Home – Home – Jornals – Philosophy of Sciences 2026 number 2

The large-scale restrictions imposed by Western countries on trade with Russia have not achieved their publicly declared goals of inflicting devastating damage on the domestic economy. Nevertheless, the sectoral effects of sanctions pressure are diverse and require comprehensive study. The purpose of this study is to assess the losses incurred by the Russian forestry industry, which has been forced to abandon convenient and highly profitable export markets. The task is solved for enterprises in the timber harvesting and sawmill industries in the regions of Asian Russia. Unlike most studies that use macroeconomic statistics, this analysis is based on a specially formed knowledge base of 312 of the largest enterprises in the sector located in Siberia and the Far East. For the first time, a method of selecting companies has been proposed and implemented that is based not on their formally declared OKVED codes, but on previously unused open data from the territorial bodies of the Federal Forestry Agency, which allows for the highly reliable identification of legal entities actually engaged in relevant economic activities. It is shown that the economic situation of the analyzed companies significantly deteriorated in 2024 compared to 2021. Previously low business profitability has resulted in significant losses and sharply increased debt, which compensate for losses from low product prices and the inability to supply certain markets. The continuation of these conditions for trading in forest products and the Bank of Russia’s tight monetary policy could lead to a series of bankruptcies among companies in the industry.

The search for models of long-term territorial sustainability outside of orthodox economic theory necessitates a rethinking of the reproduction process at the municipal level and the development of alternative indicators of economic progress. The construct of “economic well-being" is considered as such an indicator; it represents an economically secure state of material and non-material provision in the territory of local self-government, formed on the basis of a sustainable, spatially inclusive, planned, individualized, and conscious reproductive process. The article aims to develop a methodology for studying the economic well-being of a municipality as a promising indicator for measuring economic progress at the municipal level and as a result of responsible development. This methodological approach to studying the economic well-being of a municipality proposes combining elements of two methodologies: the spatio-temporal and the ethical-philosophical. The use of the spatio-temporal methodology allows us to view a municipality as a space for the creation, use, and reproduction of the human life support system, the parameters of which provide a basis for classifying municipalities and accounting for spatial risks and favorable factors in the assessment of economic well-being. The contribution of the ethical-philosophical methodological approach to the methodology under development lies in emphasizing the subjectivity and autonomy of the municipality, which are expressed in the financial security of local self-government, the implementation of the principle of accountability in municipal governance, as well as in expanding citizens ’ opportunities to participate in shaping and sustaining the economic well-being of the local self-government territory.

This article presents experimental results for determining the heat transfer intensity under aerodynamic suspension (free levitation) conditions for a spherical body in an air flow in a diffuser duct. Surface temperatures during heating and the sphere's rotational velocity were measured using contactless methods. It was established that over a wide range of airflow velocities, rotational motion of the sphere along two coordinates occurs, leading to a fundamental change in the hydrodynamics of the flow around it, manifested in the absence of stationary separation zones in both the front and rear sections. Heat transfer coefficient studies were performed using a non-stationary method at various initial sphere surface temperatures and airflow Reynolds numbers. For comparison, a study was conducted on a sphere fixed in the flow under the same conditions. It was found that the free aerodynamic suspension of the sphere allows for equalization of the surface temperature field and significantly intensifies heat transfer compared to a fixed sphere. Experimental heat transfer results show that cooling time decreases and the Nusselt number increases with increasing sphere rotation speed by 300-600%.

An experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of heat flux density on the pressure drop of two-phase gas-liquid flows in a flat microchannel with local heating at a fixed liquid mass velocity and varying gas mass velocities. It was shown that at low gas mass velocities, the pressure drop increases due to enhanced interphase interaction; at high gas mass velocities, it decreases due to intense evaporation, wall drying, and reduced liquid-wall friction; and at moderate gas mass velocities, it remains virtually unchanged due to the competition between the two mechanisms.

An experimental study of the dynamics of liquid droplet formation and detachment in a periodic drip regime was conducted using tubes with an outer diameter ranging from 0.5 to 4 mm. Water, ethanol, a 40% aqueous ethanol solution, and glycerol were used as working fluids, allowing for a wide range of physicochemical properties (viscosity, surface tension, density) to be covered. Analysis of the droplet shape dynamics revealed a three-stage cyclic process. Dimensionless parameters were used for the analysis, allowing for a comparison of experimental data obtained under different operating conditions. It was found that throughout the entire period of droplet formation, a jet flow region with a liquid flow rate lower than that through the nozzle develops in the central region. This leads to the droplet separation into two parts-an upper and a lower part. The lower droplet is separated directly from the forming jet. However, the characteristics of this process differ significantly from similar droplet detachment processes under chaotic droplet conditions.

A detailed systematic experimental study of four types of high-frequency and medium-frequency secondary instability of a swept-wing boundary layer has been carried out under conditions of predominance of the stationary primary cross-flow instability modes. The measurements were carried out with a hot-wire anemometer in a low-turbulence wind tunnel at a low subsonic velocity of the incident flow under conditions of excitation of controlled primary stationary disturbances and controlled non-stationary secondary disturbances. The structure of wave fronts of several types of secondary disturbances in a frequency range from 100 Hz to several kilohertz has been studied in detail. A new type of medium-frequency secondary instability, called type IV, has been found. The wavenumbers, wavelengths, phase velocities, and propagation angles of all four types of secondary disturbances are obtained along three spatial coordinates. The evolution in time of the instantaneous spatial structure of secondary disturbances in a broad frequency range is visualized.

Numerical modeling of the process of deposition of water droplets in a turbulent pulsed two-phase flow in a cylindrical channel with peripheral swirl was carried out when varying the initial mass concentration of water droplets using the Euler description. The gas phase is described by a system of 3D URANS equations taking the influence of particles on transport processes in the carrier phase. Gas phase turbulence is calculated using an elliptical model of Reynolds stress transfer, also written taking into account the influence of the dispersed phase. The maximum concentration of the precipitated liquid was obtained in the pulse frequency range ƒ = 100 - 150 Hz (Strouhal number Sr = 0.4 - 0.6).

This paper numerically studies the propagation of temperature waves during a phase transition in a substance completely filling a plate, cylinder, or sphere. At the boundaries of the regions, the temperature varies harmonically. The phase transition temperature lies within the temperature variation range of the boundaries. The enthalpy method was used to model the phase transition. To validate the results, they were compared with analytical solutions and the results of other authors. The influence of dimensionless parameters and geometric characteristics on the temperature behavior at the center of the region and the penetrating power of temperature waves was studied. A correlation between the temperature extremum at the center of the region and the thermophysical parameters was determined. When this extremum is reached, the difference between the average temperature at the center of the region and at the boundaries is greatest. It was found that at the extremum point, the average temperature at the center of the region is equal to the phase transition temperature. The type of extremum depends on the ratio of the thermal conductivities of the phases. A qualitative dependence of the heat wave attenuation coefficient on thermophysical parameters was established. Conditions under which the penetrating power of the temperature wave is minimal were determined.

The analysis of the measurement and calculation results for the main characteristics of the thermoelectric cooling system is carried out. Using temperature and electrophysical parameter measurements for various temperature conditions and operating modes, the values of thermal resistances of heat exchangers, cooling capacity, coefficient of performance and temperature differences on the structural elements were determined. During modeling, heat transfer processes were described by integral relationships, taking into account the measured operating characteristics of the thermoelectric module and the thermal resistances of the heat supply and removal devices. Based on the results of the analysis, a range of power supply current of the thermoelectric module is recommended, which ensures high cooling capacity and efficiency of the cooling system.

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of the rheological and viscoelastic properties of aqueous polyacrylamide (PAA) solutions modified with single-walled (SWCNTs) and multi-walled (MWCNTs) carbon nanotubes. The study was conducted on a modular rheometer at 25°C. It was found that all studied compositions based on 0.05 wt.% PAA exhibit pseudoplastic behavior and are characterized by a predominance of elastic properties over viscous ones in the linear shear strain range. The addition of CNTs has been shown to significantly alter rheological properties. With increasing nanotube concentration, an increase in effective viscosity and consistency parameters is observed, along with a decrease in the flow index. The viscoelastic moduli (G′ and G′′) also increase, demonstrating a nearly linear dependence on the CNT content. A fundamental difference in the effectiveness of the two types of nanotubes was revealed. SWCNTs exhibit a significantly stronger modifying effect compared to MWCNTs. Thus, at the same concentration of 0.1 wt.%, the consistency parameter of the solution with SWCNTs is 2.2 times higher, and the elastic modulus G^, is 3.15 times higher than the values for the polymer solution with MWCNTs. This is due to the exceptionally high aspect ratio of SWCNTs, which ensures the formation of a strong percolating network at lower threshold concentrations. The results of the study demonstrate the high potential of carbon nanotubes for controlling the rheology of polymer solutions.

A gas-jet method for depositing diamond coatings with gas activation by a microwave discharge is considered. A distinctive feature of this method is the use of a high-speed jet to transport gases activated by microwave plasma in the discharge chamber to the substrate located in the deposition chamber. This approach opened up new possibilities in the field of gas-phase diamond synthesis, but its development required systematic research. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated. The success of the study is due to a systematic numerical and experimental study of individual processes involved in the gas-jet synthesis of diamond coatings. Accumulated international experience in the development and optimization of the "classical" MPCVD method served as a starting point for choosing development and optimization paths for the gas-jet method. Methodologies were developed that allowed for studying the influence of individual processes and obtaining a number of new results in the field of gas-phase synthesis of diamond coatings. It was established that a gas-jet method using microwave discharge to activate precursor gases enables the deposition of diamond coatings on substrates made of various materials suitable for various applications. The possibility of producing diamond coatings with various structures was established. Gas-jet synthesis using a hydrogen-argon-methane mixture yielded diamond coatings with a growth rate of up to 200 μm/h. Diamond coating of molybdenum substrates significantly increased their erosion resistance compared to uncoated molybdenum and tungsten carbide. The analysis allowed us to summarize the results obtained during the development of this method and to understand the influence of various processes on the synthesis of diamond coatings.

This paper presents the results of numerical modeling of the effect of periodic volumetric heat release on the structure of supersonic turbulent flow in a flat channel with a step and the associated heat transfer with heat flux sensor elements embedded in the walls. The modeling is based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, supplemented by the k-ω SST turbulence model. The source power was varied harmonically with a period of 10 ms, and the oscillation amplitude was varied while the average power remained constant. It was established that the flow enters a periodic regime with a pronounced relaxation delay. During the phase of maximum heat input, an upstream shift in the wave structure and the formation of local subsonic zones in the flow core are observed. It is shown that periodic power variations influence local heat transfer. For a plate located in the expanding section of the channel, the periodic regime leads to more intense heating than with a constant source of the same average power. A nonmonotonic dependence of the integral heat flux on the oscillation amplitude was discovered. The maximum heat load is achieved at an intermediate, rather than maximum, heat input amplitude, which is explained by the dynamics of shock wave stabilization ahead of the plate.

This paper presents a comparative numerical simulation of supersonic plasma jets generated by a DC plasma torch using straight and angled nozzle configurations. A numerical analysis of the nozzle design developed by the authors is performed in the context of air-plasma powder spraying onto internal surfaces of small-sized components. The gas dynamics of mixing between the high-temperature jet of the plasma-forming gas and the flows of cold carrier and focusing gases is investigated within and downstream of the annular powder injection unit. Verification is carried out and comparative data on shock diamond positions are obtained for the case of a slightly under-expanded jet. The effect of wall cooling on jet enthalpy is calculated, demonstrating its significant influence in the case of the angled nozzle design. For this nozzle type, characteristic distances are determined at which the velocity and temperature profiles of the jet core become uniform and axisymmetric.

The ascent dynamics of a Taylor vapor bubble in a circular (cross-section diameter of 16 mm) and annular (cross-section diameters of 25 and 16 mm) channels at saturation pressure was experimentally studied. The bubble was formed by boiling a superheated degassed liquid. It was found that the velocities of its front and rear surfaces are variable and depend on the ascent mode, its position in the channel, and the previous ascent dynamics. It is shown that this behavior is determined by the spatiotemporal distribution of liquid temperature near the bubble boundary. Based on the obtained results, a map of ascent modes was constructed, linking the nature of the motion with the degree of liquid superheating near the vapor bubble surface.

Using the detailed kinetic mechanism of GRI-Mech 3.0, a computational verification of the applicability limits of Zel’dovich's assumption on quasi-equilibrium concentrations of atomic N in NO formation reactions via the thermal mechanism in a methane-air diffusion flame at high process pressures and temperatures was performed. In contrast to Zel’dovich's assumption, with an increase in the flame diffusion rate (χ _st ), the CH + N₂ reaction becomes the main source of nonequilibrium N compared to the O + N₂ reaction, but only a portion (62 ÷ 87 %) of the released N directly participates in oxidation reactions. As a result, the rates of the N + O₂ and N + OH reactions in the Zeldovich mechanism increase by 30 and 26 times, respectively, while under the assumption of a quasi-equilibrium N concentration, their overall rate increases by only 30 %. It is shown that this assumption in the Zeldovich thermal mechanism is applicable in the range of χ _st = 1 ÷ 8 s^-1, with the calculated NO _x emission index values deviating within ±37 % at the extremes of this range.

The phenomenon of superadiabatic temperatures (SAFT) in flames of rich ammonia and hydrogen mixtures with air was studied using numerical methods. It was shown that the superadiabatic temperatures in these flames are due to the fact that unreacted ammonia remains in the flame front by the time the oxygen is completely consumed and the water concentration reaches its maximum value. Its dissociation in the post-flame zone leads to a decrease in temperature, an increase in the hydrogen and nitrogen concentrations, and, correspondingly, a decrease in the water concentration due to the increase in the number of moles. The somewhat preferential oxidation of ammonia compared to hydrogen in the flame front temperature range from the initial to the maximum value also contributes to the SAFT level.

The main components of natural gas are methane and ethane. Despite their widespread use, gas mixtures are explosive. This paper studies the explosion characteristics of a premixed methane-ethane-air mixture (fuel equivalence ratio ϕ = 0.7 ÷ 1.3) in a 1 m³ spherical chamber, as well as the explosion suppression effect upon adding an inert N₂/CO₂ mixture. The inhibition mechanism is analyzed from the standpoint of chemical kinetics. The results show that the maximum explosion intensity, characterized by peak pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise, is observed with a slightly enriched mixture (ϕ = 1.1). The deformed flame front propagation velocity is 2.60 m/s, the maximum explosion pressure is 830.58 kPa, and the maximum rate of pressure rise is 10.31 MPa/s. The ten key elementary reactions that most significantly affect the concentration of reactive radicals (H•, O•, OH•) and the explosion temperature coincide; their sensitivity coefficients change in the same direction. At the same volume fraction of inert gas, increasing the CO₂ content in the N₂/CO₂ mixture enhances explosion suppression. This is explained not only by the higher heat capacity of CO₂ but also by its direct participation in elementary reactions, leading to the termination of branching chains and the formation of stable products. Complete explosion suppression is achieved with the introduction of 25% (volume) of the inert mixture.

From the standpoint of explosion safety of flammable mixtures, critical initiation energy data are most important, allowing for an analysis of the relative hazard of various mixtures. Critical energies E* are defined as the minimum initiator energies that ensure ignition and subsequent propagation of combustion and detonation waves in the mixture under study: the lower the E*, the more hazardous the mixture. Traditionally, initiation energy increases significantly when mixtures are diluted with nitrogen (replacing oxygen with air), when moving away from stoichiometry toward concentration limits, and when the initial pressure decreases. The effect of temperature is less clear and has not been studied in sufficient detail. In this paper, the role of the initial mixture temperature is analyzed using the example of a difficult-to-initiate ammonia-oxygen-nitrogen mixture, not only stoichiometric but also lean and rich compositions. The most interesting and important gas-dynamic and kinetic parameters of combustion, explosion, and detonation are presented. A significant difference in the behavior and values of most system parameters was established, indicating a lack of similarity in the chemical processes taking place.

A numerical solution was provided for the problem of three-dimensional unsteady flow of a propane-air mixture with continuously rotating detonation waves in an annular channel between a flat disk and a ring. Critical values of the channel width and the ring inner diameter were determined, limiting the range of their values at which rotating detonation occurs as a result of direct initiation. Computational data were obtained characterizing the dependence of the gas-dynamic flow parameters and integral force characteristics on the channel width and the ring inner diameter.

In a 500 mm diameter vortex radial annular chamber, the modes of continuous spin and pulsating detonation of a water-fuel emulsion (water --- TS-1 kerosene) mixed with cold air with an initial temperature of 293 K were implemented and investigated. The mass fraction of water in the water-fuel emulsion varied in the range of 0.12 ÷ 0.38. At a mass fraction of water no more than 0.16, modes with a single transverse detonation wave were observed in the range of mixture flow rates of 17.7 ÷ 23.54 kg/s at an excess fuel coefficient of 1.0 ÷ 1.53. The rotation velocity of the transverse detonation waves was 1.78 ÷ 2.03 km/s. The upper limit of the continuous spin detonation modes for the mass fraction of water in kerosene was determined -- 0.16 ÷ 0.17. Moreover, in the range of 0.17 to 0.38, pulsating detonation occurs with radial pulsation frequencies of 0.09 to 0.33 kHz. It was shown that with water added to the emulsion in amounts of no more than 16%, the detonation velocity, thrust, and specific impulses are close to those of continuous spin detonation of pure kerosene with air. It was found that with radial air supply (without swirl) and the same specific mixture flow rates, even combustion is absent.

This article presents a review and comparison of methods for calculating detonation product isentropes based on experimental data from a cylinder test using the foreign-made composite explosive Composition B as an example. It is shown that the classical direct numerical modeling method, despite its clear advantages in the accuracy and reproducibility of experimental results, is extremely labor-intensive and significantly depends on the operator's skill in successive approximations and coefficient selection, as well as on the problem settings and approaches used. The analytical method for calculating detonation product isentropes yields significant errors and is not yet suitable for practical application. An alternative is the approach proposed by researchers at the Joint Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences and tested in this study.

The reaction of a material with a Gaussian reactivity distribution undergoing exothermic decomposition is considered. Using a number of approximations, critical conditions for simple heat transfer between the reacting system and the environment can be obtained. The approximate formula reduces to the classical condition for a small reactivity variance. The results of numerical modeling of the burnout dynamics of materials with distributed reactivity are presented.

This paper is devoted to the development of mathematical models and methods for modeling mesoscopic processes of thermal dissipation and heat transfer in a two-phase porous material under shock-wave loading. The focus is on the influence of the temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of the phases on the resulting temperature field of a shock-compressed porous material in the absence and presence of phase transformations. Simplified analogs of the basic mathematical model used to study the temperature state of a two-phase porous material, taking into account the temperature dependence of its mechanical properties, are analyzed in detail.

The theoretical interpretation of experiments that demonstrated the ability of aluminum nanoparticles to promote hydrocarbon combustion requires the development of next-generation aluminum nanoparticle combustion models with high predictive power for not only combustion time but also other nanoparticle combustion characteristics. This paper provides a review of the aluminum nanoparticle combustion models developed to date. Experiments on the combustion of aluminum nanoparticles behind shock waves are discussed. An explanation for the observed dependence of combustion time on oxygen concentration is proposed, based on the concept of molten aluminum oxide as a highly disordered pseudocrystalline structure in which defect equilibrium is established independently of the oxygen partial pressure.

An approach is proposed for determining the reaction characteristics of aluminum particles in an aerosol. This approach takes into account changes in heat and mass transfer mechanisms as the burning particle size decreases, from a continuous-medium regime (the mean free path of gas molecules is significantly greater than the particle diameter) to a free-molecular regime (ultra-small particles). Modeling the combustion of an aluminum particle, taking into account changes in heat and mass transfer regimes and a decrease in oxygen concentration in the air over a range of oxidizer excess ratios from 1.05 to 2.5 and pressures from 0.1 to 4 MPa, allowed us to identify the determining factor in the decrease in the average mass concentration of the oxidizer during particle combustion, leading to an increase in combustion time in the free-molecular regime relative to the combustion time calculated under a continuous-medium assumption.

This article presents an analysis of experimental data on pulsed combustion initiation of Al/CuO nanothermite. An explosive charge, an electric discharge, and a laser diode were used as pulse sources. The process of dispersion of the reaction products in a mixture by a shock wave is examined. Critical parameters (minimum energy and delay) for laser and spark initiation are determined. Specific impulse measurements using nanothermite in a microthruster are presented. Overall, the results demonstrate that high-speed reaction propagation occurs due to the advanced propagation of hot intermediate products in the porous material. The rate of this process largely depends on the pressure gradient and porosity of the initial mixture.

Iron-matrix composites reinforced with dispersed titanium carbide particles, produced by sintering or coating with titanium carbide powder mixtures with steels, find practical application as wear-resistant materials and coatings. Composite powders with a metal-matrix composite structure of titanium carbide and an iron-based binder are used for applying wear-resistant coatings. The possibility of producing such composite powders by synthesis in mechanically activated powder mixtures of Ti-Fe intermetallic compounds with carbon (carbon black) was investigated. It was found that heating powder mixtures of Fe₂Ti and FeTi intermetallic compounds with carbon (carbon black), pre-treated in an Activator-2S planetary mill at an angular acceleration of 40g for 10 min, results in an explosive temperature increase. According to X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy, the thermal explosion is caused by the synthesis of titanium carbide through the reaction of carbon with titanium contained in the Fe₂Ti and FeTi intermetallic compounds. The thermal explosion products, in addition to titanium carbide, contain metallic iron reduced by carbon and a small amount of unreacted Fe₂Ti intermetallic compound. To fully complete the synthesis reaction and obtain only the target products (titanium carbide and iron), an increased duration of mechanical activation of the powder mixtures is required.

The article presents the results of an experimental study of detonation propagation in a charge made of plasticized TATB-based explosive in the form of a hollow cylinder with an inner copper and outer aluminum shell during normal detonation initiation along a line on the outer surface of the charge. In Experiment 1, the characteristics of detonation propagation under the initiator were investigated using an X-ray diffraction method. It was found that in the initiation plane, the velocity of the diverging detonation wave front was 7.4 km/s. In Experiment 2, using a multi-frame proton accelerator, the shape and position of the detonation wave front were determined at various points in time. The original experimental design made it possible to study detonation propagation at angles greater than 180°C from the initiation line. It was shown that in the "shadow" region of the initiation point, the detonation wave velocity along the inner surface of the TATB charge decreases from 7.4 to 6.5 km/s. At an angle of approximately 90°C from the initiation plane, the development of a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the form of repeating periodic disturbances was detected on the surface of the copper shell. A disturbance in the form of a "doubling" of the front was detected at the detonation wave front, originating near the surface of the copper shell and propagating along the front surface as it propagated through the charge. Moreover, not only the detonation wave but also the shock wave reflected from the copper shell exhibited a "double" front. The positions of the shells during expansion and the fronts of the reflected shock waves in the explosion products were recorded. Using a heterodyne interferometer (PDV) method, the velocities of the inner and outer shells were continuously recorded. The obtained data can be used to calibrate numerical models incorporating detonation kinetics and the equations of state of the TATB explosion products. Experimental dependences of the detonation wave front velocity on the front curvature were obtained and compared with data from other authors.

Penetrating munitions charges must meet stringent requirements, including high energy density, excellent mechanical properties, and low sensitivity to environmental influences. To increase the energy density of the aluminized explosive, a hydroxyl-terminated fluorinated oligomer (HTFB) was added to the cast PBX composition as a binder. Using a mix/pour/curing method with an 88% solids content, a curing system for aluminized cast PBX was developed and studied. Factors influencing the rheological characteristics, molding processes during curing, and the mechanical properties of the composition were studied. The mechanical and detonation characteristics of the resulting compositions were determined, as well as their sensitivity to external influences during limited storage time under conditions requiring rapid access to ammunition. The results showed that the PBX-361-C composition offers the best combination of pouring processability and cured casting quality. Its density, heat of detonation, and velocity of detonation are 1.962 g/cm³, 7 806 J/g, and 7 603 m/s, respectively. The tensile and compressive strengths of PBX-361-C are 9.33 and 37.53 MPa, respectively. During rapid and slow heating tests, as well as during bullet firing, the reaction of the composition was limited to combustion or weaker forms. The estimated shelf life of PBX-361-C at room temperature is 7,442 years. All the data obtained indicate the high potential of this composite system for use in penetrating munitions.

The results of numerical simulations using the smooth particle simulation (SPH) method for an oblique symmetrical impact of aluminum plates are presented. These simulations are used to propose a model for wave formation at the plate contact interface. Wave formation is caused by self-oscillations that develop due to the instability of the symmetrical flow and are sustained by the energy of the colliding plates. In the contact region, the material is softened due to heating, so the plate collision can be modeled as an oblique impact of liquid jets. During the oblique impact of the jets, a forward and a reverse jet are formed. Due to disturbances arriving at the contact point, the spreading points of the interacting jets shift, creating a force dipole whose oscillations generate oscillations in the forward and reverse jets. After the forward jet leaves the contact region, its strength properties are restored, so the oscillations are "frozen" as waves at the contact interface. The calculated wavelength agrees satisfactorily with that observed experimentally. The reverse cumulative jet impacts the plate surface, disintegrates, and transforms into a particle cloud.

Traditional emulsion explosives (HE) are characterized by a contradiction between high energy release and operational safety. To address this issue, the use of a coating layer for aluminum particles was investigated in this study. Microcapsules with a core-shell structure, in which aluminum powder is encapsulated in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), were synthesized using suspension polymerization. Paraffin and stearic acid coatings were also formed on the surface of the aluminum particles using solvent evaporation. This allowed a systematic study of the effect of various shell materials on the detonation characteristics of aluminized emulsion explosives. Three groups of emulsion explosive samples were prepared with the addition of the indicated types of coated aluminum powders as an energy additive. The microstructure and coating quality of the aluminum particles were studied using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The effect of coating structure on the shock wave parameters and thermal stability of aluminized emulsion explosives was studied using a pneumatic testing system and a DSC-TG synchronous thermal analyzer. Experimental results show that the PMMA coating forms a continuous, dense shell, while paraffin and stearic acid coatings exhibit localized defects. All three types of coated aluminum powders enhance the shock wave parameters of the emulsion explosive, with the best effect achieved for PMMA and aluminum microcapsules: the peak shock wave pressure increases by 25.1% compared to the control sample. The PMMA shell increases the activation energy of the aluminized emulsion explosive, thereby improving its thermal stability. Paraffin and stearic acid coatings reduce the activation energy due to the presence of defects at the interface. Microencapsulation technology in PMMA, by forming a dense core-shell structure, simultaneously increases the energy density and thermal stability of emulsion explosives, making it promising for the production of high-energy, insensitive emulsion formulations.

Hydrogen-storage alloys, a typical example of which is MgH₂, are attracting considerable interest as potential components for enhancing the performance of energetic materials. To study the effect of vacuum depression on detonation parameters, RDX-based composite explosive samples with varying MgH₂ powder contents were manufactured. Using a spherical explosion chamber and color pyrometry, shock wave parameters and temperature fields were analyzed depending on the vacuum depression. Experiments have shown that RDX/MgH₂ composite compositions outperform pure RDX in detonation characteristics and thermal damage potential. With increasing vacuum, peak pressure and positive impulse decrease, the duration of the positive phase varies non-monotonically, and thermal damage performance also improves within a certain range. A comparative analysis of the effects of MgH₂ and Mg additives on the explosion characteristics of RDX compositions at atmospheric pressure and in high vacuum conditions revealed that MgH₂ provides a significantly more pronounced positive effect on the shock wave parameters, as well as on the volume and lifetime of the fireball. These results suggest that MgH₂ powder can be considered a promising energy additive for the creation of new, highly effective high-explosive compositions.

The paper studies the foundations of physical ontologies - systems of basic entities employed by physical theories. The author argues that these ontologies have two interrelated biological foundations: a perceptual one (the human sensory interface is evolutionarily calibrated to the “middle world” - the mesocosm in K. Lorenz’s sense) and a communicative one (natural language as a serial discretizing system). This thesis is examined in the light of information thermodynamics (R. Landauer’s principle, J. Wheeler’s “It from Bit” hypothesis), K. Friston’s free-energy principle, and D. Hoffman’s interface theory of perception, which together form a mutually coherent theoretical framework. Classical and non-classical physical ontologies are analysed: it is shown that even the most abstract theories (quantum mechanics, relativity theory, and string theory) retain “birthmarks” of mesocosmic origin in their verbal conceptualizations. Special attention is paid to the distinction between a theory’s mathematical formalism and its verbal ontology as the primary source of conceptual paradoxes when extrapolating beyond the mesocosm. The paper concludes with considering AI as a cognitive agent whose data compression does not necessarily reproduce mesocosmic structure.

The article discusses which approach can be used to solve the problem of theoretical justification of machine learning methods in the natural sciences. The authors point out that the current strategy of philosophical, epistemological and applied research related to ML (countering bias and minimizing subjective assumptions) fail to solve the “black box” problem, which makes it difficult to interpret the results and reduces their scientific value. The article suggests an alternative approach to the theoretical justification of ML based on the extension of computational powers. Using Paul Humphreys’ concept of “extending ourselves,” the authors show how computing technologies can overcome the limitations of human thinking and model complex phenomena that are inaccessible to “traditional” mathematical methods. The idea of a “bias compensation” mechanism is put forward, which can neutralize the influence of subjective factors in the framework of natural science research using ML. Special attention is paid to comparing ML with computer simulations, where the influence of assumptions/bias can be compensated by analyzing the global dynamics of the model, whereas in ML this problem remains unresolved. This entails the need to separate the “black box” problem in ML from the “epistemic opacity” that is common to both machine learning and computer simulations. It is specifically emphasized that the “black box” in machine learning arises not from the “opacity” of the model or the complexity of computational operations, but from the lack of clarity of the model’s connections with real physical processes (the “target system”). Thus, the authors demonstrate that the application of ML in natural science requires a rethinking of existing methodological prerequisites. The development of mechanisms of bias compensation in the field of ML is becoming a key task in order to overcome the “black box” problem and successfully integrate ML into scientific research.

The article examines the transformation of the epistemological status of experiment in modern physics in conditions of digitalization and the growth of computing power. It shows that the classical ideal of a reproducible experiment, based on the division of labor between theorist and experimenter, is losing its unambiguity. Using the examples of the discovery of the Higgs boson and gravitational waves, the hybrid nature of the modern scientific fact is demonstrated; this fact is constructed at the intersection of theoretical model, statistical processing, and computer simulation. Special attention is paid to the problem of “black boxes” in machine learning and the need to develop criteria for epistemic trust in algorithms. The thesis about the new role for philosophy is substantiated: it turns from an external critic into an internal methodologist of hybrid research practices, helping scientists to recognize the limits of their models and interpretations. The relevance of this approach is confirmed by contemporary research in the philosophy and methodology of science, including works on synergetics and interdisciplinarity.

The paper defends the thesis that nomic necessity cannot be adequately interpreted either as a regularity of fact distribution, or a primitive metaphysical fact, or a derivative of dispositional entities. A dynamic reconstruction of structural realism is proposed, in which the fundamental structure is the ordered pair 〈S, T 〉 where S is the set of ontological states, and T is the geometrically organized structure of admissible transitions between them. It is argued that the very determinacy of physical dynamics logically presupposes the existence of such a structure. The laws of nature are interpreted as expressions of the invariance of T , and nomic necessity as an internal property of its geometry. It is shown that without recognizing the accessibility structure, it is impossible to explain the counterfactual force of laws, the stability of symmetries, and the scale universality of physical theories. The proposed position formulates a modal-dynamic version of ontic structural realism and offers an alternative to Humean and primitivist theories of the laws of nature. The issues of ontological identity of objects, emergence, and the arrow of time will be addressed in a separate paper.

The article shows that the polysemy of the term “scientific theory” and the diffuse nature of its meaning distort the application of the tools of scientific knowledge theory. It proposes options for optimizing the concept of “scientific theory” and its relationship to the concepts of a system of theoretical knowledge and a system of supra-empirical knowledge.

The article continues the discussion of the concept of semantic modeling developed by the authors. It examines the features, limitations, and characteristics of information systems created either using AI technologies or traditional methods. The possibility of expanding the provisions and tools of the semantic modeling concept is analyzed with regard to the situation of creating information systems focused on solving an open class of problems. It is proposed to develop behavioral strategies for such IT systems based on the possibility to leverage the experience of their previous actions in similar circumstances, selecting those actions that have previously yielded the best results, and then, using the task-based approach, select the most appropriate problem-solving methods under given conditions, either through simulation modeling or decision-making in order to determine the method most appropriate to the problem statement, paying particular attention to contextual conditions and the criterion for solution. The article presents and discusses the goal of further developing a semantic modeling methodology aimed at creating IT systems that behave in the manner described above, which explains the title of the article. In conclusion, it describes a possible variant of an extended semantic modeling language designed to specify the behavioral logic of such systems.

The article provides an overview of the critical amount of knowledge required to confidently understand the emergence of living nature and its qualitative differences from inanimate objects. Possible scientific and methodological approaches are described, as well as the image of a node of interdependent problems, the full solution of which requires a synergistic approach to studying the entire complex. The latter highlights the main, determinative issues that are at the focus of the major force of global science. Accordingly, it describes the skills that a researcher in this field must possess in order to achieve a real, effective, and quick result.

The article proposes a variant of classification of assessments of the significance of philosophical ideas and the involvement of philosophers in science, as formulated by renowned scientists: A. Einstein, R. Feynman, P. Medawar and S. Weinberg. Much attention is paid to analyzing Weinberg’s critical arguments, such as the lack of universal philosophical theories adequate for research in physics, the absolute conservatism of philosophers, and the paucity of approaches for explaining and understanding physical phenomena. It is shown that only the last argument is justified; however, new approaches to understanding science are being vigorously studied in contemporary philosophy of science. Based on a literature review, it is shown that biologists highly appreciate the involvement of philosophers in science and their results in applying conceptual analysis to the life sciences, particularly in cancer stem cell research. The potential for applying critical philosophical analysis to certain fields of knowledge, such as data analysis, is demonstrated.