Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2014 number 2

We report the method of active phase-locking of lasers in multichannel laser system based on the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm. We propose the strategy of reconstruction of phase information, based on the global optimization methods. The mathematical modeling of the system was made for various numbers of phased channels.

With the advent technology of the laser guide stars the problem of general tilt wave front correction appears. The high aberrations of the wave front are corrected by means of signal from laser guide star. However, whereas such star is formed by means of laser beam, directed from telescope, it can be represented as spherical wave with random center position. Residual distortions of high aberration phase fluctuations in such presentation with calculation in the Huigens–Fresnel’s approximation are executed.

The results of upper atmosphere sounding, in comparison with the results of ionosphere observations, carried out simultaneously over Kamchatka, are presented. The correlation of lidar signals and parameters determining density of plasma in night F₂ layer of ionosphere is investigated. The possible role of ridberg atoms in forming phenomena is discussed.

The results of lidar sounding of aerosol layers formed in stratosphere after Chebarcul meteorite fall on 15 February 2013 are presented. Aerosol layers were observed at altitudes of 34–42 km in Moscow, Obninsk, and Yakutsk at the end of February — beginning of March. The meteoritic origin of observed layers was confirmed by analysis of air mass trajectories.

The possibility of the overtone CO laser for lidar measurements of atmospheric humidity and temperature profiles by differential absorption method in middle IR region is studied. Wavelengths for lidar measurements of meteorological parameters are found. The spatial and spectrally allowed lidar signals and random errors for reconstruction of profiles of atmospheric meteorological parameters using wavelength of overtone CO laser are calculated.

A cycle of measurements of the angular aerosol scattering coefficients under conditions of extremely dense smoke haze from Siberian forest fires has been carried out in Tomsk in July–August of 2012 with the aid of a polarization spectronephelometer. The size spectrum of the smoke haze had the ultra-fine (particle radius < 150 nm) and medium (with a mode of the volume distribution near 350 nm) fractions. The effective radius of particles was about 220 nm. The smoke haze was characterized by a weak absorption: the imaginary part of the refractive index of the ultra-fine and medium particles had values of ~ 0.038 and ~ 0.012, respectively. The mean value of the single scattering albedo at a wavelength of 525 nm was about 0.91. At the “decay” of smoke haze (in peripheral zones of smoke plumes), the optical contribution from the ultra-fine fraction increases, which shows itself in the increase of the imaginary part of the refractive index of ultra-fine particles up to ~ 0.5 and a decrease of albedo from 0.91 to 0.84.

We discuss problems which are of main importance for understanding the origin of climate changes in XX century and basic physical processes responsible for these changes. The possible role of solar activity in the Earth’s climate changes in the past and future is considered. As shown, physical mechanisms which can provide for solar variability effect on weather and climate come to controlling the energy flux from the Earth to space. A special emphasis is given to mechanism of solar activity effect on climatic characteristics of the troposphere through the atmospheric electricity. We consider peculiarities of the response of thermal and dynamic regimes of the ocean and atmosphere to solar activity changes processes in the atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere. We also show and discuss the results of analysis of regularities and peculiarities of the troposhere and ocean surface temperature (OST) response to both isolated heliogeophysical disturbances and to long-term changes of solar and geomagnetic activity.

The concept of the dependence of observed global climatic changes on anthropogenic factors is analyzed. The limitations of modern approaches to global climate modeling are shown to be unremovable, which makes it impossible to arrive at grounded enough conclusions and predictions. An alternative parameter-reduced energy balance model of the global temperature is proposed, and the relative contribution of basic greenhouse gases to global temperature variability is estimated based on this model. A list of factors, including astronomic ones, to be additionally allowed for in analyzing and diagnosing the observed long-term changes in the mean global temperature is substantiated.

A comparative analysis of multi-temporal images of West Siberia with the use of MIRAS radiometer of 1.42 GHz frequency from satellite SMOS was made. For validation and calibration of the satellite data, the ground-based measurements of physical parameters of the underlying surface were performed. The Kulunda plain located in the steppe part of Altai Krai was chosen as a test site. Wetlands and swamp lands adjacent to salinas and brackish lakes were identified based on the use of satellite and ground data.

The influence of solar activity on changes of ocean temperature is considered. The results are presented of the analysis of changes in sea surface temperature (SST), covering the time period from 1854 to 2012 and their relationship to variations of solar activity. The aa–index of geomagnetic activity was selected as a characteristic of solar activity. The changes are identified in patterns of relationship between SST and the aa–index and discussed in detail. It is found that the relationship between changes in SST and the aa–index shows considerable spatial and temporal inhomogenity and regional nature. It is determined that the most significant contribution of solar activity into changes in SST was observed in the period from 1910 to 1940, when the trend of increasing geomagnetic activity was observed both in the maximum and minimum values.

A morphological analysis of quasi-vertical sounding ionograms has been conducted in this paper. Some ionograms contain an additional trace (called “cusp”) apart from the main trace, which is an indicator of travelling ionospheric disturbances presence. The cusp occurrence rate, depending on the time of the day, their average duration and morphological characteristics have been studied for winter and summer time. The every minute ionosonde recording of ionograms allowed one to trace the dynamics and the evolution of cusps. The use of extensive data archive allowed the display of high cups occurrence rate and seasonal cusps occurrence characteristics.

The calculation of radiation power at 1420 and 1665–1667 MHz frequencies from emission plume for the radiochemical plant of Siberian Chemical Enterprise were performed. The comparison between experimental and theoretical data on radiation power from emission plume of radiochemical plant were drown. Radiation power from emission plume matching performed for nuclear power plant and radiochemical plant.

Experimental supervision for whistlers, spent in July, 2011 in an observatory of “Paratunka” (53.02 N, 158.65 E; L = 2.3) and coinciding in time with experiments under program HAARP (62.30 N, 145.30 W; L = 4.2) have allowed us to find out their non-standard form, most likely caused by peak modulation by electromagnetic pulses with duration of about 1 second and frequency of filling of ≈ 1.1 kHz.