Home – Home – Jornals – Russian Geology and Geophysics 2018 number Неопубликованное

The Anakit intrusion had a multi-stage effect on the host sediments: spurrite-merwinite metamorphism, early retrograde processes and linked formation of a uniquely diverse Cl-silicate mineralization (with Cl content up to 7-15 wt.%), skarn formation, and low-temperature hydrothermalism. In the eastern contact, the high-temperature spurrite-merwinite marbles were characterized; main, trace element and mineral composition of the rocks as well as the compositions of all rock-forming, accessory and retrograde minerals were determined. The first set of isotope characteristics (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) of carbonate-bearing rocks was obtained. At the peak metamorphic conditions, the temperature in the near-contact zone (0.3-5 m) exceeded 900°C, and X_CO2 reached 0.3. The δ¹³C-δ¹⁸O trend revealed for the first time is similar to those in contacts with minimal metasomatic influence. Small difference between δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values for the Anakit marbles and their protoliths (Δδ¹³C ≤ 2.0 ‰ and Δδ¹⁸O ≤ 4.0 ‰) proves the predominant contribution of metamorphic decarbonation into C and O isotope fractionation.

A new approach to constructing optimal algorithms for localization of point signal sources that detect themselves by generating ultra-short pulses at random time instants is presented. The approach is based on the application of the iterative method of back-recursion to this class of problems. An analytically exact solution of the problem is found for the case where a priori probability density of the source sought is given by a piecewise constant function of arbitrary complexity. The whole process associated with the construction of an optimal search algorithm minimizing the mathematical expectation of the total localization time of the pulsed point source sought is fully formalized and implemented as an autonomous software block.

The problem of tracking an object equipped with a marker with spatio-temporal modulation of the emitted signal is considered. Spatio-temporal modulation is provided by both the radiation of a marker with two stationary radiators and a marker with one rotating radiator. The formal synthesis of observation algorithms is based on the use of an approximate solution of the generalized Stratonovich equation, which differs from the traditional representations of this equation by taking into account the dependence of the observation function not only on time, but also on an arbitrary number of other independent variables that allow, for example, the shape of the observed object to be taken into account. The synthesized algorithm for tracking an object with a marker having a rotating emitter actually determines the structure of a multiconnected closed tracking system using a TV sensor for the object coordinates, as well as the initial phase, frequency, and radius of rotation of the marker emitter. The correctness of the synthesis results is confirmed by simulation modeling. The synthesized algorithm provides increased noise immunity of the tracking process in the presence of several stationary interfering radiators falling into the field of view of the TV sensor.

A method is proposed for decomposing the range of values of two-dimensional spectral features according to the values of their constituent correlation coefficients. The basis of the technique is the analysis of the product of the normalized values of spectral features. The peculiarity of the indicator used and the thresholds entered by the user for its values make it possible to decompose the initial statistical data and map the results obtained. Unlike traditional methods, the proposed approach has higher computational efficiency, which is necessary when processing large amounts of statistical data. The results of the application of the technique in processing of remote sensing data of a natural object are considered.

A method of modeling random sequences composed of digital samples of stationary random processes with a given power spectral density (PSD) in systems with digital signal processing (DSP) is proposed. The method takes into account the limitation of the signal spectrum by the input devices of DSP systems and the peculiarities of the transfer function representation using the fast Fourier transform. Digital white noise with the Gaussian or uniform distribution is taken as an initial process for modeling. It is shown that the PSD estimation of the sequences obtained as a result of modeling is unbiased, and its mean value coincides with the samples of the initial PSD. An expression for calculating the RMS error of the estimation is derived.

Two problems can be identified in biomagnetic (magnetocardiographic) studies: firstly, the difficulty of comparing the results of different experimenters due to the lack of a standard for equipment requirements (the research process is still underway), and second, there is no clearly defined processing technique, in particular, determining the location of a "false" (for example, post-infarction) dipole masked by the main current dipole (ECD-equivalent current dipole) of the heart. The paper considers the issues of inference and analysis of the transformation of the results of biomagnetic studies obtained on one structure of the input superconducting converter into another based on spatial-frequency transformations. This method works like an electronic magnifying glass.

The article considers the creation of a control system for the lateral motion of an aircraft based on an approach similar to the control of the total energy in a longitudinal channel. The structure of the control system is presented. It includes an aircraft-independent core and blocks for transition rudder and ailerons deflection commands. These blocks are based on the principle of inverse dynamics. An approach to creating a control system is proposed. Simulation modeling of the behavior of three aircraft with different aerodynamic configurations is carried out. The control quality is studied using a numerical modeling method.

The article considers methods for solving problems of geophysical monitoring of the environment in relation to powerful pulsed sources - quarry explosions, rocket remnants falling on to the ground of during satellite launches, meteorite fragments, etc. The general idea of the study is formulated as solving an inverse problem of restoring the source parameters based on its seismic and acoustic waves. Numerical modeling and experimental studies of the proposed methods for assessing the accuracy of spatial localization of sources are carried out on an example of using calibration spatially distributed explosions.

Optical-acoustic transducers (OAPs) can be used in all applications of applied optics, where precision measurements of the electromagnetic radiation power are required. They belong to thermal volumetric receivers of the "full spectrum" have a constant spectral sensitivity in a very wide range (0.3-10000 microns), and allow measuring both constant fluxes of electromagnetic radiation with a power of 10^-11 W with a dynamic range of 80 dB, and femtosecond terawatt laser pulses. The metrological parameters of OAPs are mainly determined by the design of the sensing elements performing the acoustic-mechanical transformation. The methods of increasing the sensitivity of the classical membrane sensing elements through the use of new materials, optimization of geometry, corrugation and edge perforation, as well as the use of cantilevers as new highly sensitive elements of pressure sensors are analyzed. The limiting capabilities of both classical and new methods of precision measurements of the deformation of a sensitive element of an OAP caused by the pressure of an expanding gas are presented.

The properties of optical phonons in InSb nanocrystals synthesized at the Si/SiO₂ interface of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure are studied. The formation of InSb nanocrystals occurs as a result of diffusion of In and Sb atoms from implanted SiO₂ and Si regions to the bonding interface of the SOI structure at annealing temperatures of 1000 and 1100 °C for 0.5-5 hours. The Raman spectra are excited by laser radiation with a wavelength λ_ex = 514.5 nm at room temperature. The Raman scattering bands are observed in the spectra of the annealed structures whose position corresponds to the TO and LO modes in InSb. The effect of the high-frequency shift of the TO and LO modes in InSb nanocrystals is found, which reveals an inverse dependence on the annealing time as the temperature increases. The nature of the observed effect is related to deformations in nanocrystals. Non-hydrostatic deformations are present in nanocrystals formed after annealing at a temperature of 1000 °C. After annealing at a temperature of 1100 °C, deformations are present only at the initial stages of growth and are close to hydrostatic ones.

This study evaluates the laser time-of-flight method for measuring droplet velocities and sizes across a wide range of pressure characteristics of pneumatic nozzles. Determination of droplet sizes is based on high-velocity registration of the delay of scattering orders when the droplet crosses the laser beam. Determination of droplet sizes and velocities is based on high-speed registration of the delay of scattering orders when the droplet crosses the laser beams cross section. Two nozzles are examined as examples: one with coaxial liquid supply and the other with the liquid supplied at an angle to the air stream. A distinctive feature of these nozzles is the requirement for a high air stream pressure relative to the sprayed liquid pressure. The aim of the research is to determine the limitations of the droplet size and velocity ranges detectable by the instrument under conditions of low air pressure, where the spray quality is suboptimal due to the presence of both low-inertia small droplets and high-inertia large droplets, as well as significant jetting. It is found that the AOM-Systems instrument is capable of simultaneously detecting spherical droplets in the size range of 5 to 200 µm with velocities ranging from 2 to 120 m/s. The greatest dispersion in droplet sizes and velocities is observed when the liquid is supplied at an angle to the air stream. The jet structure of the plume generated by the nozzles is detected by means of contre-jour visualization.

The effect of post-exposure heat treatment on the change in the spectral and diffraction characteristics of photopolymer reflection holograms with different initial thicknesses of 8-10 μm and 20-25 μm is studied in two different cases of post-processing: immediately after completion of their recording, and after photopolymer hardening (tanning) by means of UV exposure. It is revealed that long-term heat treatment at 50 °C of unhardened holograms with a thickness of 10 μm leads to an increase in the modulation scale of the refractive index from 0.014 to 0.022. A significant shift of the spectral response to the short-wave region and expansion of its contour are established for untanned holograms, which may be due to photopolymer shrinkage and distortion of the spatial structure of the holographic grating. After the tanning procedure, heat treatment does not induce any significant changes in the spectral and diffraction characteristics of holograms, regardless of their thickness. Heating/cooling of 25-μm thick holograms, mainly at 50-5°C, leads to a bathochromic/hypsochromic stage of the spectral response of the hologram, controlled in real time, while there are no such spectral shifts for a hologram with a thickness of 8 μm, which creates prerequisites for the formation of athermolyzed holographic optical elements insensitive to temperature changes.

The propagation and accumulation of impurities in the near-surface atmospheric layer largely depend on layer stability, which can be quantitatively characterized by the mixing layer height (MLH). For the first time, using a single methodology, the average values for 2001-2021 were estimated for different territories of Russia in the central months of seasons separately for daytime and nighttime. The analysis is based on MLH (or atmospheric mixing depht) values from the website [www.arl.noaa.gov] obtained during long-term studies of the long-range air mass transport to the various Russian regions. The MLH values averaged through the area over individual mainland quasi-homogeneous climatic territories or over Russian Arctic seas are given, as well as the spatial distribution of MLH over the Russian territory on a geographical grid of 1° × 1°. The results of the study can be used in environmental assessments of, for example, the atmospheric pollution potential, fluxes of aerosol impurities onto the underlying surface, sources of air pollution and the degree of their impact on the environment and humans, as well as in comparative analysis of climate of various Russian regions.

The Russian Federation participates in the international programme of Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET). Two regions in the Asian Russia were selected for monitoring research: South-Eastern Siberia (three sites) and the Far East (one site). A database on the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol was compiled. The spatial and temporal variability of the ionic composition of aerosol over five-year periods from 2001 to 2024 was studied using the ratio of the total concentration of the main ions. Based on data of other projects, some relevant trace elements in atmospheric aerosol were analysed: Li, Al, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Sr, Th, U, Ba, Co (of terrigenous origin) and Cr, Cu, Ni (of non-terrigenous origin). Their contribution to the total level of atmospheric air pollution at the monitoring sites was assessed. The monitoring results of can be used for practical assessment of the environmental conditions, scientific research, and public information.

Atmospheric aerosol affects astronomical observations performed in the visible spectral range (400-700 nm). Therefore, information on the dynamics of the optical properties of the medium in the area of an astrophysical experiment is necessary for the correct interpretation of the results. Due to the lack of local measurements, data on the state of the atmosphere can be obtained, for example, from numerical simulation. The paper discusses the results of AOD simulation using the GEOS-CHEM chemical transport model and CAMS chemical reanalysis for the TAIGA gamma-ray observatory area, where EAS Cherenkov radiation is recorded at night. It is shown that the average AOD value (550 nm) for the period from September to April in 2019-2022 according to GEOS-CHEM and CAMS data are ~ 0.08 and ~ 0.05, respectively. The AOD maximum is observed in April and can attain 0.6. Verification of the simulation results using AERONET data showed their satisfactory agreement: the correlation coefficient is 0.92 for GEOS-CHEM and 0.91 for CAMS. Thus, the results of GEOS-CHEM and CAMS can be used at the stage of processing the experimental data of the TAIGA gamma-ray observatory, as well as similar astrophysical projects.

The morphology and composition of aerosol particles determine aerosol activity in atmospheric heterogenic processes affecting the optical, radiation, and chemical properties of the atmosphere. In addition, the structure and mineral composition of the particles serve indicators of anthropogenic and natural sources of pollutants into the environment. However, there is still insufficient information about the morphological characteristics of atmospheric aerosols. In this work, the mineral and matter characteristics of dust aerosol particles were studied, which made it possible to identify natural and man-made formations in aerosol composition in the surface air layer in Moscow metropolis in wintertime. Micro-particles containing a lot of potentially toxic elements, such as heavy metals and metalloids of man-made or mixed origin, were found. Several groups of metal-containing micro-particles in near-surface aerosol have been identified, among which the most common are: 1) sulfates (mainly Ba, Sr); 2) sulfides (Fe, Sb, Pb); 3) oxides (Fe, W, Cu, As, Cd, Pb); 4) intermetallides (Pb-Sn-Zn, Pb-Zn, Cu-Zn, Cu-Pb, Te-Sb-Al-Bi, Fe-Ni-Cu-Sn Fe-Cr-Ni); 5) native metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, Te, Fe, Zr, W). The distributions of various elements over the surface of filters with aerosol samples were evaluated, and it was found that most of the micro-minerals in dust particles are in the calcium phase and to a lesser extent, in silicate and aluminosilicate phases. The results complement information on the morphology and micro-mineral composition of aerosols in the near-surface air of a megalopolis and can be useful both for clarifying the role of aerosol particles in atmospheric heterogeneous processes leading to climate change and for solving applied environmental problems.

Thermophoresis of aerosols traditionally has been studied both theoretically and experimentally for spherical or, more generally, compact isometric particles. This paper compares the theory of thermophoretic motion of fractal-like particles developed by the authors with experimental data for carbon aggregates obtained in the gas phase under the DLCA formation scenario. It is shown that the theoretical results for the thermophoretic velocity qualitatively and quantitatively agree well with experiment. Possible limitations of the proposed theory and fundamental issues related to the estimation of the determining structural and thermophysical parameters for fractal-like aggregates are discussed. The results can be useful for the physics of atmospheric aerosols in modeling the processes of carbonaceous particles motion with fractal properties.

The atmospheric transformations of vegetation-emitted organic compounds are initiated by their interaction with photolytically generated short-lived free radicals. The chain process, which is a sequence of radical stages, leads to the formation of condensable products as the nuclei of aerosol phase. The free radicals generated during the photolysis of benzaldehyde and biogenic aldehydes, including aromatic ones (salicylic, ortho- and para-anisic), were identified under laboratory conditions. Chromatographic analysis of the products formed after the introduction of additional free radicals shows that the composition and amount of condensable products change. The field measurements of the concentrations of aldehydes and the products of their photochemical decomposition under sunlight were carried out, and the compounds formed in the interaction of initial aldehydes with free radicals were detected. These products can be employed to estimate the concentrations of free radicals even below the limit of detection by physicochemical methods. The rates of free radical generation and sink were shown to change with altitude in the troposphere. The approach taking into account the vertical transport of air masses and the corresponding changes in photolysis rate constants has been developed. The formation of condensable products is the chain termination stage in the whole process of atmospheric photonucleation of biogenic aldehydes. The new data on the altitudinal variation in the concentrations of short-lived free radicals allow calculating photonucleation rates for biogenic aldehydes at different altitudes. The developed kinetic schemes can be used to simulate the formation of organic atmospheric aerosol in the troposphere taking into account the vertical transport of air masses.

The results of studies of atmospheric aerosol in the 95th and 96th cruises of RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in the waters of the Barents and Kara Seas are presented. It is shown that the average values of aerosol characteristics over the Barents Sea are 1.1-1.9 times greater than over the Kara Sea. Taking into account the new data, the long-term average values of aerosol characteristics over these seas have been clarified: the volume concentrations of submicron aerosol were 0.47 and 0.44 μm³/cm³, respectively; concentrations of coarse aerosol were 2.17 and 1.65 μm³/cm³; mass concentrations of the absorbing substance (black carbon) were 67 and 36 ng/m³; aerosol optical depths of the atmosphere (0.5 microns) were 0.078 and 0.038.

Based on numerical simulation, we have estimated the thickness and spatial distribution of the methane hydrate stability zone (MHSZ) associated with submarine permafrost. Using CMIP6 ensemble model results under a scenario of high anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (SSP5-8.5), we find that the shrinkage of the MHSZ weakly depends on ongoing warming and occurs mainly on the lower boundary side. This process is mainly a consequence of the Holocene marine transgression and depends on the intensity of the geothermal flux. The spatial distribution of the methane fluxes from the bottom sediments as a consequence of the degradation of gas hydrates under the violation of their conditions of existence has been obtained. The estimated intensity of methane emission from the seafloor to the water was 15 Tg per year for the modern period and 16-17 Tg per year up to 2300 (similar estimates for the intensity of emission from the water to the atmosphere were not made in this work). Significant changes in the intensity of methane emissions from the seafloor to the water are not likely for at least several thousand years. The resulting fields of methane fluxes from bottom sediments can be used in numerical ocean models to estimate methane emissions to the atmosphere.

In environmental studies of atmospheric pollution, information is needed on the physical processes that determine the spatiotemporal distribution of aerosol fields. The article presents the results of lidar studies of the troposphere in the summer period from 2015 to 2023 on Lake Baikal, at the Boyarsky research station of Institute of Physical Material Science SB RAS, the Republic of Buryatia. Observations were carried out using LOSA lidars. Three main types of meteorological situations typical for the coastal zone of southern Baikal in the summer period, which determine generation and transport of aerosol in the atmosphere, are considered: breeze circulation, southwesterly transfer, and change of air masses. The features of the daily dynamics of the spatial distribution of aerosol in the atmosphere are given for the three specified types of situations. In the first case, the main changes are observed in the lower 2-3 km layer of the troposphere. During the day, due to the wind from the lake, the aerosol in the lower part of the atmosphere (below 1 km) begins to “press to the ground” and does not rise to the overlying layers. A distinctive feature of the second type of situations is that aerosol layers were detected at fairly high altitudes of up to 5-7 km. The third type is characterized by a smooth decrease of the observed aerosol layers throughout the range of altitudes down to the ground layer during the day. The results of two-position synchronous lidar observations of the transport of atmospheric heterogeneities at different altitudes above the coastal zone of Lake Baikal are also presented; it was revealed that the transport velocity can greatly vary, reaching several tens of meters per second.

It is currently relevant to study the composition and optical characteristics of aerosols in the atmosphere of Lake Baikal, a unique natural object. Results of the studies of the microstructural and physicochemical properties of near-water and near-ground aerosol in the atmosphere of the Lake Baikal basin in summer 2024 onboard the research vessel Akademik V.A. Koptyug and at the Boyarsky research station on the southeastern coast of the lake are analyzed. It is confirmed that in the absence of smoke plumes from forest wildfires, the aerosol spatial distribution over the lake and the black carbon concentration in particles are determined by the location of anthropogenic sources. The characteristics of hygroscopicity and volatility of the aerosol matter in the atmosphere of Lake Baikal depending on the particle size are studied for the first time. It is revealed that the aerosol condensation activity over the coastal zone is greater than over the lake. The results can be useful in developing regional models of atmospheric aerosol.

Cocrystals are commonly obtained using solid-phase or liquid-phase methods, though in the case if these methods are employed to develop cocrystalline pharmaceutical dosage forms, difficulties related to the control of mixture compositions and dosing accuracy arise. In the present work, we describe condensation-based method for generating aerosol particles of cocrystals formed by isoniazid, a known antituberculous remedy, and succininc acid. This method allows obtaining a pharmaceutical dosage form for delivery through inhalation with the high accuracy of dosage control. Inhalation delivery of isoniazid in the form of cocrystal can overcome the drug resistance of the mycobacteria by making high local concentration of the drug directly in the affected organ. The binary nucleation of the vapors of isoniazid and succinic acid in a horizontal flow thermal condensation reactor is investigated. The nucleation zone was determined using the method of supersaturated vapor shutoff. The composition of thus obtained cocrystals was determined by the full-profile X-ray diffraction. The conditions for generating cocrystals in a high yield have been selected, and nucleation rate was measured. The dose for inhalation delivery to laboratory animals under optimal conditions of binary nucleation is assessed. The results allow developing pharmaceutical dosage forms for delivery through inhalation with high accuracy of dosage control to treat pulmonary tuberculosis, including its drug-resistant forms.

The quality of atmospheric air in many cities of Siberia is unsatisfactory, which requires research to identify the cause-and-effect relationships between natural factors and the degree of anthropogenic impacts. The article studies long-term air pollution processes in Chita and the influence of calm conditions on them. Linear correlations between the measurements of monthly average concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene at Roshydromet stationary monitoring posts winters 2020/21 and 2023/24 are analyzed. It is shown that the paired measurements at posts, in general, are proportional to each other. The relationships between benz(a)pyrene concentrations and calm conditions are investigated. A dependence of its high concentrations on the frequency of calm periods in winter has been revealed. The established statistical relationships create opportunities for external control of observation results at stationary monitoring posts in the city and for assessing the effectiveness of measures taken to improve the quality of atmospheric air. The derived dependencies also allow numerically filling gaps in observation data and identifying additional emissions from benz(a)pyrene sources.

The study proposes a mathematical model for assessing the impact of crown forest fires on buildings. Based on this model, numerical calculations were performed to determine safe distances between forested areas and construction sites taking into account such factors as wind speed, building size, and other parameters. The model considers the type and properties of vegetation, geometric characteristics of forested areas, their moisture content, and fuel load. The finite volume method was used to obtain a discrete analogue of the model. As a result of the calculations, the maximal distances at which ignition of structures from wildfire sources is possible were determined. It was found that the distance between forest and building, at which ignition can occur, increases with the wind speed. Additionally, the calculations showed that an increase in building height also increases the safe distance. The proposed model can be used for numerical simulations aimed at ensuring fire safety during the design and construction of buildings near forested areas taking into account their specific characteristics.

The article is devoted to a new territorially oriented direction of regional studies (place-based approach), focusing on a comparative analysis of the complementary interaction of territorial resources as a necessary condition for sustainable and competitive development of a region. The article reveals the conceptual characteristics of the resource complementarity of a region, its main types (organizational, institutional, technological, spatial, temporal, factorial, informational, process, functional, structural), and proposes a classification of the resource complementarity of the territory: external and internal, negative and positive, as well as complementarity by various types of resource connections and other features. Based on the analysis of the essential, specific and classification parameters of the resource complementarity of a region, the article substantiates the conclusion that the principle of complementarity of regional resources is not only a basic methodological postulate of sustainable regional dynamics, but also serves as the most important practical direction for ensuring the complementarity of regional resources in order to strengthen the sustainable competitiveness of the territory.

In recent years, there has been a steady trend towards digitalization of retail and wholesale trade. The article discusses the current state of online retail in Russia, provides the main indicators characterizing the current level and dynamics of online sales. Key elements of online commerce in Russia and factors affecting the online retail import have been identified. Describes the current state and development prospects of the FMCG market in Russia, including risks, main strategies, and customer behavior. The main global trends in the development of the В2В e-commerce and the features of wholesale online trading in Russia are also considered.

The innovative development of the Novosibirsk region is one of the directions of the region’s development, ensuring its competitiveness at the national and global levels. Continuous improvement of the field of innovation is considered as a necessary condition for ensuring the growth of the economic well-being of the region. This article examines the statistical indicators of investment activity in the region and their relationship with the indicator of economic well-being. Determining the dynamics of development in the sphere of innovation and identifying its connection with the level of economic well-being using the example of the Novosibirsk region is the purpose of the study. The study and analysis of literature, the method of generalization, observation and econometric modeling allowed us to identify trends in changes in the innovation sphere indicators and their connection with the gross regional product per capita in the Novosibirsk region for the period 2000-2022. The adoption of the innovative development strategy of the Novosibirsk region had a weak impact on the dynamics of innovation indicators. Changes in indicators affect changes in well-being with a long-time delay of 11-16 years.

This study considers the solution to the problem of finding the growth of production factors at known rates of investment development, given initial and boundary conditions of economic development. The solution process begins with the analysis of a homogeneous parabolic problem, for which the analytical solution is known in advance. In the process of studying, we find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the Sturm-Liouville problem, which are necessary to calculate the growth of production factors and describe the dynamics of the economic system. To solve the problem under consideration, taking into account the influence of investment development rates, we formulate a new problem using the values of the growth of production factors specified in two extreme time intervals. In the case of continuity of the investment development rate function, it is possible to reduce the resulting problem to a known one-dimensional spatial problem of heat conductivity, for which the existence and uniqueness theorem has been proven. We apply the method of decomposing the solution into homogeneous and inhomogeneous parts. We write the general solution as the sum of the solution of the homogeneous problem and an additional component that considers the investment development rate. To find this additional component, we use the parameter variation method and approaches related to functions that satisfy the corresponding boundary conditions. In the final theoretical part of the work, we obtain a general solution, which consists of the sum of solutions of a homogeneous problem and additional functions that consider the influence of the speed of investment development. This approach allows us to obtain a complete picture of the behavior of production factors when investment conditions change and provides a basis for further research in the field of modeling economic processes. Numerical modeling of the growth of fixed assets in the United States in the period 2011-2022 was carried out, which allowed a detailed study of the dynamics of changes in fixed assets depending on time and volume. The Frankel - Dufort scheme was used, which showed good results, which indicates its effectiveness in predicting changes in the structure of fixed assets. The proposed model allowed us to identify key trends and dependencies, as well as determine possible development scenarios for making informed management decisions.

The article is devoted to the study of the modern Russian practice of creating university campuses based on public-private partnership (hereinafter - PPP). The relevance of the research topic is associated with the high need to create an innovative educational environment that meets international standards. The methodological basis of the study was the methods of synthesis, analysis, expert assessment and logical methods, and the information basis was the data of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. The main results of the study are the analysis of launched projects to create university campuses based on PPP (hereinafter referred to as campus projects), disclosure of the multilateral benefits of creating university campuses, identification of advantages and disadvantages of the concession agreement as a form of implementation of campus projects, consideration of key organizational, managerial and financial aspects of building concession models for the creation of university campuses, identification of prospects and offering recommendations to ensure the effectiveness of the implementation of campus projects. The novelty of the research is the theoretical justification for the creation of university campuses based on PPP and the development of practical recommendations aimed at developing this process in Russian conditions. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the formation of the scientific foundations of PPP in the higher education system, and the practical significance lies in the

The article deals with the heuristics of Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology and the phenomenological method of constitution in relation to modern philosophy, methodology and history of science. Recognizing the ambiguous fate of phenomenology as a conception of the transcendental foundations of positive sciences, the author attempts to define the sphere in which the phenomenological eidetics of intentional, temporal, genetic and intersubjective constitution would have an effect as a demanded part of scientific knowledge. The personal dimension of scientific creativity is chosen as such a sphere. This is justified by the priority consideration of intersubjective constitution, which carries out the temporal and eidetic correlation of various consciousnesses, including in the mode of their mutual intellectual empathy and modernization. The proposed approach is aimed at transforming fragmentary and purely informative knowledge on the history of science into its temporal-eidetic continuum, in which the personal destinies and ideas of great scientists would be perceived and experienced as modern and necessary for scientific creativity, cognitive psychology and philosophy of education.,

The article considers the general research discourse of works dealing with the philosophical and methodological problems of geological knowledge and cognition. It is shown that the philosophy of geology as one of the areas of philosophical and methodological research has been developing for a long time and until recently outside the general philosophical discourse and outside the community of philosophers. In the social and institutional sense, works on the philosophy of geology were and to a large extent now remain not so much another branch of the philosophy of science, but a certain meta-level of geologists’ understanding of their practical and theoretical experience. Today, there are already a significant number of works on the philosophy of geology, but it is highly conditional to talk about any traditions, trends, or directions with regard to this field. Works on the philosophy of geology were and for the most part remain single and conceptually poorly connected with each other. Nevertheless, the author of the article identified five key thematic areas dealing with the philosophical and methodological problems of geological knowledge and cognition; three of them relate to the Western segment of the philosophy of geology, and two to the Soviet one. The author believes that the areas considered in the article have every reason to develop into separate and full-fledged research traditions in the future. In addition, the article problematizes the subject of the philosophy of geology and examines several meanings of the concept of “geology”. As a solution to the problem of the polysemy of the concept of “geology”, the author proposes that not geology itself should be considered as the primary subject of the philosophy of geology, but geological cognition, within which all geological subdisciplines can be actualized.,

The question of the modality of “permitted” plays a key role in deontic logic and the philosophy of law, but it has long taken a second place compared to the more extensively developed categories of “obligatory” and “prohibited”. This lack of attention is partly due to the traditional definition of permission as an absence of prohibition, which allows legal systems to be treated as logically closed: if an action is not prohibited, it is permitted. However, this view gives rise to a number of theoretical problems and limits the possibilities of formal analysis of normative systems. First, real legal systems cannot always be considered as complete and consistent, in which each action is either prohibited or permitted. They may contain gaps, uncertainties and conflicts of legal norms due to their dynamic development, as well as the presence of multiple levels of norm creation. Second, equating permission with the absence of prohibition fails to account for the distinction between weak and strong permissions. Weak permission merely indicates the absence of prohibition, whereas strong permission presupposes the existence of a special norm that explicitly sanctions an action. In open normative systems, these two types of permission do not always coincide, which calls into question the principle of “everything that is not prohibited is permitted.” Thus, the study of the modality of “permitted,” especially in open normative systems, requires a more sophisticated logical framework than traditional deontic logic focused on the interdefinability of “permitted” and “prohibited,” that is, on understanding permission as the absence of prohibition.,

The article considers the thesis that the claim of ignorance plays an important role in external scientific communication and constitutes a key element of normative epistemic dilemmas. As a starting point, T. Williamson’s problem of the mathematician’s dilemma is examined, which suggests that epistemic dilemmas arise from conflicts between norms of knowledge. While critics of this problem argue that such conflicts rarely occur in real science, the article shows that they do arise, but not within science itself, rather in the sphere of its external communication. Williamson’s original dilemma can be resolved by making a claim of ignorance. However, examples related to the COVID-19 pandemic illustrate that the role of such claims in science differs from how they are perceived in politics. In the context of contradictions between science and the political sphere, external social and political factors make it difficult to openly acknowledge scientific uncertainty, forcing scientists to make unambiguous statements even when certainty is unattainable. This not only undermines public trust in science, but also turns scientific uncertainty into a tool for political struggle.,

The article deals with the analysis of the problems of classification and systematization of knowledge in the context of current epistemological problems related to the growing phenomenon of online encyclopedism. The purpose of the article is to identify the main epistemic parameters of the online encyclopedia, which distinguish it from the traditional format. It is substantiated that the concept of a digital encyclopedic interface captures the changes that have occurred, both in terms of presentation and in terms of obtaining information by users. The main parameters of the Internet encyclopedia are outlined, reflecting both positive and negative trends in the use of digital technologies. The openness and fundamental incompleteness of knowledge, pluralism and coexistence of opposing positions on the issues under consideration, the inclusion of unverified and sometimes false information in the content are highlighted as the main parameters of the online encyclopedia. The example of modern online encyclopedias reveals the transformation of the encyclopedia reader’s function as a consumer of information into the function of an expert reader. It is shown that following the passive reader model can result in negative consequences related to receiving unreliable information or a disorderly set of data, which undermines trust in science as a whole.,

The article criticizes the hypothesis currently accepted by default in most cognitive studies, which amounts to: All our states of consciousness are caused by lower-level neural processes in the brain and are themselves properties of the brain. The conclusion is made that the dualistic solution of the mind-body problem in the spirit of R. Descartes corresponds more to the modern level of knowledge than any other, specifically a person is a combination of two substances - corporeal and thinking.,

The article raises a problem related to the unclear content of such a metaphorical concept as a turn in philosophy. The author suggests considering the concept of a turn from different angles and using different materials. It is proposed to highlight different aspects of a turn in this concept - such as a change in the picture of the world, a change in the ontological attitude, a change in methods or ways of thinking (methodological turn), a change in a scientific topic or agenda. Alternatives of understanding a turn in philosophy are illustrated by different specific historical and philosophical material of various turns, particularly linguistic, pragmatic, and anthropological turns. It is shown that most of the bearers of those other turns in the 20th century actually proposed a change in the agenda and argued for the related need to search for new means and methods of research. At the same time, old ontologies and attitudes remained at the basis of these studies. The change of agenda occurred quite often throughout the century, and the list of turns is constantly growing. However, not every newly announced turn can be really called a turn, since it does not imply either a change in ontology, or a methodological shift, or a change in the picture of the world.,

The article presents an attempt to assess the impact of the arms race on scientific and technological progress (STP) during the Cold War in the second half of the 20th century. Several examples of scientific and technological achievements stimulated by the arms race are considered. The essence, reasons and circumstances of their emergence, application and further development are described. The study attempts to move from general descriptions of events and speculative conclusions to revealing an unambiguous logic of events and their characteristics, for which purpose clear definitions of the terms used are introduced. The phenomenon of the Cold War and its impact on social development and in particular on STP is also considered from the perspective of the concept of modern natural science. The conclusion is made that the impact of the arms race on scientific and technological progress in the sense introduced took place, however, this impact was not general, but was realized in a relatively small number of specific achievements. Despite the noticeable impact of the arms race, the main and deeper reason for scientific and technological progress is seen in commercial interest.,

The paper discusses the facts of the ideological campaign which took place in the USSR to suppress any free thinking in physics and in chemistry and establish a Leninist-Stalinist totalitarian world view. Philosophers, physicists and chemists participated in the campaign. By following A. Sonin’s books we indicate two ideological dominants of the campaigns: the struggle with “idealism in physics” and with cosmopolitanism. We emphasize that in contrast to Lysenkovism in biology, the ideological campaigns did not lead to considerable destruction of scientific research in physics and in chemistry. Nevertheless, they were harmful from a moral point of view; they carried conformism and limited the horizon of research. The philosophers Maximov and Deborin, the physicist Blokhintsev, the chemists Chelintsev, Shakhparonov and Tatevskii participated in the campaign, trying to establish their understanding of theoretical knowledge and their scientific priorities. At the end of the paper the metaphysical problem “knowledge and power” is outlined.,

The article deals with the history of the development of the anatomy of the digestive system. The materials used were publications in editions included in the Russian Science Citation Index and PubMed. The search depth for publications was 20 years. The results concerning the development of ideas about the anatomy of the digestive system were summarized. The first mentions of some organs of the digestive system date back to the ancient era. Physicians and anatomists described the organs based on the information they obtained when dissecting bodies (in those cultures where this was not prohibited). Over the next several centuries, doctors relied on the knowledge gained by ancient scientists. But in the 15th-16th centuries, there was a relaxation in concern of dissecting human bodies for scientific and medical purposes. This not only revived the interest in human anatomy, but also led to an increase of knowledge in this area, which continued into the Modern Age. Erroneous ideas of anatomists of the previous era were corrected. Technologies of the 20th century made it possible to study the digestive system at a deeper, specifically cellular level. The article shows the contribution of domestic scientists (N.I. Pirogov, N.K. Kulchitsky, L.A. Shangina, S.N. Kasatkin, F.F. Saks, M.G. Shubich, M.R. Sapin, A.A. Stadnikov, D.V. Bazhenov, L.L. Kolesnikov) to the development of this area. The history of the evolution of ideas about the digestive system anatomy can be considered when studying special issues within the framework of the university disciplines “Human Anatomy”, “History of Medicine” and “History of Biology”.,