V.S. Shatsky1,2,3, A.L. Ragozin1, I.N. Kupriyanov1, V.V. Kalinina1 1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia 3Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: Siberian craton, inclusions in diamond, mantle, subducted crust, moissanite
The article presents new data on multiphase inclusions in two diamonds sampled from placers in the northeastern Siberian craton. Diamond HLS-4 is a round variety V crystal containing a multiphase mineral inclusion with more or less strongly oxidized iron carbides and moissanite in one part and calcite and iron oxides in another part. Another sample, HI-180, is a partly dissolved yellow cuboid that hosts a multiphase inclusion and numerous submicrometer inclusions delineating the crystal zoning. Sample HI-180 is deformed, with cracks and cavities up to 200 µm in size exposed in a polished section. The submicrometer inclusions plot in the field of microinclusions in fibrous diamonds from the world database, mostly near the silicic corner. They must have a hydrous composition, judging by the water-carbonate ratio of H2O/(H2O + CO2) = 0.80-0.82 estimated from FTIR data. The multiphase inclusion consists of quartz, Fe-armalcolite, anatase, and diamond grains in an amorphous matrix, as well as moissanite and calcite detected by SEM-EDS, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. One diamond grain in the inclusion, in turn, encloses moissanite. The coexistence of calcite and moissanite in multiphase inclusions is evidence that cracks were fully healed up under extreme redox variations, possibly, during diamond growth in a subduction setting.
S.N. Rudnev1, V.M. Savatenkov2,3, I.M. Vasilieva2 1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia 3St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
Keywords: Granitoids, Pb and Nd isotope composition, melt sources, Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Eastern Tuva
We present the results of Nd and Pb isotope studies of late Neoproterozoic-early Paleozoic granitoids of the Kaa-Khem batholith, which formed in different geodynamic settings within the early Caledonian structures of Eastern Tuva (Altai-Sayan sialic area). Based on the obtained isotope data, we assess the role of different source materials in the formation of melts for these granitoids and compare these rocks with coeval granitoids from the Lake Zone of Mongolia. The plagiogranitoid associations of the island arc stage of the Kaa-Khem batholith formation (572-562 Ma) are characterized by mantle Nd isotope values. In contrast, the Pb isotope characteristics of these intrusive associations correspond to an upper-crust source formed predominantly by terrigenous sediments. The granitoid associations of the accretion-collision stage of the Kaa-Khem batholith formation (512-450 Ma) have a less radiogenic primary Pb isotope composition as compared with the island arc granitoids. Evidently, during the magma formation at this stage, the relative role of terrigenous material decreased, while the role of depleted mantle material increased. At the same time, the decrease in ɛNd values in the granitoids as compared with the depleted mantle indicates that, along with the upper-mantle component, the role of the lower-crust component increased. These Nd and Pb isotope characteristics of the accretionary granitoids of the Kaa-Khem batholith indicate a significant contribution of the lower-crust source to their formation. This source is the crystalline basement of the Tuva-Mongolian microcontinent. The Pb isotope characteristics of the accretion-collision granitoids of the Kaa-Khem batholith are shifted to the upper-crust compositions relative to those of the Lake Zone granitoids. The reason is that the latter formed predominantly through the transformation of early Caledonian island arc complexes, which were generated with a higher portion of mantle component.
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:106:"S.V. Alexeev, L.P. Alexeeva, A.A. Svetlakov, V.A. Pellinen, A.I. Orgil’yanov, P.S. Badminov, O.S. Gutareva";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"text";}
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:99:"Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"text";}
Keywords: Cold and thermal groundwaters, surface waters, ground ice, chemical composition, trace element and REE, enrichment factor, stable isotopes
The study area is located in the Eastern Sayan hydrogeological folded area. The objects of the study were groundwaters, surface waters and ground ice in the Sentsa River basin on the Oka Plateau. Cold and thermal groundwaters are associated with Proterozoic and Paleozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks. Their discharge as springs occurs in the river valleys along fault zones. Ground ice was studied in mineral frost mounds (lithalsas) composed of clays, clayey silts and silts of lacustrine-alluvial and fluvioglacial genesis. It has been established that thermal and cold groundwaters have HCO3 Ca-Na compositions, river and lake waters, as a rule, have HCO3 Ca compositions, and ground ice melts - HCO3, SO4-HCO3 and NH4-HCO3 Ca. Thermal waters are largely enriched in Li, Be, B, Si, Mn, Ga, Ge, Se, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba and all REE relative to river and rain waters, and have the highest values of trace elements enrichment factor (EFREE). The latter shows that atmospheric precipitation participates in the formation of the composition of groundwaters (cold and thermal) and surface waters. The specificity of the geochemistry of ground ice is determined by the composition of precipitation, the injection of ice-forming groundwater from taliks, the interaction in the water-rock system, and the presence of organic matter in unconsolidated sediments. The participation of river water and groundwater in the formation of the frost mound ice core is also evidenced by similar values of stable isotopes (δ18O, δD) in surface water, groundwater and ground ice. The 3He/4He ratio points to a possible influx of mantle helium into thermal waters, and δ13С points to the magmatic and thermometamorphic mechanisms of carbon dioxide accumulation in thermal waters. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio in travertines indicates a significant contribution of intrusive rocks to the formation of fluid composition.
A.Yu. Popov1,2, L.G. Vakulenko1,2, B.L. Nikitenko1,2, N.A. Palchik3, K.K. Melnikov1 1Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia 3V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Upper Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous, petrography, lithochemistry, sedimentation conditions, and environments, Anabar-Lena sedimentary basin, Arctic
Some intervals of the Jurassic-Cretaceous strata of the Anabar-Lena sedimentary basin have a certain oil and gas production potential, which can be realized in the synchronous offshore horizons of the adjacent territories of the Arctic shelf. Among the most representative objects in this regard are the outcrops of Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous formations of the Nordvik Peninsula. The main data on the composition and structure of this section were obtained mainly at the beginning of the second half of last century. The results of complex mineralogical, petrographic, and lithochemical studies of the Urdyuk-Khaya and Paksa formations of Cape Urdyuk-Khaya of the Nordvik Peninsula presented in here enabled us to identify 10 boundaries for changing of sedimentation regimes of the paleobasin. It was found that the Urdyuk-Khaya Formation was formed mainly in the conditions of the shelf transition zone (moderate deep water) with low rates of terrigenous material intake, some depletion of oxygen in bottom waters, and a trend towards an increase in the depths of the basin. The basal stratum of the Paksa Formation was formed in offshore conditions with periodically occurring dioxic conditions in bottom waters and extremely low rates of terrigenous material intake. The overlying part of the formation was formed in various parts of offshore transition conditions with a gradual decrease in the depths of the basin, an increase in the oxygen content in the bottom layer of water, and the rate of terrigenous material intake. The main provenance area was igneous rocks of mafic, possibly intermediate composition. There was some influence of felsic igneous rocks, or ancient sedimentary rocks rich in quartz. The parent strata were subjected to moderate and severe chemical weathering, in a warm humid climate. The revealed features of the studied strata are similar to the characteristics of the same-age sediments of the lower reaches of the Anabar River, which determines their high correlation potential and allows us to judge the evolution of the western part of the Anabar-Lena basin.
V.V. Pustylnikova1, V.A. Muftakhov1, A.N. Obukhov2, A.M. Kirsanov2 1Aprelevka branch of the All-Russian Research Geological Oil Institute, Aprelevka, Russia 2All-Russian Research Geological Oil Institute, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: Limestones, dolomites, skarns, Devonian sediments, sills, oil-bearing rocks
Lithological studies of sedimentary rocks are often challenged by manifestations of the superimposed processes which are related neither to the stages of lithogenesis, nor to its zonality/direction. This can be exemplified by skarns in the carbonate-terrigenous sections of the unified Yukta and Nakokhoz-Kalargon formations of Devonian age which were studied in the area of Lake Baselak and the Ambardakh River basin during the expedition works. Since the latter contain potentially oil and gas-bearing strata in the area of the Yenisei-Khatanga regional trough, special attention was paid to the dark-colored lithotypes during the research. It was revealed that among the studied samples, the dark color of some of them was of mineral nature, rather than due to the presence of OM. In these samples, the mineral composition was studied in detail, with determination of the association of newly formed minerals, which allowed us to propose hypothesized mechanism and stages of their formation. The dark color of sedimentary rocks has been shown to be not a sufficient criterion for searches for oil and gas accumulation. New results of the field studies of pre-Triassic sedimentary complexes in the northern part of Kureyka syneclise are also presented.
O.P. Polyansky1, Yu.F. Filippov2,3, A.N. Fomin2,3, M.O. Fedorovich2,3, V.V. Reverdatto1 1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 3Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Yenisei-Khatanga Trough, subsidence reconstruction, paleoheat flow, Siberian Large Igneous Province, sills, vitrinite reflectance
The formation mechanisms of sedimentary basins are considered as a response of deep processes in the mantle, therefore they carry important information about the geodynamics and thermal regime of the lithosphere. For different sectors of the northern margin of the Siberian Platform, the dynamics of sedimentation and subsidence was reconstructed. The analysis of subsidence curves shows that during the late Paleozoic the sedimentary infill formed in the foreland basin environment. In the Late Permian-Early Triassic time, in the central and western sectors, the subsidence was accelerating due to the development of a thick trap complex; after the Permian and Triassic boundary the subsidence slowed down. During the period of trap magmatism, an anomalously high subsidence rate up to 4.8 km/ Myr in the central and up to 0.5-1.1 km/ Myr in the eastern and western parts was reconstructed. The high rate and short duration of accumulation of volcanogenic sediments can be explained by an episode of short-term extension under the influence of a plume, followed by a long period of thermal subsidence. Numerical modelling of the temperature regime near mafic intrusive bodies was carried out, which showed that when determining the paleoheat flow, the influence of trap intrusions can be traced up to 400-500 m from the contacts. Estimates of the paleoheat flow for the Permian-Triassic stage of tectonic evolution of the eastern sector were obtained. It was calibrated using the PetroMod software package, based on laboratory measurements of modern values of vitrinite reflectance for rock samples from wells, modern temperature and heat flow in the sedimentary cover. It was determined that trap magmatism occurred at temperatures increased to 100 mW/m2, while the mantle component of the heat flow reached 38-72 mW/m2; it is several times higher as compared to modern one. The obtained paleoheat flow estimates for the Late Permian-Early Triassic stage appear to correspond to anomalously high values of modern continental rifts.
A.V. Liseikin1, V.S. Seleznev1, V.M. Soloviev2, N.G. Zamozhnyaya3, A.Yu. Kashirsky3, L.V. Kungurtsev4 1Seismological Branch of the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Altai-Sayan Branch of the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 3A.P. Karpinsky All-Russian Research Geological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia 4V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: River seismic exploration, CDP-2D method, seismic noise, low-amplitude signals, complete section of the Earth’s crust
In 2019, employees of the Research and Production Enterprise Luch jointly with specialists of the Seismological Branch of the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences (GS RAS) carried out river seismic exploration works using the common depth point method (CDP-2D) along a 170 km long profile in the lower reaches of the Vitim River. The research was carried out according to the original methodology developed in the Siberian branches of the GS RAS, using the Baikal instruments recording seismic signals continuously (in contrast to traditional cable bottom or ground-based systems with time-limited recording). In this case, patented Malysh air guns were used in the water for the excitation of elastic waves, which have been recorded by ground registration method on the riverbank. To this day, the archives store primary materials from each receiving point (about 7000, with a distance of 25 m between them) in the form of a continuous hours-long digital recording of seismic signals and noise. These materials make it possible to generate seismograms of significant duration - up to 23 s, equal to the time interval between wave generations, in contrast to 6-10 second seismograms traditionally used to construct sections of the upper part of the Earth’s crust. In addition, the 24-bit Baikal recorder makes it possible to record signals with an amplitude two orders of magnitude lower than the amplitude of seismic noise. On the seismic sections constructed by the processor at arrival times of up to 13-14 sec, due to an increase in the stack fold of signals up to 1000-2000, we can select low-amplitude waves, reflected from boundaries in the middle and lower parts of the Earth’s crust to the Moho boundary. High fold is achieved by increasing the size of the stacking site (bin) by several times. By processing seismograms, generated from archival materials, for the first time, we have a complete vertical section of the Earth’s crust along a 170 km long profile, using low-amplitude signals. The profile passes through the junction zone of the Angara-Lena monocline and the Bodaibo-Patom folded system. The proposed approach can be used to obtain preliminary (and relatively cheap) information about the deep structure of the Earth’s crust along profiles performed using the CDP-2D river seismic exploration method.
M.I. Epov1,2, V.N. Glinskikh1,2, O.V. Nechaev1, K.N. Danilovskiy1, I.V. Mikhaylov1,2 1Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Transient sounding, electromagnetic monitoring, cryolithozone, numerical modeling and inversion, vector finite element method, Sumudu transform, artificial neural network
The paper presents theoretical results on mathematical modeling and numerical inversion of transient electromagnetic data for the monitoring of the state of the cryolithozone. Solutions to the direct and inverse problems are considered based on the vector finite element method, the Sumudu integral transform and the apparatus of artificial neural networks. We show the capability of spatial localization of thaw zones (taliks) with transient cross-borehole exploration systems in a geoelectric model that takes into account the dispersive properties of frozen rocks. The performance and accuracy of the developed algorithms are assessed.
I.I. Priezzhev1,2, D.A. Danko1, A.N. Onishchenko2 1Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Moscow, Russia 2OOO Priezzhev Laboratory, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: Neural networks, seismic exploration, interpretation, Vikulov suite, oil and gas, Western Siberia
This paper describes a technique for hierarchical neural networks based on the nearest neighbor method with preliminary clustering of the original training dataset and construction of a search cluster decision tree. This method is a promising alternative to neural network technologies with deep learning and has quite a few advantages: high learning rate, identification of objects with a low degree of similarity, and the ability to generalize and retrain. As shown by testing the hierarchical neural network method on real data from the West Siberian oil and gas province, predicting the oil saturation in the Vikulov suite interval is much faster and more efficient than inversion approaches to quantitative interpretation of seismic data while achieving fairly similar geological results. This characterizes the proposed method of hierarchical neural networks as an effective tool for the quantitative interpretation of seismic data to solve geological problems.
V.S. Antipin1, L.V. Kushch1, D. Odgerel2, N.V. Sheptyakova1, V.B. Khubanov3, O.Yu. Belozerova1 1A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia 2Institute of Geology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 3Dobretsov Institute of Geology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
Keywords: Magmatism, rare-metal granites, geochemical types, mineralization, evolution, greisens
Comparative analysis of the earlier obtained and new geological data, age, mineral, petrological, and geochemical compositions of plutons of calc-alkalic granitoids and rare-metal Li-F granites shows their evolution in a wide time interval during the formation of Mesozoic areas of granitoid magmatism. Mineralogical and geochemical analysis of the evolution of plutons of palingenetic calc-alkalic granitoids (Baga Hentiyn (MZ1) and Ikh Narotiin Hiid (MZ2)) and intrusions of rare-metal Li-F granites of Central and Eastern Mongolia revealed their petrological and geochemical differences. The closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Basin with the formation of large plutons of calc-alkaliс granitoids, obviously related to collisional processes, did not cause significant enrichment of the late granite phases with lithophile and ore elements. Within the peripheral zones of еру MZ1 and MZ2 magmatic areas, mineralization is often associated with Mongolian multiphase plutons and small intrusions of rare-metal Li-F granites. The rare-metal granites are characterized by a decrease in indicative K/Rb, Nb/Ta, and Zr/Hf values and a regular increase in F, Li, Rb, Cs, Sn, W, Be, Ta, and Nb contents during the evolution of Li-F magmas. Igneous and, particularly, metasomatic rocks in most intrusions of ore-bearing rare-metal Li-F granites are characterized by significant variations in Sn and W contents. At the magmatic stage, the pegmatoid varieties of amazonite-albite granites and pegmatites of the zonal Baga Gazriin (MZ1) and Barun Tsogto (MZ2) plutons are significantly enriched in both Sn and W. Maximum Sn and W enrichment has been established in greisenized granites and zoned greisen bodies (zwitters), which is due to the percolation of ore-bearing solutions into the upper horizons and the mineralization of ore elements in the late phases of intrusions and in metasomatites. The wide variations in the age (321-126 Ma) and trace element and isotope compositions of Mongolian rare-metal Li-F granites within various zones of large magmatic areas suggest the influence of mantle plume sources on the composition of rare-metal granitic magmas and on their ore potential in intermediate chambers in the continental crust.
M.O. Shapovalova, R.A. Shelepaev, O.M. Turkina, V.S. Vesnin, A.E. Izokh, N.D. Tolstykh
V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
Keywords: Gabbro, zircon, REE, U-Pb age, Lu-Hf, Sm-Nd, and Rb-Sr isotope compositions
We present Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope composition data on mafic-ultramafic massifs in the Khangai Mountains of Western Mongolia: Oortsog-Uul, Nomgon, and Yamaat-Uul. The U-Pb age of zircon and its Lu-Hf isotope and trace-element compositions were determined by LA-ICP-MS. New and previous geochronological data obtained by SIMS and LA-ICP-MS support the Permian age of the studied gabbros. The trace-element composition of zircon, characterized by strong HREE enrichment ((Lu/Gd) n > 7) and cerium positive (Ce/Ce* > 6.6) and europium negative (Eu/Eu* = 0.16-0.49) anomalies, indicates its magmatic genesis and the possibility of using isotope characteristics to assess the origin of mafic magmas. The formation of zircon from a residual mafic melt is inferred from the enrichment of zircon in U and Th with increasing Th/U, reflecting the accumulation of these highly incompatible elements in the residual melt, and the crystallization temperature of zircon (810-880 °С). The geochemical characteristics of the rocks, their isotopic composition, the absence of xenogenic ancient zircons, and the lack of correlation between εNd( T ) and major indices of crustal contamination indicate that crustal contamination did not influence the composition of the gabbros. Isotopic data on rocks and zircon indicate the involvement of two mantle sources in the formation of the mafic-ultramafic massifs of the Khangai Mountains: (a) depleted, predominant for the Nomgon and Yamaat-Uul massifs (εHf = +16.1... +2.0; εNd = +4.5... 0.0; and ISr = 0.70385... 0.70537), and (b) enriched, predominant for the second phase of the Oortsog-Uul massif (εHf = +1.4... +0.2; εNd = -3.6... -5.7; and ISr = 0.70704... 0.70933).
P.S. Minyuk
N.A. Shilo North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia
Keywords: Olduvai event, geochemistry, Pleistocene, Lake El’gygytgyn
The paper is concerned with study of the distribution of geochemical characteristics in the sediments of Lake El’gygytgyn (Chukchi Peninsula) formed during the Olduvai event. A clear geochemical and rock-magnetic zoning of the section has been established, which reflects global climatic changes. The geochemical zones coincide with marine isotope stages MIS 75-MIS 61. The sediments of warm stages are characterized by elevated contents of mobile components (SiO2, CaO, Na2O, K2O, and Sr), high values of magnetic susceptibility, low contents of Fe2O3, MgO, TiO2, Al2O3, Rb, Zr, and Ni, and low values of LOI, paramagnetic component, and chemical indices of alteration. The reverse pattern is observed for the sediments of cold stages. The low values of magnetic susceptibility in the sediments of optimal stages MIS 63, MIS 65, MIS 71, and MIS 75 are due to the dilution of detrital material with a biogenic one. The upper boundary of the Olduvai event passes in warm stage MIS 63, and the lower boundary coincides with the boundary between MIS 74 and MIS 75. The products of weathering of the Cretaceous felsic rocks of the Pykarvaam and Ergyvaam formations located near Lake El’gygytgyn were the provenances for its sediments. According to the geochemical and rock-magnetic data, the sedimentation during the Olduvai event was a cyclic process with periods of ca. 54, 40-43, and 23 kyr. The orbital cycles of 40-43 and 23 kyr indicate global causes of geochemical changes.
G.A. Leonova1, A.E. Maltsev1, L.M. Kondratieva2, V.A. Bychinskii3, L.V. Miroshnichenko1, S.K. Krivonogov1,4 1V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Institute for Water and Environmental Problems, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khabarovsk, Russia 3Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia 4Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
Keywords: Geochemistry, early diagenesis, organic matter, sulfate reduction, authigenic mineral formation, pore waters
Chemical composition of bottom sediments and pore waters of organic-mineral sediments (sapropel) of Lake Kotokel (Eastern Baikal region) has been studied, based on long drilling cores, 14.5 and 16.5 m. A reduction type of diagenesis has been established, during which destruction of organic matter, transformation of the chemical composition of pore waters and the formation of authigenic minerals occur. Even in the uppermost intervals of sapropel, organic matter is being profoundly transformed and differs significantly in composition from that of bioproducers (plankton). The major role in diagenetic transformations of organic matter belongs to different physiological groups of microorganisms, primarily heterotrophic, amonifying and sulfate-reducing bacteria. During diagenesis, the basic chemical composition of pore waters (HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+) changes, trace elements (Fe, Mn, Sr, Ba, Pb, As, Co, Ni) redistribute, concentrations of HCO3-, NH4+, PO43- and Si increase; this is caused by destruction of organic matter. In the process of bacterial sulfate reduction in pore waters, the concentration of SO42- decreases along the depth of the section, and in the sediment the proportion of reduced forms of sulfur increases and the isotopic composition of sulphur δ34S changes. Transformation of chemical composition of pore waters and the activity of microorganisms leads to the formation of authigenic pyrite, rhodochrosite, and barite.
a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:222:"A.V. Sergeeva1, T.P. Tikhonov2, А.А. Аvilova3, М.А. Nazarova1, О.А. Zoben’ko1, Е.V. Kartasheva1, А.А. Kuzmina1, А.V. Gladyshkina4";s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"html";} 1Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia 2Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 3Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia 4Orion Regional Educational Center, Voronezh, Russia
Keywords: Montmorillonite, thermal fields, cation exchange, vibrational spectroscopy, lithium, ammonium, mercury, Kamchatka
Pages: 1732-1751
The montmorillonite samples from shallow parts of the thermal fields within the Mutnovsky hydrothermal steam deposit (the Upper Mutnovsky thermal field and the Dachny site), along with the composition of salts in the clay pore solutions have been studied in the context of ion exchange between them. This aspect represents one of the topical problems due to geothermal clays (montmorillonite) enrichment with elements transferred by steam hydrotherms and concentrating in the near- surface horizons, while montmorillonite as a natural cation exchanger will absorb them, thus acting as a geochemical barrier. The composition of the interlayer cationic complex of montmorillonite samples was studied on isolated clay fractions and from the ion-exchange experiment to determine the salt composition of clay pore solutions and the mineral composition of clay fractions. Geothermally heated soils within the studied thermal fields are dominated by kaolinite-alunite-jarosite assemblage with subordinate amounts of montmorillonite, while montmorillonite prevailing in the mud-water pots is subjected to degradation when they dry out. Crystallization of salts from pore solutions in the near-surface horizons of the studied thermal fields can be exemplified by szomolnokite FeSO4‧H2O, metavoltine K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12·18H2O, leonite K2Mg(SO4)2‧2H2O, polyhalite K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4‧2H2O, mikasaite Fe2(SO4)3, alum and amorphous aluminum sulfate hydrate. Interaction of such solutions with montmorillonite will trigger the cation exchange reactions in the interlayer space of the layered silicate with attendant formation of predominantly Al,Fe-intercalated forms. Alumina hydrates entering the interlayer space of the montmorillonite are reflected by the band at ~ 2500 cm–1 on the infrared spectra attributed to the water coordinated to aluminum. In addition to aluminum and iron, other cations which are concentrated in the uppermost parts of geothermal clay blankets and penetrate into the interlayer space of montmorillonite are: Li+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Hg2+, etc. As a result, in the thermal field conditions, montmorillonite is intercalated with easily extractable elements, including lithium, mercury, barium and strontium, ammonium, at the level of units (the first tens of grams per ton).
A. Kamal1, M.M. Shah1, H.U. Rahim1,2, T. Zafar3, R. Khalil4, M. Shahzeb1 1Department of Earth Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan hamadrahim@gmail.com 2Earth Sciences Division, Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Pakistan 3Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China 4King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Keywords: Dolomites, Middle Jurassic, petrography, stable isotopes, Samana Suk Formation
Pages: 1752—1771
Diagenetically modified carbonate rocks are more common in the rock record. Among these modifications, multiphase dolomitization is the most common process. The Middle Jurassic carbonates of the Samana Suk Formation are extensively altered by the dolomitization process in the Kahi section, Nizampur Basin. The primary objective of this study is to investigate this multiphase dolomitization and to elucidate its possible mechanism.
Field investigation shows both host limestone (oolitic, fossiliferous, and massive) and dolomites. Dolomite bodies are of both beddings: parallel to and crosscutting the bedding planes. Different types of dolomites were recognized on the basis of color contrast as dark gray replacive dolomite, light gray dolomite, brownish dolomite, and yellowish dolomite. Along with the replacive phase, void- and fracture-filling cementing saddle dolomite and cementing calcites are recognized in the field. Petrographic studies show the complex diagenetic history of the Samana Suk Formation from near-surface diagenesis, including micritization, neomorphism, and several varieties of dolomites. These varieties are as follows: RD1 is very fine- to fine-grained dolomite; RD2 is medium- to coarse-grained and anhedral to subhedral dolomite; RD3 is coarse- to very coarse-grained and planar euhedral zoned dolomite; and RD4 is coarse-grained euhedral to subhedral ferroan dolomite. In addition, cementing saddle dolomite SD consists of large crystals with curved faces showing sweeping extinction. Cementing calcite phases are as follows: CC1 is granular mosaic; CC2 is twin; CC3 is fracture-filling; and CC4 is ferroan calcite. The stable isotope values of limestone (δ18O is –7.13 to –0.73‰ V-PDB, and δ13C is –0.05 to 1.32‰ V-PDB) show depletion with respect to the Jurassic marine signature. The values of multiphase dolomites RD1–RD4 and SD (δ18O is –8.65 to –3.16‰, and δ13C is –3.56 to 2.09‰) indicate multiphase dolomitization. The CC1–CC3 values (δ18O is –11.07 to –8.97‰, and δ13C is –2.14 to 0.76‰) indicate highly depleted values of δ18O, showing hydrothermal origin. From field, petrography, and geochemistry data, it is deduced that a possible source of Mg for hydrothermal dolomites is activation of faults and fractures during active tectonic regime in the area and might be related to activation and reactivation of the Kahi Thrust system.
D.A. Novikov1,2, A.N. Pyryaev2,4, A.A. Maksimova1,2, V.P. Sukhorukov4, A.S. Derkachev2, A.F. Sukhorukova1, F.F. Dultsev1, A.V. Chernykh1, A.A. Khvashchevskaya3, N.A. Medeshova5,6 1Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia NovikovDA@ipgg.sbras.ru 2Novosibirsk State University,Novosibirsk, Russia 3Research Laboratory for Hydrogeochemistry of the School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,
Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia 4V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 5LLP Almaty Hydrogeology, Almaty, Kazakhstan 6Kazakh National Research Technical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Keywords: Radon waters, stable isotopes, uranium isotope ratio, uranium, thorium, radium, radon, water–rock system, geochemical type, West Siberia
Pages: 1772—1790
We present the first results of comprehensive isotope-geochemical studies of mineral radon waters of the Tulinskoe field (Novosibirsk), aimed at identifying their stages of interaction with the host rocks. By geochemical coefficients Ca/Na, Ca/Mg, Ca/Si, Mg/Si, Na/Si, Si/Na, rNa/rCl, and SO4/Cl, the studied waters are assigned to fracture–vein waters of granitoids. The indices of carbonate mineral saturation of the radon waters show their oversaturation with aragonite, calcite, and dolomite. The waters are also saturated with diaspore, ferrohydrite, gibbsite, and kaolinite, which leads to the deposition of these minerals as secondary phases. In the thermodynamic diagrams, the points of the activities of the radon water components are localized mainly in the stability fields of clay minerals (kaolinite and Na-, Ca-, and Mg-montmorillonites), layered silicates (talc), and zeolites (laumontite). A few points fall in the stability field of silicates (Mg-chlorite). The studied waters of the Tulinskoe field are neutral fresh, with Si = 6.41–9.02 mg/dm3. According to the results of thermodynamic calculations, the radon waters of the Tulinskoe field are in equilibrium with carbonate minerals and hydromicas. Following the classification by S.L. Shvartsev, they are assigned to the Si-Na geochemical type.
T. A. LARICHEV1,2, N. M. FEDOROVA2, YU. A. ZAKHAROV1, V. M. PUGACHEV1,2, V. G. DODONOV1,2, G. YU. SIMENYUK1, T. O. SERGINA1, R. P. KOLMYKOV1 1Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia 2Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: nanostructured composites, Co3O4 nanoparticles, adsorption from aqueous solutions, porous carbon matrices, electrode materials, supercapacitors
Pages: 836–843
The possibility of making electrode nanocomposite materials for supercapacitors by adsorption of transition metal salts from aqueous solutions by the porous carbon matrix with subsequent heat treatment has been investigated. It is shown for the carbon - Co3O4 system as an example that this method allows obtaining nanocomposites with the content of filler (elemental cobalt) up to 3 wt%. The introduction of the filler using this method only slightly reduces the specific surface area and pore volume of the composites with respect to the initial carbon matrix. The product obtained by thermal decomposition of cobalt(II) nitrate at 240 oC cannot be identified by X-ray diffraction, but according to the data of differential thermal analysis, it catalyses thermal oxidation of the porous carbon matrix in air. It is shown by cyclic voltammetry that the electrode materials obtained by the adsorption method have a higher specific capacitance compared to the original carbon matrix or composites obtained by inserting the filler as the solid phase.
V. I. MURKO1, V. I. KARPENOK2, V. I. FEDYAEV1, G. R. MONGUSH3, M. P. BARANOVA4 1Siberian State Industrial University, Novokuznetsk, Russia 2T. F. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, Novokuznetsk, Russia 3Tuvinian Institute for Exploration of Natural Resources, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kyzyl, Russia 4Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Keywords: coking coal, coal-water fuel, the Mezhegey deposit, combustion of coal-water fuel, environmentally friendly use of coal
Pages: 844–849
The use of coal from the Mezhegey deposit (the Republic of Tyva) is promising for the production of thermal energy. However, it is necessary to consider the peculiarities of the technological properties of coal associated with its increased sintering characteristics. These features with the layered coal combustion technology lead to excessive consumption of fuel due to its underburning and a high content of harmful substances in the flue gases. Kyzyl has already been included in the Federal Project “Clean Air”, which indicates the relevance of the present investigation and the necessity of introducing new methods into the usage of this energy resource. To reduce emissions and to enhance the efficiency of coal use in power engineering, it is reasonable to introduce the technology of obtaining and burning coal-water fuel (CWF) taking into account the specific features of coal. The possibility of obtaining and using environmentally friendly coal-water fuel from the coals of the Mezhegey deposit located in the Republic of Tyva is established. The technical characteristics of coal were analysed, a pilot batch of CWF was obtained, and the combustion characteristics of this fuel in a boiler plant were determined. The preparation and combustion of the pilot batch of CWF was carried out in the laboratory installation at the Siberian State Industrial University (Novokuznetsk). It has been shown that the concentrations of hazardous substances in flue gases are substantially lower than the maximum permissible values. The development of this technology involving coal from the Mezhegey deposit will make it possible to reduce fuel consumption at heat generating installations and minimize the negative environmental effect.
O. YU. PODYACHEVA1, Z. R. ISMAGILOV1,2 1Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes, single atom metal catalyst, platinum, palladium, formic acid, hydrogen
Pages: 850–859
The possibility of using nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) as a support for the synthesis of single atom palladium and platinum catalysts has been studied. The influence of metal content (0.2-2 wt%) and synthesis method (impregnation and deposition) on the dispersion of supported Pd and Pt was studied. The requirements for preparation of a 100 % single atom catalyst have been determined (use of a metal precursor in cationic form and a metal content of less than 0.5 wt%). It was established that the turnover frequency of the gas-phase formic acid decomposition reaction for hydrogen production increases by 4 times on single metal atoms stabilised on the pyridinic nitrogen centres of the N-CNTs, compared to nanoparticles with a size of ~1 nm. Single atom metal catalysts exhibit higher selectivity to hydrogen and make it possible to decrease the concentration of carbon monoxide by more than 2 times. The stability of Pd and Pt atomic species in the course of the reaction occurring at elevated temperatures has been established.
E. V. FOMENKO, G. V. AKIMOCHKINA, A. G. ANSHITS
Krasnoyarsk Science Centre of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Keywords: dispersed particles, microspheres, PM10, SEM-EDS, fly ash, lignite, mineral components
Pages: 860–868
A systematic study of the compositions of individual particles smaller than 10 μm in size (PM10) in the dispersed fraction of fly ash from the pulverised combustion of lignite from the Kansk-Achinsk basin has been carried out by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). It is established that microspheres and particles of nonspherical shapes, belonging by size to the class of environmentally hazardous suspended particles PM10, depending on the content of CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3, form several groups in the formation of which different mineral precursors are involved. A significant part (64 %) of dispersed particles is characterised by high CaO content ranging from 40 to 68 wt%, about 1/3 of the particles contain increased amounts of aluminosilicate components (SiO2 and Al2O3) up to 82 and 40 wt%, respectively, and ~3 % of the particles exhibit high iron content (Fe2O3) within the range of 34-65 wt%. A comparative analysis of the relationship between the concentrations of macrocomponents in the form of dependences [SiO2] = f[Al2O3] and [SiO2 + Al2O3] = f[CaO + Fe2O3 + MgO] allows us to state that the main mineral precursors of environmentally hazardous suspended particles PM10 formed during lignite combustion are complex Ca,Mg,Fe-humates, feldspars, mostly anorthite, mica-like minerals of chlorite type, and quartz. During lignite combustion, feldspar and mica melt forming the glass phase. After humate oxidation, organically bound Ca, Mg and Fe form highly reactive oxides readily reacting with each other and SiO2, to be included in aluminosilicate glass with the formation of complex compounds of different composition: silicates, aluminosilicates, aluminoferrites.
M. S. FUFAEVA1, L. K. ALTUNINA1, I. S. KOZHEVNIKOV1, S. M. NIKITENKO2, V. I. KLISHIN2 1Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia 2Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: gel, cryogel, elastic modulus, oscillatory rheometry, polyvinyl alcohol, coal, ecology, hydraulic fracturing
Pages: 869–874
The rheological (structural-mechanical) properties of gel-forming compositions, gels and cryogels based on polyvinyl alcohol, as well as the compositions developed at the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry SB RAS, which are promising from the viewpoint of preventing endogenous fires and intensifying methane release during interval hydraulic fracturing of coal seams, have been studied. The amplitude and kinetic dependences of the elastic modulus ( G' ), loss modulus ( G'' ) and complex viscosity were obtained in the oscillatory mode using the rheometer with controlled deformation for the compositions differing from each other in the ratio of components at different temperatures. It has been shown that the gel starts to form already at the moment of component mixing, and the elastic properties of the forming structure predominate ( G' > G'' ). The values of gelation points were determined. It is found that with an increase in crosslinker concentration, the strength of the resulting structure increases, and the time of gel formation decreases. As the temperature decreases, the strength of the resulting structure also increases. In the static mode of sample deformation, it is established that the gel is further stabilised after the freeze-thaw cycle. The developed composition has strength properties and good adhesion to the surface of coal. It can be used to protect coal mine faces from spontaneous combustion and as a protection from coal dust on technological roads. The change of the deformation-compression dependence under constant load on time for gel and cryogel was studied. It has been established that under a constant stress of 7 kPa, gel deformation reaches 25 %, while cryogel deformation is 15 %, that is, the elastic properties of the composition increase after a freeze-thaw cycle. In this regard, it is preferable to carry out the work at sites in the autumn and spring time.
YU. V. ROKOSOV
Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia
Keywords: non-conventional raw hydrocarbons, nature-like technologies, regularity of hydrothermal naphthoidogenesis, technologisation of scientific discovery
Pages: 875–883
For the development of many regions of Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and other countries interested in using their non-conventional hydrocarbon resources (sapropelite coals and oil shale, microalgae biomass), a new strategy is being considered for the development of nature-like technologies for their processing, as well as exploration and production of hard-to-recover shale hydrocarbons through technologisation of the discovery of the regularity of hydrothermal naphthoidogenesis. The main thing in this discovery is that in hydrothermal fluids (sub- and supercritical aqueous media) it is possible to purposefully carry out molecular disassembling of the organic matter of sapropelite rocks and lipid-enriched microalgae into organic compounds that retain the structural features of the original fragments of organic mass and to a large extent are related to biomarker compounds. These biomarker compounds are reliably identified by modern chromatographic and spectral methods, so it becomes possible to monitor the information about the relationship between the genesis, composition and structure of the organic mass of sedimentary rocks and their properties. This information is important for the development of highly efficient methods for producing shale hydrocarbons. It is also applicable for molecular diagnostics of the hydrocarbon-generating potential of sedimentary basins by assessing the lithogenetic maturity of rock organic matter from the composition and content of biomarker compounds. It is expected to obtain technologically significant results in increasing the efficiency of processing non-conventional hydrocarbon resources due to the possibility of controlled selective cleavage of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom cross-links in the organic mass of microalgae and oil shale rocks under oxidative hydrolytic conditions similar to those that occur in natural, environmentally pure processes of naphthoidogenesis. The need to expand and deepen the studies aimed at technologising the scientific discovery of the regularity of hydrothermal naphthoidogenesis, which is the basis for the development of nature-like technologies for processing non-conventional hydrocarbon resources into valuable chemical products (motor fuel components, surfactants, etc.) and materials (road construction bitumen) is substantiated.
V.M. PLYUSNIN
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: Institute of Geography SB RAS, Siberia, stages of the Institute’s development, stages and results of work, priority research areas
The article summarizes the most important results of the work of the staff of the V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS from 1976 to 2009, when the directors of the Institute at different periods were outstanding scientists: Academician V.A. Vorobyev, Corresponding member of the RAS V.A. Snytko and Corresponding member of the RAS A.N. Antipov. The main works of the subsequent years (after 2009) are also presented. In the first period, from 1976 to 2000 (Director V.V. Vorobyev), the main attention of the staff was focused on experimental research in steppe, taiga, and mountain stations in Western and Eastern Siberia. Here, the features of functioning, dynamics and evolution of geosystems were revealed in a comprehensive manner (by biologists, hydrologists, climatologists, geomorphologists, geochemists, soil scientists, glaciologists, landscape scientists, and cartographers). The socio-economic issues of the economic development of the territory of Siberia, natural resources and geographical conditions of their development were studied. In the second period, from the early 2000s to 2005 (Director V.A. Snytko), the main work was related to the Baikal Natural Territory (BNT), in connection with the inclusion of Lake Baikal in the UNESCO World Natural Heritage List and the adoption of the Law of the Russian Federation on the Protection of Lake Baikal. Ecological zoning of the BNT was carried out, the boundaries of ecological zones were justified, and directions of environmental protection activities in the territory of the BNT were proposed. The third period, from 2005 to 2009 (Director A.N. Antipov), is characterized by the continuation of work on landscape planning of the Baikal region, environmental issues, atlas mapping of the Irkutsk region, and the study of the response of various geosystems to global climate change. Currently, fundamental geographical research is being carried out taking into account the Priority Research Areas adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation in 2020.
A.R. BATUEV, D.A. BATUEV
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: academic scientific school, thematic cartography, map series, atlas, laboratory of cartography, stages of development
Against the background of a brief review of periods and stages in the history of general cartography of Siberia, where, starting from the 1740s, the main role belonged to the Russian Academy of Sciences, the main stages of development of thematic cartography at the V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences are highlighted and considered. It is shown that with the formation of modern academic science in the east of the country in the 1950s new conditions and prerequisites for the development of fundamental scientific directions of thematic cartography in Siberia were created and it became possible to set and solve conceptual, methodological, technological and practical problems of thematic cartography. For each of the three main stages of thematic cartography development (complex, system-problematic, and geoinformation digital) the article presents the main results of creation and publication of large cartographic works of different territorial levels: national (Russia and Mongolia), macro-regional (Siberia and the Far East), transboundary inter-regional (the Baikal region), regional (Irkutsk Oblast and other RF subjects) and municipal (Irkutsk city, etc.), in the form of series of multi-leaf wall maps, series of desktop maps of album and atlas types, and atlases of fundamental academic scientific content. The role of the laboratory of cartography, geoinformatics and remote sensing methods as well as other laboratories of the Institute in the development, creation and publication of maps and atlases is noted. The main prerequisites for the formation and development of the academic scientific school of thematic cartography are studied, namely, the presence of a team of researchers and recognized leaders, and opportunities for training of highly qualified personnel. The importance of state recognition and support of the leading academic scientific school of thematic cartography in Siberia and its role in training of highly qualified scientific personnel, creation of large academic series of maps and atlases, fundamental scientific articles and monographs, and holding regional, national and international conferences has been emphasized.
N.V. VOROBYEV
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: Siberian school of population geography, population concentration, settlement systems, population formation and dynamics, depopulation, migration
This article considers the issues of formation, development and transformation of research on geography of the population of Siberia. The chronological framework of the study is the second half of the 20 th and the first quarter of the 21 st century. The contribution of Academician V.V. Vorobyev, the founder of the Siberian school of population geography, to the development of this subject is assessed. He put forward and substantiated original ideas about the geographical features of formation of the population of Siberia. Thus, the decisive role of the initial core of old-timers, determining the composition of the region’s inhabitants, their connections with the places of exit, and new waves of settlers, was established. The followers of V.V. Vorobyev have identified the nature of the relationship between the geographical features of the territory, settlement and socio-demographic conditions of life of the population in the areas of economic development. In the Soviet past, the Siberian school of population geography successfully developed the following scientific problems: population formation, settlement of pioneer development territories, settlement in connection with different types of economic activity, formation of settlement systems, and use of labor resources. To date the current problems of geodemography and population migration in the context of depopulation, life of the population under environmental restrictions, transformation of the existing settlement, urban agglomerations, transboundary interactions, and formation and realization of human potential are being developed. Geographical aspects of population dynamics are expressed in the strengthening of two partially overlapping gradients of population concentration, namely: main-peripheral and central-peripheral. Under modern conditions of global and local instability, it is especially important to develop problems of the geographical foundations of the socio-demographic potential as a key factor in the spatial development of the Siberian macroregion.
Yu.M. SEMENOV, I.B. VOROBYEVA, N.V. VLASOVA
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: scientific school, geochemistry of landscapes, complex physical geography, geosystems, dynamics of matter
The role of Valerian Afanasyevich Snytko (1939-2021), a prominent specialist in the field of landscape geochemistry and complex physical geography, as the founder and leader of the Siberian landscape-geochemical school is considered. The stages of its formation and development are highlighted. As a result of many years of research conducted by V.A. Snytko and his students, the regularities of migration, transformation and functioning of geosystems of taiga, subtaiga, forest-steppe and steppe regions of Siberia are established, the ecological state of geosystems of the shores of Lake Baikal is studied. The contribution of the scientist to the justification of a new scientific direction in complex physical geography - the study of the dynamics of matter in geosystems is emphasized.
Yu.A. DARMAN1,2, V.V. ZHARIKOV1, V.P. KARAKIN1, V.V. BARDYUK2, K.S. GANZEI1
a:2:{s:4:"TYPE";s:4:"HTML";s:4:"TEXT";s:253:"1Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia 2Joint Directorate of Kedrovaya Pad’ State Biosphere Nature Reserve and Land of the Leopard National Park, Vladivostok, Russia";}
Keywords: species diversity, anthropogenic transformation, protected areas, ecological corridors, Amur tiger, Far Eastern leopard
A distinctive feature of the south of the Russian Far East is the presence of more than three thousand kilometers of border with China. The restriction of economic use and the control regime in the border zone allowed to preserve the “green belt” with a high level of biodiversity. The intensification of economic collaboration between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China requires considering environmental risks and finding a balance between the interests of the economy and the environment. Based on the analysis of the number of species of model groups of plants and animals, an assessment of the importance of the selected transboundary geosystems for the conservation of the region’s biodiversity is made. At the second stage, the level of anthropogenic transformation, and existing and perceived threats are taken into account. The conservation significance of these geosystems for rare species such as the Amur tiger and the Far Eastern leopard and the availability of organizational conditions, such as the proclamation of transboundary protected areas, are also taken into consideration. According to the totality of materials, the geosystems of the Primorye-Laoyelin, Lesser Khingan, Bikin-Wandashan and Verkhneamursky transboundary provinces are selected as the priority territories within the framework of the Russian-Chinese cooperation in the field of biodiversity conservation and «green» development. They support the forest corridors for migrations of terrestrial animals and mutual enrichment of the natural complexes of the two countries. The border strip along the Russian-Chinese land border from Khasan village to Turiy Rog town in the south of Primorsky Krai is of the greatest environmental significance. Due to the protection of this belt it was possible to preserve and restore the Far Eastern leopard and the Eastern Manchurian population of the Amur tiger.
I.I. ORLOVA1, O.V. GAGARINOVA2 1Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia 2V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: anthropogenic impact, Baikal Natural Territory, legislation, nature conservation, regulatory requirements, ecological state
Lake Baikal is a unique natural object. The international status, water resource potential and ecological state of the lake are the justification for comprehensive measures to protect it and prevent possible negative impacts on its ecosystem. Federal Law No. 94-FZ “On the Protection of Lake Baikal” is the fundamental document for the protection of the lake and the prevention of the Baikal Natural Territory from anthropogenic and technogenic impacts. Achieving the goals outlined in the Law and a number of legal documents in this area involves a set of regulatory and environmental-economic mechanisms for the implementation of sustainable territorial development, provided that environmental risks are prevented and, in general, the natural environment of the BNT is protected. The article outlines the main conceptual provisions for the protection of Lake Baikal, namely: the status of a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site, ecological zoning of the Baikal Natural Territory, standards for permissible impacts on the lake ecosystem, regulation of activities on the BNT, special legal regimes of nature management, etc. The authors consider the issues of scientific justification and the specifics of the practical implementation of the ecological zoning of the BNT, the natural conditionality of territorial boundaries and the legal regulation of environmental restrictions on the BNT, the opportunities for socio-economic development under the conditions of regulation of economic activities in the water protection zone of the lake. The article analyzes the results of implementing the provisions of the Law “On the Protection of Lake Baikal”, compliance of by-laws with legislative norms, as well as recommendations of scientists, the interests of society and economic structures. The authors discuss the achievement of the goals of ecological zoning, modern problems of environmental protection and the possibilities of socio-economic development in the territories adjacent to Lake Baikal, and consider examples of the negative impact of anthropogenic factors on the state of the ecological system of Lake Baikal. The article substantiates proposals for the development of legislative norms, the introduction of the institute of mandatory scientific expertise of legal norms and scientific-methodological support for large economic projects.
E.A. ILYICHEVA1, M.V. PAVLOV1, I.Yu. AMOSOVA1,2, A.A. USHKALOV1 1V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia 2Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: watershed, orography, digital elevation model, water-erosion systems, runoff, geomorphological zonation
A comparative morphometric analysis of the structure parameters of the channel systems of the main tributaries of the Selenga River and its delta developing in different orographic conditions, namely: highlands, midlands and estuarine plain, was carried out. The research is based on the structural-hydrographic and basin approaches developed by domestic and foreign researchers, using materials from the space altitude model of the Earth and with the help of geoinformation mapping tools. A database of structural-hydrographic and morphometric data and estimated runoff values has been created. The studies are mainly of fundamental importance, aimed at identifying interrelated elements of the structure of river systems and conditions of their formation and development, expressed in orographic and morphostructural features of the basin. The applied aspect of the calculations consists in the assessment of average annual and forecasted potential runoff within the framework of insufficient availability and duration of observations at unevenly placed sites of the standard observation network in the transboundary territory of Russia and Mongolia. The developed model for calculating the maximum possible runoff may be useful for recommendations on rational and safe land use planning in the basin, as well as for preventing natural risks. The purpose of the research is to identify and compare structural, morphological and natural indicators of runoff in different altitudinal belts within the Selenga basin and in its individual parts. Zoning of the basin by runoff-forming areas is presented in relation to the previously developed natural zoning of the territory, their hypsometric position and morphostructural elements of the structure. A forecast model for calculating the runoff of unstudied rivers is presented.
Yu.M. SEMENOV1, M.Yu. SEMENOV2, A.V. SILAEV1 1V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia 2Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: migration of matter, differentiation, integration, dynamics, evolution, anthropogenic transformation
The article presents the main stages of work on the study of the role of migration of matter in the differentiation, integration, dynamics, evolution and anthropogenic transformation of geosystems of various regions of Siberia, carried out by the authors under the guidance, with the participation and in development of the ideas of V.A. Snytko. As a result of many years of stationary, semi-stationary and expeditionary landscape-geochemical studies, the organizer and leader of which was Valerian Afanasyevich Snytko, the patterns of differentiation and processes of dynamics of liquid, gaseous and living phases of matter in topological geosystems were studied, the connection of landscape-geochemical cyclicity with dynamic and evolutionary trends in the behavior of geosystems was established, and the conditioning of the structure of topogeosystems by differentiation and flows of matter was shown. As a result of work within the territory of the created Kansk-Achinsk fuel and energy complex, the natural regimes of the components of taiga, sub-taiga and forest-steppe geosystems were studied, trends in the development and processes of transformation of geosystems under the influence of technogenic factors were identified, and a methodology for experimental modeling of the processes of interaction of natural and technogenic flows of matter was developed. In order to identify the spatial and temporal structure of pollution of the Lake Baikal basin, a geoecological monitoring methodology has been developed, which is based on identifying sources of pollution and observing the connections between them and environmental objects by considering the substances of objects as mixtures, and the substances of sources as their components. In order to substantiate the network of observations and control, extrapolate the results of monitoring to geosystems of the territories not covered by direct observations, and to display operational information on the state of geosystems and ecosystems, a methodology has been developed for mapping the spatio-temporal structure of pollution in the catchment basin of Lake Baikal based on the use of different time cartographic sources, remote sensing data, digital terrain models, global digital databases, materials of state statistics and field studies.
N.V. VLASOVA, I.B. VOROBYEVA, I.A. BELOZERTSEVA
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: landscape-geochemical research, the Upper Angara region, soils, watercourses
The paper presents data from the landscape-geochemical studies in the Upper Angara region. The chemical properties of soils and waters of small rivers on the right bank of the Angara River have been studied. Differences in the characteristics of soils formed in two districts of the Pribaikalskaya province and one district of the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovskaya province have been established. The general hydrochemical analysis showed fundamental differences between the surface waters of two natural structures forming the right-bank part of the basin of the upper section of the Angara River, namely: the Baikal rift zone and the southern part of the Siberian platform. The data obtained confirmed and supplemented the conclusions made 20 years ago about the landscape-geochemical characteristics of the territory.
O.P. OSIPOVA, N.V. KICHIGINA
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: extreme rainfall floods, synoptic processes, atmospheric precipitation, HYSPLIT backward trajectories, Cisbaikalia
The article presents the results of studies of the relationship between atmospheric circulation and floods in Southern Cisbaikalia. During the floods (in July 1971, June and July 2019), precipitation at the meteorological stations of the study area was significantly higher than the norm: on average 229 %, 163 % and 156 % of the norm, respectively. A comprehensive synoptic analysis was carried out to identify the main causes of extremely high precipitation values, which provoked a rise in water levels on the left-bank tributaries of the Angara river and on the rivers of Southern Baikal in July 1971, June and July 2019. Synoptic processes were classified by weather types according to the Jenkinson and Collison method. Six and fifteen weather types were identified for the July 1971 flood and for the June and July 2019 flood, respectively. These were mainly cyclonic and advective types with eastern components, correlating with humid weather conditions. The directions of air mass transfer were determined based on the analysis of 5-day HYSPLIT backward trajectories. It was found that the main factors determining the intensity of catastrophic floods were as follows: 1) active process of cyclogenesis; 2) sharp increase in meridional cold and heat flows and development of blocking processes; 3) the presence of a high content of potentially accumulated moisture, a field of upward vertical movements and forced convection in the foothills, and 4) local orographic conditions.
G.B. DUGAROVA1, O.V. GAGARINOVA1, I.A. BELOZERTSEVA1, E.V. MAKSYUTOVA1, N.V. EMELYANOVA1,2, V.N. BOGDANOV1 1V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia 2A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: geographical factors, socio-economic development, water resources, soils, climatic features
The presented article explores important aspects of the strategic planning for Irkutsk. It emphasizes the need to take into account geographical features and development factors when developing and adopting strategic documents for the city. However, there are many problems in the development and adoption of various strategic documents. Among them are a strong unification of approaches and the lack of consideration of ecological, social and economic factors. Particular attention is paid to the climatic, hydrological and soil features of the territory, the analysis of which should form a key basis for strategic urban planning. The high level of water supply determines the comfort of the urban environment, recreation attractiveness, and provision of industrial activities. Despite significant amounts of water resources, the city has problems with water supply and other problems of a water-ecological nature. The soils of Irkutsk and the surrounding area are characterized by focal pollution due to a large anthropogenic load and relatively high sorption capacity of soils. The unfavorable ecological state of atmospheric air is associated not only with significant anthropogenic impact, but also with natural and climatic factors. The microclimatic conditions of the urban area increase the negative impact on the environment during the long heating period. The current climatic and environmental situation requires modernization of many economic sectors in order to ensure the sustainable development of Irkutsk and comfortable and safe living conditions for the population.
V.N. STRELETSKY1,2 1Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 2National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
Keywords: West and East, historical and cultural geography, sociocultural space, regional and local identity, cultural regionalism
Different patterns of historical evolution of Russian civilization area are compared; they are considered in the framework of four historical concepts: “Russia as a part of the global West”: “Russia as a part of the global East (Orient)”; “Russia as a cultural bridge between West and East”; “Russia as an organic Eurasian cultural realm”. Various arguments “pro et contra” are discussed and compared in favour of and against each of those concepts, from the standpoint of historical and cultural geography. It has been concluded that Russia is significantly more a “European” country than a “Eurasian” one. However, Russia has its own civilizational patterns, which greatly distinguish it from Western Europe. These differences are clearly manifested, among other things, in different types of their sociocultural spaces. In Western Europe, the regionalization of culture occurred as the developed space “densified” and “arranged”; in Russia, mainly as local cultures formed in the process of colonization of new territories and incorporation of foreign ethnic areas into the sociocultural space. In Russia, especially within the ethnocultural mega-core of the country (with a numerically predominant Russian population), the “vertical” polarization of space (differences “urban-rural”, “large city-small town”) is expressed more clearly than its “horizontal” differentiation (differences between cultural areas). Based on the analysis of the data from the All-Russian population censuses, the latest ethnostructural, ethnocultural and ethnoterritorial shifts in the Russian space, characteristic of the Post-Soviet period, are identified. At the end of the 20th - the first decades of the 21st centuries, the population of the majority of the national republics of Russia became “indigenized” (an increase in the share of “titular” nationalities and a decrease in the share of the ethnic Russian population in these republics). At the same time, the ethnic groups of Russia are increasingly “pulled together” into their national republics, concentrated within “their” ethnic territories. The trends in transformation of the sociocultural space indicate that the country is becoming more and more multicultural, which predetermines the demand for multi-vector development in Russia.
P.Ya. BAKLANOV, A.V. MOSHKOV
Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
Keywords: territorial organization of the economy, linear nodal structures, latitudinal and meridional profiles, production and technological chains, Pacific Russia, Primorsky Krai
In the regions of Pacific Russia, two meridional zones have been identified, consisting of the following territories (federal subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District): 1) the seaside zone including Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Oblast, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krais, and Sakhalin Oblast; and 2) the continental zone including the Republics of Yakutia and Buryatia, Zabaikalsky Krai, Amur Oblast and Jewish Autonomous Oblast. Combinations of industries by federal subjects and by meridional zones are considered as elements of their territorial and economic structures. The differences between the meridional zones according to their territorial structures of economy, socio-economic potential and the level of development are shown. It is noted that the highest level of development is typical for the territorial and economic structures of the seaside zone. Favorable and unfavorable factors of the long-term development in the meridional zones are distinguished. Rational use of these factors can ensure the formation of the structure of the regional economy in the form of interconnected chains of added value, which represent effective forms of territorial organization of production.
O.V. EVSTROPYEVA
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: institutional theory, tourism and recreational activities, territorial organization, territorial recreational system, ecotourism
The aim of the study is to analyze the problems and contradictions of recreational geography from the institutional perspective. The starting point is the involvement of recreational geography in the institutional development of tourism. This is reflected in studies of natural-social-economic links subject to regulation, in development of a terminological and methodological basis for the practice of territorial planning of tourism and recreation, as well as the creation of specialized laws and regulations. The article provides a recreational-geographical interpretation of the most important concepts and notions of institutional theory used in the study. The problems and contradictions considered in recreational geography are interconnected. They are conditionally divided into theoretical, specific and applied. Theoretical contradictions are expressed in different or opposite meanings that are embedded in the basic scientific concepts of “tourism” and “recreation”. Specific contradictions are associated with heated discussions about the identification and delimitation of individual types of tourism and recreational activities and the criteria for their classification. The most striking example is the opposition of mass and ecological tourism. Applied contradictions arise when solving practical problems in the field of territorial planning of tourism and recreation, as well as when designing and creating new territorial recreational systems without taking into account institutional conditions. To remove the identified problems and contradictions, the core of the institution responsible for the organization and regulation of tourism and recreational activities is of key importance. Such an institutional core is the universal right to rest and vacation. The problem of distinguishing between the concepts of “tourism” and “recreation” comes down to ensuring the completeness of the social and economic functions of tourism, which have received the most pronounced development in different institutional matrices. The existence of an invariant that interacts with other institutions is recognized. This solves the problems of classifying types of tourism based on an institutional criterion, determining the specialization of specific territories taking into account their economic and environmental functions.
N.M. SYSOEVA
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: institutional factors, development, settlement system, labor resources, population outflow, intellectual activities
The evolution of the concept of human potential is considered - from the labor resources of the development period, attracted to perform the tasks of centralized planning for the creation of territorial-production complexes, to human capital, characterized by creative abilities of a person and acting in the conditions of market economy not only as a factor but also as a subject of economic activity, as well as the most important part of the national capital. The paper analyzes the nature of human capital accumulation in the resource regions of Siberia, the features of its development and opportunities for implementation in the conditions of the existing institutional structures of production with the predominance of large external corporations; the role of small and medium-sized businesses relying on local human resources is highlighted. The deficit of institutions contributing to the improvement of the status and income of the local population in the sectors of the economy not related to the extraction and primary processing of natural raw materials is noted. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the need to transform the existing institutions that determine the realization of accumulated human capital in resource regions, to change approaches to the management of regional development in order to increase the desire to invest in human capital of all parties of the production process and reduce the outflow of educated and career-motivated part of the population. The main research method is a structural analysis of the regional economy and an assessment of the development of intellectual activities that are the most attractive for human capital and form the innovative potential of the territory’s development. The information basis of the study is official statistics and surveys of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation.
T.I. ZABORTSEVA, O.A. IGNATOVA, P.V. ROGOV
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: Siberia, Trans-Siberian corridor, territorial differentiation, degree of industrialization, construction industry, twin cities
The article proposes a spatiotemporal characteristic of external relations in the “twin cities” format and analyzes the aspects of the structural and dynamic development of the administrative centers of the Asian part of Russia within the Trans-Siberian Corridor (TSC). Regarding the extent of their territories, these comprise five subjects in Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Krai, the Republic of Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast, the Republic of Buryatia, and Zabaikalsky Krai) and six subjects in Western Siberia (Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, and Kemerovo Oblasts, and Altai Krai). The level of industrialization, the construction sector, and the inclusion of “soft” diplomacy (the growth of twin city ties) as a component of foreign economic activity are indicative of several changes in the economic complex of the TSC regions due to the circumstances of the domestic vector of “pivot to the East”. It is convincingly presented that the production potential of two eastern subjects (Krasnoyarsk Krai and Irkutsk Oblast) exceeds a quarter of the total TSC; the maximum positive dynamics of the industrialization degree indicator is also observed in the East Siberian part of the studied sublatitudinal Trans-Siberian Corridor. Based on the analysis of the structure of manufacturing industries by types of economic activity in the TSC regions, it was revealed that metallurgical production and production of finished metal products (except for machinery and equipment), as well as food production and beverage production are in the lead. The multidirectional influence of the level of development and location of the construction industry on demographic processes is estimated. It is confirmed that the developed housing and construction sector increases the concentration of the population in large administrative centers. At the same time, it is noted that in recent years the share of housing commissioning in a number of administrative centers has noticeably decreased in the TSC territory in comparison with the overall regional volume (Novosibirsk, Tomsk Oblasts, Krasnoyarsk Krai, etc.) due to suburbanization (the capital is inferior to the suburbs in terms of the availability of a square meter of housing). We would like to draw the reader’s attention to the fact that such an important financial indicator as the average per capita monetary income of the population currently equalizes the eleven regions under study within the Trans-Siberian corridor, which is lower than the Russian average. The study was conducted using statistical and comparative-geographical methods; the subjects (regions) of the Russian Federation and administrative centers were taken as units of statistical observation.
N.V. VOROBYEV, A.N. VOROBYEV, N.A. IPPOLITOVA
V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
Keywords: settlement, city population, demographic dynamics, economic functions, single-industry towns, local centers
The article presents the results of revealing the spatio-temporal interrelations of the population dynamics of small towns in Western Siberia in the second decade of the 21st century. The object of the study is 56 small towns (with a population of up to 50 thousand people). The main sources of statistical information were data from the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) for the period between the 2010 and 2020 population censuses. Five groups of small towns have been identified according to the population change in 2011-2022, and their characteristics are given. On average, all small towns are characterized by a 4 % decrease in population. In most small towns in Western Siberia, the population is declining, and only in cities that are centers of oil and gas production (Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs) and large centers of processing agricultural products (Novosibirsk Oblast) there is a positive trend. The largest (39 %) is the group of cities with a slight decrease in population. By now, the restructuring of the economic structure in small towns has almost been completed, so their economic profile is likely to remain in the coming years.
K.S. GANZEI, V.V. ZHARIKOV, D.G. TYUNYATKIN
Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
Keywords: atlas, Far East, atlas classification, cartography, regional development, integrated works
The article is devoted to the analysis of atlas cartographic works covering the territory of Pacific Russia, conducted to assess the coverage of systematized cartographic data. An atlas is a special type of geographic data presentation, the result of thematic or complex, applied and fundamental scientific research of a certain territory or object. Out of the total number of printed publications labeled as atlases, 29 works are classified as complex geographic ones. The selected atlases were categorized by content, purpose, subject of mapping and mapping. The publications were structured according to the coverage of the territory, which made it possible to assess the provision of the region and subjects with atlases. The results of the analysis show a low level of provision of Pacific Russia as a whole and its individual territories with atlas works. It is characteristic that there are no comprehensive works for the entire region, which reflects its lack of systematized, formalized and uniform cartographic data. The implementation of territory development programs at the present stage implies the availability of a unified digital database of geographic spatial data reflecting the features of macro-regional, regional, sub-regional and local characteristics of the geographical environment. Atlases, including geoinformation atlases, are an integral part of management decision-making and elaboration of scenarios for balanced development of regions. In this aspect, the creation of modern regional complex atlases has both fundamental and applied importance, including for the successful implementation of programs of advanced socio-economic development of Siberia and the Far East of Russia. Atlas mapping has been and continues to be one of the most effective models of reality representation. Its powerful heuristic potential has already become a part of widely understood geoinformation mapping and modeling, its logical development and continuation.
