Home – Home – Jornals – Philosophy of Sciences 2025 number 6S

The study presents a probabilistic approach to assessing undiscovered hydrocarbon resources in well explored areas of the West Siberian petroleum province. The relevance of this work arises from the mature exploration stage of the region, where further resource growth is expected mainly from small and very small accumulations. The methodology is based on analyzing the size distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations using a truncated Pareto distribution, whose parameters are estimated through maximum likelihood applied to the largest discovered fields. Probabilistic characteristics of initial and remaining resources are obtained via Monte Carlo simulations, which account for variations in the total number of accumulations and their aggregate volumes. The Jurassic and Cretaceous complexes of the continental part of the province, characterized by high geological knowledge and a representative dataset of discovered fields, serve as the study area. The results obtained confirm the applicability of the probabilistic approach for assessing undiscovered resources in mature oil and gas provinces and allow for the evaluation of their degree of uncertainty.

Experimental studies modeling diamond crystallization processes in a reduced iron-bearing mantle were conducted at a pressure of 5.5 GPa under cooling conditions using BARS technique. In the Fe-C system, one of the possible scenarios of heterogeneous nucleation and growth of diamond was realized due to an increase in carbon supersaturation of the melt with decreasing temperature. The morphology of the diamonds is determined by the relative development of octahedron, tetrahexahedron, and cube faces in order of decreasing significance. Crystallized diamonds contain nitrogen impurity in the form of C-centers with concentrations of 30-60 ppm. Inclusions in the crystals are represented by cohenite, wüstite, as well as quenched melts of Fe-C and Fe-C-O compositions. Under conditions of relatively rapid temperature decrease (55-41 deg/hour) at the final stage the diamond morphology is determined only by {111} faces. With slow cooling of the melt (16.5-30 deg/hour), the stage of diamond crystallization is succeeded by a stage of dissolution due to the interaction between diamond and the melt with formation of cohenite. The evolution of diamond morphology in the Fe-C system under decreasing temperature is determined by the sequence: {111}, {hkk}, {100} → {111} → {111} with rounded vertices and edges → rounded crystals. Cracks and pseudo-secondary inclusions were found in diamond crystals with contrastingly inhomogeneous growth zones, and the mechanism of their formation was determined. It was established that the primary cause of crack formation is iron-bearing dispersed inclusions ranging in size from 60 to 600 nm. The uneven distribution of inclusions, with a maximum density of up to 1.2×10⁹ cm⁻², creates a mosaic structure in the diamond matrix and generates significant stresses. Relaxation of these stresses leads to brittle deformation and the formation of cracks under cooling conditions. All stages of the transformation of cracks into pseudo-secondary inclusions due to regeneration of crack walls and their overgrowth by growth layers were determined. The experimentally established regularities of diamond crystallization and subsequent evolution in the Fe-C system due to temperature decrease are discussed in relation to natural diamond-forming processes in the reduced iron-bearing mantle.

Against the general predominance of terrigenous and, to a lesser extent, tuff-terrigenous sedimentation, carbonate formations occasionally occur in the Ordovician of Salair basins. They were found at five different stratigraphic levels: 1) Tremadocian, 2) middle Floian, 3) late Dapingian, 4) early-middle Darriwilian, 5) Katian. In Tremadocian, carbonates are known in the Medvedkovo and Yeltsovka teсtonic blocks, and at other levels – in the East-Berd’, Guryevsk and Yeltsovka tectonic blocks. By the nature and scale of the manifestation, carbonate formations in the Ordovician of Salair are represented by shell rocks, lenses of clastic limestones, bedded, sandy and clayey limestones, small thin bioherms, small mudmounds. Paleogeomorphological control of their confinedness to the slopes of Ordovician volcanic structures was observed.

The paper examines the evolution of oil and gas exploration methodology as reflected in the seminal works of I.M. Gubkin, A.A. Trofimuk, A.A. Bakirov, S.P. Maksimov, A.E. Kontorovich, and other distinguished scholars. The paper highlights the particularly important contribution of Academician A.A. Trofimuk to the development of petroleum exploration methodology. The theoretical foundation of this methodology – the biogenic (organic) theory of petroleum origin – together with its core principles (genetic approach, regular spatial distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations and their regional nature, phased exploration activities, and integration of diverse study techniques) were incorporated into the official methodological framework governing oil and gas exploration in the USSR. These principles formed the basis of the Regulations on the Stages and Phases of Oil and Gas Exploration, adopted in 1983 by the USSR Ministry of Geology with the support of Minnefteprom (Ministry of the Petroleum Industry) and Mingazprom (Ministry of the Gas Industry). The efficiency of the Soviet exploration methodology is evidenced by the creation of an unprecedentedly extensive hydrocarbon resource base. At present, however, no comparable regulatory document exists that defines the respective competences and responsibilities of the state across the various stages and phases of exploration. The author demonstrates a critical discontinuity in the exploration cycle between regional studies conducted on unallocated subsoil funds and the subsequent prospecting phase carried out on licensed blocks, which adversely affects the replenishment of exploration scope. To address this, the author proposes that the first substage of the prospecting phase (namely, the preparation of structures for exploratory drilling) should be placed under state authority. Recommendations are also made for restoring state-funded research, development, and methodological studies in petroleum geology, which would undoubtedly enhance the overall efficiency of the exploration process.

The authors describe application attribute-based interpretable neural network models which allow optimization of risk management in underground mining of potassium-magnesium salts. The proposed procedure makes it possible: to classify initial natural data and manmade factors with the priority of transformation to a continuous representation, and with introduction of quality classes of sets; to build dimensionless indexes-attributes which ensure physical interpretability of models; to perform integrated selection of attributes on the basis of the single-factor linear analysis, correlation filtration, multiple regression and nonlinear analysis of a learned artificial neural network; to learn and validate neural network models with interpretation of contributions of attributes. For the transition from subsidence prediction to risk-oriented prediction, an integrated index of subsidence, inclination, curvature and accumulated damage parameter, with data mapping is proposed. The procedure is tested at Berezniki-1 Mine at the Verkhnekamsk deposit of potassium-magnesium salts.

The article describes observations over variations in deformation rates in mine roadways under changes in average annual water inflow in mines in the Torez-Snezhnoe coal province of the Donbas. The great depth of occurrence of mine roadways contributes to the peak and post-peak stress conditions even in intact rock mass, which is aggravated by water inflow from the upper levels of mined-out and closed mines. Wetting of rocks reduces greatly their strength and increases velocity of displacement of mine roadway boundaries. A direct relationship is found between the change in the overall mine water inflow and the change in the deformation rate of the mine roadway boundaries. The described observation procedure enabled the retrospective geomechanical assessment of rock mass and proved to be efficient. The differences in the displacement velocities of boundaries in different roadways are governed by geological features of their occurrence, but the factor of wetting of enclosing rock mass plays an important role in intensification of deformation process.

The study focuses on the urgent problem connected with the improvement of prediction reliability for hazardous ground surface deformations in undermined areas. Conventional geodetic surveys not always allow early detection of signs of unexpected failures. The authors propose an approach to the improvement of geodynamic diagnostic procedure using radon emanation survey. The method involves the analysis of spatial distribution of radon isotopes (²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn) in soil air, dependent on change in the stress-strain behavior of soil. The pilot study of the procedure was carried out on a site of the Sarany deposit of chromite ore, nearby the zone of the 2013 sinkhole. In the course of areal shooting along four profile lines, the volumetric activity of radon-222 and thoron was measured. Using the compression and tension values calculated from the data of radon monitoring and normalized radon activity, the maps of deformation and geodynamic zoning were plotted. The comparison of the research findings and geodetic survey results proves informativity of the proposed method for the stress-strain analysis of rock mass, and validates its application for the enhancement of mining safety. The new approach to interpretation of emanation survey data provides information on the stress-strain characteristics of rock masses.

The article proposes a methodical approach to numerical modeling of a threshold and transition from gas-bearing coal seam to coal, rock and gas outburst. The structure of the Lee-Tarver Ignition and Growth is adapted for the description of the intact coal-damaged and gas-discharge stage transition without transfer of a chemical component of detonation process. An internal variable F is introduced, the members of the activation-growth-depletion structure are set, the dependences of coal properties on F are formulated, and the implementation is described using the SPH method for large deformations. The identifiable metrics are proposed: time to an event and length of the active zone growth. The results are correlated not with the emergency ventilation control but with gas drainage, destressing boreholes, mine support systems, monitoring, work stoppage and people evacuation upon reaching threshold indicators.

The methods of jointed rock mass investigation in open pit mining are reviewed. The modern software routines of jointing modeling are analyzed. An approach to 3D modeling of a production block is proposed and tested; the approach integrates the strength characteristics of rocks from the data on energy content of drilling and the simplified mathematical model of joints, including tectonic faults. The model is implemented in the Python language and using Surfer data visualization tool. The prospects for the further research include experimental verification of the model and development of a related program module for drill-and-blast design in open pit mining.

The authors address stability of development drifts in deep-level cave mining of ore and enclosing rocks. The principles of mining front advance are reviewed. The FEM-based modeling is carried out as a case-study of the Almaz-Zhemchuzhina chromite deposit characterized by low stability. The variants of the configuration and advance direction of the stoping front were estimated in case of side-to-side and center-to-side mining. The estimation criterion was the overall length of haulage crossdrifts in the zones of the increased compressive stresses. It is found that in the test conditions, the most favorable configuration of the mining front is a straight line as it ensures the minimized length of development drifts in the influence zone of stoping. Moreover, in case of the straight-line front, its advance direction has no essential value. The diagonal front of mining is the least preferable variant as it leads to a considerable increase in the volume of the development drifts to be driven in the stress concentration zone. The obtained results enable sound and reasoned selection of efficient flowsheets of mining in difficult geological conditions.

The authors discuss the problem of correct description of blind heading ventilation within the framework of the classical network-based approach to calculation of air distribution in mines. Voronin’s formula based on the assumed ideal agitation omits the spatial structure of air flow in a face zone and neglects the terminal time of flow circulation in large-scale vortex. A network model of blind heading ventilation is proposed with regard to air circulation in a face area owing to inertia of air flow from ventilation duct, and to its interaction with return air. In the conventional approach, a branch of a graph is collated with a heading, while in the proposed approach, it conforms with an individual air flow. The flow-oriented model is compatible with the classical network approach and can be integrated in computational modules of problem solving in mine ventilation. The model was used to obtain a theoretical explanation for the phenomenon of excess of the total circulating air flow rate in a face area of a blind heading over the air flow rate from a ventilation duct. It is found that vortex recirculation of air does not define the rate of removal of harmful impurities; however, in complicated structure flows, dynamics of a decrease in concentration of impurities is governed by the duration of air flow circulation in different circulation loops. Inhibition of ventilation in face areas is connected with the presence of low-velocity and remote areas in vortex; inclusion of these areas in consideration allows explaining deviations due to removal of impurities within the framework of the ideal displacement model.

The mechanisms of decrepitation of naturally occurring Kolmozero spodumene under non-thermal treatment by strong nanosecond electromagnetic pulses and low-temperature plasma of microsecond dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure are analyzed. The analytical scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy, as well as measurements of microhardness, ζ -potential and wetting angle find out that both types of treatment initiate destructuring of minerals without macroscopic heating. It is shown that plasma treatment leads to structural modification of surface layer, i.e. to weakening of crystal bonding, and to softening and increased negative charge of mineral surface. Non-thermal effect of electromagnetic pulses causes destructuring along boundaries of grains and micro-inclusions owing to electrostrictional and shock wave effects, reduces microhardness by 20% and changes wettability of mineral surface. It is found that structural nonuniformity of spodumene is related with its decrepitation in strong electrical fields. The application of high-voltage pulse effects and non-thermal plasma treatment is validated for the energy-efficient preparation of refractory lithium-bearing raw materials.

Reasoned selection of reagents in modern flotation is one of the main tools of control over selective dissociation of minerals. The investigation of a new reagent is carried out using the methods of IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and ore flotation. The data on IR spectra of solutions of cyanoethyl diethyldithiocarbamate (CEDETC), silver nitrate and their mix are presented. The chemical interaction between CEDETC and silver ions is proved, and the potential of a complex compound of CEDETC and silver in liquid phase of flotation pulp and on the surface of silver-bearing minerals is demonstrated. The positive effect is obtained in application of CEDETC together with butyl xanthate in flotation of silver ore and its mill tailings with different silver content.

In terms of ferruginous quartzites, a set of studies is carried out, including the comparative analysis of the rod and ball milling performance, as well as the analysis of dissociation of base minerals and magnetic treatment of products. It is shown that in milling to the size of the first milling stage, conformable with the size of the upper impregnation of magnetite, both mill types operate in the energy-efficient mode. Owing to the uniform grain-size composition, the rod milling produces higher dissociation of magnetite and better magnetic separation in open operation cycle. The presence of large sizes in the ball mill discharge predetermines recleaner flotation of the mill tailings. From the obtained relationships of the specific output and specific energy consumption of the pay size of - 0.63 mm with the rod and ball milling fragmentation size, it is found that in transition to processing lower grade and refractory ore, with the required decrease in the milling size to 20% and more of the size of - 0.071 mm, it is economically expedient to replace rod mills by ball mills.

Migration of gold particles is correlated with solubility of elements in matrix of ore and enclosing rocks in the kaolin-type weathering crust of the Yenisey Range. The composition of the solutions and secondary mineralization in percolation leaching is analyzed. Mobility of chemical elements is determined in acid and neutral leach. In the neutral medium, mobile forms are connected with Si, Al and Fe; in the acid medium, more mobile forms are connected with Mg, Ca and S. Active mobilization of gold is associated with a weakly acid medium. With addition of the complexing agent of potassium iodide, mobility of gold increases to maximum values, which is conditioned by modification of the leaching agent by nonaggressive dissolvers in processing flowsheets.

In an effort to address the challenges related to the quality of the zinc concentrate and the recovery of zinc in this product, a modification of the zinc mineral flotation flowsheet was implemented in the industrial processing plant. The flotation scheme for zinc minerals, previously operated in the so-called “closed circuit” (where the intermediate product M1 was recycled to the beginning of the rougher flotation stage), was converted to an open circuit configuration. In this modified scheme, the tailings from the rougher flotation stage and the cleaning stage are combined and discharged as final tailings. Following this modification, a detailed survey of the technological process in the industrial plant was conducted. In addition, mineralogical and chemical analyses were performed on the copper circuit tailings (feed to the zinc circuit), zinc concentrate, rougher flotation tailings, cleaning flotation tailings from the separation of zinc minerals and pyrite, and the final tailings. Subsequently, additional cleaning experiments of the zinc concentrate were conducted to evaluate whether flotation performance could be improved by introducing an additional cleaning stage. The influence of cleaning time and pulp density during the cleaning process was examined without the use of flotation reagents, except for a pH regulator and a frother. The experiments were carried out on zinc concentrate samples collected from the flotation plant.

Тhe efficiency of coal separation processes in dense medium is traditionally assessed by using a method based on Tromp distribution curves as a direct indicator of process efficiency. This method is used in both laboratory and industrial conditions and essentially takes into account the error that occurs in dense medium coal separation processes due to the presence of misplaced particles. From the Tromp distribution curves, E_p and I parameters are derived, and these numerical values are often used as criteria for assessing separation efficiency. However, E_p and I parameters can also be used to predict the optimal results of coal separation in dense medium, although this application is much less common in practice. In addition to theoretical explanations and considerations of the subject matter, this paper presents a simple, practical, and specific example which is used to predict optimal results of coal separation in dense medium in a drum separator and a dense medium hydrocyclone. The input data include E_p and I parameters, the separation density, as well as the fractional composition of run-of-mine coal. On the basis of these results, it is possible to develop prognostic product balances. These balances, in contrast to theoretical product balances, provide a good basis for evaluation of optimal industrial technological processes and process flowsheets, the selection of devices and equipment, and finally, for design of coal preparation plants.

Development and management of technology is a key determinant of the long-term success of organizations. For this reason, researchers and managers carry out extensive studies to manage current technology and predict future technologies. Determining which technologies should be transferred and allocating the available funds among the potential technology candidates are just as crucial as developing the technology itself. In this study, technology transfer is discussed using the goal compatibility model that minimizes the difference between needs and capabilities. This model is utilized to develop Sivas’s mining industries in Turkey. In this regard, 12 needs and 13 capabilities are identified by experts for technology transfer. The goal compatibility model with fuzzy logic is used to reduce errors that could arise from using subjective judgments for scoring these needs and abilities. The model is expanded to include an input-output matrix and budget constraints to decide how to allocate funds to alternative technologies. The budgets to be allocated to alternative technologies are determined in this study.

The authors present a testing plant for modeling physical effects on coal seams. The plant has a testing cell to generate hydrostatic compression of samples to 10 MPa, as well as effects of ultrasound and electric current on coal. The cell is placed on a platform to simulate coal treatment with mechanical vibration and vibroseis along and across a formation reservoir fluid flow. The plant is equipped with a valve system for cyclic loading of coal matrix and for pulsed buildup of pore pressure for modeling pneumo-hydrodynamic and pulsed plasma effects, cavitation and air injection in coal seam. The data acquisition and physical action control is performed automatically by a hardware/software system. The presented testing results of the plant prove its efficiency in testing and optimizing parameters of physical effects on coal seams.

The authors propose a methodical approach to formation of deformation-sensible indicators from the local control of fiber-optic sensing for the further utilization in integrated rockburst hazard prediction systems. The research uses the advanced instrument of Dual-Wavelength Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) applied to a single-mode fiber-optic sensing cable with a local sensible stretch generated as a controllable optical heterogeneity. The operation of OTDR is described, as well as its difference from the Distributed Fiber-Optic Systems and the range of the methodically correct application of the local OTDR-based approach are discussed. Discriminability of the indicators in transition between the sensing mode, reproducibility of signal in re-fitting of the sensible stretch and probability of detection of a local heterogeneity from a series of repeated OTDR measurements is assessed. It is shown that the most informative indicators are the amplitude factors at the wavelengths of 1310 and 1550 nm, as well as their difference and increment relative to the reference condition. The criteria of withdrawal of fitting-dependent and unstable parameters from the space of indicators used for the further joint analysis with the data of microseismicity are formulated.

In this article, the author pays tribute to the founder and first editor-in-chief of the journal “Philosophy of Science,” Doctor of Philosophy Aleksander Leonidovich Simanov. This renowned scientific methodologist focused primarily on the philosophy of physics, where he covered a large number of topics in detail, imparting his unique insight into them. For example, he understood scientific metaphysics methodologically, i.e. as a way to generate scientific hypotheses that are subsequently tested empirically. A.L. Simanov viewed metaphysics and methodology dialectically from the standpoint of historical materialism, emphasizing the fundamental incompleteness of scientific knowledge and pointing to the gradual transition from the metaphysics of objects to the metaphysics of states and structures. His approach differed from scientific structuralism in recognizing the existence of an object’s internal structure, whose change occurs not only due to the intervention of external forces, but also due to its internal evolution, as well as through changes in its internal qualities in response to external influences.

The article examines the place and role of metaphysical ideas in the development of the concept of unification based on the basic constants of the geometric representation of spacetime. It is noted that the concept of symmetry-asymmetry can serve as such a basic foundation, allowing for building an explanatory, rather than a phenomenological, theory.

This is a review of A.V. Rodin’s book “Axiomatic Architecture of Scientific Theories” (Moscow, DirectMedia, 2025. In Russ.).

In the context of the digital transformation of society, traditional epistemological concepts are undergoing significant changes. Historically, the theory of knowledge developed from ancient ideas about knowledge as objective truth to more complex models of the New Age and postmodernism. However, the 21st century has posed new challenges to epistemology associated with digital technologies. The digital environment has changed the mechanisms of formation, verification and dissemination of knowledge. Information overload, algorithmic filters and the influence of artificial intelligence have led to a shift in traditional criteria of reliability. Instead of cause-and-effect relationships, correlation methods are widely used in data analysis, which affects the processes of scientific knowledge. The phenomena of "epistemic bubbles" and post-truth have also emerged, undermining classical concepts of truth. The author considers digital epistemology as a new stage in the development of the philosophy of knowledge. Key transformations are analyzed, including the change in the role of the subject of knowledge, the problem of digital truth and the formation of new types of knowledge in the era of big data. Possible strategies for adapting classical epistemological concepts to modern conditions are proposed.

The article examines the problem of limitations of empirical testing of geological hypotheses, the essence of which lies in the disproportion of the object and subject of research, as well as in the "complexity" of the object of research, that is, in the uncalculated set of geological processes at the border of macro- and mega-levels, as a result of which this object was formed.

This article examines the intersection of technoscientific and biopolitical discourses in popular science texts using Discover magazine as a sample. The study utilized dual topic modeling and cluster visualization to identify keywords and patterns in topic distribution. The analysis revealed that 52.7% of texts contained elements of both themes, confirming their interconnectedness in the media space. The most significant terms associated with technoscience include "technology," "ecology," and "health," while biopolitics is represent- ed through the concepts of "control," "normalization," and "social consequences." This work demonstrates the methodological value of combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in discourse analysis and highlights the importance of studying the role of popular science media in shaping public perceptions of science and politics.

Rapid advances in artificial intelligence have exacerbated the tension between two key imperatives of the global digital agenda: the drive for equitable access to technology (digital inclusion) and the need of states to control their own digital ecosystems (digital sovereignty). This study explores how the framework of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) can bridge these divergent trends by embedding ethical principles, such as inclusiveness, sustainability, precaution and reflexivity, into the core mechanisms that govern technological development. Using examples from educational initiatives (e.g., Kenya’s eLimu platform and India’s DIKSHA) and healthcare collaborations (notably WHO data-sharing protocols during the pandemic), we demonstrate that RRI mobilizes diverse communities to participate in decision-making, thereby balancing national interests, fostering international cooperation, and helping to counteract systemic biases. We find that rigid “sovereign” policies often deepen inequalities, whereas the application of RRI principles empowers all groups, including marginalized populations, to engage fully in public life, ensuring cultural representation and the ethical governance of technology. Our analysis shows that RRI holds significant potential to transform geopolitical competition into equitable governance, provided these principles are formally adopted in international instruments (for instance, within the UN’s proposed Global Digital Pact). A socially just approach recasts sovereignty as a responsibility for the common good, guaranteeing that AI develops to benefit vulnerable communities rather than entrench their marginalization. We conclude that integrating RRI principles into both global and national strategies is a critical step toward dismantling emerging digital hierarchies and fostering truly inclusive innovation.

The article explores the concept of the digital universe as an epistemological challenge to both classical and contemporary theories of knowledge. Drawing on transcendental and comparative-philosophical approaches, the author analyzes how the simulation hypothesis, digital ontology, and the information paradigm reshape our understanding of the subject, truth, and the conditions of knowledge. Particular attention is given to Platonic ontology, Gnostic cosmology, twentieth- and twenty-first-century philosophy of mind, and postmetaphysical theories in which information and interface replace traditional ontological categories. Through a critical comparison of the ideas of Immanuel Kant, Nick Bostrom, David Chalmers, Luciano Floridi, and Jean Baudrillard, the article argues that the digital universe does not merely simulate reality but constitutes a new form of ontological environment in which knowledge becomes a function of behavior, visualization, and algorithmic mediation. The study concludes with a call to reconsider the foundations of epistemology in the context of digital simulation and to develop hybrid cognitive structures capable of engaging with the complexity and multiplicity of informational being.

Prospects of scientific and technical civilization are largely connected with the possibilities of biotechnology. The work examines the philosophical aspects of technically organized life: a technical object consists of simple objects; a simple object is subject to copying; a record is an information1 hypostasis of a simple object; the material world is informationally unified; a technical fact consists of simple objects in their actual connection; a technical fact has a special historicity connected with its origin; the ontology of a copy sets the compromises of existence; time launches the processes of substantiation in copies. The conclusions of the study postulate the possibility of living technology.

This paper presents an exhibition on a new methodological approach emerging within the practice-oriented philosophy of science, addressing the problem of the relationship between contingency and the inevitability of the dynamics of scientific knowledge. The article analyzes the epistemological and methodological principles of this emerging approach and its significance for classical approaches to the philosophy of science.

The article examines the phenomenon of citizen science and its role in transforming the status of scientific knowledge in modern society. The author observes that science has evolved from evolved from a disinterested search for truth into a socially significant institution engaging non-professionals. By analyzing T. Kuhn's concept of normal science, post-normal science, and Mode 2.0 science, the study demonstrates that citizen science can manifest in several forms. It often serves as an auxiliary tool for professional researchers, yet civil investigators may also exhibit considerable autonomy within various activist projects. The article notes that denialism can be viewed as a form of citizen science antagonistic toward the scientific community. These developments indicate that, in an era of interdisciplinarity and social engagement, science is becoming a boundary object requiring new forms of dialogue between scientists and society.

The purpose of the article is to record and analyze the change in the ratio of the share of fundamental and applied research in the research institutes of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The study brings us to the most important problem of modern Russian science studies, allowing us to more adequately assess the speed and depth of transformation of Russian research practice in the context of global trends in changing the scientific landscape. The key theoretical framework of the study is the widely discussed thesis of an "epochal break" in the development of world science. A sharp turn towards a practically oriented scientific search in a certain sense contradicts the basic academic values formulated within the walls of a classical university. It is shown that at the empirical level, the first points of tension in the research institutes of the Novosibirsk Akademgorodok were recorded almost from the very beginning of market reforms in science. Further, using the example of the results of a number of large-scale sociological studies, it is proved that the forced transition to an increasingly applied orientation of research was perceived quite painfully by scientists, especially the older generation. Many of them interpreted this as a betrayal of the cause of true science. It is concluded that, unlike foreign science, for which the transition to neoliberal science occurred primarily through evolutionary means, in Russian conditions it was a rapid and painful process of forced adaptation of science to new conditions of activity, which was of a shock nature.

The development of humanity is inextricably linked with the development of technology, which led to technical revolutions, starting from the Paleolithic and ending with the fourth industrial revolution, characterized, among other things, by the rapid development and large-scale implementation of artificial intelligence technology (hereinafter - AI). The ability of AI to self-learn and produce results comparable to the results of human intellectual activity demonstrates that technology is becoming increasingly autonomous. This trend forces us to rethink the connection initially formed between man and technology, and to formulate an approach to the legal regulation of AI technology that meets the needs of the time. In the article, the authors turn to philosophical views on the essence of technology and, through this prism, analyze existing approaches to the legal regulation of AI in different countries.

This article examines possible foundations for assessing the credibility of various historical narratives. The search for such foundations is conducted by placing history within the context of cognitive science, beginning with the question of whether the specificity of historical knowledge manifests itself at the level of cognitive processes. It is proposed that narrative constructions are the result of the development of the mind's ability to represent processes. Drawing on ideas from evolutionary epistemology, which understands cognition as a means of increasing organisms' adaptability to changing conditions, history is examined as the ability of social actors to represent processes in order to increase the predictability of their actions.

We present the result of a case-study of reasoning in a dispute using formal-logical and qualitative methods of analysis that model demonstrative and non-demonstrative argumentation. This approach allows us to overcome the limitations of descriptive and normative methods of studying judicial argumentation used in isolation and to reconstruct the essence of a judicial dispute in its fullness and integrity. We reconstruct a fragment of a court case on the recovery of mixed alimony, connected with the opposite interpretation by the plaintiff and the defendant of one of the legal facts in the case. For the initial reconstruction, we use the Toulmin model and map the argumentation of the parties on the graph; then we identify their dispute as a complex tertiary dispute and distinguish its sub-disputes and specify the properties of each of them. Finally, with the help of the methodology of normative systems we demonstrate the core difference of the parties’ opinions in interpreting the fact of the alienation of the real estate by the defendant case and show those interpretations lead to the opposite decisions. We believe that the reconstruction and analysis of judicial disputes using the set of methods proposed by us has not only a high heuristic potential, especially in less obvious cases, but also is practically significant when the judicial dispute continues at the next instance, since it allows for a more accurate assessment of the grounds and validity of the judicial decision.

The article is devoted to the heuristics of Edmund Husserl's phenomenology and the phenomenological method of constitution in relation to modern philosophy, methodology and history of science. Aware of the ambiguous fate of phenomenology as a conception of the transcendental foundations of the positive sciences, the author attempts to define the sphere in which the phenomenological eidetics of intensional, temporal, genetic and intersubjective constitution would have an effect as a demanded part of scientific knowledge. The personal dimension of scientific creativity is chosen as such a sphere. This is substantiated by the priority consideration of the intersubjective constitution, which carries out the temporal and eidetic correlation of different consciousnesses, including in the mode of their mutual intellectual empathy and updating. The proposed approach is aimed at transforming the fragmentary and purely informative knowledge of the history of science into its temporal-ideal continuum, in which the personal destinies and ideas of great scientists would be perceived and experienced as modern and necessary for scientific creativity, the psychology of cognition, and the philosophy of education.

The ratio of appeals to the work of Descartes, on the one hand, Newton and, on the other hand, Voltaire, is considered. Newton highlighted both the attention to Descartes's that he, Newton, assessed positively, and that in which their positions were not only significantly different, but mutually exclusive. Voltaire paid special attention to his comparison of the contributions of Descartes and Newton to the creation of modern science. While appreciating the corresponding achievements of Newton, Voltaire emphasized that it was Descartes who had the merit of directing European science "along the path of truth", that is, the path on which successes were then multiplied by Newton. At the same time, when considering Voltaire's implementation of this comparative assessment of the positions of Descartes and Newton, it was recorded that they paid attention to those components of Descartes' views that Voltaire assessed as erroneous. At the same time, manifestations of inconsistency in the worldview and philosophical positions of Voltaire himself were recorded. He argues that the explanation of the movement of anything in the universe is impossible without recognizing an external source from him. Voltaire himself declared God to be such an external source of movement for everything bodily, calling him the supreme mind having a will. At the same time, Voltaire assesses the same position of Descartes as erroneous. Voltaire also recognizes, definitely in contrast to Descartes, a person with independent activity. It is emphasized that when Voltaire evaluates certain positions of Descartes as erroneous, he does this from the standpoint of taking into account the achievements, first of all, in the science of nature directly by Newton, which provided for the new European philosophy the prospect of establishing a distinctly materialistic component.

A new class of genes, called ontogenes, together with the class of Mendelian genes, form the genetic program of individual development. Functionally, the program is a set of cycles and quasicycles (spirals) executed by genes of both classes. The genetic cyclicity revealed in the living, apparently, is only a variant of the cyclicity inherent in matter in general. It has been suggested that the total cyclicity of matter is due to the way it is formed in the Universe: matter arises in the flow of cosmic energy when its laminar flow changes to a vortex one. The principle of the quasi-cycle, discovered in the work with the genetic system, was the basis for the cyclic protomodel of the Universe. The article presents its main provisions. On the basis of the provisions, the peculiarities of the organization of the living are explained. The example of the cyclic protomodel shows that biology in its development, like physics and chemistry, has reached the level of building models of a metaphysical nature.

This article opens a series of papers devoted to a holistic, comprehensive presentation of the concept of semantic modeling, including its methodological, logical-mathematical, and technological aspects, with an emphasis on practical applications and the concept's relationship with such areas of the IT industry as programming practice and artificial intelligence. For this reason, the central focus of this series of articles will be the description and discussion of the organizational and technological framework for the practical application of the concept's principles. A few clarifications are in order. Research on semantic modeling began in the late 1970s and early 1980s and is actively pursued today. The main focus of this research is the creation and development of a methodologically and theoretically sound technology for automatically solving intelligent problems as a trusted artificial intelligence technology, and the application of this technology and its tools to solving practical problems. The primary methodological and theoretical efforts of this research are aimed at creating, studying, and developing a declarative logical-mathematical formalism for problem description whose procedural semantics would allow for the automatic extraction of a problem-solving algorithm from its declarative specification and subsequent execution of this algorithm by a computer. The description of the methodological and theoretical results obtained here is the subject of this article. Naturally, the results obtained in this area should find practical application, which will be reflected in the second article in the series, dedicated to describing the semantic modeling technology created and being developed by the authors of this series. Since the problem of further improving this technology by, among other things, applying certain tools of modern artificial intelligence (AI), in particular, large-scale language models (LLM) and generative AI, is of undoubted interest, the third article in the series will be devoted to this issue. It should be noted that the first two articles in this series will focus on explaining the potential of semantic modeling as it applies to practical programming in the IT industry. The topic of deeply automating manual programming, particularly the coding stage, has recently been actively discussed in computer science. This topic has become especially popular with the advent of large language models. It turns out that semantic programming can also be successfully used to solve this problem. For this reason, the first two articles in this series will be devoted to discussing this potential. The relationship between semantic modeling and artificial intelligence will be the subject of the third article.

The historical background of the demand for various connotations of the concept of "visual" is presented based on the results of a statistical analysis of the frequency of use of the terms "visual methods," "visual research," and "visual methods in research" in texts. The identification of three stages in the development and application of visual methods is based on a shift in research focus, which is related to the emergence of new technologies that allow for the creation, preservation, and transmission of visual images. The author concludes that the demand for visual methods in modern research in the fields of natural sciences, social philosophy, and the humanities is accompanied, on the one hand, by a variety of interpretations and attempts to justify the independence of the field of research, and, on the other hand, by the fragmentation of researchers in the social space of science and the existing contradictions in their methodological positions, which limit the development of interdisciplinary projects.