the temperature of kimberlitic melt at the final stage of formation of diamond deposits.
It is generally accepted that the composition of ultrabasic nodules and their quantitative proportions do not significantly change during their transportation with kimberlitic magma to the Earth’s surface. We performed an experimental study of the relative stability of olivine, garnet, and pyroxenes in kimberlite melt at high pressure and temperatures (4 GPa, 1300–1500 ºC). The study has shown that the loss in weight of minerals and, correspondingly, the rate of their dissolution in kimberlite melt differ considerably. The following sequence of the dissolution rates of minerals has been established: Cpx ≥ Opx > Gar > Ol. Pyroxenes are characterized by the most rapid dissolution, and olivine is the most stable mineral. The assumption is made that clinopyroxenites and websterites disintegrate more rapidly than dunites and lherzolites in kimberlitic magma.
Earlier, a belt of alkali-granite plutons and a carbonatite province were discovered in the South Gobi Desert, Mongolia. The Lugingol pluton of pseudoleucitic syenites with carbonatites was assigned to the alkali-granite belt. However, new dating showed that it is 40 Myr younger than the Khan-Bogdo pluton and a large fault separates it fr om the alkali-granite belt. In the same part of the South Gobi Desert, a dike series of alkaline K-shonkinites with a rare-metal carbonatite vein was found by V.I. Kovalenko west of the Lugingol pluton, near Mt. Baruun Hasar Uula, and a dike series of alkali and nepheline syenites was found by us northeast of the Lugingol pluton. These data give grounds to distinguish an intrusive complex of K-alkaline shonkinites and leucitic syenites with Late Paleozoic REE-bearing carbonatites. Thus, three alkaline-rock complexes of different ages are distinguished in the South Gobi Desert. We present refined geological maps of these complexes. The plutons of all three complexes are deposits of trace elements (REE, Nb, Zr, Y, P). The chemical composition of the silicate rocks of the complex, rare-metal agpaitic pegmatites, and carbonatite and apatite rare-metal ores was considered in detail. Shonkinites from Mt. Baruun Hasar Uula and the Mountain Pass mine (United States) and their carbonatites, along with the Lugingol carbonatites, belong to a single association of K-alkaline rocks and carbonatites, as evidenced by their identical chemical, mineral, and geochemical rare-metal compositions. Rare-earth element patterns and spidergrams show similarities and differences between the rare-metal rocks of three complexes as well as paragenetic differences between their rare-metal minerals. A rare process is described — the amorphization of rare-metal minerals, related to their high-temperature crystallization in a medium with abnormal silica contents of the Khan-Bogdo pegmatites. The parental magmas of the alkali-carbonatite complexes were generated from the EM-2 contaminated mantle that had undergone recycling, wh ereas the parental magmas of the Khan-Bogdo agpaitic alkali granites were produced from depleted mantle.
D.A. Marakasov
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science,
Tomsk 1, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia
mda@iao.ru
Keywords: wind profile, reconstruction, spatio-temporal spectrum, strong intensity fluctuations regime
Subsection: OPTICAL WAVE PROPAGATION
In this paper, the analysis of the possibility of spatio-temporal filtering of the correlation function of laser beam intensity in the turbulent atmosphere at strong optical turbulence regime is presented. It is shown, that, despite significant distortions in the high-frequency band of spatio-temporal spectrum in comparison with weak turbulence regime, the increase of the temporal delay between the frames allows to separate the impacts of different intervals of the optical path. The characteristic scales of spectral responses differ essentially from current point coordinate along the path. This allows extracting the information about the wind velocity profile.
A.A. Zemlyanov, A.D. Bulygin, Yu.E. Geints
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia zaa@iao.ru
Keywords: self-focusing, filamentation, refocusing, diffraction-beam tube
Subsection: OPTICAL WAVE PROPAGATION
A class of energy light structures in nonlinear wave physics, so called diffraction-beam tubes in a self-focusing dissipative medium, is established. It is shown that their interaction along a propagation distance of high-power femtosecond laser radiation forms areas of light energy localization, stable in the sense of the physical characteristics, i.e., filament and post-filamentation channel, as well as conservative periphery. Stabilization of boundaries of the mentioned areas is provided by additional contraction of diffractive nature from the side of periphery. The dependences of filamentation length of a laser pulse on power and beam radius and the fact of high intensity conservation in the post-filamentation light channel are interpreted using this concept.
Yu.E. Geints1, G.N. Grachev2, A.A. Zemlyanov1, A.M. Kabanov1, A.A. Pavlov2, A.G. Ponomarenko2, V.N. Tishchenko2 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia ygeints@iao.ru 2Institute of Laser Physics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 13/3, Ac. Lavrentyev's prosp., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia tvn25@ngs.ru
Keywords: laser radiation, propagation, absorption, thermal lens, defocusing, modeling
Subsection: OPTICAL WAVE PROPAGATION
A problem of transportation of high-power laser radiation energy at a wavelength of 10.6 μm in the atmosphere is theoretically considered under the conditions of development of its thermal and wind nonlinearities. The power characteristics of continuous and pulse-periodic radiations during propagation along a surface kilometer-long atmospheric path at sharp focusing onto receiver are studied. The main factors having the largest effect on distribution of the influencing radiation are determined. It is established that one succeeds in reducing of undesirable effect of thermal defocusing using a train of low-power short pulses with rather high repetition rate at the expense of the effect of light-induced “blooming” of the gas medium. The questions of scaling of the optical paths from the viewpoint of their equivalence in appearing of thermal nonlinearity are discussed.
V.A. Banakh, A.V. Falits
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia banakh@iao.ru
Keywords: simulation, thermal blooming, combinied beam
Subsection: OPTICAL WAVE PROPAGATION
The simulation algorithms of propagation of the coherent and incoherent combined beams in a turbulent atmosphere under conditions of thermal blooming are presented. The properties of focused combined beams in comparison with the equivalent Gaussian beam are studied. It is shown that there is a complex diffraction pattern of the coherent combined beams fields. Nevertheless, the maximal intensity in the beam crossection is almost the same both for coherent and incoherent combined beams, as well as for Gaussian beam if the nonlinearity parameter exceeds unity. In the conditions of strong optical turbulence and strong thermal blooming the integral characteristics of the combined beams are close to those of a Gaussian beam, which has an effective size commensurable with the size of combined beams. Turbulent fluctuations of the intensity of incoherent combined beams are less than those of coherent combined beams.
V.I. Kozintsev, S.E. Ivanov, M.L. Belov, V.A. Gorodnichev
Scientific-Research Institute of Radioelectronics and Laser Technology at the N. E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2-ya Baumanskaya st., 5, Russia, 107005, Moscow ekomonit@bmstu.ru, ivanov_sergey2@mail.ru
Keywords: instantaneous wind velocity and direction, laser remote sensing method
In this paper a laser method of approximate measurement of instantaneous wind velocity and direction in the atmosphere is considered. It is shown that analysis of spatial realization of atmospheric aerosol backscatter coefficient allows one to find approximate value of instantaneous wind velocity with an accuracy of ~ 20–30% for modulus and ~ 25–30° for direction.
A.V. Konoshonkin1,2, N.V. Kustova1, A.G. Borovoi1 1V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia sasha_tvo@iao.ru 2Federal State Educational Institution Of Higher Professional Education"National Research Tomsk State University" (Tsu), 36, Ave. Lenina, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
Keywords: polarization of light, lidar signal, cirrus clouds, Mueller matrix
Numerical solution for the problem of light scattering by randomly oriented hexagonal crystals has been firstly obtained. A possibility for retrieving both sizes and shapes of hexagonal ice crystals by the use of the depolarization ratio of lidar signals is shown.
Inverse problem of atmospheric transport has been applied to estimate surface fluxes of CO2 for 2009–2010 using station and space-borne (GOSAT) observation data. Flux adjustments for each kind of sources are represented as a linear combination of main flux components according to surface gas exchange. For atmospheric transport simulation we used coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian model (GELCA model). Due to a huge amount of observation data per month (3000–5000) we used Fix-Lag Kalman Smoother for solving inverse problem that allows us to estimate monthly fluxes successively according to the chosen assimilation window. Results were presented as 2D fields of monthly surface fluxes for each kind of sources. Our calculations show the significant uncertainty reduction of fluxes in case of including GOSAT observations.
T.Yu. Chesnokova
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk
Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia
ches@iao.ru
Keywords: atmospheric radiative transfer, methane, absorption lines
The analysis of basic spectroscopic factors, influencing atmospheric radiative transfer simulation in the methane absorption IR bands, which are used in the tasks of methane total content retrieval from the atmospheric solar spectra measurements, is carried out. The role of methane and water vapour absorption line parameters uncertainties and difference of extraterrestrial solar spectrum models is considered. A comparison with measured atmospheric spectra is made.
S.Yu. Andreev, T.V. Bedareva
V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk
Academician Zuev square, Tomsk, 634021, Russia
serga@iao.ru
Keywords: numerical modeling, solar radiation, aerosol, relational data base
An information-calculating system (ICS) «SoRad» for studying spectral-angular characteristics of solar radiation is presented. The structure and the principal objectives of the ICS, the model of the atmosphere for radiative calculations, and the relational data model developed in this subject field are described. The paper also contains the description of the client application interface, its functions, the algorithm for data base filling by means of the application. The questions about information system functionality development by external dynamic link library are discussed. The calculated and systematized data may provide the basis for different studies.
V.A. Tartakovsky, A.I. Kuskov
Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the RAS,
10/3, Academichesky ave., 634055, Tomsk, Russia
trtk@list.ru
Keywords: synchronism, essential indicators, external forcing
A hypothesis is putts forward assuming that the external forcing action synchronizes the climatic processes and manifest itself in the similarity of their essential indicators. Orthogonal components of processes, differing in coincidence or non-coincidence of the essential indicators are introduced. The theory is applied to decompose a series of temperature and the Wolf numbers. It is found that the average quantities of orthogonal components of temperatures form areas either positive or negative values. In the same areas, delinited by the zero isotherms, fall average quantities of the same components of the Wolf numbers. Compliance with the physics of climatic processes is confirmed by the intersection near the vernal equinox of annual cycle of the numbers of the weather stations, which belong to the areas of monthly average positive or negative temperatures. A new tool is found to analyze the information contained in the observation data of climatic processes.
T.S. Selegei1, N.N. Filonenko1, V.A. Shlychkov2, A.A. Lezhenin3, T.N. Lenkovskaya1 1Siberian Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute,
30, Sovetskaya st., 630099, Novosibirsk, Russia
selegey@sibnigmi.ru
2Novosibirsk Division of Institute for Water and Environmental Problems of the Siberian Branch of the RAS,
Morskoy ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
slav@ad-sbras.nsc.ru
3Russian Academy of Sciences Mathematical Department Novosibirsk Scientific Centre Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS,
prospect Akademika Lavrentjeva, 6, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
lezhenin@ommfao.sscc.ru
Keywords: atmosphere pollution, formaldehyde concentration, meteorological and synoptic processes, statistical analysis, Tomsk
The impact of the major meteorological processes on the concentration of formaldehyde in the city of Tomsk is studied. It is shown that the highest concentrations are mostly established at low atmospheric pressures in a combination with high air temperatures. The relative humidity effect is insignificant. The weak precipitation reduces the pollution concentration. The amount of background formaldehyde pollution caused by the permanent man-made and natural sources is determined. The grouping of various types of synoptic processes in five compact classes being signs of possible formation of high concentration of formaldehyde is proposed.
The methods of the control of a wide-aperture 61-element adaptive mirror implemented at the “Luch” facility are numerically investigated. These methods are based on the stochastic parallel gradient (SPG) algorithm and the least-squares approach (LSA) for control voltage calculation. The capability of the adaptive mirror is determined regarding to correction of phase aberrations. It is found that SPG algorithm is capable to practically completely realize the potential of the adaptive mirror on the energy focusing. By means of SPG algorithm it is possible to obtain more efficient correction of the laser beam aberrations in comparison with that realized in the experiments under conventional adaptive mirror operation mode based on the phase measurement by a wavefront sensor. A combined method (based on SPG algorithm and LSA) of adaptive mirror control is proposed. By means of this method it is possible to obtain the laser energy in diffraction angle at a level of 40% and the Strehl number at a rate of 0.4.
A.N. Ishmatov1, V.V. Elesin2, A.A. Trubnikov1, S.P. Ogorodnikov2 1Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Sotsialisticheskaja str. 659332, Biysk, Russia ishmatoff@rambler.ru 2Joint Stock Company Federal Research and Production Center ALTAI, Sotsialisticheskaja str. 659332, Biysk, Russia elesinvv@yandex.ru
Keywords: gas-drop flow, aerosol, simulated aerosol media, atomization of liquids, aerodynamic atomization, separation of droplets
The problem of creating of finely dispersed gas-drop flow and aerosols with specified characteristics (dispersion, concentration, flow rate) for a wide range of scientific problems is solved. The possibility for efficiently producing of fine fraction of droplets with defined dispersiveness was demonstrated.
V. V. Adushkin1, V. N. Oparin2,3 1Institute of Geosphere Dynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 38, Moscow, 119334 Russia 2N.A. Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnyi pr. 54, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia 3Novosibirsk Sate University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
Keywords: Rock mass, block-hierarchical structure, nonlinear geomechanical processes, instrumentation, earthquakes, rockbursts, blasts, underground excavations, open pit walls, pendulum waves, seismic events, geomechanical-geodynamical safety system
The article reviews research and development results in the sphere of designing unique apparatuses and equipment for modeling and in situ recording of nonlinear elastic waves and associated electro-magnetic emission in stressed block-hierarchical rock masses. The joint experimental outcomes and theoretical research findings gained by leading institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences and its branches within recent decades in the framework of integration inter-disciplinary projects offer a methodology and instrumentation support for new promising systems of integrated geomechanical and geophysical monitoring of mining-induced earthquakes and rockbursts in Russian mines used as unique natural “laboratories” for both academic and applied research in the domain of geosciences.
X. Zhou1,2, Q. Qiana1,3,4 1School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045 China
2Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, 400045 PR China
3Engineering Institute of Engineering Crops, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210007 China
4State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention & Mitigation of Explosion & Impact, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210007 China
Keywords: Underground tunnel, zonal disintegration, non-Euclidean model, damage variable
Rock masses without pre-existing macrocracks are considered as granular materials with only microcracks. During excavation of tunnels, microcracks may nucleate, grow and propagate through rock matrix; secondary microcracks may appear, and discontinuous and incompatible deformation of rock masses may occur. The classical continuum elastoplastic theory is not suitable for analyzing discontinuous and incompatible deformation of rock masses any more. In this paper, a new non-Euclidean model is established to investigate zonal disintegration mechanism of the surrounding rock masses around a deep circular tunnel. Effect of damage variable on the zonal disintegration under non-hydrostatic stress condition is taken into account. Based on non-Euclidean model of the discontinuous and incompatible deformation of rock mass, the effect of the half length and density of microcracks on distribution of stresses in the surrounding rock masses around a deep circular tunnel is investigated. The stress concentration at the tips of microcracks located in vicinity of stress wave crest is comparatively large, which may lead to the unstable growth and coalescence of secondary microcracks, and consequently the occurrence of fractured zones. On the other hand, the stress concentration at the tips of microcracks located around stress wave trough is relatively small, which may lead to arrest of microcracks, and thus the non-fractured zones. The alternative appearance of stress wave crest and stress trough thus may induce the alternative occurrence of fractured and non-fractured zones in deep rock masses.
X. Wang, Y. Pan, X. Wu
College of Mechanics and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000 P. R. China panyish_cn@sina.com
Keywords: Zonal disintegration, slabbing, self-organization, shear band, tunnel, grain, interface, matrix, dominant microstructures
It is difficult to numerically reproduce the common failure modes of the circular tunnel surrounding rocks, such as the slabbing or delamination in hard rock, and the zonal disintegration at great depth, based on continuum and homogeneous elastoplastic models. In the present paper, a grain-interface-matrix model is proposed based on continuum elastoplastic theories, and implemented in FLAC. Rock is simplified as a compound of the circular grains, rectangular interfaces, and remaining matrix. These components are modeled by squared elements with the same size. Results show that shear strains exhibit intersecting and multiple shear bands or slip lines extending intergranularly. High principal stresses in compression are found to form rings around the tunnel surface. For fine grains, the intensive rings are found, similar to the slabbing; while for coarse grains, the spacing between rings becomes large, analogous to the zonal disintegration. Thus, a unified mechanism of two kinds of phenomena is explained as the self-organization process of dominant microstructures subjected to forces. Nevertheless, the scale of dominant microstructures regarding or governing the process is different. For hard rock without joints, the scale corresponds to actual grains; while for jointed rock mass under high compressive stresses at great depth, the scale of rock blocks is dominant.
E. I. Mashinsky, G. V. Egorov
A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia Mashinskii.EI@ipgg.sbras.ru
Keywords: Micro-nonuniform blocky media, inelasticity, nonlinearity, velocities of P-waves and S-waves, jointing, geostatic pressure
The article studies velocities of P-waves and S-waves in a natural sandstone specimen exposed to axial thrust. The cylindrical core specimen 1 m long and 0.08 m in diameter is composed of different size blocks. Anomalous velocities of the P-waves and S-waves (4–6 kHz) have been revealed by measurements in the whole specimen, in it separate blocks and at contacts surfaces between the blocks. The velocities in the whole specimen are much smaller than in its separate blocks. The interblock contacts detain and decelerate the waves. With smaller spacing at the contacts between the blocks, the wave velocities linearly drop to anomalously low vales (hundreds m/s). With higher pressure on the specimen, the wave velocities nonlinearly grow and time delay reduces. The curve VP / VS – P has a peak (1 MPa) that appears for separate blocks and for the whole specimen. The anomalous velocities VP and VS are alleged to appear due to inelastic processes at microcontact surfaces under acoustic wave propagation in the blocky medium.
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:30:"L. M. Vasil’ev, D. L. Vasil’ev";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"text";}
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:169:"N.S. Polyakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ul. Simferopol’skaya 2-a, Dnepropetrovsk, 490005 Ukraine vdl_2007@mail.ru";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: Normal horizontal stresses, ground pressure, rocks, shear resistance, contact friction coefficient, internal friction coefficient
The authors show that normal horizontal stresses, either tensile or compressive, including exceeding vertical stresses, are initiated by contact friction between rock mass layers.
A. A. Lipin, Yu. P. Kharlamov, V. V. Timonin
N.A. Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasny pr. 54, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
Keywords: Drilling tool, ring pneumatic drill, reverse circulation, cleaning agent, circulation system, downhole packer, air curtain
The article describes experimental testing of a pneumatic drill tool with reverse circulation of cleaning agent. The authors assessed rational clearance between downhole packer and drill hole walls and propose an engineering design aimed for higher performance of the pneumatic drill circulation system.
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:28:"A. A. Ordin, A. A. Metel’kov";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"text";}
N.A. Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasny pr. 54, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia ordin@misd.nsc.ru
Keywords: Optimization, profit, length and efficiency of the fully-mechanized stoping face, mine
The authors formulate a problem and present analytical solutions on optimizing length of a fully-mechanized stoping face based on the maximum profit criterion.
S. A. Neverov, A. A. Neverov
N.A. Chinakal Institute of Mining, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasny pr. 54, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
Keywords: Rock mass, face ore discharge, combined face-throughout ore drawing, depth, stress state, stability
The authors solve the problem on stress–strain state of adjacent rocks of ore passes arranged in the face area under caved ore and the ore passes arranged both lengthwise the stope and in the stope face area (the face ore drawing scheme and the combined face-throughout ore drawing scheme, respectively) using the finite element method. The article describes stress distribution in higher stress zones and in distressed areas depending on the ore discharge preparation techniques at depths down to 1.5 km.
S. A. Ermakov, A. M. Burakov
N.V. Chersky Institute of Mining of the North, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lenina 43, Yakutsk, 677980 Russia s.a.ermakov@igds.ysn.ru
Keywords: Placer, nonuniformity, clay content, quality of reserves, processing, mining situation modeling
A gold placer in the valley of the River Bolshoi Kurunakh occurs in complicated geological and mining conditions and is characterized by a highly nonuniform quality of the reserves. Modeling showed that the reserves occur in clusters distributed all over the productive sand extension. High clay content and liberal share of fine gold impede processing and reduce the output. The article offers a combined processing technology for the given placer, based on pre-concentrating of commercial mineral, and designates further research.
S. V. Panishev, S. A. Ermakov
N.V. Chersky Institute of Mining of the North, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lenina 43, Yakutsk, 677980 Russia s.v.panishev@igds.ysn.ru
Keywords: Permafrost rocks, adfreezing, overburden temperature, average fragment size, dragline, capacity
In terms of Kangalassky Open Pit Mine, the authors discuss in situ monitoring of temperature on the surface of blasted overburden rock mass in the course of gradual dragline operation. It is shown that dragline capacity can be related with the surface layer temperature and average size of the blasted overburden fragment.
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:33:"V. E. Vigdergauz, G. Yu. Gol’berg";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"text";}
Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kryukovskii tupik 4, Moscow, 111020 Russia vigderg@mail.ru
Keywords: Flocculating structures, ultimate shear stress, rheology, pseudo-plasticity
Based on the analysis of ultimate stress of floccules under shear, the authors determined maximum force and stress for bridges between particles of solid to keep strong. The rheological research showed that flocculating structures in concentrate suspensions and in coal flotation slurries are kindred with liquid-like pseudo-plastic systems by nature of flow. The experimentally obtained ultimate dynamic shear stresses depending on dosing of flocculants are comparable with theoretical calculations and distinct from the latter by 25% at the most.
T. S. Yusupov1, E. A. Kirillova1, M. P. Lebedev2
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:361:"1Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia yusupov@igm.nsc.ru 2V.P. Larionov Institute of Physico-Technical Problems of the North, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Oktyabr’skaya 1, Yakutsk, 677981 Russia m.p.lebedev@prez.ysn.ru";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";}
Keywords: Tribochemical treatment, electronic structure, quartz, feldspar, flotation, beneficiation, minerals
Principles of tribochemical treatment of minerals have been developed to control the mineral flotation ability. It is found that floatability of quartz depends on the quartz electronic structure. Using feldspathic-quartz ore as an example, the author illustrate the improvement in separability of the minerals and ecological friendliness of the tribochemical treatment.
E. V. Bogatyreva, A. G. Ermilov
National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninskii pr. 4, Moscow, 119049 Russia Helen_Bogatureva@mail.ru
Keywords: Mechanical activation, X-ray crystal analysis, wolframite, loparite, scheelite
The authors discuss the probe-tested method of estimating amounts of accumulated energy in mechanical activation of wolframite, loparite and scheelite concentrates using X-ray crystal analysis data. The article proposes relations to calculate changes in energy amounts accumulated in phases of rare metal concentrates under dry and wet mechanical activation.
E. M. Barsky
The Jerusalem College of Engineering, POB 3566, Jerusalem, 91035 Israel eugene@jce.ac.il
Keywords: Separation, invariance, entropy, flow velocity, mineral beneficiation, mathematic model
The new-developed approach to analyzing two-phase flow in mineral separation and beneficiation is based on the physical analogy of the flows and the perfect gas kinetic theory. The analysis from these viewpoints allowed formulation and basis of the invariants of such flows, where the key invariant is entropy of the two-phase flow, and its derivatives are potential extraction, chaotization factor and flowability. The mathematical modeling of the two-phase flow from the new points of view permits analyzing the flow using statistical mechanics techniques.
T. N. Aleksandrova, A. V. Aleksandrov, N. M. Litvinova, R. V. Bogomyakov
Institute of Mining, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Turgeneva 51, Khabarovsk, 680000 Russia adm@igd.khv.ru
Keywords: Gold-bearing placer deposits, preliminary reactant treatment, gravitation, sorption, agglomeration-flotation
The article gives theoretical reasons and experimental results on gravitational and flotation concentration of fine gold from highly clayey geological alluvium deposits and placer mining wastes. It is proved that one of the promising ways to intensifying gravitational concentration techniques is the effectual preparation of the material for beneficiation. The authors show that flotation concentration of gold successfully contributes to gravitational concentration toward higher total output.
I. V. Breido, A. V. Sichkarenko, E. S. Kotov
Karaganda State Technical University, bulv. Mira 56, Karaganda 100027 Kazakhstan
Keywords: Pre-emergency, emergency and post-emergency control, technological environment, operating regimes, electric machinery, coal mine, data reading, processing and storage subsystems
The authors propose the developed standards and design of pre-emergency, emergency and post-emergency control of technological environment and electric machinery activity. The electric machinery operation parameters to be controlled are explosion-proof electric machinery being energized or not, cable integrity and improper access to the machinery; the control objects are switchers and starters within a mine district.
The technological environment parameters to be controlled are gas content, including CH4, CO, CO2 and O2, variation in mine air pressure, light, sound, temperature, acceleration or dislocation of central control unit housing.
The article presents engineering solutions on subsystems of data reading, processing and storage.
M. N. KLEYMENOVA, L. F. KOMAROVA and YU. S. LAZUTKINA
Polzunov Altai State Technical University, Pr. Lenina 46, Barnaul 656099 (Russia) htie@mail.ru
Keywords: distillation, resource–saving butanol–toluene mixture, liquid–liquid equilibrium, rectification analysis, chromatography, topological thermodynamic analysis, pentatope, schematic separation process diagram, azeotropic separating agent
Pages: 201–208
A topological thermodynamic analysis was performed for a butanol–toluene mixture produced as a waste in the industry of paint–and–lacquer materials. Liquid–liquid equilibrium was experimentally studied in the system ethanol–toluene–chlorobenzene–water. Main pathways for separating a butanol–toluene mixture have been synthesized as flow graphs. A rectification analysis was performed for the system under study. Choosing a separating agent (benzene) has been performed. Variants were proposed for the technological schemes of the butanol–toluene mixture separation via combining simple and azeotropic distillation techniques.
E. I. MAKAROVA
Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Sotsialisticheskaya, 1, Biysk 659322 (Russia) ipcet@mail.ru
Keywords: enzymatic hydrolysis, reducing substances, Miscanthus technical cellulose, BrewZyme BGX, fermentation into ethanol, bioconversion into bacterial cellulose
Pages: 209–214
Enzymatic hydrolysis of technical cellulose of miscanthus in the acetate buffer with enzymatic preparation BrewZyme BGX was investigated. A linear dependence of the final concentration of reducing substances on the initial substrate concentration was established. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in aqueous medium with sequential addition of enzymatic preparations BrewZyme BGX, Celluxil, CelloLux-A was studied. The results of fermentation of the hydrolysates of Miscanthus technical cellulose obtained in the aqueous medium provide evidence of their sound quality, so these hydrolysates can be used for conversion into ethanol, gel film of bacterial cellulose and other products of microbiological transformation.
A. P. SOLONENKO and O. A. GOLOVANOVA
Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Pr. Mira 55A, Omsk 644077 (Russia) anna.petrovna@bk.ru
Keywords: brushite (calcium hydrophosphate dihydrate), glutamic acid, adsorption, active centres and groups, biogenic and pathogenic crystallization, organomineral aggregates
Pages: 215–221
Regularities of the adsorption of L-glutamic acid on brushite were studied. Brushite is a mineral component of pathogenic new growth formed at the initial stages of calculus formation. It was established that the interaction of calcium hydrophosphate dihydrate and the amino acid is described within Langmuir’s theory (r2 = 0.99). Monomolecular adsorption layer is formed as a result of coordination of protonated terminal carboxyl groups of glutamic acid with positively charged groups СаОН+ and/or СаН2РО4+ on the surface of brushite crystal.
M. E. FEDOSOVA, S. M. DANOV and A. E. FEDOSOV
Dzerzhinsk Polytechnic Institute, Nizhniy Novgorod State Technical University, Ul. Gaydara 49, Dzerzhinsk 606026 (Russia) mfedosova@mail.ru
Keywords: titanium silicalite, immobilization, polymer matrix, liquid-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons
Pages: 223–229
A principally new method of immobilization was developed for titanium silicalite (TS–1), the catalyst of liquid-phase hydrocarbon oxidation. The method involves encapsulation of catalyst particles in a polymer matrix. A series of catalysts was synthesized using different types of polymer matrices for practical implementation in oxidation processes. The optimal composition of the components of catalytic system and the type of polymer matrix for practical use in liquid-phase oxidation of the hydrocarbons of С6–С9 fraction were established, with the use of 30 % aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution as the oxidizer and methanol as a solvent.
