S.V. Saraev, T.M. Parfenova, A.S. Ganashilin, I.V. Korovnikov
Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Lower Cambrian, Middle Cambrian, kerogen-containing rocks, sedimentology, lithochemistry, sedimentation conditions, Siberian Platform
New sedimentological, lithochemical, and biostratigraphic data were applied to describe the main part of the Inikan Formation, which is comprised in the Kuonamka Complex of the lower and middle Cambrian of the Siberian Platform. A classification of carbonaceous rocks in the Inikan and Chaya formations was proposed, based on a comprehensive approach, including textural analysis, study of geochemistry of rock-forming oxides and organic carbon, lithochemical calculations, optical petrographic, and X-ray structural data. This made it possible to clarify the structure of the overall section and the conditions under which Cambrian deposits formed. The widespread influence of volcanic activity during sedimentation in the Kuonamka Complex in the southeastern Siberian Platform was identified for the first time. The distribution of paleoseismic breccia in the section was also described, with horizons that represent good regional stratigraphic markers. Limitations in the use of the Strakhov modulus and the Nesbit-Young chemical index of alteration for characterizing sedimentation conditions of Domanikoids were revealed.
M.A. Erbajeva1, S.A. Reshetova2,3, V.V. Karasev4, N.V. Alexeeva1 1Dobretsov Geological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia 2Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia 3Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology, and Cryology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chita, Russia 4A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: Small mammals, paleovegetation, late Pleistocene, biostratigraphy, eastern Transbaikalia
This article presents results of a multidisciplinary study of late Pleistocene deposits exposed at the newly discovered Nozhii locality in eastern Transbaikalia. New data on small mammals have filled a gap in the fossil record of the late Pleistocene faunas in the studied region. The faunal remnants originate from loessial deposits, which are rarely distributed in the region, where spore-pollen samples were collected. A rich, diverse faunal assemblage has been identified, and information on the paleoflora of one of the late Pleistocene ages has been obtained. The fauna is predominantly composed of species characteristic of open steppe landscapes: Ochotona dauurica , Marmota sibirica , Lasiopodomys brandti , Cricetulus barabensis , and Allactaga. The species composition, the quantitative ratio of taxa, and evidence on paleovegetation indicate that, during the existence of the vertebrate community at the Nozhii site, forest-steppes with open steppe landscapes were widespread along with patches of desertified areas and forb meadows as well as sparse forests with a herbaceous cover.
The taxonomic composition of acritarchs from Albian-Cenomanian deposits recovered by boreholes in the southwest of Western Siberia has been studied. Two new genera and species of acritarchs have been described monographically: Pyramidinium annulatum gen. et sp. nov. and Trilobatina angusta gen. et sp. nov. The species P. annulatum is found both in the Albian, Khanty-Mansiysk Formation, and in the Cenomanian, lower part of the Uvat Formation. The species T. angusta is found only in the Cenomanian, Uvat Formation.
A.N. Kruk, A.G. Sokol, A.L. Ragozin
V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Mantle, fluid, mantle metasomatism, subduction, deep volatile cycle
Metasomatic reactions involving garnet lherzolite and SiO2, Al2O3, and alkali-rich supercritical fluids or melts have been experimentally studied at pressures of 3.0 and 5.5 GPa and a temperature of 1200 °C. These fluids and melts might have formed during the dehydration, decarbonation, and melting of metasediments in subduction zones. The reaction of garnet lherzolite with model subduction-related mobile phase is shown to lead to changes typical of modal metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle. The reaction with the melt at 5.5 GPa yields phlogopite-bearing garnet lherzolite, while at 3.0 GPa it produces phlogopite-bearing garnet harzburgite. The reaction with a fluid rich in volatiles, mainly CO2, at 3.0 and 5.5 GPa proceeds through intense carbonation of peridotite, leading to the consumption of olivine and the formation of orthopyroxene and magnesite, which results in the transformation of lherzolite into carbonated pyroxenite. At 3.0 GPa and 1200 °C, a carbonate-silicate melt rich in alkalies forms. In general, the presence of a significant amount of dissolved CO2 in SiO2-rich fluid or melt induces metasomatic transformations in peridotite, which are very similar to those occurring during its reaction with carbonatite melts. Specifically, at the molar CO2 /(CO2 + H2O) ratio of <0.23, phlogopite forms, while at its value of >0.51, magnesite is produced. Phlogopite and magnesite do not form simultaneously in metasomatic reactions.
A.M. Fedorov1, G.A. Yurgenson2, A.I. Nepomnyashchikh1, A.P. Zhaboedov1, M.D. Zimin1, Z.I. Kulikova1, V.A. Makrygina1, O.I. Chachanagova1, D.Ts. Ayurzhanaeva3 1A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia 2Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chita, Russia 3Dobretsov Geological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
Keywords: Vein quartz, quartzites, geochemistry, fluid inclusions, oxygen isotopes, Borshchovochnyi Ridge, Transbaikalia
Quartz veins and quartzites of the Unda quartz vein zone (southern part of the Borshchovochnyi Ridge) of the Argun block of the Mongol-Okhotsk Orogenic Belt have been studied using modern high-precision methods. The mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical features of quartz of the Unda zone have been first described in detail. The vein quartz and quartzites sampled at the tectonic contact between the Middle-Late Jurassic igneous granitoids of the Borshchovochnyi complex and the overlying volcanosedimentary rocks of a Middle Jurassic accretionary complex (Talangui Formation) are intensely deformed and mylonitized. The quartz veins that formed in metamorphic rocks located at a distance from the tectonized zone (Dzhida site) are weakly granulated. The parameters of fluid inclusions in vein quartz at the Borshchovochnyi and Talangui sites were determined. The quartz veins and quartzites are genetically related to the host rocks and inherit their geochemical and isotopic features. Deformation processes led to a decrease in the content of impurity elements and a change in their proportion in the quartz veins and quartzites.
G.A. Leonova1, A.E. Maltsev1, A.V. Safonov2, L.V. Miroshnichenko1, S.K. Krivonogov1,3 1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 3Korkyt-Ama Kyzylordinsky University, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
Keywords: Biogeochemistry, organic matter, authigenic mineral formation, pore waters, microorganisms, sulfate reduction, salt lakes, brine
The brine and long drilling core (4.8 m) of bottom sediments of the hypersaline Lake Maloe Yarovoe were studied. For the first time, the detailed chemical composition of pore waters and microbial diversity of bottom sediments were studied along the section. A complex mineral composition of sediments was revealed, reflecting the evolution of salinity and changes in sedimentation conditions in the Holocene Epoch. In the upper horizons, the mineral composition of the sediment is dominated by halite, quartz, and plagioclase, while in the chemical composition, Na and terrigenous elements (Si, Al, Fe, K) are associated with greater salinity and a high level of lake waters, while in the lower intervals, an increase in gypsum, calcite, magnesite, as well as Ca, Mg, Sr, U, Stot, S (VI) is noted, which indicates a drop in salinity and the level of lake waters in the past. Authigenic minerals (pyrite, hydrotroilite, siderite, ankerite) are formed in reducing environmental conditions, in the process of bacterial sulfate reduction. Distribution of biogenic elements along the section is stratified: maximum TOC (up to 3.2%) and TN (up to 0.52%) in the upper sediment layers is associated with accumulation of OM of planktonic genesis, and a decrease with depth reflects destruction of OM during diagenesis and changes in the bioproductivity of the lake. In pore waters, in comparison with brine, an increase in the average contents of ions SO42-, PO43-, Ca2+ and dissolved elements - Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Mo - is noted. A trend is observed for a decrease in Cl- concentrations with depth and an increase HCO-3, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Mn2+ in pore waters, which indicates some decrease in the salinity of lake waters and more intense processes of carbonate sedimentation. Cyanobacterial mats play an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of the lake, they accumulate Zn, S and Mg in their composition, and their microbial communities ( Pseudomonadota, Cyanobacteriota, Rhodothermota ) create unique conditions for the formation of zinc sulfides, copper carbonates, as well as sulfides and intermetallics of noble metals (Ag-Au). Microbial processes play a key role in the formation of authigenic minerals and the destruction of organic matter during diagenesis.
Z.A. Tembotov1,2, N.A. Malyshev3, V.E. Verzhbitskii3, A.A. Borodulin3, V.V. Obmetko3, D.K. Komissarov3, A.A. Kolyubakin4, A.V. Stupakova2, M.A. Bol’shakova2, A.A. Suslova2, A.G. Kalmykov2, N.V. Pronina2, E.A. Krasnova2,5, R.M. Gilaev2, A.V. Mordasova2, I.V. Kuvinov2 1OOO Arctic Scientific Center, Moscow, Russia 2Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 3PAO NK Rosneft, Moscow, Russia 4OOO RN-Exploration, Moscow, Russia 5Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: Stratigraphic drilling, new wells in the Arctic, petroliferous strata, generation potential, organic matter, maturity, Laptev Sea sedimentary basin
The Laptev Sea sedimentary basin is located in the eastern part of the Russian Arctic shelf and has been fairly well studied by geophysical methods, but drilling data have been lacking until recently. In 2021, six new stratigraphic wells were drilled on the Laptev Sea shelf north of the Anzhu Islands by the order of PAO NK Rosneft. As a result, a unique core material was obtained, which was studied by a number of analytical methods. This paper is concerned with analysis of the geochemical characteristics of the petroleum source rocks of a Cretaceous-Cenozoic complex in the Laptev Sea sedimentary basin, which can be regarded as promising for hydrocarbon generation. The paper presents the main pyrolysis parameters characterizing the share of free hydrocarbons in the rock (S1), oil generation potential (S2), and maturity ( T max) as well as the maceral composition of rocks and vitrinite reflectance ( Ro). We have established that the carbonaceous and clay-siltstone rocks of the Paleocene-Eocene complex are enriched in organic matter (OM) containing up to 20% lipid component and are capable of generating not only gas but also liquid hydrocarbons. In contrast to the OM of the rocks of the Paleocene-Eocene complex, the OM of the Lower Cretaceous strata is at a much higher stage of transformation, which corresponds to the oil peak zone and the beginning of the wet gas zone. Organic matter accumulated in different lithofacies conditions; therefore, both humic type III kerogen and mixed type II-III kerogen are found in the rocks. Based on the drilling results and studies performed in the section of the Laptev Sea sedimentary cover, we have obtained the first factual data on the characteristics of petroleum source rocks, which can be used to predict the petroleum potential of both the Laptev Sea sedimentary basin and the entire East Arctic region.
O.A. Kuchay, N.A. Bushenkova
Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Strongest crustal earthquakes, aftershock and background seismicity, scalar seismic moment, P-wave velocity anomaly field, Central Asian region
The distribution of more than three dozen strongest intraplate crustal earthquakes (with Mw ≥ 6.9) recorded in Central Asia (20°-55° N, 55°-120° E) for the years 1973-2022, including the level of their aftershock activity and background seismicity in the field of velocity heterogeneities of the medium, is considered. The analysis of background and aftershock seismicity with mb(isc) ≥ 4.5 (according to International Seismological Center isc.ac.uk) was analyzed at the sites of 3° × 3° focal areas. The total scalar seismic moment of the background seismicity and aftershock sequence was calculated within the sites. The background seismicity was estimated for the 50-year time period before and after the main earthquake and its aftershocks. The duration of the aftershocks series is limited to one year. Against the background of the generalized seismotomographic model of Asia (at a depth of ~50 km), crustal foci of 24 strong earthquakes mainly tend to the zones of sign change of P -wave velocity anomalies, three earthquakes are recorded in the low velocity zones and 4 in the high velocity zones. The largest values of the total scalar seismic moments released during the implementation of background seismicity are located within the negative P- wave velocities anomalies, as well as along the boundaries of anomaly sign change. When scalar seismic moments are released during aftershock and background activity, as well as the main event, the prevailing values remain within E+27. Increased values (E+28) are typical for zones of anomalies sign change and areas of positive P -wave velocity anomalies. Low values of total scalar seismic moments of background and aftershock events are observed in the focal zone of six sites (3° × 3°). It is supposed that exactly the limiting magnitude for 100-years (1901-2022) was realized in these zones, and the release of accumulated stresses could be carried out exactly due to the strongest earthquakes.
V.I. Dzhurik, E.V. Bryzhak, S.P. Serebrennikov, A.N. Shagun, A.Yu. Eskin
Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: Seismic impacts, baseline seismicity, earthquakes, seismic microzoning, accelerograms, frequency response, spectra, accelerations, resonance frequencies, Baikal coast
We assess seismic impacts at various levels of seismic hazard zoning of the Central Baikal area using geophysical, seismotectonic and engineering-seismological studies and our methodological approaches. The implemented approaches help to identify zones of probable large earthquakes and specify their main features. This is necessary to properly assess input signals corresponding to the parameters of predicted large earthquakes. The basis for the reliability of the selected approaches and methods, relative to refining of baseline seismicity, are the manifestations of previously registered relatively large earthquakes in the study area. As far as seismic hazard zoning of particular territories is concerned, on a probabilistic basis, the registered data on the behavior of coastal water-saturated strata of loose sediments, according to local earthquake records, are quite reasonably accepted. The implemented approaches using a set of geophysical methods in the study areas allow us to improve the methods to predict maximum seismic impacts for different ground conditions in order to obtain a set of seismic data in the form of accelerograms, acceleration spectra, frequency curves and their parameters necessary to design earthquake-resistant constructions in the coastal areas of Lake Baikal. The studies are presented for the site located in the seismically active southeastern part of Central Baikal, in seismically worst ground conditions, within coastal areas.
G.V. Gurin
OOO NPP VIRG-Rudgeofizika, St. Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: Induced polarization, transient induced polarization, distribution of relaxation times, X-ray microtomography
As shown in recent decades, additional information about the structure and composition of rocks can be extracted by studying the transient induced polarization (TIP) in a large time interval from 1 ms to 10 s and more. In this study I present the comparison of study results of TIP of the Yasnoe gold occurrence, obtained via field and laboratory research on 37 rock samples. The samples differed in terms of composition, degree of variation of hydrothermal-metasomatic processes, type of electron-conducting minerals (pyrite and graphite), and features of their distribution in the rock. Mineralogical-petrographic studies and X -ray microtomography (μ-CT) were performed for representative samples of the collection. This made it possible to determine the features of the mineral composition and structure of the samples, as well as to quantitatively describe electron-conducting minerals (pyrite and graphite). The results of field and laboratory research of induced polarization (IP) were applied to obtain distribution of the relaxation times (DRT), which turned out to be close in shape for the same types of rocks. The μ-CT data and the Maxwell-Garnett model were used to calculate the DRT of the samples. In the case of certain samples, there was good agreement between the DRT obtained using the results of IP and μ-CT laboratory measurements. In the case of other samples, obtaining a satisfactory agreement between DRT required making assumptions that some pyrite inclusions were passivated or had a flattened shape. There were samples for which no agreement between DRT could be established. This contradiction was explained by the poor applicability of granular models for well-cemented rocks of low porosity. I concluded that there is a need to develop a capillary model of IP of rocks with electron-conducting mineral inclusions, which accounts for the structural features of low-porosity capillary media.
E.V. Lazareva, S.M. Zhmodik, A.V. Tolstov, V.A. Lyamina, I.D. Zolnikov, N.N. Dobretsov
V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Tomtor deposit, rich Sc-Y-Nb-REE ores, ore body shape, 3D modeling, geoinformation mapping
The Tomtor complex of ultramafic rocks and carbonatites is located in the north of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The famous Sc-Y-Nb-REE and Tomtor deposit ores are unique both in terms of their granulometric characteristics - thin-layered, cryptogranular - and in terms of their composition - the average Nb2O5
content in the ores of the Buranny site is 4.5%, REE2O3 - 10%, Y2O3 - 0.75%, Sc2O3 - 0.06%. The ore bodies are stratified sheet bodies believed to lie in depressions on the weathering crust. Based on modeling the shape of the roof and base of the ore body, as well as the overlying Permian continental and Jurassic marine sediments of the Buranny site using the QGis and Micromine software packages, the structural and morphological features of the ore bed were identified. The rich ores of the Buranny site lie on a irregular surface. At the base of the ore layer there are two depressions, isolated from each other – Northern and Southern, which are complicated by depressions (pits) of various sizes. There are 10 pits in the Northern Depression and 4 in the Southern Depression. The pits form linear structures that coincide with the faults identified during exploration. Only four pits in the northern part of the site are completely filled with ore substance. The rest are partially and completely filled with coarse-grained coal-bearing sediments of Permian age. In the Southern Depression, the proportion of pit filling with ore is the lowest, and in the deepest pit it is only 25%. It is assumed that the differences are caused by the fact that the pits were formed at different times. Developing the hypothesis that the ores are sediments of a thermal reservoir, the authors suggest that the pits in the base of the ore layer were formed as a result of hydrothermal (phreatic) explosions. Confirmation of the manifestation of fast-flowing high-pressure processes on the Tomtor massif is the discovery, in particular, of tectonic breccias.
The paper presents the research results based on experimental data received in the expedition of the R/V “Akademik Oparin” in the water area of Peter the Great Bay (cruise No. 54, October 2017). Methane fluxes on the water-atmosphere boundary were calculated for each sampling point on the basis of measured concentrations of dissolved methane in the surface layer of seawater, methane in the surface layer of atmosphere, temperature, salinity, and wind speed. In all cases, surface water was supersaturated with methane. Methane fluxes from the sea surface varied from 1 to 981 mol/km2·day with an average value of 7.1±4.5 mol/km2·day. The most intense emission was observed near the estuary of the Tumannaya River. Gas-saturated sediments with inclusions of subaqueous authigenic minerals have been discovered on the slope of the continental shelf. After analysis of geological and hydrochemical information, areas where methane from bottom sediments enters the marine environment were identified. During the expedition to the water area under study, the use of current field and advective impurity transport models made it possible to discover the prospective zones of elevated dissolved methane concentrations and also to identify for the first time an underwater source of methane discharge (a potential element of the paleochannel of the Tumannaya River), which affects the dissolved methane concentrations and salinity distribution in the subsurface waters of the bay. Comparison of the calculated methane transport with experimental results showed good spatial agreement, especially within the Tumannaya River estuary zone. The calculations showed that tidal currents cause not only the local maxima of methane concentrations and its fluxes from the sea surface in certain areas of the bay, but also its transport to the pelagic waters in the western part of the Central Basin of the Sea of Japan.
V.A. Kontorovich1 1Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics of Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Western Siberia, riftogenesis, sedimentary basin, graben-rift, interrift blocks, basalts, oil and gas potential
The article is devoted to the structure, formation conditions and subsequent development of the Koltogor-Urengoy rift system, which cuts the territory of Western Siberia in the meridional direction and has a length of 1925 km. Based on the interpretation of potential fields, the structure of the main rifts and the system of secondary grabens leading them has been clarified. It is concluded that the Early Triassic riftogenesis significantly predetermined the architecture of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary cover of the West Siberian sedimentary basin and had a significant impact on its oil and gas content. Above the main graben rifts of the Koltogor-Urengoy system, in the structural plans of the Mesozoic reference levels, the Koltogor-Urengoy megatrough was formed - a supra-order linear depression extended in the meridional direction, stretching across the entire of Western Siberia. In the southern part of the basin, the more intense Mesozoic-Cenozoic subsidence of the Koltogor-Urengoy and Ust-Tym graben rifts predetermined the formation of large supra-rift depression zones in the sedimentary cover of the Srednepur trough, the Koltogor mega-trough, the Nyurolka and Ust-Tym mega-depressions – the main oil formation zones. Positive structures of the 1st and 2nd order were formed above the projections of the Paleozoic basement: the Northern, Nizhnevartovsk, Aleksandrov, Kaimysov arches; the Yetypurov, Vyngapurov, Srednevasyugan and Pudin megaswells – the main oil accumulation zones. In the north of the basin, anticlinal trap structures were formed above the interrift blocks in the reliefs of the Cretaceous horizons, controlling the Aptian-Albian-Cenomanian gas fields.
1 Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
3Yakutsk branch of Federal Research Center Geophysical Survey of RAS,Yakutsk, Russia
Keywords: Earthquakes, active fault, local seismology, seismic tomography, magnetotelluric soundings, Earth's crust, Siberian craton, South Laptev rift, Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt, Lena River delta
The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of new geological and geophysical data for the Lena River Delta region in order to clarify the structure and interaction between the Siberian Craton, the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt, and the Laptev Sea rift system. New geophysical data include the local seismic monitoring (613 earthquakes for the period of 2018-2024) and the magnetotelluric sounding measurements (MTS, 21 points). Here we present the results of the joint interpretation of morphostructural data, seismic tomography, MTS, and gravity anomalies. Seismic activity is migrating is migrating from year to year but always confined within the crustal structures of the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt and the South Laptev rift. Seismic-tomography results reveal two-layer structure of the upper crust from the South-West side of the study area. The upper layer (high Vp/Vs ratio) is 15-20 km thick and it corresponds to the structures of the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt and the South Laptev rift overlaying the Northern edge of the Siberian craton. The lower layer (low Vp/Vs ratio) corresponds to the Precambrian crystalline basement of the Siberian craton. This two-layer crustal model is traced beneath the deltaic sediments of Lena River to the northeast for approximately 30 km, after which we see only one layer with high Vp/Vs values. MTS data provide us with more details on the structure of the upper part of the crust. This structure is consistent with the presence of the South Laptev rift between the Bulkur and Bykov faults, as well as with the presence of the Tumat horst to the northeast from the Bykov Fault. Modern fault activity is recorded by subvertical low-value anomalies of specific electrical resistance from MTS data (fluid-saturated zones) and zones of earthquake-hypocenter concentration, which is observed for the Bulkursky, Nizhnelensky, Bykovsky, and Sardakh faults.
T.V. Donskaya1, D.P. Gladkochub1, M.O. Sukneva1, U.S. Efremova1, O.M. Turkina2, A.G. Vakhromeev1, E.I. Demonterova1 1Institute of the Earth's Crust SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russia 2V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Granitoids, U-Pb age, geochemistry, Early Proterozoic, orogenic belt, Siberian craton
The paper presents studies of gneisses and granitoids from three deep boreholes located in the central part of the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise of the Siberian craton. Based on U-Pb (LA-ICP-MS) geochronological studies of zircon, the age of the granitoid protolith of amphibole-biotite gneiss from the Danilovskaya-95 borehole is obtained as 2254±4 Ma, the age of the granitoid from the Mogdinskaya-11 borehole is estimated as 1972±9 Ma, and the granitoid from the Preobrazhenskaya-14 borehole as 1981±3 Ma. The protolith of the gneiss from the Danilovskaya-95 borehole corresponds to granodiorite, close in composition to I-type granite with high contents of high-field strength elements, is characterized by the tNd(DM) = 2.7 Ga, and could have been formed as a result of melting of the Archean crustal source within a separate block. The granitoid from the Mogdinskaya-11 borehole has characteristics comparable to I-type granites with low concentrations of high-field strength elements, and reveals the tNd(DM) = 2.4 Ga. The granitoid of the Preobrazhenskaya-14 borehole, having tNd(DM) = 2.6 Ga, is close to I-type granites with high concentrations of high-field strength elements. The totality of the data, as well as close age (~2.0 Ga) previously obtained for S-type gneissogranites from one of the Danilovskaya group wells, allow us to assume that granitoids with different geochemical characteristics were formed in the central part of the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise at the time interval of 1.97–2.00 Ga, which is possible in the accretionary orogen, including, based on the isotopic characteristics, blocks with Early Proterozoic and Archean crust. The studied area is a fragment of the Early Proterozoic Trans-Siberian orogenic belt, separating the large Archean Tunguska and Anabar superterranes, the formation of which records the early stage of accretion processes and the beginning of the formation of the Siberian craton in the time interval of 1.95–2.00 Ga.
1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, Russia
2Korkyt-Ama Kyzylordinsky University, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
Keywords: hypersaline lake, Holocene, bottom sediments, mineralogy, XRD analysis, carbonates, crystal chemistry, paleoclimate, Western Siberia
The article presents the results of lithological and mineralogical studies of Holocene bottom sediments from the hypersaline Lake Bolshoe Yarovoe (salinity of 150 g/L), located on the territory of the Kulunda steppe (south of Western Siberia). Research methods: X-ray diffractometry (XRD), IR spectroscopy, laser grain-size analysis, elemental analysis, radiocarbon dating. The thickness of the uncovered sediments is 483 cm. Terrigenous minerals throughout the section are represented by quartz, plagioclase, and layered silicates (mica, chlorite, smectite, and kaolinite). Among the autigenic minerals, halite, gypsum, carbonates, and traces of pyrite are present everywhere in variable amounts. Mathematical modeling of XRD profiles in the assemblage of carbonate minerals identified Mg-calcites with different Mg contents and aragonite. The mineralogical and crystallochemical studies of sediments supplemented by the results of other analyses have provided information about the evolution of the climate of the Kulunda steppe in the Middle to Late Holocene. The comparatively arid regional climate of the Middle Holocene changed to a more humid one in the first half of the Subatlantic, but signs of aridization reappeared in the section about 600 years ago (Little Ice Age).
M.I. Epov1, S.I. Markov1,2, E.I. Shtanko1, D.V. Dobrolyubova1,2 1Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum-Gas Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
2Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Electrical conductivity, anisotropy, digital core, numerical simulation
When drilling wells, drilling fluid, which contains solid dispersed phase, penetrates into the surrounding rocks. Depending on the size ratio of clay particles (cuttings) and pores, a zone of colmatization can form, which leads to significant changes in the transport and electrical characteristics of the downhole space. The latter are especially important for reliable interpretation of logging data, since a directional change in the pore space structure can cause anisotropy of physical properties of the rock. The process of colmatization is irreversible and almost irreproducible in laboratory conditions. Its study is based on numerical experiments aimed at analyzing physical characteristics of digital analogues of sedimentary rock samples (sandstones). The paper focuses on calculating effective specific conductivity tensor of sedimentary rock samples at different volume saturation of the pore space with clay-based drilling mud, formation water and oil. We demonstrate the effect of the volume content of these phases on the anisotropy in specific electrical conductivity using digital analogues of two sandstone samples constructed based on nondestructive visualization of their internal structure.
G.P. Shironosova1, V.O. Goryunova1,2, I.R. Prokopyev1,2,3 1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
sup>2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
3Tuvinian Institute for Exploration of Natural Resources, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kyzyl, Russia
Keywords: REE, monazite, xenotime, bastnaesite, parisite, REE-fluorapatite, thermodynamic modeling
Thermodynamic calculations of the influence of Ca on the formation of rare-earth mineralization during cooling of hydrothermal fluid from 500 to 100°C, which affected the association of monazite with a variable amount of calcite, were performed for the first time for the entire series of lanthanides + Y. It was found that both an increase in the calcite introduced into the system and an increase in the pH of the equilibrium fluid lead to noticeable changes in the equilibrium mineral association. An increase in the initial amount of calcite is accompanied by an increase in the stability of parisite and REE-containing fluorite. The transition from acidic to near-neutral conditions expands the range of parisite formation with a simultaneous decrease in the amount of equilibrium bastnasite. In acidic fluids (pH 3 and 4), REE-containing fluorite is formed under low-temperature conditions, whereas at pH=6.6 it can be stable, on the contrary, in the range of 400 - 500°C. In near-neutral conditions, residual unspent calcite appears in the equilibrium association. In acidic conditions, with an increase in calcite introduced into the system, the calcium concentration in the equilibrium fluid also increases with a simultaneous increase in the total equilibrium concentration of lanthanides in it. This means that calcium-enriched acidic fluids can promote the removal of REE and, conversely, calcium-depleted fluids can promote the precipitation of lanthanides, as does an increase in the pH of the ore-forming environment
S.A. Suspitsyn
Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: spatial systems, regions, economics of federalism, cognitive models
The author presents cognitive modeling techniques of reciprocal impact of spatial and economic development factors in federative type systems. The socio-economic system of Russia is considered in the context of three major actors - regions, business structures and the federal center. In the process of expanded reproduction of economic relations, regions are responsible for reproduction of human capital while business structures are responsible for reproduction of industrial capital, and the federal center, acting as a development institution, helps both actors, simultaneously ensuring achievement of its own interests. Consideration of the socio-economic system in the maximum possible aggregates of its main subsystems allows us to focus on the study of their capabilities and achievable competencies in interaction with each other.
T.V. Sumskaya
Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: regional budget, budget revenues, tax and non-tax revenues, gratuitous receipts, transfers, region, subject of the Russian Federation, heterogeneity of budget revenues
The article reviews the budget revenues of the subjects of the Russian Federation in constant prices for the period from 2012 to 2021. The regions with the largest and the smallest volumes of tax and non-tax revenues, as well as gratuitous transfers are singled out. To assess the direction of the budget policy of the federal authorities, we studied the dynamics of a number of statistical indicators, including tax and non-tax revenues, total revenues and transfers calculated per capita. In addition, we calculated the Spearman rank correlation coefficient, which made it possible to analyze the relationship between regional revenues with and without federal transfers. The results of regression analysis indicate that the key objective of the budget policy is to reduce interregional disparities in the structure of revenues of the RF subjects. However, in order to increase the interest of regions in increasing tax revenues, it is necessary to expand their tax powers. Given that the list of regions with the lowest volumes of tax and non-tax revenues remained practically unchanged during the period under study, it is necessary to review the effectiveness of the current mechanism of transfer distribution.
E.R. Kashapova, E.I. Klemasheva, V.A. Malanina, E.M. Rozhdestvenskaya
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Business School, Tomsk, Russia
Keywords: digital environment, consumption, digital practices, spheres of life, regions, age groups, index, digital inequality
The study aims to provide an index assessment of the spread of digitalization of consumption practices among the Russian population in the regional context. Most existing approaches to assessing digitalization take into account access to the necessary infrastructure, but do not comprehensively answer the question of the population’s participation in digital consumption practices, taking into account age, level of education and digital skills, health and other factors. We suggested the design of the Digitalization Index of Consumption Practices, which includes relevant indicators organized into five sub-indices: medical services and services of social organizations; consumption of goods and services; digital communications; education; environment. The relative weights of the indicators and domains were determined using the expert assessment method. The highest weighting factor was assigned to the “consumption of goods and services" sub-index. The calculations of the Index values were carried out using the data from the Comprehensive Monitoring of Living Conditions of the Population 2022 (CMLC-2022). High rates of digitalization of consumption practices were found in presented age groups in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and St. Petersburg, and the lowest rates were calculated for the Zabaykalsky Krai. The largest gap in digitalization practices between the age groups under 55 and over 55 is observed in the Nizhny Novgorod Region and the Republic of Tatarstan (0.187 and 0.178, respectively); the smallest - in the Chechen Republic, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Republic of Dagestan and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. In Federal districts, the largest difference in age groups were found for the Central and Northwestern Federal Districts (0.196 and 0.174, respectively). The revealed disparities in the development of digitalization of consumption practices across domains and ages may promote the focus of regional policy on identifying the reasons for the rareness of practices and reducing interregional differences in access to the necessary infrastructure, which corresponds to the level of research on regional digital inequality.
A.D. Abdulaev
Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: administrative complaint, institutional transformation, housing and communal services, civil infrastructure, activism
In recent years, in Russia one observes an increase in the number of administrative complaints about housing and communal services. The increase in the number of appeals may be caused by various factors not directly related to the state of housing: institutional contradictions, new forms of competition in the market, public sentiments, etc. The communication component of the complaint remains unchanged. However, the transition to a new form of interaction through digital state portals may have affected the ways of information delivery and the rules of communication between complainants and responsible persons. The purpose of this article is to identify changes in the institution of administrative complaints during the transition to state digital portals. Using the program written by the author, an automated data collection of 670,000 complaints about housing and communal services in 17,000 apartment buildings on the portal “Nash St. Petersburg" was conducted. It was established that the simplification of filing complaints on the digital portal led to the formation of a “‘gray mass" of appeals, for which there is no clear geographic focus and unity of issues. The gray mass includes complaints of “‘activists " and residents with non-typical single appeals. The main increase in the number of complaints is not due to new users of the portal, but due to the increase in appeals from activists, who account for up to 80% of the total number of complaints. A transformation of the rules of filing and reviewing complaints has been revealed, which allows the institution of administrative complaints to function in a relatively new environment. The portal administration develops new mechanisms to curb the flow of appeals, filtering contentless complaints, focusing on the most problematic issues. Residents instead of generating an excessive volume of complaints cooperate around previously submitted appeals, confirming the relevance of the problems. This mechanism greatly increases the level of satisfaction of residents with solving the reported problems. The results of the study allow us to identify the transforming elements of the institute of administrative complaints, new drivers and barriers to developing this communication tool in the present-day Russia.
I.V. Mitrofanova1,2, O.A. Chernova3, M.V. Pleshakova4 1Federal State Budget Institution of Science "Federal Research Center The Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Rostov-on-Don, Russia 2Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia 3Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia 4Moscow City University, Institute of Economics, Management and Law, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: investment activity, innovation, regional development, technological renewal, investments in fixed assets, investment policy, South of Russia
To date, the question of whether investments are a driver of innovative development, what factors and conditions ensure the achievement of the expected innovative effects remains debatable. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between investment in fixed assets and indicators of innovation development in the region. The object of the study is the regions of the South of Russia. The source of information was panel data from the Federal State Statistics Service for the regions of the Southern Federal District for the period from 2005 to 2022. The research employs comparative and correlation analysis. The authors put forward the following hypotheses: 1) investment and innovation activities in times of crisis are activated in those regions that have high indicators of socio-economic development; 2) there is a positive relationship between investments and innovations at the regional level, while for entities with higher indicators of socio-economic development, this relationship is expressed more strongly. The results of the study generally confirmed the hypothesis that the relationship between investments in fixed assets and innovation is manifested more strongly in regions with a high level of socio-economic development. With regard to the second hypothesis, the results of the analysis are ambiguous, which does not allow us to fully confirm or refute the assumption that there is a positive relationship between investments in fixed assets and indicators of innovative development of regions. The difference in strength and orientation between the indicators of investment and innovation activity is explained by the sectoral specifics of the socio-economic complexes of the regions, as well as the specifics of regional factors and conditions. It is concluded that in order to stimulate innovative processes in the regions, state support for the technological renewal of production through investments in new highly effective technologies is necessary.
D.A. Shatokhin, E.A. Titov, I.V. Petrova
Federal state budgetary institution "Scientific and Research Financial Institute of the Ministry of Finance of Russian Federation", Moscow, Russia
Keywords: participatory budgeting, digitalization of participatory budgeting, portals of participatory budgeting, strategy of digitalization of participatory budgeting
The purpose of the study is to identify key areas and possible ways to introduce digital tools in the process of participator budgeting in order to improve its efficiency, transparency and accessibility for citizens and authorities. The research used a systematic approach, methods of classification and systematization, methods of assessments and scientific abstractions, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis of information, in-depth interview method. Based on the Russian experience, the research results in the field of digitalization of mechanisms of civic participation in state and municipal governance are presented. Digital solutions leading to transformations in the framework of participator budgeting are considered, existing barriers are identified and methods to overcome them are proposed. Practical steps to a successful implementation of digital technologies in this sphere are identified, and the basis for strategic scenarios of digitalization is developed. The authors reviewed and analyzed the mistakes made in developing a strategy for the development of digital solutions in budgeting initiatives in order to optimize future processes and improve their efficiency. The main task in the field of digitalization of participator budgeting at present is the formation of strategic approaches to its implementation, with consistent improvement of the functionality of portals of participatory budgeting based on federal and regional standards of digitalization, inclusion, data security and efficiency of digital solutions. The research material can be used in the development of approaches to harmonize sectoral strategic and program documents, drafting program documents for the development of participatory budgeting in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and implementing digital solutions in the work of regional competence centers for participatory budgeting.
S.N. Kalyugina, O.A. Mukhoryanova, A.I. Pyanov
North Caucasus Federal University, Institute of Economics and Management, Stavropol, Russia
Keywords: local self-government, institution of civil society, sustainable development, reform, two- and one-level models, state policy in the field of local self-government, financial and budgetary base, initiative budgeting
In Russia, the transition of territorial organization and local self-government to a single-level management system is aimed at improving the level and quality of performance by regional and municipal authorities of their powers to resolve issues of local importance. The reform should ensure the integrated and sustainable development of municipal territories, create conditions for overcoming the unevenness of their socio-economic development. However, to date, the Russian scientific community has not yet developed an unambiguous understanding of the results of the transformations of the two-level system of the territorial organization of local self-government, because the issues of assessing their social, economic, legal and managerial consequences have not been sufficiently studied, knowledge of which should be used by regional authorities in the future to develop managerial decisions in the process of creating municipal and urban districts. The article analyzes the preliminary results of the administrative-territorial reform of local self-government on the example of the Stavropol Krai, which acts as a pilot region for its implementation. The methodology of this research is based on general scientific methods that combine institutional, economic and sociological approaches to analyze the problems and opportunities for the development of local self-government in Russia. The result of the study confirms the submitted hypothesis that the administrative-territorial reform of local self-government carried out in Stavropol Krai, as of today, has not improved the sustainability of socio-economic development of the region as a whole. Also, the reform has not contributed to equalizing the asymmetry of development of its municipalities, improving the efficiency of municipal officials, and revitalizing the operation of territorial public self-government.
Poling Xu1,2, Jianhui Xu3 1University of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China 2Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Russian, Eastern European and Central Asian Studies, Beijing, China 3Vocational College of Industry and Commerce, Yiwu, Yiwu, China
Keywords: uneven spatial development of China, Strategy of Large-Scale Development of the Western Macro-Region of the PRC, Strategy of Revival of the Old Industrial Base of the Northeast of the PRC, modernization, policy of reform and openness of the PRC, indices for assessing the quality of economic development
The Strategy for the Large-Scale Development of the Western Macro-region of the PRC is an important national regional economic development strategy to deepen the reform and opening-up policy measures during the period of rapid economic development of the People’s Republic of China. This Strategy was formally put forward in 2000, after which it has passed through such historic stages as studying and formulating domestic policy measures, accelerating infrastructure construction, prioritising key areas, optimising environmental protection and improving people’s quality of life. In more than 20years of putting this national strategy into practice, China’s western macro-region has made significant achievements in increasing the total economy, reorganising the industrial structure, attracting investment, building infrastructure, improving the degree of opening up to the outside world, and improving people’s quality of life and the environment. Applying the regional economic development quality evaluation index system, we can find that the effect of improving the quality of regional economic development in the Western macro-region is very significant. The West is a macro-region of the PRC with vast areas. Due to the geographical factor, the Western macroregion continues to face challenges in development, such as difficulties in industrial transformation and modernisation, weak regional capacity for technological innovation and heavy debt burden. It will take a long time for the macro-region to get rid of external financial support as well as to achieve endogenous economic development. Regional development requires domestic policy support and coordinated development between developed and developing regions. At the same time, building the Western macro-region’s self-reliant development capability as well as the ability to develop independently is the key to ensuring the ultimate success of the Strategy for the Large-Scale Development of the Western Macro-Region of the PRC.
A.S. Novoselov
Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: regional policy, spatial development, regional and municipal management, management efficiency
The article reviews the main directions of research into the problems of regional economic policy within the framework of the Siberian scientific school, including the development of the theory of regional economic policy, consistent with the transformation processes in the economy of regions in the environment of global turbulence and geopolitical shifts; identification of objective trends, contradictions and features of regional policy in the context of a new structure of economic interactions of regional systems; theoretical and methodological justification of institutional structures providing the implementation of regional policy amid external challenges and threats; improvement of regional policy adaptation mechanisms given redirection of regions’ foreign economic relations under sanction restrictions.
Vitaliy Valentinovich Tselishchev
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: a priori, relativization, scientific theory, regulatory principle, constitutive principle, synthetic knowledge
The article is devoted to the explication of the traditional Kantian concept a priori in the context of combining the philosophy of science and the history of philosophy. The so-called "relativized a priori " is considered as a methodological principle of modern science. A review of recent research in this area by M. Friedman and his opponents gives an idea of the dynamics of the inclusion of philosophical categories in the process of paradigm shift.
Anna Yurievna Storozhuk
Institute of Philosophy and Law, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Kant, Leibniz, Newton, Euler, understanding of space, a priori forms of feeling, "the seat of God", absolute space
Carried out, which allows us to gradually demonstrate the historical change in approaches to understanding space and identify the main controversial points that were discussed. It is shown that the evolution of the concept of space is influenced by the development of mechanics, in particular such concepts as mass, inertia, force and motion. For Kant, the main motive was the desire to logically reconcile the ideas that arose in the natural sciences of that time and metaphysics.
Vladimir Moiseevich Reznikov1,2 1Institute of Philosophy and Law Siberian Brench of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk National Research State University
Keywords: Aristotle, Galileo, Gelfand, Einstein, science, mathematics, physics, axiomatics
In contemporary science, Kant’s well-known statement that the degree of scientificity of a discipline grow up together with the increase in the volume of mathematics used in it has the status of a practically normative criteria of scientific rigour. The main aim of the article consists in verification of validity of the criterion. I research Kant’s criterion from pragmatic positions. From a pragmatic point of view the basic element of the Kant’s criterion is universality of mathematics in the context of solving the different problems in any knowledge fields. One of the possible consequences of universality is the following conditional statement: if physics follows a mathematical style, then this leads to progress in knowledge. However, from of the history of physics it is known that von Neumann’s axiomatics of quantum physics wasn’t accepted by physicists. Using this and other examples I refute hypothesis about mathematical universality. In conclusion I propose some modification of Kant’s criterion.
O. E. Kryuchkova1, D. Yu. Pavlova2, E. F. Tropina2 1Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation 2National Park «Krasnoyarsk Stolby», Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: aphyllophoroid fungi, agaricoid fungi, biological diversity, specially protected natural areas
The article presents information on new and rare species of aphyllophoroides (Aphyllophorales s. l.) and agaricoides (Russulales, Boletales) fungi in the National Park «Krasnoyarsk Stolby». 88 new species of fungi were discovered. For each species, information on the location, substrate specificity and time of collection is provided. New species of protected fungi ( Alloclavaria purpurea (O. F. Müll.) Dentinger & D. J. McLaughlin, Hydnellum caeruleum (Hornem.) P. Karst. , Lactarius lignyotus Fr. , Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr.) and new locations of previously known protected species ( Clavariadelphus pistillaris (L.) Donk , Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst., Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers., Onnia tomentosa (Fr.) P. Karst. , Osteina obducta (Berk.) Donk, Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.) P. Karst.) were identified.
O. E. Kryuchkova1, D. Yu. Pavlova2, E. F. Tropina2 1Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation 2National Park «Krasnoyarsk Stolby», Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: fungi, order Agaricales, biological diversity, specially protected natural areas
The article provides information on new and rare species of order Agaricales in the national park «Krasnoyarsk Stolby». 156 new species of agaricoid fungi were discovered. The information is provided on the location, substrate affiliation and time of collection for each species. The information is provided on the location, substrate affiliation and time of collection for each species. New species of protected fungi ( Chlorophyllum rhacodes (Vittad.) Vellinga, Bolbitius reticulatus (Pers.) Ricken) and new locations of previously known ( Entoloma abortivum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Donk, Pleurotus calyptratus (Lindblad ex Fr.) Sacc.) protected species were identified.
I. G. Gette1, N. V. Pakharkova1, N. E. Korotaeva2 1Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation 2Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: Pinus sibirica Du Tour, dehydrin proteins, winter dormancy
Current climate change has a significant impact on the functioning of forest ecosystems. For mountainous areas, it is typical for undergrowth to colonize new territories. An urgent task in the observed conditions is to study the adaptation mechanisms of dominant trees. The object of the study was Siberian stone pine trees ( Pinus sibirica Du Tour) of the second age class, growing in the conditions of the altitudinal zonation of the Western Sayan. Important biochemical factors of resistance to stress associated with moisture loss include the synthesis of hydrophilic proteins. For the first time for this species, the features of accumulation of stress proteins-dehydrins (dhn) in needles during the transition to winter dormancy in conditions of altitudinal zonation were studied. It was found that open habitats of Siberian pine growing above the forest line are characterized by a reliable increase in the accumulation of dhn 65 kD in needles. In the studied areas, significant differences in the accumulation of stress protein in individual trees were recorded. The trees most resistant to climatogenic stress were identified as the most promising for obtaining seeds and reproducing forests under climate change conditions. The results obtained suggest the possibility of using the definition of dhn in needles, in combination with other parameters, to develop a comprehensive approach to identifying resistant and productive trees.
P. N. Shulpina, O. P. Bazhenova
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Omsk State Agrarian University", Omsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: birch tree stands, carbon stocks, phytomass, forest litter, soil, south of Western Siberia
Based on the results of studies in 2022-2023, an assessment was made of carbon reserves in the pools of phytomass of the stand, forest litter, and soil organic matter in birch stands in different areas of the southern forest-steppe of Omsk Oblast - on the territory of the carbon polygon site of the Omsk State Agrarian University and in the vicinity of the village of Kordon (Isilkulsky District of Omsk Oblast). Birch forests in the studied areas differ in forest survey indicators - average height, density of growth and the sum of cross-sectional areas. The stem wood stock (155.3-159.6 m3/ha) and the carbon stock in phytomass (57.05-61.07 t/ha) in birch stands on meadow-black soil of the carbon testing site are significantly lower than the corresponding indicators (233.1-259.3 m3/ha; 87.35-94.81 t/ha) on gray forest soil in the vicinity of the village of Kordon. On the contrary, the total reserves of soil carbon in the 0-50 cm layer on the meadow-black soil of the carbon polygon are higher (170.35 t/ha) than on the dark gray forest soil in the vicinity of the village of Kordon (115.72 t/ha).The total carbon stocks in the forest litter in the study areas differ insignificantly - 3.65 t/ha in the vicinity of the village of Kordon and 4.23 t/ha in the carbon testing site. The total carbon stock in birch stands according to 2023 data differs slightly in different areas, amounting to 292.7 t/ha in the carbon polygon and 301.53 t/ha in the vicinity of the village of Kordon. It has been established that the productivity and carbon deposition function of birch tree stands in the southern forest-steppe of Omsk Oblast depends on the density of their growth and the type of soil cover.
A. L. Grebenyuk1, A. G. Matveeva2 1Bratsk State University, Bratsk, Russian Federation 2Pacific State University, Khabarovsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: Pinus sylvestris L, first class of productivity (bonitet), age structure of tree stands
The article presents the results of the study of the age structure of high-productive pine stands in Pribaykalie. The structure of forest stands by area, timber stocks, age, species composition and other characteristics is analyzed. An attempt is made to identify patterns in the distribution of the age structure of forest stands in sections with different forest inventory formulas. The establishment of these patterns and common features can be used in economic activities, as well as for solving forest restoration issues. Determining the relationship between tree species and their age structure in specific areas allows us to distinguish simple stands with one storey in height and complex stands with two or more storeys. The age character of a forest stand establishes a certain set of trees that form homogeneity in the age and biological development of the stand, which predetermines its economic importance in organizing forestry. The studies have shown that the intra-population structure of the stands has two predominant species, belonging to the pine (Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.)) and aspen (common aspen ( Populus tremula L.)) economic parts. In relation to these economic parts, an analysis of the age character of the forest stand of the predominant pine economic part is given, which grows in the lingonberry, forb, green moss, alder and nettle groups of forest types. Pine stands of the first quality class are defined as even-aged and uneven-aged. Simple even-aged stands are characterized as pure and absolutely even-aged, as well as even-aged with the inclusion of accompanying species, having in the composition less than one in the reserve of the allotment. Among complex multi-storey stands, relatively even-aged stands located within the same age class, absolutely uneven-aged, relatively uneven-aged with an age spread of up to sixty years stand out. Intermediate types of age structures are characterized by stepped-uneven-aged forest generations.
G. N. Gordeeva
Scientific Research Institute of Agrarian Problems of Khakassia, Zelenoe, Russian Federation
Keywords: Padus species, rhythm of growth and development, steppe conditions, introduced species, testing, prospects, landscaping
The results of long-term trials of species of the genus Prunus L. (the currently included genus Padus Hill.) in the arboretum of the dry steppe zone of Khakassia are presented. The objects of research were five species of the genus with different origins: bird cherry ( Prunus padus L. - syn. Padus avium Mill.), Manchurian cherry ( P. maackii Rupr. - syn. P. maackii (Rupr.) Kom.), Hokkaido bird cherry ( P. ssiori F. Schmidt - syn. P. ssiori (F. Schmidt) C. K. Schneid.), Gray’s bird cherry ( P. grayana Maxim. - syn. P. grayana (Maxim.) C. K. Schneid.), Virginia bird cherry ( P. virginiana L. - syn. P. virginiana (L.) Mill.). The aim of the study is to trace the rhythm of growth, development and condition of new species of the genus Padus at introduction in changing climatic conditions of the dry steppe zone of Khakassia for introduction into landscaping. Using the methodology of phenological observations and statistical processing of the obtained data, the rhythm of growth and development of the studied species was established. The timing and duration of flowering, vegetation, fruit ripening and leaf fall periods were determined. A high degree of correlation between the passage of phenological phases and the influence of air temperature and the amount of precipitation was revealed. It was observed that plant height of 80 % of species in the nursery is lower than in natural conditions. Flowering of Padus species occurs in the second third decade of May with periods of 9 to 16 days. The longest flowering period is characterized by Manchurian cherry and the shortest by bird cherry. In the conditions of the arboretum 80 % of Padus species form root shoots, in 40 % - self-seeding was found. Seeds of the studied species have low ground germination - from 2.2 to 17.7 %, which makes seed multiplication of the considered plants difficult. Among the characterized species, two are long vegetative with a growing season of 178 and 186 days (Hokkaido bird cherry and Gray’s bird cherry, respectively). A scale with plant evaluation adapted to steppe conditions was used to determine the most promising Padus species for introduction. Four of the five species were quite promising. The highest number of points is characterized by bird cherry (105 points), 102 points each were scored by Virginia bird cherry and Gray’s bird cherry, 92 by Manchurian cherry. These species can be used in the landscaping of settlements to create alleys, in group and single plantings of parks, squares and adjacent territories.
M. V. Nosova1, V. P. Seredina2, S. A. Stovbunik1 1Tomsk Scientific Research and Projecting Institute of Oil and Gas, Tomsk, Russian Federation 2National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: mineralized Cenomanian waters, crude oil bottom waters, easily soluble salts, technogenic alkalinization, salinization chemistry, pilot industrial tests
Two types of salinization are compared: mineralized Cenomanian waters and crude oil bottom waters in different pollution zones (epicenter, impact zone, boundary). The systematic position of soils was determined according to the Classification and Diagnostics of Soils of Russia (Shishov et al., 2004) and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (IUSS…, 2022). Contaminated soils are classified as technogenically saline podzolic soils ( Chloridictechnic Salictechnic Gleyic Podzol ) and technogenically saline alluvial soils ( Salictechnic Chloridictechnic Technic Gleyic Fluvisol ). To identify the features of salt accumulation during salinization by mineralized Cenomanian waters and crude oil bottom waters, two soil profiles (P-1, P-2, respectively) were laid in the most transformed zone - the epicenter. Samples were taken along the entire depth of the soil profile. In the epicenter, impact zone, pollution boundary, a number of soil pits are also laid (P-1.1, P-1.2, P-1.3; P-2.1, P-2.2, P-2.3). The sampling depth was 0-10 cm and 10-30 cm. In most cases, oil-contaminated soils are characterized by the sulfate type of salinization with anionic composition and the sodium type of salinization with cationic composition. Toxic salts are represented by NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2. For technogenically saline soils, sulfate-chloride and sodium types of salinization are characteristic. Toxic salts are represented by NaHCO3, Na2SO4, MgCl2. The degree of salinization in both types of pollution varies widely: from weak to strong. In oil-contaminated soils, it was found that an increase in the content of oil products is closely related to an increase in the degree of soil salinization at a reliably significant level ( p < 0.05). A method for restoring technogenically saline soils is proposed, based on measures used in melioration practice (arrangement of a system of drainage trenches, ditches; gypsum application; fertilization). It is advisable to supplement the set of measures with a biological stage of reclamation using salt-tolerant vegetation. In oil production, organochlorine compounds are used as a chemical reagent to increase the recovery of the oil reservoir. Chloride ion (the main component of these reagents) is also an available and good solvent capable of removing paraffin deposits in wells. In this regard, this ion was chosen as the main indicator characterizing the efficiency of the applied reclamation solutions. In subsequent years, monitoring of the dynamics of changes in the content of chloride ions in various areas (background, experimental and control) was carried out. The identified features of changes in the ecological state of soils (development of the process of technogenic halogenesis and processes of technogenic alkalization) should be taken into account when conducting new large-scale pilot industrial tests of new environmental protection measures in the middle taiga subzone of Western Siberia.
D. V. Tatarnikov
Institute of Forest Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Uspenskoe village, Russian Federation
Keywords: derivative southern taiga birch forests, demutational changing birch to spruce, age dynamics of tree stands, forest formation process, stages and phases of age dynamics
Methods of the objective periodization of the age dynamics of forest stands are considered on the example of southern taiga birch forests in the process of demutational changing birch ( Betula L.) to spruce ( Picea A. Dietr.). The analysis of the age range of birch forests has allowed to determine four distinct stages of age development which differ one another by the qualitative state of birch population. There are Stage of regeneration (before forest canopy has closed), Stage of youthfulness (before “quantitative maturity”, when the curve of mean annual increment of trunk volume of trees at peak), Stage of maturing (from “quantitative maturity” to “natural maturity”, when the curve of trunk volume of trees at peak) and Stage of ripeness (from “natural maturity” to full treefall of first layer of forest). Then, according to the determined stages of age development of main breed, the phases of age dynamics of birch forests have been defined: Phase of young birch forest formation, Phase of active growth of birch and appearance of spruce under birch canopy, Phase of two layers tree stand - first tree layer of birch, second tree layer of spruce, Phase of changing of chief breed in forest as result of death and treefall of birch trees.
G. A. Firsov, A. V. Volchanskaya, K. G. Tkachenko
Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Keywords: plant introduction, phenology, growth and development rhythms, decorative woody plants, urban landscaping, seed quality, X-ray analysis of the seeds, Peter the Great Botanical Garden
Paperbark maple ( Acer griseum (Franch.) Pax, Sapindaceae), a plant of central China, is known in the documents of the Peter the Great Botanical Garden of the Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in St. Petersburg, since 1949, in the modern collection of the Arboretum there are individuals that have been growing since 1999. At the age of 26, the tree reaches 4.85 m in height, with a trunk diameter of 8 cm, forming a crown of 2.9 × 3.8 m. The first flowering was noted in 2015. The first fruiting was noted in 2019, when the plants were already 21 years old. In the conditions of the modern climate of the North-West of Russia, the species is quite winter-hardy. An original ornamental tree, attracts attention primarily with its bright color of the bark throughout the year, as well as the autumn color of the leaves. This species is resistant to diseases and pests. In nature, the species is rare and has an important conservation value. And it is important to preserve it both in situ and ex situ . It is suitable for city parks, squares and small gardens, as well as for rockeries and rock gardens. In terms of decoration, it stands out throughout the calendar year due to its bright special bark, which no other maple has, and is also noticeably attractive in the bright orange-yellow autumn color of the leaves. However, until now, breeding has been limited by the lack of a local seed base and the unstudied quality of the seeds. Thanks to the X-ray analysis of seeds of different years of ripening, it was shown that all the first seeds (harvest 2020) were empty. The seeds of the 2024 harvest are already almost 50 % complete, there is a high hope of getting the first offspring of its own reproduction.
Yu. P. Kurhinen1,2, D. V. Panchenko3, V. A. Karpin1 1Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Forest, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation 2University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 3Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biology, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation
Keywords: Alces alces, numbers, territorial distribution, forest structure, forestry
The article analyzes the impact of forest management (primarily industrial logging) on the habitat structure and territorial distribution of the moose ( Alces alces (Linnaeus)) in the taiga landscapes of Eastern Fennoscandia (Eastern Finland and the Republic of Karelia). Materials of population counts (Winter Track Account) and forest inventory data were used. Higher population values are noted in the landscapes of the western part of the studied region that are intensively used by the forestry industry. A positive relationship is noted between the Winter Track Account index and the representation of deciduous and mixed young stands ( R = 0.30-0.45) and a consistently negative relationship with the proportion of bog area ( R = -0.78; p < 0.01). There are significant differences in the patterns of moose distribution in different parts of the studied region. The results of modeling the territorial distribution of moose depending on the habitat structure are considered: step-by-step multiple regression analysis of the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. The calculations used 17 independent variables characterizing the structure of forest vegetation, and the index of Winter Track Account of moose as a dependent variable. In statistical models of multiple regression, the effective regressors are the proportion of mature forests, the representation of open bogs, the proportion of agricultural lands, the proportion of secondary middle-aged forests and the proportion of clear-cuts. Anthropogenic transformation of forest landscapes generally has a positive effect on the number and distribution of the moose population, especially in the early stages of forest industry development of taiga forest. At the same time, not only forest management, but also other forms of anthropogenic impact have a significant impact (ambiguous in the border regions of the two countries).
