Home – Home – Jornals – Region: Economics and Sociology 2025 number 2

New sedimentological, lithochemical, and biostratigraphic data were applied to describe the main part of the Inikan Formation, which is comprised in the Kuonamka Complex of the lower and middle Cambrian of the Siberian Platform. A classification of carbonaceous rocks in the Inikan and Chaya formations was proposed, based on a comprehensive approach, including textural analysis, study of geochemistry of rock-forming oxides and organic carbon, lithochemical calculations, optical petrographic, and X-ray structural data. This made it possible to clarify the structure of the overall section and the conditions under which Cambrian deposits formed. The widespread influence of volcanic activity during sedimentation in the Kuonamka Complex in the southeastern Siberian Platform was identified for the first time. The distribution of paleoseismic breccia in the section was also described, with horizons that represent good regional stratigraphic markers. Limitations in the use of the Strakhov modulus and the Nesbit-Young chemical index of alteration for characterizing sedimentation conditions of Domanikoids were revealed.

This article presents results of a multidisciplinary study of late Pleistocene deposits exposed at the newly discovered Nozhii locality in eastern Transbaikalia. New data on small mammals have filled a gap in the fossil record of the late Pleistocene faunas in the studied region. The faunal remnants originate from loessial deposits, which are rarely distributed in the region, where spore-pollen samples were collected. A rich, diverse faunal assemblage has been identified, and information on the paleoflora of one of the late Pleistocene ages has been obtained. The fauna is predominantly composed of species characteristic of open steppe landscapes: Ochotona dauurica , Marmota sibirica , Lasiopodomys brandti , Cricetulus barabensis , and Allactaga. The species composition, the quantitative ratio of taxa, and evidence on paleovegetation indicate that, during the existence of the vertebrate community at the Nozhii site, forest-steppes with open steppe landscapes were widespread along with patches of desertified areas and forb meadows as well as sparse forests with a herbaceous cover.

The taxonomic composition of acritarchs from Albian-Cenomanian deposits recovered by boreholes in the southwest of Western Siberia has been studied. Two new genera and species of acritarchs have been described monographically: Pyramidinium annulatum gen. et sp. nov. and Trilobatina angusta gen. et sp. nov. The species P. annulatum is found both in the Albian, Khanty-Mansiysk Formation, and in the Cenomanian, lower part of the Uvat Formation. The species T. angusta is found only in the Cenomanian, Uvat Formation.

Metasomatic reactions involving garnet lherzolite and SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and alkali-rich supercritical fluids or melts have been experimentally studied at pressures of 3.0 and 5.5 GPa and a temperature of 1200 °C. These fluids and melts might have formed during the dehydration, decarbonation, and melting of metasediments in subduction zones. The reaction of garnet lherzolite with model subduction-related mobile phase is shown to lead to changes typical of modal metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle. The reaction with the melt at 5.5 GPa yields phlogopite-bearing garnet lherzolite, while at 3.0 GPa it produces phlogopite-bearing garnet harzburgite. The reaction with a fluid rich in volatiles, mainly CO₂, at 3.0 and 5.5 GPa proceeds through intense carbonation of peridotite, leading to the consumption of olivine and the formation of orthopyroxene and magnesite, which results in the transformation of lherzolite into carbonated pyroxenite. At 3.0 GPa and 1200 °C, a carbonate-silicate melt rich in alkalies forms. In general, the presence of a significant amount of dissolved CO₂ in SiO₂-rich fluid or melt induces metasomatic transformations in peridotite, which are very similar to those occurring during its reaction with carbonatite melts. Specifically, at the molar CO₂ /(CO₂ + H₂O) ratio of <0.23, phlogopite forms, while at its value of >0.51, magnesite is produced. Phlogopite and magnesite do not form simultaneously in metasomatic reactions.

Quartz veins and quartzites of the Unda quartz vein zone (southern part of the Borshchovochnyi Ridge) of the Argun block of the Mongol-Okhotsk Orogenic Belt have been studied using modern high-precision methods. The mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical features of quartz of the Unda zone have been first described in detail. The vein quartz and quartzites sampled at the tectonic contact between the Middle-Late Jurassic igneous granitoids of the Borshchovochnyi complex and the overlying volcanosedimentary rocks of a Middle Jurassic accretionary complex (Talangui Formation) are intensely deformed and mylonitized. The quartz veins that formed in metamorphic rocks located at a distance from the tectonized zone (Dzhida site) are weakly granulated. The parameters of fluid inclusions in vein quartz at the Borshchovochnyi and Talangui sites were determined. The quartz veins and quartzites are genetically related to the host rocks and inherit their geochemical and isotopic features. Deformation processes led to a decrease in the content of impurity elements and a change in their proportion in the quartz veins and quartzites.

The brine and long drilling core (4.8 m) of bottom sediments of the hypersaline Lake Maloe Yarovoe were studied. For the first time, the detailed chemical composition of pore waters and microbial diversity of bottom sediments were studied along the section. A complex mineral composition of sediments was revealed, reflecting the evolution of salinity and changes in sedimentation conditions in the Holocene Epoch. In the upper horizons, the mineral composition of the sediment is dominated by halite, quartz, and plagioclase, while in the chemical composition, Na and terrigenous elements (Si, Al, Fe, K) are associated with greater salinity and a high level of lake waters, while in the lower intervals, an increase in gypsum, calcite, magnesite, as well as Ca, Mg, Sr, U, S_tot, S (VI) is noted, which indicates a drop in salinity and the level of lake waters in the past. Authigenic minerals (pyrite, hydrotroilite, siderite, ankerite) are formed in reducing environmental conditions, in the process of bacterial sulfate reduction. Distribution of biogenic elements along the section is stratified: maximum TOC (up to 3.2%) and TN (up to 0.52%) in the upper sediment layers is associated with accumulation of OM of planktonic genesis, and a decrease with depth reflects destruction of OM during diagenesis and changes in the bioproductivity of the lake. In pore waters, in comparison with brine, an increase in the average contents of ions SO₄^2-, PO₄^3-, Ca²⁺ and dissolved elements - Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Mo - is noted. A trend is observed for a decrease in Cl^- concentrations with depth and an increase HCO^-₃, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, and Mn²⁺ in pore waters, which indicates some decrease in the salinity of lake waters and more intense processes of carbonate sedimentation. Cyanobacterial mats play an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of the lake, they accumulate Zn, S and Mg in their composition, and their microbial communities ( Pseudomonadota, Cyanobacteriota, Rhodothermota ) create unique conditions for the formation of zinc sulfides, copper carbonates, as well as sulfides and intermetallics of noble metals (Ag-Au). Microbial processes play a key role in the formation of authigenic minerals and the destruction of organic matter during diagenesis.

The Laptev Sea sedimentary basin is located in the eastern part of the Russian Arctic shelf and has been fairly well studied by geophysical methods, but drilling data have been lacking until recently. In 2021, six new stratigraphic wells were drilled on the Laptev Sea shelf north of the Anzhu Islands by the order of PAO NK Rosneft. As a result, a unique core material was obtained, which was studied by a number of analytical methods. This paper is concerned with analysis of the geochemical characteristics of the petroleum source rocks of a Cretaceous-Cenozoic complex in the Laptev Sea sedimentary basin, which can be regarded as promising for hydrocarbon generation. The paper presents the main pyrolysis parameters characterizing the share of free hydrocarbons in the rock (S₁), oil generation potential (S₂), and maturity ( T _max) as well as the maceral composition of rocks and vitrinite reflectance ( R ^o). We have established that the carbonaceous and clay-siltstone rocks of the Paleocene-Eocene complex are enriched in organic matter (OM) containing up to 20% lipid component and are capable of generating not only gas but also liquid hydrocarbons. In contrast to the OM of the rocks of the Paleocene-Eocene complex, the OM of the Lower Cretaceous strata is at a much higher stage of transformation, which corresponds to the oil peak zone and the beginning of the wet gas zone. Organic matter accumulated in different lithofacies conditions; therefore, both humic type III kerogen and mixed type II-III kerogen are found in the rocks. Based on the drilling results and studies performed in the section of the Laptev Sea sedimentary cover, we have obtained the first factual data on the characteristics of petroleum source rocks, which can be used to predict the petroleum potential of both the Laptev Sea sedimentary basin and the entire East Arctic region.

The distribution of more than three dozen strongest intraplate crustal earthquakes (with M_w ≥ 6.9) recorded in Central Asia (20°-55° N, 55°-120° E) for the years 1973-2022, including the level of their aftershock activity and background seismicity in the field of velocity heterogeneities of the medium, is considered. The analysis of background and aftershock seismicity with m_b(isc) ≥ 4.5 (according to International Seismological Center isc.ac.uk) was analyzed at the sites of 3° × 3° focal areas. The total scalar seismic moment of the background seismicity and aftershock sequence was calculated within the sites. The background seismicity was estimated for the 50-year time period before and after the main earthquake and its aftershocks. The duration of the aftershocks series is limited to one year. Against the background of the generalized seismotomographic model of Asia (at a depth of ~50 km), crustal foci of 24 strong earthquakes mainly tend to the zones of sign change of P -wave velocity anomalies, three earthquakes are recorded in the low velocity zones and 4 in the high velocity zones. The largest values of the total scalar seismic moments released during the implementation of background seismicity are located within the negative P- wave velocities anomalies, as well as along the boundaries of anomaly sign change. When scalar seismic moments are released during aftershock and background activity, as well as the main event, the prevailing values remain within E+27. Increased values (E+28) are typical for zones of anomalies sign change and areas of positive P -wave velocity anomalies. Low values of total scalar seismic moments of background and aftershock events are observed in the focal zone of six sites (3° × 3°). It is supposed that exactly the limiting magnitude for 100-years (1901-2022) was realized in these zones, and the release of accumulated stresses could be carried out exactly due to the strongest earthquakes.

We assess seismic impacts at various levels of seismic hazard zoning of the Central Baikal area using geophysical, seismotectonic and engineering-seismological studies and our methodological approaches. The implemented approaches help to identify zones of probable large earthquakes and specify their main features. This is necessary to properly assess input signals corresponding to the parameters of predicted large earthquakes. The basis for the reliability of the selected approaches and methods, relative to refining of baseline seismicity, are the manifestations of previously registered relatively large earthquakes in the study area. As far as seismic hazard zoning of particular territories is concerned, on a probabilistic basis, the registered data on the behavior of coastal water-saturated strata of loose sediments, according to local earthquake records, are quite reasonably accepted. The implemented approaches using a set of geophysical methods in the study areas allow us to improve the methods to predict maximum seismic impacts for different ground conditions in order to obtain a set of seismic data in the form of accelerograms, acceleration spectra, frequency curves and their parameters necessary to design earthquake-resistant constructions in the coastal areas of Lake Baikal. The studies are presented for the site located in the seismically active southeastern part of Central Baikal, in seismically worst ground conditions, within coastal areas.

As shown in recent decades, additional information about the structure and composition of rocks can be extracted by studying the transient induced polarization (TIP) in a large time interval from 1 ms to 10 s and more. In this study I present the comparison of study results of TIP of the Yasnoe gold occurrence, obtained via field and laboratory research on 37 rock samples. The samples differed in terms of composition, degree of variation of hydrothermal-metasomatic processes, type of electron-conducting minerals (pyrite and graphite), and features of their distribution in the rock. Mineralogical-petrographic studies and X -ray microtomography (μ-CT) were performed for representative samples of the collection. This made it possible to determine the features of the mineral composition and structure of the samples, as well as to quantitatively describe electron-conducting minerals (pyrite and graphite). The results of field and laboratory research of induced polarization (IP) were applied to obtain distribution of the relaxation times (DRT), which turned out to be close in shape for the same types of rocks. The μ-CT data and the Maxwell-Garnett model were used to calculate the DRT of the samples. In the case of certain samples, there was good agreement between the DRT obtained using the results of IP and μ-CT laboratory measurements. In the case of other samples, obtaining a satisfactory agreement between DRT required making assumptions that some pyrite inclusions were passivated or had a flattened shape. There were samples for which no agreement between DRT could be established. This contradiction was explained by the poor applicability of granular models for well-cemented rocks of low porosity. I concluded that there is a need to develop a capillary model of IP of rocks with electron-conducting mineral inclusions, which accounts for the structural features of low-porosity capillary media.

A new approach to constructing optimal algorithms for localization of point signal sources that detect themselves by generating ultra-short pulses at random time instants is presented. The approach is based on the application of the iterative method of back-recursion to this class of problems. An analytically exact solution of the problem is found for the case where a priori probability density of the source sought is given by a piecewise constant function of arbitrary complexity. The whole process associated with the construction of an optimal search algorithm minimizing the mathematical expectation of the total localization time of the pulsed point source sought is fully formalized and implemented as an autonomous software block.

The problem of tracking an object equipped with a marker with spatio-temporal modulation of the emitted signal is considered. Spatio-temporal modulation is provided by both the radiation of a marker with two stationary radiators and a marker with one rotating radiator. The formal synthesis of observation algorithms is based on the use of an approximate solution of the generalized Stratonovich equation, which differs from the traditional representations of this equation by taking into account the dependence of the observation function not only on time, but also on an arbitrary number of other independent variables that allow, for example, the shape of the observed object to be taken into account. The synthesized algorithm for tracking an object with a marker having a rotating emitter actually determines the structure of a multiconnected closed tracking system using a TV sensor for the object coordinates, as well as the initial phase, frequency, and radius of rotation of the marker emitter. The correctness of the synthesis results is confirmed by simulation modeling. The synthesized algorithm provides increased noise immunity of the tracking process in the presence of several stationary interfering radiators falling into the field of view of the TV sensor.

A method is proposed for decomposing the range of values of two-dimensional spectral features according to the values of their constituent correlation coefficients. The basis of the technique is the analysis of the product of the normalized values of spectral features. The peculiarity of the indicator used and the thresholds entered by the user for its values make it possible to decompose the initial statistical data and map the results obtained. Unlike traditional methods, the proposed approach has higher computational efficiency, which is necessary when processing large amounts of statistical data. The results of the application of the technique in processing of remote sensing data of a natural object are considered.

A method of modeling random sequences composed of digital samples of stationary random processes with a given power spectral density (PSD) in systems with digital signal processing (DSP) is proposed. The method takes into account the limitation of the signal spectrum by the input devices of DSP systems and the peculiarities of the transfer function representation using the fast Fourier transform. Digital white noise with the Gaussian or uniform distribution is taken as an initial process for modeling. It is shown that the PSD estimation of the sequences obtained as a result of modeling is unbiased, and its mean value coincides with the samples of the initial PSD. An expression for calculating the RMS error of the estimation is derived.

Two problems can be identified in biomagnetic (magnetocardiographic) studies: firstly, the difficulty of comparing the results of different experimenters due to the lack of a standard for equipment requirements (the research process is still underway), and second, there is no clearly defined processing technique, in particular, determining the location of a "false" (for example, post-infarction) dipole masked by the main current dipole (ECD-equivalent current dipole) of the heart. The paper considers the issues of inference and analysis of the transformation of the results of biomagnetic studies obtained on one structure of the input superconducting converter into another based on spatial-frequency transformations. This method works like an electronic magnifying glass.

The article considers the creation of a control system for the lateral motion of an aircraft based on an approach similar to the control of the total energy in a longitudinal channel. The structure of the control system is presented. It includes an aircraft-independent core and blocks for transition rudder and ailerons deflection commands. These blocks are based on the principle of inverse dynamics. An approach to creating a control system is proposed. Simulation modeling of the behavior of three aircraft with different aerodynamic configurations is carried out. The control quality is studied using a numerical modeling method.

The article considers methods for solving problems of geophysical monitoring of the environment in relation to powerful pulsed sources - quarry explosions, rocket remnants falling on to the ground of during satellite launches, meteorite fragments, etc. The general idea of the study is formulated as solving an inverse problem of restoring the source parameters based on its seismic and acoustic waves. Numerical modeling and experimental studies of the proposed methods for assessing the accuracy of spatial localization of sources are carried out on an example of using calibration spatially distributed explosions.

Optical-acoustic transducers (OAPs) can be used in all applications of applied optics, where precision measurements of the electromagnetic radiation power are required. They belong to thermal volumetric receivers of the "full spectrum" have a constant spectral sensitivity in a very wide range (0.3-10000 microns), and allow measuring both constant fluxes of electromagnetic radiation with a power of 10^-11 W with a dynamic range of 80 dB, and femtosecond terawatt laser pulses. The metrological parameters of OAPs are mainly determined by the design of the sensing elements performing the acoustic-mechanical transformation. The methods of increasing the sensitivity of the classical membrane sensing elements through the use of new materials, optimization of geometry, corrugation and edge perforation, as well as the use of cantilevers as new highly sensitive elements of pressure sensors are analyzed. The limiting capabilities of both classical and new methods of precision measurements of the deformation of a sensitive element of an OAP caused by the pressure of an expanding gas are presented.

The properties of optical phonons in InSb nanocrystals synthesized at the Si/SiO₂ interface of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure are studied. The formation of InSb nanocrystals occurs as a result of diffusion of In and Sb atoms from implanted SiO₂ and Si regions to the bonding interface of the SOI structure at annealing temperatures of 1000 and 1100 °C for 0.5-5 hours. The Raman spectra are excited by laser radiation with a wavelength λ_ex = 514.5 nm at room temperature. The Raman scattering bands are observed in the spectra of the annealed structures whose position corresponds to the TO and LO modes in InSb. The effect of the high-frequency shift of the TO and LO modes in InSb nanocrystals is found, which reveals an inverse dependence on the annealing time as the temperature increases. The nature of the observed effect is related to deformations in nanocrystals. Non-hydrostatic deformations are present in nanocrystals formed after annealing at a temperature of 1000 °C. After annealing at a temperature of 1100 °C, deformations are present only at the initial stages of growth and are close to hydrostatic ones.

This study evaluates the laser time-of-flight method for measuring droplet velocities and sizes across a wide range of pressure characteristics of pneumatic nozzles. Determination of droplet sizes is based on high-velocity registration of the delay of scattering orders when the droplet crosses the laser beam. Determination of droplet sizes and velocities is based on high-speed registration of the delay of scattering orders when the droplet crosses the laser beams cross section. Two nozzles are examined as examples: one with coaxial liquid supply and the other with the liquid supplied at an angle to the air stream. A distinctive feature of these nozzles is the requirement for a high air stream pressure relative to the sprayed liquid pressure. The aim of the research is to determine the limitations of the droplet size and velocity ranges detectable by the instrument under conditions of low air pressure, where the spray quality is suboptimal due to the presence of both low-inertia small droplets and high-inertia large droplets, as well as significant jetting. It is found that the AOM-Systems instrument is capable of simultaneously detecting spherical droplets in the size range of 5 to 200 µm with velocities ranging from 2 to 120 m/s. The greatest dispersion in droplet sizes and velocities is observed when the liquid is supplied at an angle to the air stream. The jet structure of the plume generated by the nozzles is detected by means of contre-jour visualization.

The effect of post-exposure heat treatment on the change in the spectral and diffraction characteristics of photopolymer reflection holograms with different initial thicknesses of 8-10 μm and 20-25 μm is studied in two different cases of post-processing: immediately after completion of their recording, and after photopolymer hardening (tanning) by means of UV exposure. It is revealed that long-term heat treatment at 50 °C of unhardened holograms with a thickness of 10 μm leads to an increase in the modulation scale of the refractive index from 0.014 to 0.022. A significant shift of the spectral response to the short-wave region and expansion of its contour are established for untanned holograms, which may be due to photopolymer shrinkage and distortion of the spatial structure of the holographic grating. After the tanning procedure, heat treatment does not induce any significant changes in the spectral and diffraction characteristics of holograms, regardless of their thickness. Heating/cooling of 25-μm thick holograms, mainly at 50-5°C, leads to a bathochromic/hypsochromic stage of the spectral response of the hologram, controlled in real time, while there are no such spectral shifts for a hologram with a thickness of 8 μm, which creates prerequisites for the formation of athermolyzed holographic optical elements insensitive to temperature changes.

The author presents cognitive modeling techniques of reciprocal impact of spatial and economic development factors in federative type systems. The socio-economic system of Russia is considered in the context of three major actors - regions, business structures and the federal center. In the process of expanded reproduction of economic relations, regions are responsible for reproduction of human capital while business structures are responsible for reproduction of industrial capital, and the federal center, acting as a development institution, helps both actors, simultaneously ensuring achievement of its own interests. Consideration of the socio-economic system in the maximum possible aggregates of its main subsystems allows us to focus on the study of their capabilities and achievable competencies in interaction with each other.

The article reviews the budget revenues of the subjects of the Russian Federation in constant prices for the period from 2012 to 2021. The regions with the largest and the smallest volumes of tax and non-tax revenues, as well as gratuitous transfers are singled out. To assess the direction of the budget policy of the federal authorities, we studied the dynamics of a number of statistical indicators, including tax and non-tax revenues, total revenues and transfers calculated per capita. In addition, we calculated the Spearman rank correlation coefficient, which made it possible to analyze the relationship between regional revenues with and without federal transfers. The results of regression analysis indicate that the key objective of the budget policy is to reduce interregional disparities in the structure of revenues of the RF subjects. However, in order to increase the interest of regions in increasing tax revenues, it is necessary to expand their tax powers. Given that the list of regions with the lowest volumes of tax and non-tax revenues remained practically unchanged during the period under study, it is necessary to review the effectiveness of the current mechanism of transfer distribution.

The study aims to provide an index assessment of the spread of digitalization of consumption practices among the Russian population in the regional context. Most existing approaches to assessing digitalization take into account access to the necessary infrastructure, but do not comprehensively answer the question of the population’s participation in digital consumption practices, taking into account age, level of education and digital skills, health and other factors. We suggested the design of the Digitalization Index of Consumption Practices, which includes relevant indicators organized into five sub-indices: medical services and services of social organizations; consumption of goods and services; digital communications; education; environment. The relative weights of the indicators and domains were determined using the expert assessment method. The highest weighting factor was assigned to the “consumption of goods and services" sub-index. The calculations of the Index values were carried out using the data from the Comprehensive Monitoring of Living Conditions of the Population 2022 (CMLC-2022). High rates of digitalization of consumption practices were found in presented age groups in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and St. Petersburg, and the lowest rates were calculated for the Zabaykalsky Krai. The largest gap in digitalization practices between the age groups under 55 and over 55 is observed in the Nizhny Novgorod Region and the Republic of Tatarstan (0.187 and 0.178, respectively); the smallest - in the Chechen Republic, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Republic of Dagestan and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. In Federal districts, the largest difference in age groups were found for the Central and Northwestern Federal Districts (0.196 and 0.174, respectively). The revealed disparities in the development of digitalization of consumption practices across domains and ages may promote the focus of regional policy on identifying the reasons for the rareness of practices and reducing interregional differences in access to the necessary infrastructure, which corresponds to the level of research on regional digital inequality.

In recent years, in Russia one observes an increase in the number of administrative complaints about housing and communal services. The increase in the number of appeals may be caused by various factors not directly related to the state of housing: institutional contradictions, new forms of competition in the market, public sentiments, etc. The communication component of the complaint remains unchanged. However, the transition to a new form of interaction through digital state portals may have affected the ways of information delivery and the rules of communication between complainants and responsible persons. The purpose of this article is to identify changes in the institution of administrative complaints during the transition to state digital portals. Using the program written by the author, an automated data collection of 670,000 complaints about housing and communal services in 17,000 apartment buildings on the portal “Nash St. Petersburg" was conducted. It was established that the simplification of filing complaints on the digital portal led to the formation of a “‘gray mass" of appeals, for which there is no clear geographic focus and unity of issues. The gray mass includes complaints of “‘activists " and residents with non-typical single appeals. The main increase in the number of complaints is not due to new users of the portal, but due to the increase in appeals from activists, who account for up to 80% of the total number of complaints. A transformation of the rules of filing and reviewing complaints has been revealed, which allows the institution of administrative complaints to function in a relatively new environment. The portal administration develops new mechanisms to curb the flow of appeals, filtering contentless complaints, focusing on the most problematic issues. Residents instead of generating an excessive volume of complaints cooperate around previously submitted appeals, confirming the relevance of the problems. This mechanism greatly increases the level of satisfaction of residents with solving the reported problems. The results of the study allow us to identify the transforming elements of the institute of administrative complaints, new drivers and barriers to developing this communication tool in the present-day Russia.

The article criticizes the hypothesis currently accepted by default in most cognitive studies, which amounts to: All our states of consciousness are caused by lower-level neural processes in the brain and are themselves properties of the brain. The conclusion is made that the dualistic solution of the mind-body problem in the spirit of R. Descartes corresponds more to the modern level of knowledge than any other, specifically a person is a combination of two substances - corporeal and thinking.,

The article raises a problem related to the unclear content of such a metaphorical concept as a turn in philosophy. The author suggests considering the concept of a turn from different angles and using different materials. It is proposed to highlight different aspects of a turn in this concept - such as a change in the picture of the world, a change in the ontological attitude, a change in methods or ways of thinking (methodological turn), a change in a scientific topic or agenda. Alternatives of understanding a turn in philosophy are illustrated by different specific historical and philosophical material of various turns, particularly linguistic, pragmatic, and anthropological turns. It is shown that most of the bearers of those other turns in the 20th century actually proposed a change in the agenda and argued for the related need to search for new means and methods of research. At the same time, old ontologies and attitudes remained at the basis of these studies. The change of agenda occurred quite often throughout the century, and the list of turns is constantly growing. However, not every newly announced turn can be really called a turn, since it does not imply either a change in ontology, or a methodological shift, or a change in the picture of the world.,

The article presents an attempt to assess the impact of the arms race on scientific and technological progress (STP) during the Cold War in the second half of the 20th century. Several examples of scientific and technological achievements stimulated by the arms race are considered. The essence, reasons and circumstances of their emergence, application and further development are described. The study attempts to move from general descriptions of events and speculative conclusions to revealing an unambiguous logic of events and their characteristics, for which purpose clear definitions of the terms used are introduced. The phenomenon of the Cold War and its impact on social development and in particular on STP is also considered from the perspective of the concept of modern natural science. The conclusion is made that the impact of the arms race on scientific and technological progress in the sense introduced took place, however, this impact was not general, but was realized in a relatively small number of specific achievements. Despite the noticeable impact of the arms race, the main and deeper reason for scientific and technological progress is seen in commercial interest.,

The paper discusses the facts of the ideological campaign which took place in the USSR to suppress any free thinking in physics and in chemistry and establish a Leninist-Stalinist totalitarian world view. Philosophers, physicists and chemists participated in the campaign. By following A. Sonin’s books we indicate two ideological dominants of the campaigns: the struggle with “idealism in physics” and with cosmopolitanism. We emphasize that in contrast to Lysenkovism in biology, the ideological campaigns did not lead to considerable destruction of scientific research in physics and in chemistry. Nevertheless, they were harmful from a moral point of view; they carried conformism and limited the horizon of research. The philosophers Maximov and Deborin, the physicist Blokhintsev, the chemists Chelintsev, Shakhparonov and Tatevskii participated in the campaign, trying to establish their understanding of theoretical knowledge and their scientific priorities. At the end of the paper the metaphysical problem “knowledge and power” is outlined.,

The article deals with the history of the development of the anatomy of the digestive system. The materials used were publications in editions included in the Russian Science Citation Index and PubMed. The search depth for publications was 20 years. The results concerning the development of ideas about the anatomy of the digestive system were summarized. The first mentions of some organs of the digestive system date back to the ancient era. Physicians and anatomists described the organs based on the information they obtained when dissecting bodies (in those cultures where this was not prohibited). Over the next several centuries, doctors relied on the knowledge gained by ancient scientists. But in the 15th-16th centuries, there was a relaxation in concern of dissecting human bodies for scientific and medical purposes. This not only revived the interest in human anatomy, but also led to an increase of knowledge in this area, which continued into the Modern Age. Erroneous ideas of anatomists of the previous era were corrected. Technologies of the 20th century made it possible to study the digestive system at a deeper, specifically cellular level. The article shows the contribution of domestic scientists (N.I. Pirogov, N.K. Kulchitsky, L.A. Shangina, S.N. Kasatkin, F.F. Saks, M.G. Shubich, M.R. Sapin, A.A. Stadnikov, D.V. Bazhenov, L.L. Kolesnikov) to the development of this area. The history of the evolution of ideas about the digestive system anatomy can be considered when studying special issues within the framework of the university disciplines “Human Anatomy”, “History of Medicine” and “History of Biology”.,

The article presents information on new and rare species of aphyllophoroides (Aphyllophorales s. l.) and agaricoides (Russulales, Boletales) fungi in the National Park «Krasnoyarsk Stolby». 88 new species of fungi were discovered. For each species, information on the location, substrate specificity and time of collection is provided. New species of protected fungi ( Alloclavaria purpurea (O. F. Müll.) Dentinger & D. J. McLaughlin, Hydnellum caeruleum (Hornem.) P. Karst. , Lactarius lignyotus Fr. , Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr.) and new locations of previously known protected species ( Clavariadelphus pistillaris (L.) Donk , Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst., Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers., Onnia tomentosa (Fr.) P. Karst. , Osteina obducta (Berk.) Donk, Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.) P. Karst.) were identified.

The article provides information on new and rare species of order Agaricales in the national park «Krasnoyarsk Stolby». 156 new species of agaricoid fungi were discovered. The information is provided on the location, substrate affiliation and time of collection for each species. The information is provided on the location, substrate affiliation and time of collection for each species. New species of protected fungi ( Chlorophyllum rhacodes (Vittad.) Vellinga, Bolbitius reticulatus (Pers.) Ricken) and new locations of previously known ( Entoloma abortivum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Donk, Pleurotus calyptratus (Lindblad ex Fr.) Sacc.) protected species were identified.

Current climate change has a significant impact on the functioning of forest ecosystems. For mountainous areas, it is typical for undergrowth to colonize new territories. An urgent task in the observed conditions is to study the adaptation mechanisms of dominant trees. The object of the study was Siberian stone pine trees ( Pinus sibirica Du Tour) of the second age class, growing in the conditions of the altitudinal zonation of the Western Sayan. Important biochemical factors of resistance to stress associated with moisture loss include the synthesis of hydrophilic proteins. For the first time for this species, the features of accumulation of stress proteins-dehydrins (dhn) in needles during the transition to winter dormancy in conditions of altitudinal zonation were studied. It was found that open habitats of Siberian pine growing above the forest line are characterized by a reliable increase in the accumulation of dhn 65 kD in needles. In the studied areas, significant differences in the accumulation of stress protein in individual trees were recorded. The trees most resistant to climatogenic stress were identified as the most promising for obtaining seeds and reproducing forests under climate change conditions. The results obtained suggest the possibility of using the definition of dhn in needles, in combination with other parameters, to develop a comprehensive approach to identifying resistant and productive trees.

Based on the results of studies in 2022-2023, an assessment was made of carbon reserves in the pools of phytomass of the stand, forest litter, and soil organic matter in birch stands in different areas of the southern forest-steppe of Omsk Oblast - on the territory of the carbon polygon site of the Omsk State Agrarian University and in the vicinity of the village of Kordon (Isilkulsky District of Omsk Oblast). Birch forests in the studied areas differ in forest survey indicators - average height, density of growth and the sum of cross-sectional areas. The stem wood stock (155.3-159.6 m³/ha) and the carbon stock in phytomass (57.05-61.07 t/ha) in birch stands on meadow-black soil of the carbon testing site are significantly lower than the corresponding indicators (233.1-259.3 m³/ha; 87.35-94.81 t/ha) on gray forest soil in the vicinity of the village of Kordon. On the contrary, the total reserves of soil carbon in the 0-50 cm layer on the meadow-black soil of the carbon polygon are higher (170.35 t/ha) than on the dark gray forest soil in the vicinity of the village of Kordon (115.72 t/ha).The total carbon stocks in the forest litter in the study areas differ insignificantly - 3.65 t/ha in the vicinity of the village of Kordon and 4.23 t/ha in the carbon testing site. The total carbon stock in birch stands according to 2023 data differs slightly in different areas, amounting to 292.7 t/ha in the carbon polygon and 301.53 t/ha in the vicinity of the village of Kordon. It has been established that the productivity and carbon deposition function of birch tree stands in the southern forest-steppe of Omsk Oblast depends on the density of their growth and the type of soil cover.

The article presents the results of the study of the age structure of high-productive pine stands in Pribaykalie. The structure of forest stands by area, timber stocks, age, species composition and other characteristics is analyzed. An attempt is made to identify patterns in the distribution of the age structure of forest stands in sections with different forest inventory formulas. The establishment of these patterns and common features can be used in economic activities, as well as for solving forest restoration issues. Determining the relationship between tree species and their age structure in specific areas allows us to distinguish simple stands with one storey in height and complex stands with two or more storeys. The age character of a forest stand establishes a certain set of trees that form homogeneity in the age and biological development of the stand, which predetermines its economic importance in organizing forestry. The studies have shown that the intra-population structure of the stands has two predominant species, belonging to the pine (Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.)) and aspen (common aspen ( Populus tremula L.)) economic parts. In relation to these economic parts, an analysis of the age character of the forest stand of the predominant pine economic part is given, which grows in the lingonberry, forb, green moss, alder and nettle groups of forest types. Pine stands of the first quality class are defined as even-aged and uneven-aged. Simple even-aged stands are characterized as pure and absolutely even-aged, as well as even-aged with the inclusion of accompanying species, having in the composition less than one in the reserve of the allotment. Among complex multi-storey stands, relatively even-aged stands located within the same age class, absolutely uneven-aged, relatively uneven-aged with an age spread of up to sixty years stand out. Intermediate types of age structures are characterized by stepped-uneven-aged forest generations.

The results of long-term trials of species of the genus Prunus L. (the currently included genus Padus Hill.) in the arboretum of the dry steppe zone of Khakassia are presented. The objects of research were five species of the genus with different origins: bird cherry ( Prunus padus L. - syn. Padus avium Mill.), Manchurian cherry ( P. maackii Rupr. - syn. P. maackii (Rupr.) Kom.), Hokkaido bird cherry ( P. ssiori F. Schmidt - syn. P. ssiori (F. Schmidt) C. K. Schneid.), Gray’s bird cherry ( P. grayana Maxim. - syn. P. grayana (Maxim.) C. K. Schneid.), Virginia bird cherry ( P. virginiana L. - syn. P. virginiana (L.) Mill.). The aim of the study is to trace the rhythm of growth, development and condition of new species of the genus Padus at introduction in changing climatic conditions of the dry steppe zone of Khakassia for introduction into landscaping. Using the methodology of phenological observations and statistical processing of the obtained data, the rhythm of growth and development of the studied species was established. The timing and duration of flowering, vegetation, fruit ripening and leaf fall periods were determined. A high degree of correlation between the passage of phenological phases and the influence of air temperature and the amount of precipitation was revealed. It was observed that plant height of 80 % of species in the nursery is lower than in natural conditions. Flowering of Padus species occurs in the second third decade of May with periods of 9 to 16 days. The longest flowering period is characterized by Manchurian cherry and the shortest by bird cherry. In the conditions of the arboretum 80 % of Padus species form root shoots, in 40 % - self-seeding was found. Seeds of the studied species have low ground germination - from 2.2 to 17.7 %, which makes seed multiplication of the considered plants difficult. Among the characterized species, two are long vegetative with a growing season of 178 and 186 days (Hokkaido bird cherry and Gray’s bird cherry, respectively). A scale with plant evaluation adapted to steppe conditions was used to determine the most promising Padus species for introduction. Four of the five species were quite promising. The highest number of points is characterized by bird cherry (105 points), 102 points each were scored by Virginia bird cherry and Gray’s bird cherry, 92 by Manchurian cherry. These species can be used in the landscaping of settlements to create alleys, in group and single plantings of parks, squares and adjacent territories.

Two types of salinization are compared: mineralized Cenomanian waters and crude oil bottom waters in different pollution zones (epicenter, impact zone, boundary). The systematic position of soils was determined according to the Classification and Diagnostics of Soils of Russia (Shishov et al., 2004) and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (IUSS…, 2022). Contaminated soils are classified as technogenically saline podzolic soils ( Chloridictechnic Salictechnic Gleyic Podzol ) and technogenically saline alluvial soils ( Salictechnic Chloridictechnic Technic Gleyic Fluvisol ). To identify the features of salt accumulation during salinization by mineralized Cenomanian waters and crude oil bottom waters, two soil profiles (P-1, P-2, respectively) were laid in the most transformed zone - the epicenter. Samples were taken along the entire depth of the soil profile. In the epicenter, impact zone, pollution boundary, a number of soil pits are also laid (P-1.1, P-1.2, P-1.3; P-2.1, P-2.2, P-2.3). The sampling depth was 0-10 cm and 10-30 cm. In most cases, oil-contaminated soils are characterized by the sulfate type of salinization with anionic composition and the sodium type of salinization with cationic composition. Toxic salts are represented by NaCl, Na₂SO₄, MgCl₂. For technogenically saline soils, sulfate-chloride and sodium types of salinization are characteristic. Toxic salts are represented by NaHCO₃, Na₂SO₄, MgCl₂. The degree of salinization in both types of pollution varies widely: from weak to strong. In oil-contaminated soils, it was found that an increase in the content of oil products is closely related to an increase in the degree of soil salinization at a reliably significant level ( p < 0.05). A method for restoring technogenically saline soils is proposed, based on measures used in melioration practice (arrangement of a system of drainage trenches, ditches; gypsum application; fertilization). It is advisable to supplement the set of measures with a biological stage of reclamation using salt-tolerant vegetation. In oil production, organochlorine compounds are used as a chemical reagent to increase the recovery of the oil reservoir. Chloride ion (the main component of these reagents) is also an available and good solvent capable of removing paraffin deposits in wells. In this regard, this ion was chosen as the main indicator characterizing the efficiency of the applied reclamation solutions. In subsequent years, monitoring of the dynamics of changes in the content of chloride ions in various areas (background, experimental and control) was carried out. The identified features of changes in the ecological state of soils (development of the process of technogenic halogenesis and processes of technogenic alkalization) should be taken into account when conducting new large-scale pilot industrial tests of new environmental protection measures in the middle taiga subzone of Western Siberia.

Methods of the objective periodization of the age dynamics of forest stands are considered on the example of southern taiga birch forests in the process of demutational changing birch ( Betula L.) to spruce ( Picea A. Dietr.). The analysis of the age range of birch forests has allowed to determine four distinct stages of age development which differ one another by the qualitative state of birch population. There are Stage of regeneration (before forest canopy has closed), Stage of youthfulness (before “quantitative maturity”, when the curve of mean annual increment of trunk volume of trees at peak), Stage of maturing (from “quantitative maturity” to “natural maturity”, when the curve of trunk volume of trees at peak) and Stage of ripeness (from “natural maturity” to full treefall of first layer of forest). Then, according to the determined stages of age development of main breed, the phases of age dynamics of birch forests have been defined: Phase of young birch forest formation, Phase of active growth of birch and appearance of spruce under birch canopy, Phase of two layers tree stand - first tree layer of birch, second tree layer of spruce, Phase of changing of chief breed in forest as result of death and treefall of birch trees.

Paperbark maple ( Acer griseum (Franch.) Pax, Sapindaceae), a plant of central China, is known in the documents of the Peter the Great Botanical Garden of the Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in St. Petersburg, since 1949, in the modern collection of the Arboretum there are individuals that have been growing since 1999. At the age of 26, the tree reaches 4.85 m in height, with a trunk diameter of 8 cm, forming a crown of 2.9 × 3.8 m. The first flowering was noted in 2015. The first fruiting was noted in 2019, when the plants were already 21 years old. In the conditions of the modern climate of the North-West of Russia, the species is quite winter-hardy. An original ornamental tree, attracts attention primarily with its bright color of the bark throughout the year, as well as the autumn color of the leaves. This species is resistant to diseases and pests. In nature, the species is rare and has an important conservation value. And it is important to preserve it both in situ and ex situ . It is suitable for city parks, squares and small gardens, as well as for rockeries and rock gardens. In terms of decoration, it stands out throughout the calendar year due to its bright special bark, which no other maple has, and is also noticeably attractive in the bright orange-yellow autumn color of the leaves. However, until now, breeding has been limited by the lack of a local seed base and the unstudied quality of the seeds. Thanks to the X-ray analysis of seeds of different years of ripening, it was shown that all the first seeds (harvest 2020) were empty. The seeds of the 2024 harvest are already almost 50 % complete, there is a high hope of getting the first offspring of its own reproduction.

The article analyzes the impact of forest management (primarily industrial logging) on the habitat structure and territorial distribution of the moose ( Alces alces (Linnaeus)) in the taiga landscapes of Eastern Fennoscandia (Eastern Finland and the Republic of Karelia). Materials of population counts (Winter Track Account) and forest inventory data were used. Higher population values are noted in the landscapes of the western part of the studied region that are intensively used by the forestry industry. A positive relationship is noted between the Winter Track Account index and the representation of deciduous and mixed young stands ( R = 0.30-0.45) and a consistently negative relationship with the proportion of bog area ( R = -0.78; p < 0.01). There are significant differences in the patterns of moose distribution in different parts of the studied region. The results of modeling the territorial distribution of moose depending on the habitat structure are considered: step-by-step multiple regression analysis of the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. The calculations used 17 independent variables characterizing the structure of forest vegetation, and the index of Winter Track Account of moose as a dependent variable. In statistical models of multiple regression, the effective regressors are the proportion of mature forests, the representation of open bogs, the proportion of agricultural lands, the proportion of secondary middle-aged forests and the proportion of clear-cuts. Anthropogenic transformation of forest landscapes generally has a positive effect on the number and distribution of the moose population, especially in the early stages of forest industry development of taiga forest. At the same time, not only forest management, but also other forms of anthropogenic impact have a significant impact (ambiguous in the border regions of the two countries).