Home – Home – Jornals – Chemistry for Sustainable Development 2011 number 5

Results obtained by the authors in the investigations in the area of synthesis and examination of the antioxidant properties of polyfunctional water-soluble antioxidants based on alkylated phenols are presented in the review. The promising character of the use of synthesized compounds for corrections of pathological states connected with the development of oxidative stress is demonstrated.

An approach for the determination of the individual and the group composition for low molecular mass organic substances of natural and anthropogenic origin basing on the analysis of chromatographic profiles (“fingerprints”) and the spectral characteristics. Data are presented concerning the use of the approach for the identification of persistent organic pollutants in the environment of Siberia and Mongolia with the purpose of assessing the risk of the chemical compounds to affect human health and ecosystems, as well as of identifying the main sources of pollution. There are potentialities considered concerning the approach for the analysis of biologically active substances of plant or animal origin, the development of low-dose preparations for agriculture biomass based on Siberian coniferous plants as well as the studies of living systems. It is demonstrated that chromatographic profiles represent highly informative characteristics those could be used in order to recognize a “chemical image” of complex systems, to identify and predict properties inherent in these objects.

Possibilities to use superacids for the synthesis of optically active natural compounds are analyzed in the review. The revealed regularities of cationoid rearrangements of terpenoids under the conditions of super-nucleophilic media and low temperatures are taken into account. Mono- and sesquiditerpenoids and their analogs are chosen as the subject of investigation. Results of works published since 1984 till 2004, including those supervised by Prof. V. A. Koptyug, are reviewed.

A simple method of bromination with a high yield is proposed for severely deactivated aromatic compounds, such as 1,3-dinitrobenzenes and polycyclic nitro compounds. The method proposed is based on the action of bromine in sulphuric acid in the presence of nitric acid. The reaction stoichiometry corresponds to the consumption of 0.5 mol of bromine and 0.5 mol of nitric acid per 1 mol of an aromatic substrate. The nature of the bromination agent is under discussion.

The interaction of bis(tetrafluoroborate) of 1-fluoro-4-chloromethyl-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (F-TEDA-BF₄) with phenol, acetanilide and their derivatives, resorcinol, 1-, 2-naphthols and 6-methoxyquinoline in water was investigated. In some cases, fluorination of aromatic compounds in water proceeds more selectively than in the case when organic solvents are used.

For three 6′-cyano-substituted spironaphthooxazines (SNO), photochromic properties were revealed in the films obtained from melts. Quantum yields were determined for the forward and reverse photochemical reactions. Unlike phenanthroline-containing spirooxazines, SNO polycrystals do not exhibit photochromic properties.

The ability of glycyrrhizic acid to form complexes with the products of cholesterol oxidation was studied. The effect of complexing on the rate of cholesterol oxidation with ozone was studied. It was shown that the formation of complex with glycyrrhizic acid may become an efficient approach to govern the level of cholesterol inside and outside of cell membranes, and to extract the products of cholesterol oxidation.

An attempt is made to systematize the data from scientific publications, patents and the internet resources concerning triterpene components in the plants of Pinaceae family those could be considered as chemotaxonomic markers and as the active principle of biologically active preparations. Examples are given for the major structural groups of triterpenoids inherent in conifers and data concerning the presence of these compounds in total extractive substances of the plants of different genera of the family. A problem connected with the examination of bioactivity of triterpenoids inherent in coniferous plants is assessed.

Convenient methods of the synthesis of new perfluoroaromatic monomers of BB and AB types and polyimides on their basis were developed. The effect of the structural factors (the nature of aromatic framework, substituents and bridges, isomerism) on the reactivity of monomers and major characteristics of polyimides was discussed. It was established that the obtained polyimides possess promising properties for optoelectronic applications.

Features of a number of chemical reactions in the absence of solvents under microwave action were investigated. The features of microwave heating of phthalic anhydride and glycine before and after melting were studied. It was shown that the microwave synthesis of glycine phthalimide occurs efficiently and with the high yield in the reaction mixture heated above the melting point of phthalic anhydride. Decomposition of intercalation compounds of chlorine trifluoride and intercalation compounds with acetone, acetonitrile, benzene and carbon tetrachloride implanted into the interlayer space of dicarbon polyfluoride was investigated. It was shown that the decomposition of intercalation compounds under microwave heating resulting in the formation of nanostructured graphite occurs at lower temperature values than those involved in conventional convection heating. It was concluded on the basis of experimental results that the absorption of microwave energy is connected with the dielectric properties of the substances intercalated into the interlayer space of dicarbon polyfluoride matrix. Experiments were carried out with Explorer-48 set-up with the microwave unit Discover S-class (CEM Corporation, the USA) operating at the frequency of 2450 MHz under the conditions of controlled power of microwave action within the range 0–300 W.

It was established that 9α,14α-epoxy-14α-desoxyecdysteroids (oxetanoecdysteroids) formed from the corresponding ecdysteroids in the solutions of alkaline metals in liquid ammonia undergo molecular rearrangements catalyzed by acids. As a result of these rearrangements, 9α,13α-epoxy-14β-methyl-13β-demethyl-14α-desoxyecdysteroids and 9α-hydroxystachisteron В are formed. The reduction of oxetanoecdysteroids by sodium borohydride results not only in the reduction of 6-keto group but also in the rearrangement of the oxetane cycle. The oxetane molecular rearrangement also takes place during catalytic hdyration of Δ⁷-bond in oxetanoecdysteroids.

On the basis of bromopropyl-, mercaptopropyl- and allyl-substituted phenols, the synthesis of ω-[3-(4-hydroxyaryl)propylthio]alkalic acids was carried out. It was shown in the model reaction of methyl oleate autooxidation that the synthesized ω-[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propylthio]alkanoic acids exceed phenosan antioxidant in the antioxidant activity due to the presence of sulphide groups in their structure.

Cyclization of vic-alkynyl-substituted diazonium salts in the series of anthraquinone, naphthoquinone and benzene was studied. Basing on experimental data and the results of quantum chemical calculations, a scheme of heterocyclization mechanism was proposed for vic-(alkynyl)arenediazonium salts. The scheme proposed is fundamentally different from the generally accepted scheme of the Richter reaction mechanism.

The processes of joint mechanical activation of some benzimidazole antihelminthic preparations with water-soluble polymers in the mills of shock-attrition type were studied. The conditions of synthesis of supramolecular complexes with different components ratios and energy strain of activator mills were discussed. The products of mechanochemical synthesis were characterized on the basis of water solubility and particle size. The products obtained possess higher water solubility and smaller particle size than the initial benzimidazole compounds; the products are of interest as potential antihelminthic preparations with increased efficiency.

Photodegradation of herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-Т) in aqueous solutions was studied by means of steady-state and nanosecond laser flash photolysis. It was demonstrated that the primary photochemical act involves one- and two-photon ionization of the herbicide and the formation of the hydrated electron/radical cation pair. In oxygen-free solutions, hydrated electron disappears due to capturing by the initial compound, whereas the radical cation gets hydrolyzed with water to form a long-living phenoxyl radical. We also studied the formation of 2,4,5-Т complexes with β- and γ-cyclodextrins (2,4,5-Т-β(γ)-CD) and the effect of this process on the rate of the steady-state photolysis of the herbicide.

Denaturation of cellulosolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms Trichoderma viride in the presence of water was studied. Effective kinetic constants characterizing denaturation process were determined. It was shown that the enzymes in solution possess a narrow zone of stability, are stable at a temperature below 55 °С and rapidly gets denaturated when heated above 65 °С. In the dry state, the enzymes possess higher stability and get noticeably denaturated only at temperatures above 80 °С. The effective rate constant of denaturation is exponentially dependent on the concentration of water in the enzymatic preparation.

The interaction of amorphous silicon oxide (aerosil) with organic acids during mechanical activation in high-energy ball mill was studied by means of IR spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that monomer molecules of mono-, polyhydric and aromatic acids get bound with aerosil through the molecules of adsorbed water: aerosil–adsorbed water–acid. Water molecules form rather strong hydrogen bonds with the basic surface centres in aerosil and with hydroxyls of carboxylic groups in monomer molecules of acids. Both basic and acidic surface centres of the carrier take part in the mechanochemical interaction with aerosil.

UDC 541.18.053+543.42

Activated carbon was for the first time used as catalytic substrate in dechlorination process and a significant dechlorination (79 %) of most persistent 2,4,5–trichlorobiphenyl was achieved at 110 ºC in water/isopropanol solvent by applying reducing media. It was observed that carbon particles played a catalytic role to enhance the dechlorination process through substitution reactions and by suppressing further chlorination in reaction mixture. Dechlorination at the ortho position of biphenyl was clearly preceded through substitution reaction by hydroxyl and thiol ions. Moreover, in the absence of activated carbon, dechlorination was decreased and substituted products did not observed.

UDC 547

On the basis of the experimental data, a set of problems connected with the features of the crystallization of wavellite in the presence of additives is considered. It is established with the help of X-ray phase analysis that the precipitates formed under the conditions studied are presented by calcium oxalate monohydrate. The presence of magnesium ions, hydrophosphate, phosphate and sulphate ions in solution has an inhibiting action on the crystallization of calcium oxalate monohydrate. The hindering effect of the additive increases proportionally to an increase in the concentration of the additive. It was proved experimentally that amino acids have diverse effects on nucleation: some of them (glutamic acid, glycine, lysine etc.) inhibit the process, whereas the others (proline, alanine, valine etc.) act as catalysts; a number of amino acids (serine, phenylalanine) exhibit an insignificant effect on nucleation.

UDC 577.118.543.422

Alkaline hydrolyzates obtained from rice shuck processing were investigated. Results of the purification of alkaline hydrolyzates by means of coagulation, neutralization with the release of silicic acid, and sorption are presented. It is demonstrated that the purification methods used do not provide the requirements for preliminarily purified and fresh water for use in manufacturing unbleached cellulose with respect to the main hydrochemical parameters (coloration, mineralization, pH). It is established that alkaline hydrolyzates can be utilized with the formation of amorphous silicon dioxide which has a broad range of applications.

UDC 542.06:628.386:633.258

Data on the concentrations of hydrocarbons in the water phase and bottom settlings of sludge pits for the sludge pit technology of oil and gas well drilling are presented. Ionic and ultimate composition of the aqueous phase and bottom settlings were determined, as well as the concentration of radioactive elements. It was established that the high toxicity of sump hole content is mainly associated with the presence of high molecular fractions of hydrocarbons and the ions of sodium, potassium and chlorine. A substantial part of the sludge pit content is weakly toxic or non-toxic, it is confirmed by biotesting analysis. It is proposed to use the differentiated approach to the utilization of these wastes, in order to decrease material and energy expenses and increase the labour productivity.

UDC 504.064.47+504.054:622.816

Possibility of the low-temperature synthesis of zirconium dioxide nanopowder stabilized with yttrium (8 mol. %) from a mixture of hydrated zirconium oxynitride and yttrium carbonate mechanically activated in a continuous-type mill. It was shown that the powder formed even at 600 °С is easily moulded by dry pressing after disaggregation; its density after sintering is close to the theoretical value.

UDC 514.182+541.053

The composition of the soluble products of wheat straw delignification in the medium acetic acid–hydrogen peroxide–water–sulphuric acid catalyst was studied by means of elemental and chemical analysis, IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was established that the vat residue formed in the regeneration of spent alkali liquor contains the products of polysaccharide degradation (4.7 rel. %), esters (19.9 rel. %) and sterols (37.2 rel. %). The acetic lignin precipitated from the alkali liquor contains a substantial amount of oxygen-containing functional groups. A promising character was demonstrated experimentally for the presently unclaimed bio-renewable resource such as wheat straw as a chemical raw material for obtaining sorbents and binders in the production of wood-based panels.

UDC 547.474:543.8:676.164

Selective sorption and desorption of the complex compounds of palladium from nitric solutions of silver on the ionites of different kinds was studied. Anionite VP-1P is recommended for the purification of electrolyte solutions from palladium in silver refining.

UDC 661.183: 669.23

Results of the investigation of reasons causing the destruction of molybdenum containers used for sintering the pellets of fuel uranium dioxide are reported. An effect of niobium ion implantation changing the microstructure and mechanical properties of molybdenum was investigated. It was demonstrated that niobium prevents the formation of carbide, nitride and oxide phases on the boundaries of molybdenum grains, causes the rate of metal grain growth in the course of recrystallization to decrease and stabilizes mechanical properties thus increasing the operational reliability by 30–60 %.

UDC 669.28:54

A new efficient broad spectrum agent comparable in efficiency with chemical fungicides was developed on the basis of the aqueous solution of the salts of fir extract with bisamine, with the addition of the salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with bisamine and the Usnea lichen extract. The agent suppresses the development of fungal diseases and increases the yield of spring wheat and potato.

UDC 547.99+632.934.1

A method is proposed for the sulfation of microcrystalline cellulose in the system N,N-dimethylformamide/chlorosulphonic acid with preliminary treatment of cellulose with ultrasound in an organic solvent. It is demonstrated that the treatment with ultrasound results in an increase in the reactivity of cellulose in the sulfation reaction as well as in occurring the sulfation in homogeneous medium. The action of ultrasound on microcrystalline cellulose is accompanied by a decrease in the polymerization level of the cellulose material and does not affect its crystallinity index. Water-soluble cellulose sulphates with the substitution level up to 1.5 were obtained using the method proposed.

UDC 541.64

The surface of oxides Mn₃O₄, Mn₂O₃ and MnO₂ subjected to mechanical activation with the help of high-intensity grinding was studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was discovered that the surface layers of all the three oxides were transformed during mechanical activation into Mn₂O₃ possessing increased chemical stability against environmental action. The results are due to the thermal effect and the catalytic action of extrinsic iron in the surface layer of Mn_mO_n particles.

UDC 546.713'712–31'713–31'714–31:544.3.032.2:543.428.4

The possibility of single-stage synthesis of isoprene from 1,3,5-trioxane and trimethylcarbinol in the presence of heterogeneous catalyst – strongly acidic macroporous cation-exchange resin – was established. The composition of the reaction mixture was determined by means of gas-liquid chromatography. Along with isoprene, unreacted trimethylcarbinol was detected, as well as by-products: unsaturated isoamylenic alcohols and 4,4-dimethyldioxane-1,3 – precursors of isoprene; the formation of an additional amount of isoprene during the decomposition of these compounds is possible. Optimal process conditions were chosen, providing the degree of trioxane conversion up to 99 %, selectivity of the process with respect to isoprene 65 %, and the yield of isoprene per transformed trioxane 64 %. In comparison with the existing two-stage methods of isoprene synthesis from the aqueous solution of formaldehyde and isobutylene, the proposed method allows one to decrease energy consumption and diminish the amount of waste water due to the “soft” technological conditions of the process.

UDC 54.05:542:547.315.2:504.064.043:620.9

Objective of the study was to examine 20-year trend in the prevalence of atherogenic lipid disorders in adolescents 14-17 years - residents of a large Russian industrial city (Novosibirsk). Methods. Five cross-sectional population surveys of representative samples of schoolchildren aged 14-17 of both sexes were conducted during the period from 1989 to 2009. The study sample included 3311 adolescents (43 % boys) with the response rate 88-93 %. Blood total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, were measured by enzymatic methods. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated with Friedwald's formula. Prevalence of dyslipidemia was evaluated with NCEP-peds criteria. Results. During the period from 1989 to 2009 blood lipid profile in adolescents 14-17 years has changed significantly. Mean levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in both gender groups. Mean values of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for the 20-year period did not changed. Frequency of hypercholesterolemia for twenty years has fallen by more than 5 times. Significant regression coefficients for total cholesterol controlled by age, sex and year of study were revealed with body mass index, diastolic blood pressure and triceps skinfolds. Conclusion. During the period from 1989 to 2009 the prevalence of atherogenic dislipidemias among adolescents of Novosibirsk significantly changed.

Aims. To evaluate the clinical and prognostic role of hemodynamically insignificant stenosis of the extracranial arteries and lower extremity arteries in patients after myocardial infarction with ST - Segment elevation. Methods and results. The study sample consisted of 423 consecutively admitted patients in Kemerovo Cardiological Clinic with ST-Segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The disease outcome was defined in 397 patients (95.4 % of the initially discharged patients) a year later. 39 fatal outcomes were registered. The incidence of polyvascular diseases (PVD), defined by the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery or presenting stenosis of any severity of the extracranial arteries (ECA) or lower extremity arteries (LEA) was substantially high - 95 %. The increasing severity degree of peripheral arteries stenosis was noted to raise significantly the cardiovascular risk factors incidence. In patients without PVD (n = 18) no fatal outcomes were registered, in patients with the ECA or LEA stenosis - >30 % (n = 193), the mortality rate was 5.7 %, and with stenosis < 30 % (n = 186) - 15,1 % (χ² = 11,4, p = 0.003). Using the GRACE score model together with the additional factors determination (presenting congestive heart failure, PVD, prior stroke, smoking) enables to create a scheme (KemScore) of death risk stratification for 12-month period, with the value of the area under the ROC-curve 0.83 (0.76, 0.90), that is significantly higher than the initial GRACE score - 0.71 (0.63, 0.79). Conclusion. Additional risk factors determination, including peripheral arterial stenosis of 30 % and more, enables to optimize the predictive GRACE score model value.

The results were received from the screening surveys of workers of the industrial enterprises of Myrnyi town among non native nationalities according to the report of the program of European regional Bureau WHO/CINDI. The purpose was to reveal risk factors of development of chronic noncommunicable diseases in 1991, 2000 and 2007 and for the characteristics of trends in prevalence of lipid disorders in a population. Among men during the period from 1991 to 2007 the concentration of blood total cholesterol, cholesterol of low density and high density lipoproteins (LDL-C and HDL-C) have decreased, the concentration of triglycerides increased and the index of atherogenesis increased too. Among women similar changes were found. Prevalence of lipid disorders among men and women were more than 70 %. During the specified years (1991-2007) the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and hyper-HDL-C increased. The greatest increasing of the parameters has been marked during the period from 1991 to 2000.

The paper presents the literature data, as well as the results of our research on some aspects of the relationship between influenza infection and cardiovascular diseases. Influenza virus-induced endothelial dysfunction, modification of lipoprotein metabolism, atherosclerotic plaque outgrowth, and inflammation additionally support the opinion concerning the role of influenza infection as a strong cardiovascular risk factor. The feasibility of vaccination against these viruses is discussed because this might serve as an important tool for short- and long-term prevention of infection-associated cardiovascular disease.

The article includes a general information on melatonin - its content in the human body, regulation of secretion, clinical effects. Taking into account the antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties of melatonin, clinical studies of the influence of melatonin on serum lipid profile and atherosclerosis in humans have been reviewed. The results of the clinical studies, particularly of placebo-controlled ones (N=4), appeared to be inconclusive towards the efficacy of melatonin for the lowering of cholesterol levels and normalization of the blood lipid profile.

Most of the recent studies demonstrate that the quantitative level of Lp(a) and especially its low-molecular apo(a) phenotypes are independent risk factors of coronary atherosclerosis and correlate directly with the appearance, progress, and severity of manifestation of ischemic heart disease (IHD).
Several studies investigated the quantitative levels of Lp(a) and low-molecular apo(a) phenotypes in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attacks taking into account the presence and severity of atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the head with high risk of stroke and cerebrovascular complications of atherosclerosis. These indices appeared to be less informative for diagnostics, prognosis, and the severity of clinical course of these disorders than for the coronary atherosclerosis and IHD. On the other hand, in the retrospective studies of patients with stroke, quantitative Lp(a) levels and its low-molecular apo(a) isoforms were significantly higher than in the control group of healthy individuals (standardized odds ratio was 1.37 and 1.74, respectively). The contradiction between the results obtained in the mentioned studies and the Physicians Health Study about the risk of the development of ischemic and other types of stroke may be explained by post-stroke augmentation of Lp(a) level and by the different significance of Lp(a) level and apo(a) phenotypes in different populations.
There is no common opinion about necessity to correct high levels of Lp(a). But in case of augmented Lp(a) level, one of the actual strategy to influence the established risk factors of IHD is aggressive decreasing the concentration of cholesterol of low-density lipoproteins first of all that seems to be useful and reasonable in IHD patients. There are no highly effective methods of diet and/or drug management to correct the levels of Lp(a) and/or low-molecular phenotypes of apo(a), except for using high doses of nicotine acid, neomycin and estrogen-containing drugs. However, recommended doses of these drugs are associated with a lot of side effects. All these arguments evidence the necessity for determining the apo(a) phenotype/genotype and Lp(a) concentration levels.

The article discusses the possibility of using of polyunsaturated fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cognitive disorders in old age. Current state and prospects of using of the eicosapentaenoic acid and the docosahexaenoic acid for this purpose are analyzed. Considering a demographic trends in developed countries in recent decades, the growing proportion of the elderly and the accompanying increase of frequency of the neurodegenerative diseases, it seems appropriate the prophylactic administration of a polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is clear that the prevalence of atherosclerosis-related disease (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction) and its risk factors (arterial hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperhomocysteinemia) vary in different populations and lower in Mediterranean regions due to nutrition peculiarities such as consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, it is shown that the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis-related diseases are similar.

Background: Previous studies examining the association of serum lipids levels with the risk for development of Alzheimer disease (AD) have been inconclusive. Objective: To evaluate the serum lipids levels in persons suffering from AD. Methods: 147 patients suffering from AD (according to NINCDS/ADRDA criteria) of both sexes from the Novosibirsk city were examined. Concentration of serum lipids were assessed by enzymatic method. Cognitive functions were determined by Mini-mental State Examination Scale (MMSE). Results: Patients' serum lipids levels were corresponded to norms according to European and American Recommendations. Patients' serum lipids levels were not statistically significant distinguished from those in long-livers from the Novosibirsk city and Yakutia. Statistically significant associations between serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CH), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-CH) levels and patients' age, as well as MMSE score were not revealed in correlation analysis. Conclusion: Serum lipids levels were not associated with risk for development of AD in examined patients' group.

The results of our studies and the data of scientific literature indicate on the significant role of vascular inflammation. The authors suggest considering of the structural and functional damage of endothelium and signs of vascular inflammation observed in atherothrombosis in the context of common pathologic process - vascular inflammatory reaction (response).  The modern approaches for pharmacological  prophylaxis of any variants of complications of atherothrombosis are discussed.

In this article up-to-date notions of the variants of atherosclerotic plaque evolution are reviewed, atherogenesis is described as chronic inflammatory and fibrotic process, the major cytokines and mediators involved in the process are characterized. The paper lays special emphasis on the role of interrelationships between mononuclear phagocytes and the extracellular matrix-producing cells.

Investigations are aimed at studying the blood circulation biomechanics, the physical mechanisms of the cardiovascular system transport function, and regularities of branching and dichotomic division and merging of blood flows at the level of bifurcations of large arterial blood vessels and microvessels.
An analysis of created protacrylic casts of the heart and blood vessel cavities has revealed new anatomical peculiarities: funnel-shapedness of the configuration of heart and vessel chambers, tangentiality of atrial orifices and ventricular apertures, and tangentiality of branching of arterial blood vessels at the level of bifurcations.
An original method of X-ray contrast cineangiocardiography has been developed. It has allowed, for the first time at the system level, to visualize the helical character of blood motion in the heart atriums and ventricles, arteries, and veins. In hydrodynamic investigations of the blood circulation system, the physical laws of conservation with a local dynamic approach for funnel-shaped canals were used.
The performed fundamental investigations of the structural-functional organization of the cardiovascular system have allowed the authors to make a number of scientific discoveries. Briefly, their essence is in the following: The phenomenon of formation of a helical blood flow in the cardiovascular system shows new anatomical-functional principles in the greater and lesser circulations; The universal phenomenon of formation of a twisted flow of biological media in the canals of transport systems reveals the general physical mechanism in the organization and sustaining of a helical blood flow in the transport function of the cardiovascular system. This helical flow is created by a twisting wave excited in the channel walls by contraction of spirally oriented muscle and elastic elements; The property of a twisted liquid flow is to create a tractive force in funnel-shaped canals of variable circular section, and discloses the nature of arterial diastolic pressure due to the energy of rotational motion of a helical blood flow. Diastolic pressure is used to overcome the vascular resistance; The law of hemodynamics in arteries reveals a mathematical relation between the dynamic and kinematic characteristics of the helical blood flow; The law of branching of large arterial blood vessels establishes an unambiguous mathematical relation between the morphometric parameters of blood vessels, and the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the helical flow at the level of bifurcations of arteries and veins; The law of branching of blood microvessels reveals an unambiguous mathematical relation between the morphometric parameters of blood microvessels, the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the Poiseuille flow of blood in arterioles, capillaries, and venules.
On the basis of the scientific discoveries, a new direction has been created. It makes it possible to develop new technologies of diagnostics, treatment, and prophylaxis in medical practice.