Uniaxially compressed granites were subjected to orthogonally directed pointed impact damaging. The shock-induced acoustic emission (AE) was detected by a highly sensitive wide-band piezo-transducer made of PZT ceramics. The AE time series were analyzed in the frequency ranges of 80–200 кГц (conditionally low-frequency zone) and of 300–500 кГц (high-frequency zone). The energy distributions in AE pulses detected in the lower frequency range followed a power law specific to the cooperative microcracking process, while the distributions recorded in the higher frequency zone exhibited an exponential (Poisson-like) function distinctive to random, non-interacting AE-events. The microcrack accumulation in the low-frequency zone was characterized by the b-value based on the Gutenberg-Richter law. At constant impact energy, the b-value grew progressively with the increase of the uniaxial compression of samples from zero to the highest nondestructive value thus indicating the decrease of the contribution of larger cracks. At the compression close to (but not reaching) the ultimate strength, an impact action caused the subthreshold fragmentation (trigger failure) of granite.
V. F. Anisichkin, E. R. Pruuel
Lavrent'ev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: condensed matter, shock compression, equation of state
A heuristic model has been formulated to calculate the pressure behind the shock wave front in condensed matter. The model is based on the empirical relationship between the total pressure and the product of the potential pressure component by the degree of shock compression. The model is supported by molecular dynamics calculations of the thermodynamic state of shock-compressed condensed matter and by comparison with experimental data on the isothermal and isentropic compression of iron.
I. A. Balagansky, A. V. Vinogradov
Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: numerical simulation, detonation wave, shaped charge, lens assembly, high-modulus ceramics
The possibilities of increasing the performance of shaped charges by using lens assemblies made of high-modulus ceramics are considered. In this case, an increase in the loading parameters of a shaped-charge liner can be achieved if the detonation wave enveloping the lens propagates in a pre-compressed but unreacted explosive. Pre-compression of an explosive charge without detonation initiation can be achieved by its shock desensitization with the advanced wave transmitted through the ceramic lens. Numerical simulation of detonation wave propagation in a shaped charge with different lens assemblies have shown the potential for using composite lenses in which the inner part adjacent to the axis of symmetry is made of high-modulus ceramics and the outer part is made of an ordinary inert material.
S. E. Mansurova
Institute of Content and Methods of Teaching, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: information, cultural lag, information society, general education, digital transformation of education, digital generation
Introduction. Education problems of the younger generation in the challenges context of the new information reality are highlights. Methodology. The study was carried out based on the methodology of a systems approach, regulatory documents analysis, literature review of the research problem, generalization of experimental data, and logical conclusions. Discussion. The central topic of discussion is the cultural lag phenomenon caused by the contradiction between accelerated technological development (development of material culture) and the low speed of human socio-cultural evolution. The questions of finding adaptation mechanisms to the conditions of a super-dynamically changing information environment, including in the general education field, are raised. The gains and losses of the digital transformation in education are described. It is shown that the lack of time to catch up and appropriate the technological innovations of the information society is aggravated by the school unwillingness to abandon conservative foundations. The study results revealed how the cultural lag phenomenon in general education manifests itself. Federal state educational standards of general education, developed in accordance with the requirements of scientific and technological society`s development, did not accelerate the education development: in the context of digital transformation in education, information technologies did not affect the education content, did not become its tool, did not lead to a change in the reproductive approach to an activity-based one. It is shown that the education challenge is the growing dependence of the students` digital generation on the Internet, social networks and mass media, its unwillingness to integrate into the pre-digital educational process. Approaches to the presentation of education that meet the time requirements are presented. Conclusion. The socio-cultural lag in education is an objective phenomenon and has multiple manifestations. Among the tasks aimed at reducing this gap are the development by teachers of information technology education, relevant approaches to educating the “digitalˮ generation of schoolchildren, and ways to teach information hygiene skills.
N. G. Glazunov
The Federal Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: mass consciousness, common consciousness, public consciousness, ideology, values, social transformations
Introduction Social transformations are interrelated processes that affect both social institutions and structures, and mass consciousness. The effectiveness of institutional changes depends directly on whether the mass consciousness is ready for the changes, or it experiences the opposite effect of structural changes that take place in society. The research is aimed at studying of these processes correlation is the initial condition for social transformations effectiveness. Methodology. The research is based on a comparative historical method (involving data on socio-economic and political transformations in China and Russia), as well as on interpretation of the role of ideological and value components of individual and mass consciousness in the social change process. The work also considers the models construction that ensure the functioning of these components in public space. Discussion. Mass consciousness in its most concentrated form reflects the ideas, goals, values, and motives (that have a positive normative status in this society) rooted in the national mentality. In total, they regulate and coordinate activities of both an individual and society as a whole. At the rational theoretical generalizations level, mental attitudes crystallize in the ideology that dominates in a society. The transformation conditions are objective needs of the social system, whose structural elements and functional connections have ceased to meet the needs of the system and cope with internal and external challenges. The social structures functioning algorithms are clearly interrelated with the ideological and value attitudes adopted in society. Without changing these attitudes, social transformations are either impossible or ineffective. For example, the introduction of market mechanisms into the Chinese and Russian economics would be impossible under domination of communist ideology, which is fundamentally incompatible with liberal market ideas and values. Conclusion. The interdependence of institutional transformation and changes processes in attitudes of mass consciousness directly affects society, either ensuring the high effectiveness of changes taking place in it, or hindering this process if the correlation between them is violated.
I. V. Vladimirov, R. R. Gasanova
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: philosophical and pedagogical heritage, futurology, education for sustainable development, Richard Buckminster Fuller, Jacques Ellul, Alvin Toffler, Yuval Noah Harari, Nicholas Roerich
Introduction. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is the first global project in the education field, which imposes great responsibility on those who implement it. In its regulations, the ESD project relies on the intangible cultural heritage and, in particular, on the pedagogical heritage, which is increasingly being introduced into educational practices. However, the ESD policy documents say almost nothing about the threats that global education will face in the near future, as well as what actions should be taken to avoid them. Methodology. Philosophical and educational theoretical and logical methodology, critical and comparative analyses are applied. Discussion. An analytical series of statements by recognized futurologists and scientists whose works dealt with issues of future education is presented; the thesis on the functional and semantic connection between the pedagogical heritage (as a whole) and the creative heritage of futurologists is discussed, where the heritage is demonstrated as part of the pedagogical heritage, justifying the importance of these connections for the implementation of the project of education sustainable development. The legacy of the philosophy of education and pedagogy is recognized as the fundamental basis for the implementation of current and future initiatives within the framework of the ESD project, and the ideas of futurologists are identified as significant factors that must be taken into account in the strategies of global educational projects. In this regard, the interdependence and contradictions between the heritage factor used in the present and the unknown are shown: “Can there be any places left for heritage in the future?”. Conclusion. The article result is a call for a more attentive attitude to the creative heritage of futurologists (fears, ideas, concepts) in order to guarantee the implementation of the ESD project based on philosophical and educational forecasting.
E. V. Biricheva
Institute for Philosophy and Law Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Keywords: neural network, text generation, chatbot, artificial intelligence, AI, ethical issues, pedagogical issues, digitalization, purpose-oriented approach
Introduction. The using of contemporary artificial intelligent systems (AIS), which has penetrated into diverse professional and everyday practices, in addition to positive effects, may also bring forth negative consequences. The spheres of science and education seem to deserve special attention, since the uncontrolled use of generative neural networks may carry risks for the creative competencies development and give rise to a number of ethical problems. In this regard, the article aims at the systematization of challenges posed by the use of neural networks for text generation in science and education, as well as the philosophical understanding of the grounds for overcoming different cognitive, ethical and pedagogical risks. The methodology concentrates on a phenomenological analysis of the ontological status of the contemporary AIS, possible problems in the field of development of human cognitive and communicative abilities and the reasons for the unfair use of generative neural networks. Reliance on the theoretical positions of the purpose-oriented approach allows to mark the boundaries of acceptable usage of AI tools and to outline the trajectories of the most effective overcoming of the identified problems along the axis of target settings of the involved actors. Discussion. The cognitive and communicative features of human are shown in the context of growing up, development of thinking and language ability in comparison with the tools of the AIS. Ethically unacceptable areas of application of the generative neural networks are systematized, taking into account their “weaknesses”. The analysis is made for conditions of experiencing dilemmas in which one may make an unethical choice, based on which we highlight the principles of minimizing such situations in the sphere of AIS applying. Specific actions are proposed to take in order to regulate the usage of neural networks in education. Conclusion. The article systematizes the problems and ways of their comprehensive overcoming in the context of the onto-gnoseological foundations of interaction between human and the AIS in the “hybrid” reality.
D. V. Volodina, Yu. S. Yurieva
Siberian State Transport University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: competence approach, foreign language, large language models, cognitive development, artificial intelligence, thinking operations, universal competences, cognitive skills
Introduction. The authors analyzed peculiarities the formation of students` cognitive skills of technical universities in the process of studying the discipline ‘Foreign Language’. In this regard, this study considers different positions of the concept of competence and directly the competence approach components implemented in the system of higher education for the competitive specialist training. The research aim is to survey the peculiarities of the cognitive skills development of students of a technical university in the process of foreign language learning. The significance of the cognitive component of universal competences (UC) formed in the process of studying the discipline “Foreign Language” at a technical university is substantiated. The indicators of the formation of UС-4 for learning a foreign language of the specialty 23.05.04 ‘Railway transportation management’ were given and described. The research methodology includes the consideration of modern methods and technologies and their implementation in foreign language teaching from the position of cognitive skills development. In order to understand comprehensively the problem under the study, a survey of students in this area was conducted, data collection and observations of the authors allowed them to come to the following results. In the course of the study the most frequent thinking operations developed in the course of performing foreign language tasks with the use of LLM were identified. Discussion. A separate part of the study is devoted to the use of large linguistics models as an auxiliary tool in the cognitive skills formation. Namely: the main functions of large linguistics language models (LLLMs) and their role in the development of cognitive skills were studied; the functions of LLMs used in foreign language tasks were compared in the context of the thinking operations formed by them. Conclusion. The results obtained allowed the authors to come to the following conclusion: modern competence-based approach in education requires the development of students’ cognitive skills to ensure their future competitiveness, while it is important to balance the use of digital technologies and traditional teaching methods to avoid negative consequences for the formation of cognitive competences.
B. V. Penkov1, L. I. Agafonova2, E. V. Vinogradova3 1Synergy University, Moscow, Russia 2Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 3Pyatigorsk State University, Pyatigorsk, Russia
Keywords: artificial intelligence tools, language learning, online learning, teaching optimization, blended learning, artificial intelligence technologies, digital learning, ChatGPT, DeepSeek
Introduction. The prospects of using AI tools in teaching and learning English is considered with the focus on the constant improvement of the technologies, developing soft skills and professional training of students’ and teachers’ competencies based on AI innovations. The research examines the issues of Applied Linguistics in the context where there is evidence of ongoing progress and changes in economic expectations. The integration of AI in English language teaching and learning theory and practice can offer a dynamic approach to align teaching standards and educational programs with the need for intercultural communication and the economic demand for universal and flexible workforce. Methodology. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used to analyze teachers’ and students’ perceptions of the integration of AI technologies into English language teaching and learning. The empirical analysis of survey responses is conducted primarily using qualitative methods. Emphasis is placed on the descriptive methods of analyzing the chart, percentage indicators are given and explained, indicators are contrasted using the comparative method, and empirical conclusions are drawn. Discussion. Based on the survey outcomes focused on the prospects of AI application in teaching and learning English, a graphical representation is constructed to illustrate the respondents’ perception and views on the evolution of AI in this field. The diagram describes the participants’ opinions and ideas, making explicit their expectations of AI-based methods in teaching and learning. Conclusion. The results show that students and teachers recognize the transformative potential of AI in English language teaching and learning and acknowledge that there are areas for pedagogical innovation, experimentation with AI tools, and the need to provide collaborative and learner-centered ecosystems. However, both faculty and students also give significant preference to the use of traditional methods in teaching and learning pedagogy and didactics for multiple reasons, including due to the need for enhancement of digital literacy in terms of understanding what is doable in this array of disruptive innovation. The article combines theoretical and practical foundations of pedagogy, methodology and didactics with the aim of optimizing the teaching of English.
N. S. Zhdanova, S. A. Gavritkov, T. V. Salyaeva
Magnitogorsk State Technical University named after. G.I. Nosova, Magnitogorsk, Russia
Keywords: value orientations, value attitudes, design students, standard housing, redevelopment, reconstruction
Introduction. The study aims is to introduce the experience of forming value orientations in future designers using the example of changing attitudes towards typical housing in the 1960s. For its time, panel typical housing was a major organizational and technological breakthrough that allowed us to largely solve the “housing issue” in our country, but today the most consumers` attitude towards it has changed. However, it makes up one fifth of the country’s entire housing stock. Materialized values of the past conflict with the value attitudes of a modern man. The paths of modernizing buildings and the paths of changing the consciousness of future designers intersect in architectural and design planning, which has become the subject of our attention. Methodology. Axiologically oriented monitoring was carried out with 3rd year students studying in the Design program. The students redesigned individual apartments or reconstructed a building from the 1960s. The practical significance of the study lies in the methods of specially organized architectural and design activities, during which students move from consumer values to designer values, which leads them to professional maturity. Discussion. A person’s value concepts are formed from early childhood and throughout life. The survey and discussion showed that most students have a negative attitude towards the so-called “Khrushchev-era buildings” and therefore initially did not show much interest in the process of their improvement. In order to form the correct value attitudes, targeted work was carried out, which yielded a positive result. The novelty of the study lies in testing the possibility of axiologizing students’ training in the process of architectural and design design, which is implemented as one of the leading methodological approaches in pedagogical science. Conclusion. The conducted research showed that it is necessary to develop the axiological potential of the students’ personality. The result of specially organized educational activities was the emergence of interest and high-quality implementation of projects for the reconstruction and modernization of buildings, and most importantly, a change in the value attitude to the architectural heritage of our country occurred.
D. N. Demenev, E. K. Podobreeva, D. D. Khismatullin
Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Magnitogorsk, Russia
Keywords: complementarity, architectural and artistic space, consciousness, knowledge, synthesis of arts, onto-epistemological unity, integrated thinking, chord, semantic image, image
Introduction. Remaining in general a means of mankind communication and a means of familiarization with universal meaning-images, correlating with changes in the phenomenology of reality and the aesthetic theory and practice development, the synthesis of arts today increasingly interacts with the technosphere. These circumstances actualize the integrative nature of the synthesis of architectural spatial-plastic arts in the methodology context of complementarity. This concentrates both challenges to artistic creativity and the broadest prospects for the further development of the synthesis of arts. Methodology. The study is based on theoretical and empirical research in the field of synthesis of arts, conditioned by the methodology of complementarity, including a dialectical approach, modeling and pedagogical experience of artistic and creative practice. Discussion. Modern synthesis of arts as an activity on organizing new forms of artistic creativity has a wide coverage of the development and transformation of reality by society and man. The study novelty is the developed structural model of the synthesis of arts. The study established the fact of increasing participation of modern technologies in the act of increasing the forms of complementarity in architectural and artistic construction, potentially contributing to the production and perception of new meanings. As a analysis result of the synthesis of arts through dialectical opposites (form-content, part-whole, quality-quantity, etc.), the fundamental significance of the integrative feature containing the methodology of complementarity was identified and substantiated. Conclusion. The integration of the classical synthesis of arts with the modern technosphere is becoming a necessary and even the only possible dialectic of architectural and artistic space.
I. V. Yakovleva1, E. V. Ushakova2, Yunsheng Zhang3, S. N. Tsaplin1 1Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Altai State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Barnaul, Russia 3Shandong Institute of Physical Education, Jinan, China
Keywords: social philosophy, philosophy of education, axiological priorities, educational space, categorical apparatus, globalism, noospherism
Introduction. In fact, any ideological or methodological construction represents a certain system of knowledge, including initial concepts, rules for constructing statements and conclusions in the form of derived judgments, which, after the necessary confirmation, take the form of universal belief. The methodology of globalism and noospherism, stated in the world socio-political philosophy and in the philosophy of education, meets similar criteria. From an axiological point of view, they address the interests and needs, meanings and values of the subjects of the educational space. The research purpose is to represent the ideological attitudes and theoretical constructs of the initial foundations of the educational space. Methodology. The axiological discourse of the issues of building a universal educational space necessitates a critical philosophical assessment of a number of innovative theoretical, methodological, ideological, informational and socio-technological approaches focused on the comparative analysis of different global social ideas - globalism and noospherism. This is due to the active promotion of these ideas in the socio-political, philosophical and educational theory of knowledge in the first quarter of the 21st century, which, in fact, requires their axiologically oriented scientific and philosophical analysis. This problem is related to finding out how and how, with the help of rational socio-philosophical thought, it is possible and necessary to update the modern educational space in a new way, taking into account the multidirectional vectors of social existence. Discussion. The article examines the genesis of axiological methodological constructs in order to identify, in a historical and logical way, ideas and trends in the formation of an integral, developing information and educational methodology in order to make a reasonable choice of priorities in the media space and media education of the future. Conclusion. The development of an axiological methodology for educational activation of the media space is possible in the process of developing constructive mechanisms for the transition from traditional educational dominants to progressive innovative ones, which, in particular, represents the value orientations of Russian and Chinese information technology capabilities.
O. V. Tsiguleva
Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: man, human capital, anthropological approach, humanitarian approach, human capital models, human capital conceptualization, foundations of a new model of human capital, Social philosophy
Introduction. Human capital and its socio-philosophical foundations are not new problems for philosophy. The social transformation of a person as an employee, with the problems of his new identity and the formation of subjectivity, showed limitations in the explication of human capital. The interpretation of human capital as a socio-spiritual phenomenon is also not fully adequate to modern realities. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to introduce the rationale for building such a model of human capital, which can remove the limitations of explication of human capital as “capital” and “human capital” in the aspect of socio-spiritual phenomenon. The methodological basis of the research is the work of domestic and foreign scientists, representatives of social, humanitarian and cognitive sciences. The anthropological approach in its socio-philosophical discourse is chosen as the main approach to their analysis. Discussion. Human capital as a socio-cultural phenomenon is considered in the focus of modern research presented by a synthetic model. At the same time, its semantic content becomes the interaction of the “economic man”, “spiritual man”, and “social man” with artificial intelligence, which generates uncertainties in the formation of human capital. It is proved that such an anthropological approach needs a new interpretation and its extension to the humanitarian one. Based on the analysis of previous concepts of human capital, some theoretical foundations for the conceptualization of the new model are proposed. Conclusion. The analyzed positional characteristics of human capital have shown that quite decent and working concepts of human capital for the industrial era and post-industrial society need some correction. This correction is connected not only with globalization and virtualization as determining the nature of sociality today, but also with the change in the nature of man himself, his subjectivity and identity. Obviously, these processes will require adjustments to the foundations that previously developed in the concepts of human capital.
Svetlana V. Ovchinnikova
Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Boraginaceae, Buglossoides, taxonomic summary, diagnostic features, new species, new locations, Eastern Europe, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan
In connection with the critical revision of species of the genus Buglossoides Moench of Eastern Europe, Asia Minor and Central (Middle) Asia, herbarium materials in collections stored in the Herbariums of LE, MW, TASH, NSK, NS, TK, as well as virtual collections posted on the aggregator Global plants on JSTOR were studied. The revision of collections and new specimens made it possible to identify changes in the taxonomy and distribution of species of the genus Buglossoides, to describe a new species for science B.asiatica Ovczinnikova from Central Asia, and to cite new localities for three species: B.tenuiflora (L. f.) I.M. Johnst. is first recorded for Tajikistan, B.rochelii (Friv.) Stoyanov, Mátis et Sennikov is first recorded for Turkmenistan, and new locations of this species have been identified in Turkey and the Lower Volga Region: in the Volgograd, Voronezh and Saratov Regions. B. sibthorpiana (Griseb.) Czerep. is first recorded for the Lower Volga Region (Astrakhan Region) and the Republic of Dagestan. The summаry includes a nomenclatural citation for all taxa, citations of type specimens and new locations, information on ecological features and distribution, and a key to identifying the species. The description of B.asiatica includes a diagnosis, a table of diagnostic features of the new species and the species to which it was included, an illustration of the main features of the eremocarps, a photograph of the holotype and a range map.
Vladimir N. Godin1, Grigorii K. Botov2, Julia A. Ponyaeva2 1Central Siberian Botanical Garden, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: Liliaceae, Gagea minima, flowering biology, early spring ephemeroids
The anthecological features of the polycarpic, bulbous, semi-rosette plant, Gagea minima (L.) Ker Gawl, were studied in the Moscow Region. Observations were carried out in 2021-2024 according to generally accepted methods. The flowers are weakly protandrous. There is a gradual opening of the anthers of all six stamens over 3 days. The duration of flowering of an individual flower is 4-8 days when an overlap of the staminate and stigma stages is observed. In the evening (after 18 pm) and under unfavourable conditions, the perianth closes and the flowers droop. The synflorescence is an open thyrsus, in which the number of axes of the second order (composed monochasia) is 1-3. The opening of flowers in the synflorescence as a whole and its structural units (monochasia) occurs in a clear sequence, according to the order of branching of the shoot on which the flowers are borne. In sunny and fairly warm weather, the flowering period of synflorescences is 6-8 days, while in cloudy and cool weather it increases to 12 days. According to the ratio of pollen grains and ovules in flowers (308 ± 18), G. minima is a facultatively autogamous plant. The plants display a morning opening rhythm with a maximum at 8 am. Flowers that bloomed the previous days open earlier than flowers that open for the first time.
Elena V. Shabanova, Alexander V. Agafonov, Olga V. Dorogina
Central Siberian Botanical Garden, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Poaceae, Triticeae, Elymus, diagnostic traits, hybridization, GBSS1, inheritance, nucleotide sequences, taxonomy
According to the descriptions, the Siberian species Elymus peschkovae Tzvelev and E. confusus (Roschev.) Tzvelev (Triticeae, Poaceae) differ in the presence or absence of trichomes on the surface of lemmas and the segments of the spikelet axis (rachillas). Two methods were used for studying the microevolutionary relationships between these species: hybridization of biotypes from different locations and analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the low-copy nuclear gene GBSS1. The created and grown hybrids in combinations E. peschkovae × E. confusus: AMU-8804 × BER-0807 and AMU-8804 × BUK-1109 showed complete seed sterility in two field vegetations. In the interspecific hybrid E. confusus TAR-0730 × E. peschkovae JTO-1708, a single grain was found from which an absolutely sterile individual was grown. Taking into account the vast species ranges, three hybrids were created between Magadan biotypes from the same habitat in the combination E. confusus MOL-1887 × E. peschkovae MOL-1882. The plants showed seed fertility (SF) values of no more than 1-2 grains per spike. Five grown F2 plants of this combination showed complete sterility. At the same time, intraspecific hybrids of E. confusus between biotypes from different geographical habitats in three cross-combinations showed a relatively high SF. In addition, a comparative study of the GBSS1 gene sequences in accessions from our collections was carried out compared with clones of reference species. Differentiation of clones by the St2 subgenome in E. confusus, E. peschkovae and E. sibiricus L. did not reveal any clear relationships between the species. At the same time, species specificity in the H1 subgenome was noted, confirming the existence of microevolutionary isolation of E. peschkovae and E. confusus. It was concluded that reproductive relationships between individuals of the two species are possible according to the model of introgressive relationships between E. fibrosus (Schrenk) Tzvelev and E. caninus (L.) L.
Andrey Yu. Korolyuk1,2, Nadezhda A. Arefieva3, Yaroslav M. Golovanov4, Natalya V. Zolotareva5, Kirill A. Korznikov6, Nikolay N. Lashchinskiy1, Marya V. Lebedeva4, Denis V. Sandanov7, Viktor V. Chepinoga8,9, Daba G. Chimitov7, Sergey M. Yamalov4 1Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia 3Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia 4South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute UFIC RAS, Ufa, Russia 5Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia 6Botanical Garden-Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia 7Institute of General and Experimental Biology of SB RAS, Ulan-Ude, Russia 8Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany 9Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: vegetation, floristic classification, Ural, Siberia, Far East, Agropyretea cristati, Crypsietea aculeatae, Fagetea crenatae, Festuco-Puccinellietea, Kalidietea foliati, Montio-Cardaminetea, Tamaricetea arceuthoidis
New syntaxa are described, validation and correction of associations are carried out. New data on the distribution of various syntaxa, their ecology and composition are given. Ass. Oxytropido tryphyllae-Stipetum glareosae Korolyuk, Sandanov et Chimitov ass. nov. (Suppl., Table 1, rel. 1-27) - polydominant short grass (Selaginella sanguinolenta, Stipa glareosa, Chamaerhodos altaica) petrophytic steppes of Northern Transbaikalia. D. s.: Carex pediformis, Gentiana decumbens, Gypsophila patrinii, Minuartia verna, Oxytropis triphylla, Phlojodicarpus sibiricus, Saussurea salicifolia, Stipa glareosa. Alliance Cirsio helenioidis-Cardaminion macrophyllae Chepinoga et Lashchinskiy all. nov. - streamside and riverside communities of mesohygrophytic plants of mountainous territories of South Siberia. D. s.: Cardamine macrophylla, Caltha palustris, Chrysosplenium nudicaule, Micranthes aestivalis. Alliance Cirsio helenioidis-Cardaminion macrophyllae Chepinoga et Lashchinskiy all. nov. Holotypus - ass. Cirsio helenioidis-Cardaminetum macrophyllae Chepinoga ass. nov. D. s.: Cardamine macrophylla, Caltha palustris, Chrysosplenium nudicaule, Micranthes aestivalis. The alliance unites tributary and riparian communities of mesohygrophytic plants of mountainous areas of South Siberia. Ass. Cirsio helenioidis-Cardaminetum macrophyllae Chepinoga ass. nov. (Suppl., Table 2, rel. 1-18) - the riparian communities of Cardamine macrophylla in the mountain forest zone of South Siberia. D. s.: Cardamine macrophylla, Cirsium helenioides. Ass. Cardamino macrophyllae-Calthetum palustris Lashchinskiy ass. nov. (Suppl., Table 3, rel. 1-14) - the riparian communities dominated by Caltha palustris in the sub-alpine zone and the upper part of the forest zone in the humid sectors of the South Siberian mountains. D. s.: Caltha palustris, Rumex alpestris. The class Montio-Cardaminetea on Sakhalin Island is represented by 3 associations subordinated to the order Angelico genuflexae-Cardaminetalia and the alliance Angelico genuflexae-Cardaminion scutatae. Ass. Caltho fistulosae-Macropodietum pterospermi Korznikov et Sheiko ex Korznikov ass. nov. - streamside communities of Sakhalin Island. D. s.: Caltha fistulosa, Cardamine yezoensis, Diphylleia grayi, Macropodium pterospermum, Trillium camschatcense. Syn.: Caltho fistulosae-Macropodietum pterospermi Korznikov et Sheiko 2018 nom. inval. (ICPN, Art. 3b). Ass. Caricetum augustinowiczio-sadoensis Okuda ex Korznikov ass. nov. - streamside communities of Sakhalin Island. D. s: Carex augustinowiczii, C. curvicollis, C. sadoensis. Syn.: Caricetum augustinowiczio-sadoensis Okuda in Miyawaki 1988 nom. inval. (ICPN, Art. 5a). Ass. Caltho-Lysichitonetum camtschatcensis Miyawaki et Fujiwara 1970 - along small streams in river valleys and swampy banks. Ass. Orostachyo spinosae-Limonietum suffruticosi Zolotareva ass. nov. (Suppl., Table 6, rel. 1-12) - halophytic communities with present of petrophytic spicies in thouth part of Chelyabinsk region. D. s.: Artemisia nitrosa (dom.), Limonium suffruticosum (dom.), Orostachys spinosa, Psathyrostachys hyalantha, Puccinellia dolicholepis. Ass. Sambuco sieboldianae-Fraxinetum mandshuricae ass. nov. - elm-ash forests in the valley of the Tym River on Sakhalin Island, belonged to the class Fagetea crenatae, the order Fraxino-Ulmetalia, the alliance Ulmion davidianae. D. s.: Adoxa moschatellina, Fimbripetalum radians, Ranunculus repens, Rosa amblyotis, Sambucus sieboldiana, Thalictrum minus. The article presents new data on the distribution of the association Philonotido fontanae-Montietum rivularis Büker et Tüxen in Büker 1942 (class Montio-Cardaminetea Br.-Bl. et Tüxen ex Klika et Hadač 1944) in Baikal region (Suppl., Table 5). The name of one association was mutated, i.e. Primulo auriculatae-Cardaminetum seidlitzianae Korotkov 1990 mut. Chepinoga nom. mut. nov. (orig. Primulo auriculatae-Cardaminetum raphanifoliae Korotkov 1990). The alliance name Angelico genuflexae-Cardaminion scutatae Ohba 1975 was amended (orig.: Angelico genuflexae-Cardaminetalia Ohba 1975) and lectotypified. The classes of halophytic vegetation Crypsietea aculeatae, Kalidietea foliati and Tamaricetea arceuthoidis are given for the first time for the Southern Urals. Ass. Crypsietum aculeatae Wenzl 1934 (Suppl., Table 7, rel. 1-5) - communities of saline habitats on the bottoms of shallow water bodies drying up in summer. D. s.: Crypsis aculeata (dom.). Ass. Limonio caspici-Halimionetum verruciferae Lysenko 2011 (Suppl., Table 8, rel. 1-4) - hyperhalophytic communities on low relief elements. D. s.: Halimione verrucifera (dom.), Limonium caspium. Ass. Kalidietum foliati Golub et Čorbadze 1989 (Suppl., Table 9, rel. 1-5) - hyperhalophytic communities on drying coasts of saline lakes. D. s.: Kalidium foliatum (dom.). Ass. Camphorosmo monspeliacae-Artemisietum nitrosae Lysenko et al. 2013 (Suppl., Table 10, rel. 1-8) -communities on dry solonetz soils. D. s.: Artemisia nitrosa (dom.), Camphorosma monspeliaca. Ass. Artemisio abrotanae-Tamaricetum ramosissimae ass. nov. prov. (Suppl., Table 11, rel. 1-2) - halophytic communities on saline coasts of lakes. D. s.: Tamarix ramosissima (dom.), Artemisia abrotanum.
Currently, the CSBG collection contains 27 cultivars of the genus Syringa L. The collection was replenished with 60 cultivars of the genus Syringa from 5 botanical institutions and nurseries located in other climatic zones from 2018 to 2022. New cultivars were planted in the scientific nursery of the laboratory of dendrology to study the features of biology, winter hardiness and subsequent introduction into urban greening in the continental climate of southern Western Siberia.
Tatyana V. Kuzmina1, Elena Yu. Toropova2, Elena Yu. Marmuleva2, Tatyana A. Novgorodova1 1Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State Agricultural University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Oleaceae, Syringa vulgaris, S. josikaea, pollinators, insect visitors, Novosibirsk
The preliminary results of studying the complex of anthophilous insects of introduced woody plants Syringa vulgaris L. and S. josikaea Jacq. (Oleaceae) are presented, as well as characteristics of their seasonal development. The research was carried out over three years (2019-2021) on the territory of the Dendrological Park (Novosibirsk) using standard methods. The phenological development of shrubs generally corresponded to the growing season of local species of the Novosibirsk Region. The timing and duration of flowering of woody plants was influenced by weather conditions. The life status of model plants of S. vulgaris and S. josikaea was good. Flowering of S. josikaea shrubs was estimated as good (2019 and 2021) and abundant (2020), flowering of S. vulgaris was good (2019-2021). On the inflorescences of model plant species, a total of 56 species of insects belonging to 5 orders were noted: Hymenoptera (18), Hemiptera (14 species), Coleoptera (12 species), Diptera (9 species), Neuroptera (2 species) and Lepidoptera (1 species). Of these, 17 species were classified as pollinators and 39 species as insect visitors, of which 19 were insect pests, 10 parasites, 5 predators, 4 nectophages and 1 pollinophage. Among the pollinators, 5 major and 12 minor pollinators were identified; no specialized pollinators were noted. All pollinators were polylectic species. The anthophilous insect complex of S. vulgaris differed from S. josikaea both in insect density and in the number of species. The inflorescences of S. josikaea turned out to be the most attractive to insects. The similarity in the species composition of anthophilous insects of S. vulgaris and S. josikaea was 39 %: 22 common species were noted, of which 3 species were classified as major pollinators and 2 as minor pollinators. In general, the anthophilous insect complex of S. josikaea turned out to be much more diverse than that of S. vulgaris.
Lyudmila V. Kharkhota, Elena N. Vinogradova
Donetsk Botanical Garden, Donetsk, Russia
Keywords: Rosaceae, medicinal plants, State Pharmacopoeia, official species, introduction, Donetsk Botanical Garden
Based on the results of an analysis of tree collection of the Rosaceae Juss. family of the Donetsk Botanical Garden (DBG), a list of medicinal plants, used for treatment in official and traditional medicine, was compiled. This list includes 58 species from 20 genera. The official medicinal plants include 18 species, 13 of them being pharmacopeial ones. Collection of the Rosaceae family has been formed mainly in the 1970s. Most of the species are long-lived, have been part of our collection for more than 50 years, have successfully adapted to the conditions of the region, bloom and bear fruit. The paper provides a brief description of official medicinal plants, 7 species among them belong to the natural flora of the region. For each species the history of introduction into our collection is described, the characteristics of bioecological features in the natural, climatic and environmental conditions of our region are given and the vital state is assessed. Most medicinal woody plants after successful introduction trials are widespread in green spaces of industrial cities in our region along with native species.
Irina A. Gorbunova
Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Agaricales, Agaricomycetes, Botanical Garden, greenhouse, Russia
The paper presents the first data on the findings of agaricoid fungi in the greenhouses of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS. A total of 15 species of agaricoid basidiomycetes (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Agaricales) from 11 genera and 6 families were found in the greenhouse complexes of the botanical garden located in the Sovetsky district of the city of Novosibirsk. Half of the species belong to the family Agaricaceae, including some of lepiotaceous fungi known from warmer areas. All the identified species are saprotrophs, growing on soil and plant residues. Most of the species from the families Agaricaceae, Hymenogastraceae, Mycenaceae, Pluteaceae, Psathyrellaceae and Strophariaceae which were discovered in the greenhouse interiors of the Novosibirsk Botanical Garden were found in the natural forests of the surrounding areas, and were brought into the greenhouses, florariums, flower pots with substrate or fertilizer (soil, woody remains, bark, moss, manure). Only five species (Cystolepiota fumosifolia, Leucoagaricus americanus, Leucocoprinus brebissonii, L. straminellus and L. cepistipes) are specifically greenhouse species and were most likely introduced into the greenhouses of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden with planting materials of tropical plants. All of the species listed above are new for the Novosibirsk region. Cystolepiota fumosifolia is new for Siberia and Russian Federation. Of the 15 identified species of agaricoid fungi, Cystolepiota fumosifolia, Leucocoprinus cepistipes and L. brebissonii were the most common. The fruiting of Cystolepiota fumosifolia and other species found in the greenhouse soil of the demonstration greenhouses ceased after the greenhouse plants were transferred to another building. In the florarium, located in the greenhouse complex of the main building of Botanical Garden the fruiting of Leucocoprinus cepistipes is recorded annually in the winter.
The article sets and considers the dual interdisciplinary task: firstly, to verify the first and second Tobler’s laws of geography, characterizing the basic principles of interactions in geographic space, and secondly, to identify common factors that determine the spatiotemporal dynamics of pandemics using the COVID-19 pandemic as an example. Combining these two tasks in one study has become possible and justified due to the unique features of the available empirical material on the COVID-19 pandemic, namely: its wide dynamic range, large statistics, global spatial coverage and record-breaking accuracy of spatial and temporal localization of individual components of such a large-scale global process. The article substantiates the relevance of studying the nature of pandemics through examining their dynamics in the scope of the continuing uncertainty regarding the mechanisms of development of pandemic processes. The research methodology uses the holistic Popper-Selye method, proposed earlier by the authors, the method of developing working mutually exclusive hypotheses, as well as the methodological apparatus of the principles of short-range and long-range actions. A comparative review is conducted of two mutually exclusive hypotheses about the nature of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic, corresponding to the concepts of short-range and long-range actions: a chain reaction controlled by local factors and a global self-sustaining process that ensures the stability of its established global dynamics. A paradoxical feature of the COVID-19 dynamics is noted: the steady and stable development of the pandemic process on a global scale in contrast to chaotically alternating short-term processes in individual countries, which make the main contribution to the global statistics. The comparison of the dynamics of the pandemic process in two randomly selected areas - in the USA and in all other countries - clearly demonstrates the presence of a factor that maintains the established dynamics of the pandemic by suppressing or enhancing its local manifestations in real time, which contradicts the first hypothesis and confirms the second one. It is stated that the presence of such a factor is incompatible with the idea of an exclusively short-range mechanism for the development of a pandemic and requires the assumption of the existence of a long-range global factor responsible for the correction of local processes in real time. It is concluded that in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global factor prevails over the local one, which contradicts Tobler’s laws of geography in their current formulations. A critical analysis of the results obtained is proposed, and a possible program for further research on the fundamental principles of geography is discussed.
A.N. Fartyshev1,2, A.S. Silaev1 1V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences 2Irkutsk State University
Keywords: theory of natural boundaries, digital elevation models, political geography, geopolitics, SRTM, Mann-Whitney U-test
The article analyzes the orographic barrierity of political borders of Eurasia using the geoinformation approach. The review of evolution of concepts of natural borders from ancient times to the present day is presented. A classification of the barrierity of political borders has been carried out, including natural, infrastructural, institutional, demographic, ethnocultural, and historical types. The research proposes a method for assessing orographic barrierity of borders using the geoinformation approach through elevation differences in the two-kilometer zone of remoteness from the border, which is calculated using STRM digital elevation models. The article shows significant differences in the conditions of political borders in Eurasia and reveals new patterns between the barrierity and conflict and integration types of borders, such as a high level of barrierity of borders in Southeast Asia, a fairly high level of barrierity of borders on the Korean and Arabian Peninsulas, a low level of barrierity in Eastern Europe and on the Indo-Pakistan border, etc. Using statistical analysis methods, it has been revealed that conflict borders in Eurasia paradoxically more often follow orographic barriers, in contrast to integration borders, exhibiting less naturalness; which, on the contrary, is a refutation of the original theory of natural boundaries. The results of the work can be useful for assessing the influence of geographical entities and for understanding the influence of geographical conditions on the formation and functioning of political borders. The developed neighborhood matrix can serve as an alternative method for calculating the neighborhood weight (wij) in the Moran’s spatial autocorrelation index (Moran’s I).
Non-farm employment of the population, which has actively manifested itself in recent decades throughout the world, is a reflection of structural changes in the economy of rural areas. Based on the example of a number of Asian countries (China, India, Bangladesh), the article reveals changes in non-farm employment. They reflect the transformation of social and labor relations and represent the interconnections and patterns occurring in it. It has been determined that the phenomenon of «Asian deagrarianization» is expressed in high rates of economic growth and urbanization, intensification of production, workers’ shift away from agricultural labor, uneven development of regions and labor migration. It is shown that under the influence of various factors the diversification of agricultural production in these countries was reflected, on the one hand, by common features and relationships and on the other hand, each country has its own specifics in the transformation of employment of the population. In China, increased urbanization and industrialization have created enormous opportunities to expand the spheres of employment of the rural population and to increase productivity in the economy. The employment features of the Indian population characterize the production and socio-economic contradictions, manifested in the low parameters of labor and its payment in the informal sector, with significant and rapid economic changes in the country with a focus on knowledge-intensive and capital-intensive technologies. In Bangladesh, there is a complex transformation of households with a focus on both agriculture and alternative sources of income, and an expansion of demand for labor from both local and urban employers. Russia incorporates all of the listed characteristics, which determines its peculiarity. As a result of the work, the following conclusions were made: a comprehensive solution to the problems accompanying the transformation of the employment sector is necessary; the positive results of the transformation of labor relations are the welfare and reduction of poverty of the population. These goals require governments to search for the most effective ways of economic management and public administration in order to create sustainable development in the interests of nature and the population. The results and conclusions of the work can be useful to scientists, specialists, and politicians studying the problems of rural areas and employment.
A.K. Cherkashin
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: geographical environment, national wealth, composition and structure of assets, rental income, capitalization of savings, dynamics of integrated geosystems
Sustainable development is considered as a process of preserving and safely overcoming the opportunities of the geographical environment, understood as a set of conditions and resources both natural and industrial and social origin. The state and sustainable change of the geographical environment are calculated in terms of national and regional wealth, which includes an assessment of available natural resources and produced and human capitals. The value of national wealth is divided into discrete, persistent and continuously positively changing parts, characterizing the geographical environment. Using the mathematical apparatus, the theoretical problem of how sustainable development is possible in the implementation of contradictory trends in nature conservation, rates of economic growth and social development, is solved. The current national wealth accumulation is described by a weighted sum of independent time functions, which are partial solutions of a linear differential equation with additive control. The national wealth growth functions take into account the accumulated rents for investments in improving the natural environment, in production and creativity. Taking into consideration the share of participation of each component in the national wealth increment, the article proposes a classification of countries and regions in areal coordinates. The sovereign and self-sufficient state of the national wealth of Russia and its regions is characterized by a harmonious (with respect to the set of assets) middle position in the classification, which determines its connecting role in the organization of the world economy to ensure sustainable development. Its mathematical model describes the national wealth accumulation from different income sources and allows comparing the real and calculated trends of long-term changes in the geographical environment of sustainable development using the example of the Russian Federation and the United States of America. New opportunities are opening up for applying mathematical tools to explain the contradictory qualities of sustainable development in different countries, taking into account the uniqueness of the geographical environment in its expanded understanding.
E.G. Kolomyts
Pushchino Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino, Russia
Keywords: forest associations and formations, climatic niches of forest communities, current global warming, resistance of forests to hydrothermal signals, adaptive-adsorption potential
Two stages of studying the phenomenon of stability of natural ecosystems on a zonal-regional scale are outlined on the basis of the patterns of their spatial organization. Two well-known methods of studying geographical objects (information theory and the theory of “fuzzy” sets) were used to consistently identify climatic niches of plant communities, typify them, and identify their adaptive potential in a changing climate. The empirical-statistical models describing the resistance of forest associations and formations of the Volga basin to hydrothermal signals are presented. At the first stage, the potential stability of forests is characterized as the most important property of the regional bioclimatic system. According to the structure of climatic niches of vegetation, four main types of the most general category of potential stability of forest formations were identified, and corresponding estimates of CO2 absorption by forests from the atmosphere were made. The presented ideas about the bioclimatic system, as well as the methods of its modeling, underlie the regional paleo-forecasting concept in the field of geographical ecology developed by the author. At the second stage, the stability of zonal-regional phytocenological systems was considered using the measures of displaying the diversity of states of environmental factors. The use of information and statistical analysis of intercomponent relationships made it possible to build vector graph-analytical models of climatic niches of classes and groups of plant formations in the Volga basin. Ecological groups of forest associations with different ability to maintain their qualitative certainty, the level of biological cycle and adsorption potential in a changing climate are distinguished.
T.A. Trifonova1,2, O.G. Selivanov2, A.A. Martsev2,3, I.N. Kurochkin2, Y.U.N. Kurbatov2, L.N. Romanova2 1Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 2Vladimir State University, Vladimir, Russia 3Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
Keywords: surface waters, river pollution, heavy metals, anions and cations, public health
The article presents the results of the assessment of the content of heavy metals in the water of the rivers of the city of Vladimir and studies their ion-salt composition. Water samples were collected during the summer low-water period from the Klyazma and Nerl Rivers and their tributaries, namely, the Sodyshka, Rpen and Lybed small rivers, flowing within the city. It was found that the samples contain excesses of hygienic standards for the content of Cd (95 MAC, Sodyshka River), Fe (1,04-3,42 MAC, in all the studied rivers), Pb (1,0-2,1 MAC, Lybed and Nerl Rivers), while the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, V, Co do not exceed the established hygienic standards. When comparing the content of heavy metals in the studied rivers (in addition to the above mentioned Cd, Fe, Pb) with their MAC for fishery water, an excess of the MAC is observed in all the studied rivers for the content of copper (by a factor of 3,0-46), zinc (2,5-24) and vanadium (6-9), which poses a threat to hydrobionts and phytocenoses of the urban water bodies. The sources of pollution of the urban rivers with heavy metals are untreated or poorly treated industrial wastewater, emissions from industrial enterprises and the fuel and energy complex, and gas-air emissions from motor vehicles. The high content of Fe in the Klyazma and Nerl is also due to a number of natural factors associated with the influence of the tributaries of these rivers, draining wetlands rich in iron compounds, as well as with the regional specifics of the formation of the geochemical composition of groundwater. The analysis of the cation-anion composition of surface waters in the city of Vladimir showed that a number of river water samples did not comply with the established hygienic and fishery standards. In the Sodyshka River, concentrations of nitrates (1,17-2,31 MAC), fluorides (25-49,5 MAC), and phosphates (1,7-61,65 MAC) exceed the standards for fishery water. An excess of magnesium was also noted (1,38 MAC), which is associated with insufficient purification of industrial wastewater at the treatment facilities of the local poultry farm. The ingress of such wastewater containing excess phosphorus and nitrogen into surface water bodies causes their increased eutrophication, which adversely affects the ecological conditions of the functioning of small river watercourses, reducing their self-purifying ability.
A.S. Mezhevova
Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Volgograd, Russia
Keywords: bottom sediments, water bodies, Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, heavy metals, pesticides, digital radiograph
For the first time in Volgograd oblast, the material composition and pollution level of the bottom sediments in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain eriks were studied. The study yielded data on the chemical composition of the bottom sediments. The results show that common priority pollutants, such as mercury, cadmium, nickel and zinc, are found in the Dudak, Dudachenok and Peschany water bodies. Pesticides were not detected in the bottom sediment samples; their amount was less than 0,01 mg/kg. The bottom sediment collected from the Peschany erik was characterized by increased mercury (0,75 mg/kg) and cadmium (2,12 mg/kg) content, while those from the Dudak and Dudachenok eriks were characterized by increased cadmium (1,0 and 1,5 mg/kg) and zinc (145,0 and 147,0 mg/kg, respectively) content. There are no maximum permissible concentrations for bottom sediments, the level of their pollution was determined in accordance with the standards and criteria for assessing the pollution of bottom sediments in water bodies, as well as in comparison with the background concentrations of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of the upper Volga water bodies and the pollution indicators of the bottom sediments of the lower Volga. The obtained data allow us to conclude that the bottom sediments of the Dudak and Dudachenok eriks can be characterized as heavily polluted, and those of the Peschany erik - as moderately polluted. The analysis of the digital radiograph showed that the sorption capacity of the bottom sediments depends on their granulometric composition. Organic matter acts as a sorbate, which accumulates various pollutants.
O.V. Evstropyeva, T.I. Zabortseva, P.V. Rogov, O.A. Ignatova, K.V. Dulya
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: Lake Baikal, island municipal district, tourism and recreational activities, structure of the tourist flow, environmental and economic problems, environmental protection infrastructure
The article presents the results of the research on the assessment of the flow of holidaymakers for the most attractive Baikal territory of Irkutsk oblast, namely, Olkhon Island, which is the largest island of the lake. In the territory of Olkhon Island there is the Khuzhir rural municipal district, which receives from 200 to 500 thousand tourists and vacationers per year (the number of permanent residents is about 2 thousand people). To perform the assessment, a differentiated approach was used, taking into account the structure, dynamics and territorial organization of tourism and recreational activities, as well as its confinement to the most significant objects of infrastructure and tourist interest. The data obtained during the field observations and provided by specialized organizations (FSBI “Zapovednoye Pribaikalye”, the N.M. Revyakin Museum of Local History, the territorial department of the statistical office, etc.) are summarized. The article reveals the features of the annual dynamics of the tourist flow, which is characterized by seasonal fluctuations with a summer maximum in July-August and a winter maximum in February-March. Groups of tourists are identified according to the form of accommodation. The prevalence of tourists using collective accommodation facilities has been established, while the number of those using tents has decreased. The spatial distribution of the flow of vacationers can be characterized as monofocal: the predominant number of collective accommodation facilities is located in the village of Khuzhir and its environs; auto tourists also prefer the shore of the Khuzhir Bay. Based on the analysis of the occupancy of accommodation facilities, a forecast of the demand for hospitality facilities is made. The problems of the stay of tourists and vacationers, whose number many times exceeds the number of permanent residents in the absence of accessible environmental protection infrastructure are identified. The calculation of the formation of consumer solid municipal waste generated in the process of consumption by tourists is performed. The article demonstrates the possibility of the chosen research approach for a comprehensive assessment of the tourist flow as well as the need to provide attractive areas with adequate environmental protection infrastructure.
V.I. Babkin, A.V. Babkin, E.L. Skoryatina
State Hydrological Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: precipitation, runoff, change of water content within a local catchment, correlation of water balance elements, three ranges of values of water balance elements, probability of transition from one range of values to another
A methodology is proposed and an assessment of water balance elements of the local catchments of the Kuibyshev, Saratov and Volgograd Reservoirs is carried out based on the data of the regional offices of Roshydromet. The studies were developed for the period of 1966-2017. The methodology is based on taking into account the data on atmospheric precipitation, evaporation and runoff from the local catchments of the Lower Volga reservoirs. Evaporation from the catchment areas was estimated using the method of A.R. Konstantinov taking into consideration the respective series of air temperature and pressure of water vapor. The balance element, taking into account the accumulation (loss) of water content within the local catchments, was determined by the difference between atmospheric precipitation and the sum of runoff and evaporation. When moving upriver from the Volgograd Reservoir to the Kuibyshev one, evaporation from the catchments under consideration, as well as the correlation of its time series with atmospheric precipitation, consistently decrease. Accordingly, precipitation, local runoff and their correlation increase. Simultaneously, for the studied reservoir catchments the groupings of years of high, low and close to average values for the period 1966-2017 were estimated for precipitation, evaporation and runoff. It was concluded that the presence of these groupings during this period is strictly individual. The lengths and different sequences of alternation of groupings of years of the water balance elements can be signs of certain patterns in their fluctuations. The article estimates probabilities of transition of water balance components from one range of values to another. In some cases, probability of transition of a water balance element from one range of values to another, or its preservation in the current range, is quite high and amounts to 50 % or more, or may be small - close to 0. Such information can be useful in predicting the transition with the appropriate lead time.
N.A. Yaitskaya1, A.A. Magaeva2 1Subtropical Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Russia 2Southern Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Keywords: ice regime, air temperature, wind waves, storms, retrospective analysis, geoinformation system
The study is devoted to the analysis of the spatio-temporal variability of the hydrometeorological regime, hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena and their combinations in the Azov and Caspian Seas for the period 1950-2020. The current dynamics of the processes is assessed against the background of climatic fluctuations. Based on the observation data and the mathematical modeling results, an analysis of the air temperature, ice cover and duration of the ice season, interannual dynamics of wind waves and storm activity was carried out. It is shown that since 1975, a steady increase in the sum of air temperatures and an increase in the frequency of mild winters have been observed for both water areas. Since the early 1990s a significant reduction in ice cover and duration of the ice season has been established at all coastal hydrometeorological stations, occurring with varying intensity. Thus, the ice regime of the seas has been characterized by a change in the characteristics since the early 1990s. For wind waves, the study reveals a shift of the period of maximum wave development to the summer-autumn period after 2000, and an increase in maximum wave heights since the 2010s. In the regions of the Azov and Caspian Seas, a decrease in the duration of winter hazardous and multi-hazard hydrometeorological phenomena and an increase in their number are noted after 2000. As a result of generalizing the information obtained, a conclusion was made that a shift in the hydrometeorological regime of the Azov and Caspian Seas reliably manifested itself in the early 2000s. It is shown that the hydrometeorological regime of the Azov Sea is currently in a transitional state from one regime to another, while in the Northern Caspian the transition period has ended and further changes will be caused mainly by long-term fluctuations in sea level.
M.A. Movchan, B.I. Kochurov
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: urban landscape, visual environment, aesthetics, geoecological evaluation, attractiveness, sustainable development
Landscape aesthetics acts as one of the natural resources, the use of which is aimed at preserving the mental comfort and good rest of people. The appearance of the city is determined by the results of planning and design of the urban area. The article provides an integral evaluation of the aesthetic properties of the urban landscapes. The city of Vidnoye, characterized by high rates of urbanization and visual contrast, was chosen as a model territory. The relevance of the research topic is conditioned by the fact that in recent years there has been a tendency of deterioration of the visual environment in the city due to mass high-rise construction, growth of the automobile park, significant reduction of green areas and environmental pollution. The influence of the aesthetic component of the environment on a person is determined, the existing methods of ecological and aesthetic analysis of the landscape are studied, the visual evaluation of Vidnoye has been done by analyzing its structural components (plot composition) with the subsequent obtaining of overall estimates, as well as with the use of geoinformation methods. In addition, measures to improve the ecological and aesthetic condition are proposed. The article presents a methodology of aesthetic evaluation procedure, provides criteria and identifies evaluation indicators based on the fact that the visual urban environment subtly affects a person, determining the state of his mental health. It is concluded that improving the aesthetic properties of the urban landscape is possible in the case of applying an ecological and urban planning approach in territorial planning, which consists in the incorporation of urban objects and the city as a whole into natural landscapes, in achieving ecological and urban planning balance and creating integrated ecological and urban planning structures.
T.N. Geis1,2, M.Yu. Opekunova3, A.V. Bardash3, A.S. Prokushkin2 1Institute of Space and Information Technologies, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 3V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: Central Siberian Plateau, river basins, Strahler stream order, structural and morphometric indices, type of basin functioning, geoinformation systems
The structural and morphometric analysis of small rivers of the middle reaches of the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River, draining the Ilimpeya-Nidym high trap plateau located within the Central Siberian Plateau, was carried out using nine drainage basins as an example. To determine the morphometric characteristics of the streams we used scenes from the global digital elevation model FABDEM ver. 1-2. The standard method of processing a digital elevation model in ArcGIS Desktop 10.1 was applied as an algorithm for constructing hydrological networks, based on the morphometric analysis of river basins (Horton analysis, implemented in the A. Strahler’s stream coding system). Using the simplest structure of the basin organization of the Ganalchik River as an example, the article considers in detail the erosion network of streams of the 3rd order subbasins, which is characterized by significant variability of the main structural and morphometric indicators. For the study area, in general, a wide variation in the values of structural indices and morphometric characteristics was revealed. The observed deviations of the structural basin indices from the modal values reflect the regional specifics of the geological and geomophrological structure of the territory and result from the layering of relief characteristic of the Ilimpeya-Nidym trap plateau, high tectonic fragmentation at elevations of 600-800 m, and the presence of traces of mountain-valley glaciation. In particular, it was found that the rivers under study have weak dissection of the river network in the middle and upper reaches, and the study area is dominated by basins with uneven distribution of sediments along the main channel due to the middle and lower reaches with the most stable proportion of the 3rd order channels. The predominant basins among all 3rd order basins of the studied rivers are those with such types of functioning as transit basins with a tendency to accumulation and storage basins, which account for 37 and 29 %, respectively.
V.V. Khakhinov1, E.V. Lavrentyeva1,2, I.D. Ulzetueva3, D.D. Tsyrenova2, S.V. Zaitseva2, D.D. Barkhutova2 1Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Russia 2Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia 3Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
Keywords: saline lakes, mineralization, microorganisms, sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, toxicity index
The article considers the results of hydrochemical and microbiological studies of four largest mineral lakes in southwestern Transbaikalia: Nizhnee Beloe, Verkhnee Beloe, Tsaidam and Selenginskoe (Sulfatnoe). It is revealed that the processes of formation of the chemical composition of lake waters are mainly related to the geostructural features of the territory, hydrogeochemical processes and climatic conditions. It is concluded that the chemical composition of water is greatly influenced by evaporation associated with high solar insolation in the region, the process of water freezing in winter and the inflow of atmospheric precipitation. The anionic composition is dominated by hydrocarbonate, chlorine and sulphate ions, while among cations the leading place belongs to sodium ions. It was found that alkalophilic and halophilic bacteria-destructors are widespread in these lakes, and their activity influences the formation of water composition in such lakes. A quantitative assessment of the microbial process rates showed that the rate of oxygenic photosynthesis in these lakes amounted to 331-680 mg С/(m2 day), and the rate of anoxygenic photosynthesis was within the range of 24-500 mg С/m2. The rate of dark fixation ranged from 30 to 776 mg С/(m2 day). It has been shown that sulfate reduction is the key terminal destruction process in the lakes. In the bottom sediments and microbial mats of the lakes, most of the organic matter is utilized for sulfate reduction. The high abundance of cellulolytic and amylolytic microorganisms indicates the input of allochthonous organic matter into the lakes. These data in comparison with the number of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the lakes allow us to speak about the water bodies as experiencing anthropogenic impact. Trends of changes in these characteristics of lake waters as a result of natural evolution and anthropogenic impact are established.
K.H.B. Badarchi, A.C.H. Kylgyday, S.H.C.H. Soyan
Tuvinian Institute for Exploration of Natural Resources, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kyzyl, Russia
Keywords: cargo transportation, regions, factors of economic growth, rail communication, economic projects, types of transportation
The relevance of the study is due to the presence of a number of regions significantly lagging behind in development in the peripheral border zone of Russia, in particular, the Republic of Tyva. The main reason for the economic lag of Tyva is a priori considered to be the lack of rail communication and the relative geographical remoteness from the major economic centers of the country. It is assumed that the creation of a new branch of rail communication will a priori lead to an increase in economic activity in all sectors of the regional economy. But, on the one hand, the problems of industries and economic entities of the region can be associated with a greater share of the influence of other factors than transport restrictions and costs. On the other hand, the railway is not only the roadway and rolling stock itself, but also, to no lesser extent, issues of logistics, infrastructure and economic efficiency of the carrier itself. With a significant imbalance in the volumes of imported and exported cargo in the case of a dead-end railway line, the issue of transportation economics can be of critical importance. The hypothesis of the study is the absence of strictly determined relationships between the volumetric characteristics of the regional economy in comparable (specific) values and the level of provision with transport infrastructure facilities. In order to disclose this issue, the role of transport infrastructure as a tool for economic growth, as well as its key parameters that affect the growth, was studied. A cluster analysis was conducted based on the similarity of volumetric and structural indicators of the regional economies in the context of provision with transport infrastructure facilities. In view of the uneven settlement of the country’s residents and the corresponding objective territorial contrasts between the regions, in order to ensure comparability, the analysis of the provision of Russian subjects with transport infrastructure was carried out relative not to a unit of area, as is traditionally accepted, but to the population number of the subjects. According to the authors, this makes more economic sense. Using multivariate factor analysis, the corresponding statistical relationships between the indicators were identified and interpreted. Having established the obvious connection between the possibility of implementing individual economic projects, as well as the presence and condition of certain technologically linked types of transport infrastructure, it follows that the emergence of new types of transport communications or the improvement of the condition of the existing infrastructure does not guarantee an automatic improvement of the economic situation in the region and may depend more on the characteristics of the internal and external economic situation.
The Pacific Railway (PR) runs in a sublatitudinal direction from the Elginsky coal deposit in the southeast of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) to the Manorsky Cape in the Tuguro-Chumikansky municipal district of Khabarovsk krai. The total length of the route is 626 km; the zone of its influence extends to the Uda River basin and the Dzhugdzhur range. It is shown that the development of this zone can be associated primarily with the subsoil use. Within the range and the Uda River basin, geologists have identified six deposits and about 540 ore occurrences, points of mineralization of various useful minerals. Due to the inaccessibility of the territory, all manifestations of mineral resources have been poorly studied. Ore occurrences of ferrous metals, as well as rare earth, rare, precious and non-ferrous metals are predominantly widespread, which determines the directions for the development of the mining industry in this zone. The features of the structural position of objects, their composition, and the possible extent of mineralization to depth have been studied. Taking into account the economic importance of metals, agricultural raw materials and other minerals, 27 occurrences have been identified for priority geological study. New directions in the territory’s economy have been identified. A conclusion has been made about the need for additional study and subsequent development of long-known occurrences of rare earth, complex phosphorus-iron-titanium, manganese ores and phosphorites. The implementation of large mining projects will allow the formation of the Udskoy territorial-industrial complex and, accordingly, an increase of tax revenues to state budgets, which will ensure a significant growth in the socio-economic development of the characterized territory.
B.A. Krasnoyarova, A.E. Nazarenko, T.G. Plutalova, S.N. Sharabarina
Institute for Water and Environmental Problems, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Barnaul, Russia
Keywords: carbon neutrality, carbon calculators, carbon footprint, crop production, livestock farming, Altai krai
Using the example of four model farms operating in different natural conditions in Altai krai (steppe zone, foothill steppe zone and forest steppe zone), an assessment of the carbon footprint of plant production for various cultivated crops as well as of the carbon footprint of livestock farming was carried out. The assessment tools used included the following common carbon calculators: Cool Farm Tool, AgRe-Calc, Farm Carbon and Ex-Act V9.4, as well as the Methodological Recommendations of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources. Differences in the magnitude of the carbon footprint of livestock farming and crop production were revealed when assessed using these tools. In the authors’ opinion, they are caused by differences in the initial data and conversion factors incorporated into the calculation algorithms of these calculators. The specific carbon footprint on model farms varies in the range from 100 kg to 1 ton CO2-eq/ha for various crops, and from 1,67 to 3,51 tons CO2-eq/head for cattle. At the same time, the structure of the carbon footprint of crop production on farms can differ dramatically and depends on the features of the technological process. It was revealed that the main factors influencing the magnitude of the carbon footprint of crop production are the set of crops grown, methods of handling plant residues, composition, quantity and methods of applying fertilizers and crop protection agents, and features of the technological process. The magnitude of the carbon footprint of livestock farming is determined by the characteristics of livestock management and the diet used. In this regard, it was concluded that the volume of greenhouse gas emissions can be regulated by organizing a land use system and/or improving the technological process of agricultural production.
It is shown that under the modern conditions of economic development and the need to ensure environmental safety, it is necessary to use more advanced mechanisms for assessing natural conditions, especially in anthropogenically disturbed territories. The article summarizes the information and provides a brief overview of the studies that reveal the concept of environmental audit. The role of the regulatory framework for conducting an environmental audit procedure as the main means of implementing state policy in the field of greening production is substantiated. The sequence of development and implementation of standards for the environmental management and auditing system standards both in the Russian Federation and abroad is considered. The article proposes an algorithm for conducting a territorial environmental audit, which includes five stages, taking into account functional zoning based on landscape planning tools, assessment of conflicts in environmental management associated with natural and anthropogenic risks, and introduction of a modern GIS system based on geoecological monitoring. The problems arising during the territorial environmental audit caused by the imperfection of the regulatory framework, lack of funds, high cost of its implementation, absence of an objective assessment of risks and the permissible load on the natural environment are indicated. Attention is drawn to the need to improve the existing environmental management system, increase the role of environmental education of the population, including employees of enterprises and municipal government bodies. A system for optimizing environmental management has been developed, including natural, geoecological, social and economic subsystems. Using the example of Kaliningrad oblast, located on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, recommendations on the use of environmental audit mechanisms and tools for balanced, rational and safer regional environmental management have been formulated.
A.A. Dhorde1, T.P. Raut1,2, A.G. Dhorde2, N. Gautam1 1Nowrosjee Wadia College, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India 2Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
Keywords: river basin, geomorphometry, basin characteristics, principal component analysis, central relief model
River basins are fundamental geographical units that influence water flow and landform development. Geomorphometric studies are essential for quantifying various basin characteristics and understanding landform processes. The article presents a geomorphometric analysis of the Mula-Mutha River basin. It is a comprehensive study focusing on on fifth-order tributaries. Conventional methods and digital elevation models were employed to analyze the morphometric parameters of the basin. The results reveal that geomorphometric parameters such as drainage network density, stream frequency, and hypsometric integral provide insight into the drainage system and landform development. The Mula-Mutha River basin, with its elongated shape and highly dissected terrain, exhibits characteristics of an older stage of landform development. The analysis of fifth-order basins indicates variations in hypsometric integral values, suggesting a transition from mature to old stages of landform development. Principal component analysis made it possible to identify the key parameters characterizing the basin: its shape, including size, stream network, relief, shape and texture of the drainage network. Such studies contribute to the understanding of landform processes, providing valuable insights for environmental studies and water resources management.
