Home – Home – Jornals – Chemistry for Sustainable Development 2024 number 6

Introduction. The work is devoted to the formation problem of the domestic civic identity of the students` consciousness and behavior in educational organizations, which is relevant for domestic socio-humanitarian knowledge and practical pedagogical activity. The presented socio-educational model “Identity Matrix” allows you to properly monitor the formation level of the respondent’s identity. The methodological basis of the study logic of all-Russian civic consciousness phenomenon is a systematic approach, according to which the subject under consideration is defined as an integral phenomenon with appropriate levels of organization and dynamics. Discussion. The article presents the socio-educational model “Identity Matrix”, the selection of structural and substantive elements of which is based on normative legal documents and scientific literature. The philosophical and educational aspect of the research is related to the practical application of the presented theoretical model to the daily practice of the school educational work. The research is proposed for the understanding by the scientific and pedagogical community of the “Identity Matrix” general structure with its division into modules, segments, blocks, concepts, each of which deserves a separate in-depth, including applied, research. Conclusion. The analytically distinguished value-semantic concepts and cultural-historical constants of identity phenomenon are selected from the relevant normative and legal documentation and scientific literature. They can be considered as “necessary” and “sufficient” for a comprehensive characterization of the identification formation of social life subject. The structural and substantive content of the questionnaire presented in the article in one of the blocks of the “matrix” gives an idea of a three-level evaluative understanding of research results, providing the possibility of their directed correction by a teacher in the course of educational activities in the educational organizations space. The presented results of the ongoing research may be of interest both in scientific and theoretical terms (for example, as a philosophical and methodological basis for the aspect understanding of common Russian civic identity) phenomenon and in practical terms, within the framework of teachers` specific educational activities in modern Russian educational organizations.

Introduction. One of the key texts that influenced the nature of the modern education system is the famous book “The Postmodern Conditionˮ by Jean-François Lyotard. The main means and result of transformation in the field of education is informatization. According to Lyotard, this process is associated with the legitimization of knowledge through efficiency, for the sake of which informatization is carried out. With the transfer of power to technology, education becomes an arena in which education is gradually replaced by information awareness and access to the network. Methodology. Understanding the phenomenon of informatization in the context of the education problem is determined by its interdisciplinary nature, raising issues in the field of such sciences as sociology, philosophy, cultural studies, psychology, which determines the selected approaches in the study of the material. In this case, the disclosure of this problem is based on a critical interpretation of the book by Jean-François Lyotard “The Postmodern Conditionˮ through commenting with elements of the hermeneutic method. Discussion. The process of informatization in the education field is often presented as total, not implying any exceptions. What are the conditions and significance of informatization? The efficiency of data circulation leads to the gradual displacement of the content that cannot be translated into the language of information. There is a phenomenon called by Lyotard, “shifting the boundaries of institutionsˮ, which manifests itself, in particular, in the phenomenon of decentralization and dispersion of education combined with entertainment processes. Such a combination, for example, in the same device, often does not allow students to allocate time and attention for a full-fledged lesson. Conclusion. Along with the increased demand for information technology in the education field over the past decades, there is some justified disappointment in information educational products. The output of the crisis in education is often seen in a return to the lost classical models of the Enlightenment, however, the talk should rather be about replenishing the future computerized forms of education with humanitarian content.

Introduction. Security issues are a hot topic on the agenda of the modern world. At the same time, educational institutions are objects of increased danger. Methodology. Based on a comparative analysis of educational materials published in the Russia and USA, an attempt was made to identify the differences in approaches and related problems of countering terrorist attacks on educational institutions and school shootings. Discussion. Measures to counteract these phenomena are included in the security structures of each society. The experience of states in combating terrorism and school shootings is reflected in educational materials. In Russia, the main emphasis is on actions in a situation of terrorist capture and identifying elements of extremism. In the materials published in the USA, more attention is paid to school shooting. In Russian materials, the algorithm of behavior became a set of the following actions: «keep calm - do not provoke - calm others - wait for liberation - do not interfere with the special operation». This algorithm is justified when an educational institution is seized by a well-organized group of terrorists, but can be the cause of large casualties in a school shooting situation, since it does not imply active resistance. In US educational publications, the basic algorithm of action during a school shooting is as follows: «Run. Hide. Fight». It is believed that it is impossible to predict the appearance of an active shooter at an early stage, so at the beginning of the attack, participants in the educational process must be ready to engage in confrontation with the shooter. In the US, a system of primary and secondary prevention of school shootings is used. Primary prevention is aimed at improving the school climate. The tasks of secondary prevention include identifying students who need intervention. These tasks are solved using school target prevention programs. Conclusions. Since school shootings are becoming a frequent phenomenon in Russia, the system of training participants in the educational process to counter such attacks should be adapted to local realities.

Introduction. School and university in the modern world are one of the significant social institutions where a person encounters ethnic diversity and realizes his/her own ethnic identity more deeply. One of the goals in the education system is to educate a person who understands his/her place in a multi-ethnic world, where the value of different ethnic cultures is equal. However, the full realization of this goal is not always possible. Methodology. The analysis of the difficulties that do not allow to fulfill the designated goal is made on the basis of the synthesis of the world-system analysis and P. Bourdieu’s theory of capitals. Examples of such synthesis in socio-humanitarianism by M. Demeter and R. H. Ortiz are given. Discussion. On the basis of consideration of the development strategies change from “struggle against exploitation” in the Soviet period to “struggle against exclusion” in the post-Soviet period, it is demonstrated how different forms of ethnic group capitals have been devalued in the peripheral regions of Russia. Emphasis is placed on the difficulties faced by the education system of peripheral ethnic regions in Russia, including lack of funding, the predominant orientation of the younger generation to cultural-symbolic patterns of consumption centers and devaluation of the traditional ethnic patterns value, educational inequality, insufficient channels of ethnicity broadcasting, and others. It is shown that the difficult situation of the ethnic region’s economies in the country and educational inequality are in contradiction with the high prestige of ethnic identity, indicated in educational strategies. Conclusion. It is concluded that underestimation of any form of capital (economic, social, cultural, symbolic) in the humanistic goals implementation of reproduction and preservation of ethnic diversity of the peoples in Russia, which are already assigned to the education system, may result in the ineffectiveness of the efforts spent.

Abstact. Introduction. The problem of using a general scientific humanitarian approach in pedagogical research is actualized. The humanitarian approach is considered through the compositional levels prism - general scientific, pedagogical science, object and subject, in order to identify the most popular and relevant approaches that are used in thesis research of a pedagogical profile. Methodology. The research is based on of I. Kant and V. Diltat works, which reveal the foundations of a general scientific humanitarian approach. The selection of compositional levels of humanitarian approach implementation was based on the anthropological context of education (V. I. Slobodchikov, A. V. Leontovich), M. Mamardashvili works, which show the pedagogical science development in the humanitarian approach context. Discussion. A review study of 420 thesis in pedagogical sciences defended between 2004 and 2024 was conducted. The prospects of the general scientific humanitarian approach implementation in pedagogical science as the philosophy of education resource aimed at solving philosophical, ideological and theoretical-cognitive tasks are shown. The specificity of humanitarian knowledge is highlighted: 1) constant development in time and space; 2) incompleteness of the object’s development; 3) variability of the object’s assessment depending on time, context and expert. The limitations of the research methods used have been established. The characteristics of structuralism have been clarified, which made it possible to attribute axiological, personality-oriented, acmeological, situational-environmental and other approaches to the general scientific humanitarian approach. Conclusion. The characteristics that reflect the general scientific humanitarian approach specifics in pedagogical research are established: the subjectivity of knowledge, the dominance of the “continuation of personality” of the results scientist; intuitive comprehension of the truth and the inapplicability of the logic laws; the permissibility of a variety of interpretations; the inadmissibility of “correctness” criterion. The most popular and relevant approaches that are used in thesis research of a pedagogical profile are identified.

Introduction. The study`s purpose is to analyze legislative acts and documents for the introduction of subject-language integrated learning into the higher education system of Mongolia. The question is raised about the personnel possibility of English teaching subjects at universities in the country. For general pedagogical analysis, the results of students and teachers survey of the Mongolian University are presented. Methodology. The methodological basis was socio-pedagogical, empirical and analytical approaches in the documentation study, theoretical material and data processing study, conducting experiments on the introduction of subject-language integrated learning in non-linguistic subject groups. Mathematical calculations were used for conclusions and subsequent reflection. Discussion. The article discusses the methodology potential of subject-language integrated learning for solving educational problems, emphasizes its positive impact on both language acquisition and “non-linguistic understanding of subjects”. To assess the possibility of introducing subject-language integrated learning, a survey was conducted among future students and teachers. The survey data found a positive effect on language acquisition, in the so-called “non-linguistic understanding of the subject.” The National English Language Teaching Program also emphasizes the need to update the content of English teacher training and ensure that relevant programs comply with international standards. The results indicate a high interest of students in English learning and using English-language materials in practice. However, problems with writing skills, especially grammar and scientific style, indicate areas that require improvement. Conclusion. The survey results and experiment emphasize the need to introduce subject-language integrated learning at all levels in Mongolia education in accordance with national development goals and international educational standards. Addressing gaps in language proficiency among teachers will be crucial for successful language integration at Mongolian universities.

Introduction. Currently, the problem of education in a heterogeneous Russian society, which is facing challenges of an anthropogenic, man-made and ecogenic nature, is becoming obvious. The anthropogenic challenge is accompanied by problems of discontinuity between the levels of education (secondary - general - higher), loss/substitution of traditional spiritual and moral values or attempts to ignore or pervert them. No less significant are personal qualities, which include, for example, intellectual laziness. The technogenic challenge and its ideological orientations actualize the problem of the “man-technology” relationship, and the ecogenic challenge is the predominance problem of consumer mentality in human relations with the surrounding world (spiritual-social-natural). Obviously, there is one source for these problems - education, which is considered an integral part of the educational process. Methodology. The research uses philosophical, pedagogical and historical approaches, which determined the choice of sources and made it possible to highlight the fundamental role of education, which exists in inseparable unity with learning. Discussion. Ignoring education is the essence of the above-mentioned problems rooted in modern education. The problems of modern education manifest themselves at the level of family education, represented by several generations; social space - in various groups (educational, professional, casual, by interests, etc.), united (sometimes temporarily) by a single goal, usually related to obtaining a profession. In these groups, there are carriers of different worldviews, representing in their totality society as a whole, which, with a heterogeneous level of education and loss of basic values, has difficulty responding to the challenges of modernity, endangering its very existence. Conclusion. Russia’s focus on preserving and strengthening traditional basic values determines the importance of education as a “key tool” in the field of education and enlightenment.

Introduction. The focus of this study is on the problem of professional development of a person in the rapidly updating conditions of modern development of society. The purpose of the study was to identify educational and methodological approaches and identify the features of the modern philosophical content of the problem of professional formation in the process of educational activity aimed at its formation. Methodology. The main research method is a theoretical review of socio-philosophical and pedagogical scientific publications containing approaches to the professional development of a person in the context of the development of modern society. The educational and methodological approaches used are examined in the context of the philosophical and theoretical concepts of “personal approachˮ, “activity approachˮ and “praxiological approachˮ. Discussion. The idea of the processes of professional formation in the context of personal, activity-based and practice-oriented formation is primarily due to the peculiarities of the development of the information society and modern ideas of researchers about professionalism. The principles of the education development strategy include, in addition, ideas about the peculiarities of the development of professional qualities of a person, the acquisition of new qualities by a person, a change in the orientation of personality, etc. Their general characteristics are justified within the framework of the practice of labor skills and techniques, the identification of their elements and the compilation of various practical recommendations on this basis. In conclusion, the main methodological foundations and peculiarities of the modern socio-philosophical content of the problems of professional education in its educational process are summarized.

Introduction. This study is devoted to the problem of applying the didactics of pragmatism, its philosophical foundations for building a methodology for teaching natural science disciplines, in particular biology. Methodology. The analytical approach to the study of ways to improve the methods of biology teaching contains a philosophical and methodological analysis of the practical use possibility of the pragmatism theoretical provisions and the development of a methodology for a biology course teaching. Based on a pragmatic approach, students were offered assignments on the topics of the school course in human biology. The key idea of the selected tasks was to teach screening methods for diagnosing functional body systems. Discussion. Biology, like other natural sciences, arose from the practical needs of a man. The practice-oriented philosophy of pragmatism is a constructive methodological basis for working with biological material, studying the functioning of living systems, and therefore the practicality of the knowledge gained in the lesson will arouse greater interest in the subject among students. The r implementation result of this concept in biology lessons in the 9th grade met expectations and contributed to a good assimilation of the material, understanding of the human body physiology by school students at the stage of basic general education. Conclusion. It is shown that the focus on the practical value of knowledge makes teaching a scientific discipline more in demand and interesting for students, which makes it possible to achieve high academic performance in the subject of biology. It is important to note that the acquired knowledge acts as tools for constructing one’s own picture of the world, which includes both an eclectic approach and epistemological pluralism.

Introduction. The relevance of the issue of methodological work with authentic foreign language texts (taken from original sources not for studying purposes) within the framework of regional studies, origin and their interdisciplinary connections in foreign language classes are due to the specifics of the needs of society and the students to navigate various information flows successfully. However, with all the variety of foreign-language information sources, the lexical stock and the ability to perceive information in working with authentic texts are quite limited for students, and the use of interdisciplinary connections for educational purposes is a multi-complex process. Methodology. The study provides a review of domestic and foreign publications on the problems of applying cognitive and communicative approaches to the process of teaching a foreign language as a process of working with authentic English-language texts. Discussion. Awareness of the importance of using foreign authentic texts in foreign language classes is one of the incentives for updating and improving the cognitive model and increasing the general educational and cultural potential of students. The application of interdepartmental cooperation is aimed at combining all knowledge in one subject, which will motivate students to acquire new knowledge, introduce an element of novelty and represent a cognitive interest. To achieve this goal, the coordination of cognitive and communicative approaches when working with foreign language information, in this case with authentic texts that meet the information needs of students, is best suited. Conclusion. The increasing importance and necessity of the effectiveness of the educational process, including when teaching a foreign language, determines the importance of reading authentic literary sources in a foreign language, both general and professional orientation.

Vanadium flow batteries (VFB) are becoming widespread as cheap and reliable electric storage cells. In their operating principle, VFB are very similar to fuel cells: they contain a liquid energy carrier (a rechargeable electrolyte) and a stack (a fuel cell in which an electrochemical reaction occurs). For the further development of these systems within the framework of the energy efficiency strategy, it is necessary to increase their efficiency factor, because currently it is only 60-65 %. In the present work, new electrode materials are developed and studied: combined electrodes, allowing a decrease in the internal resistance of the cell (a single element of stack design). To achieve this result, it is proposed to reduce the resistance associated with charge transfer to the electrode surface by creating an active layer with high surface area on the surface of the electrode (felt). The active layer was electrically conductive carbon black CH210, which was pre-functionalized to increase its hydrophilicity (the surface was oxidised in concentrated hydrogen peroxide at elevated pressure and temperature). Electrochemical measurements have shown that the deposition of an active layer increases the cell efficiency factor by 8.6 % at a current density of 50 mA/cm², which confirms the viability of this approach.

The forms of iron occurrence in bentonite clay from the Kaibalskoye-2 deposit were determined using theoretical and experimental methods (elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and elemental mapping, powder X-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement, Mössbauer spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and quantum-chemical simulations). The total Fe₂O₃ content was found to be 8 wt %, while the montmorillonite content was 65 wt%. No minerals capable of containing significant amounts of iron were detected, however, iron can substitute aluminium isomorphously in the octahedral layers of montmorillonite. The results of scanning electron microscopy with elemental mapping show that a small amount of iron is concentrated as oxide and hydroxide inclusions in quartz and in aluminosilicates. Most of iron is uniformly distributed in the agglomerates of aluminosilicates, which means that iron is included into montmorillonite structure through isomorphous substitution. According to the data of Mössbauer spectroscopy, iron is represented by Fe³⁺ ions in octahedral positions. Absorption bands are observed to appear in the UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra at longer wavelengths (at 420-600 nm) as a result of iron insertion into montmorillonite structure, which is confirmed by quantum-chemical simulation. Promising directions for the rational use of bentonite from the Kaibalskoye-2 deposit are proposed on the basis of the newly established data.

Experimental acute lung inflammation in mice was modelled by inhalation of lipopolysaccharide aerosol from a Salmonella typhi microbial cell. It has been shown that inhalation aerosol administration of lipopolysaccharide (particle size 1.1±0.1 µm) for 60 min at a dose of 5.3 µg/kg leads to a pronounced haemodynamic and emphysematous reversible change in the lungs after 5-7 days, which is characteristic of acute lung inflammation.

The possibility of selective ion-exchange separation of rare earth elements (REE), in particular La³⁺, from weakly acidic solutions containing an excess of Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions has been demonstrated. The sorption of REEs and Al³⁺ was conducted under static and dynamic conditions using the chelating ampholytic resin Purolite S-930 in the Na-form. Selective REE desorption was performed by washing the column with the aqueous solution of EDTA, while Al³⁺ ions were retained in the column. The conditions for La³⁺ ion extraction were optimized, and the mechanism of their sorption was investigated. Experiments confirmed effective lanthanum extraction at the optimal pH 4.0 and a temperature of 25 °C. An increase in temperature to 65 °C reduces the sorption equilibrium time from 5 to 3 hours at an initial lanthanum concentration of 2.4 mg/L. The effective activation energy of the process was calculated to be 36.9 kJ/mol, and the maximum sorption capacity was determined as 322 mg/g. The influence of EDTA concentration on the efficiency of La³⁺ ion desorption in the presence of Al³⁺ was demonstrated. The developed methodology was applied for the sorption purification of REE-containing technological solution obtained during complex fluoride processing of the spent oil-cracking catalysts. Laboratory-scale sorption purification of this solution yielded a sufficiently pure concentrate (with the total REE oxide content at 85 wt%). Selective desorption from the iminodiacetate ampholyte allows a 30-fold REE concentrating from the technological solution, with losses not higher than 20 %.

Fluorescent conjugates of human serum albumin and a maleimide derivative of monomethyl auristatin F containing the cleavable peptide linker ValCit were synthesised. Strategies included the direct attachment of the peptide to the albumin structure and the attachment of the peptide through the N-trifluoroacetylhomocysteine linker. Confocal microscopy showed that the conjugate with the homocysteine linker effectively accumulated in the cytoplasm of the MCF-7 tumor cells, whereas the conjugate without the linker displayed predominant surface accumulation. In vitro studies demonstrated that the monomethyl auristatin F conjugate exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and T98G cancer cells after its attachment to albumin. The homocysteine-containing conjugate showed superior cytotoxicity compared to the conjugate without the linker despite the lower peptide load.

Analysis of data on the chemical composition of groundwater from the water intake of the Novosibirsk Scientific Centre over a long period of operation (1958-2023), including the results obtained at the Laboratory of Hydrogeology of Sedimentary Basins of Siberia, Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS, indicates the stability of the macrocomponent composition of groundwater. The results of many years’ hydrogeochemical monitoring of groundwaters from the Beregovoy-1 site, supplying water to most of the buildings in the higher district of Akademgorodok, and from the Zyryanka site from which water is supplied to the cottage area including Akademicheskaya and Zolotodolinskaya streets, as well as Kirov and Geologov settlements, are presented in the work. Water quality is assessed on the basis of actual sanitary rules and norms adopted in the Russian Federation, State Standards and the criteria currently applied abroad. The waters from these sites have hydrocarbonate magnesium-calcium composition with total salt content within the range of 200-400 mg/dm³, total hardness from 3.8 to 7.7 mg-equiv/dm³. A characteristic feature of water from the infiltration water intake of the Beregovoy-1 site is a high iron content (0.11-7.14 mg/dm³), which is 5-20 times higher than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC), and manganese concentration (0.12-0.61 mg/dm³), which exceeds the MPC by a factor of 8 during some years. Arsenic concentration is almost always slightly above the permissible level, and in particular years it exceeded the MPC by a factor of 2 and more. These features predetermine obligatory water treatment before supplying to the population. The waters of the Zyryanka site meet sanitary quality standards, with the exception of radon level, which can reach 130 Bq/dm³.

Gaseous products formed in the pyrolysis of samples composed of the tableted K (coking) and A (anthracite) coal microparticles under the action of pulse-periodic laser radiation (with the parameters: 532 nm, 10 ns, 6 Hz, 0.2-0.6 J/cm²) in the argon environment have been studied. It is shown that the concentration of gaseous products increases exponentially with an increase in the laser radiation energy density. Exceeding the critical radiation energy density values ( H _cr = 0.18 and 0.26 J/cm² for K and A coal ranks, respectively) leads to ablation of coal samples.

The samples of native and naturally oxidised brown coals from the Tisul deposit of the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin, as well as the components isolated from them (humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and residual coal (RC)) were studied using the method of analytical scanning electron microscopy, proximate and ultimate analysis. It has been found that oxidised brown coal is characterised by an increased yield of HA, FA and volatile substances, ash content, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur content, with lower concentrations of carbon and hydrogen in comparison with native coal. The HA fractions isolated from coal have a higher carbon content in comparison to FA fractions, but lower oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur content. Electron microscopic studies have shown that natural oxidation significantly affects the morphology of coal particles through their destruction, grinding, rounding and the formation of surface defects. Similar changes in morphology can be partially traced in the particles of HA, FA and RC powders isolated from the oxidized form of brown coal. The surface of oxidised brown coal is saturated with oxygen and enriched with mineral components, mainly consisting of Si, Ca, Fe and Al, in the form of a separate phase and inclusions in the organic mass of coal. For native coal, the content of these elements is significantly lower. The surface of HA, FA and RC powders contains mineral components inherited from original brown coal, as well as large NaCI crystals, which are a by-product of the alkaline extraction process. The RC surface has been determined to contain the increased content of silicon oxides and clay minerals, which are extracted from initial coals at the stages of HA and FA isolation only in insignificant amounts, thus being mainly deposited in RC. In general, the surface of coal derivatives (HA, FA and RC) obtained from oxidised raw materials is characterised by an increased content of oxygen and mineral components in comparison with the surface of native analogues.

The effect of bismuth telluride (Bi₂Te₃) nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on thermal destruction and surface morphology of their nanocomposites with polyaniline (PANI) at different nanophase contents (Bi₂Te₃ - 7.3 wt%, MWCNTs - 1.5 wt%), obtained for the first time using the mechanochemical approach, has been investigated. It is shown on the basis of the data obtained by synchronous thermal analysis and scanning tunnelling microscopy that the introduction of inorganic nanophase has a key effect on the thermal properties of the synthesised composites PANI-Bi₂Te₃ and PANI-Bi₂Te₃-MWCNTs, as well as on their structure. The thermal stability of nanocomposites and the initial polymeric matrix, assessed from the temperature of the onset of the second mass loss stage, is the same and equal to 166 °C.

Nanostructured Fе-Pt/С composites based on a carbon matrix with a filler content of 1 wt%, and the molar ratio of Pt/Fe components equal to 9 : 1 have been obtained by the joint reduction of aqueous solutions of the precursors (hydrogen hexachloroplatinate(IV) and iron(II) sulphate) with an alkaline solution of hydrazine hydrate at a temperature of 90-95 ° C. The carbon matrix was mainly a microporous carbon sorbent (CAK) synthesized by the high-temperature alkaline activation of anthracite from the Kuznetsk coal basin. The formation of the Fе-Pt filler nanophase at the initial stages of synthesis has been studied. For this purpose, along with the standard synthesis method (5 min), the syntheses with the interruption of the reaction at the initial stage (after 10 and 30 s) have been carried out by introducing a dilute HCl solution cooled to a temperature of 2 °C into the reaction medium. It has been found that, according to X-ray diffraction and sorbtometry data, the formation of finely dispersed filler nanoparticles decorating the matrix surface occurs within the first 10 s, while minimal blocking of the matrix pores is observed, and the highest electrical capacity characteristics for nanocomposites are recorded. It has been determined that with an increase in process duration, the filler particles become larger, which causes a decrease in the specific surface of nanostructured composites and, as a consequence, deterioration of the electrical capacitance properties. It is shown that the highest specific electrical capacitance (1.5-1.7 times higher than the capacity for a cell with electrodes made of CAK) was achieved in an asymmetric cell with a working nanocomposite Fе-Pt/C electrode obtained under the conditions of synthesis interruption after 10 s. The reasons for these considered effects are discussed

The effect of preliminary heat treatment of medium-temperature electrode pitches on the yield of carbonisate is investigated. The objects of investigation were electrode pitches: B-grade pitch (Altai-Koks JSC, Zarinsk), B1-grade pitch (Evraz ZSMK JSC, Novokuznetsk). The pitches were treated by heating with further thermostating at 300 °C for different time intervals. For medium-temperature pitches, the dependences of the yields of heat treatment products, the yield of volatile substances, softening temperature on process duration were determined. It has been found that an increase in the softening point value proceeds at a higher rate in the case of B-grade pitch treatment than for B1-grade pitch, which may be due to a more intense decrease in the yield of volatiles for B-grade pitch in comparison with B1-grade pitch. It has been shown that after the heat treatment of the pitches, the content of α-fraction (the substances insoluble in toluene) in the final product increases by 46.8 % in the pitches of both grades. The dependence of carbonisate yield on the duration of the heat treatment of the pitch has been determined. It is found that preliminary heat treatment of pitch at 300 °C for 5 h allows an increase in the yield of carbonisate by 5 %. It is shown for the first time that the yield of carbonisate for B1-grade electrode pitch is higher than for B-grade electrode pitch, which correlates with the higher content of α₁-fraction (the substances insoluble in quinoline) in the former. This dependence is also retained for heat treated pitches. For the first time, the dependence of the yield of volatile substances in carbonisates on the duration of heat treatment of pitches was established.

The results of chemical, proximate and petrographic analysis of coal samples at different coalification stages from various deposits in Russia and Mongolia are presented. Features of the molecular structure of the carbon framework in the organic matter were studied by the solid-phase ¹³C NMR spectroscopy using the cross polarization with magic angle spinning (CP/MAS). Significant differences in the structure of polycondensed aromatic nuclei were revealed, and the ratio between the pericondensed and catacondensed cycles depending on the degree of coalification was assessed. Correlation analysis has been carried out and the relationships between various chemical technological parameters of coals and the indicators of their molecular structure were established. The strongest relationships have been revealed between the aromaticity factor of coals, the fraction of carbon in pericondensed structures, the yield of volatile substances and the reflectance of vitrinite. The identified features of the molecular structure of the organic coal matter and the obtained regression dependences can serve as the physicochemical basis when selecting coals for obtaining polycondensed aromatic substances for the production of carbon materials.

Synchronous observations of the dynamics of wood and needle increment in young 22-year-old pine stands on former agricultural lands in Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe were conducted. It was found that overcrowded stands (the initial density of which was 40.7 thousand pcs./ha) reach the maximum wood increment at the age of 15 years, after which a steady decrease is observed. Stands with an initial density of 10.8 thousand trees/ha, as well as stands, the density of which as a result of thinning at the age of 8 years was reduced to 2.9 thousand trees/ha, demonstrate a continuing increase in wood increment throughout the observation period. At the same time, in the variant with thinning, stabilization and some decrease in the increment of needle mass are observed at the age of 18 years, while stands that have not undergone thinning, regardless of the initial density, retain a tendency to increase the increment of needle mass. The apparent paradox of a decrease in wood increment at a certain age with simultaneous preservation of the tendency to increase needle increment in densely densified young growth and a decrease in needle increment with simultaneous preservation of the tendency to increase wood increment in a stand undergoing thinning is explained by an increase in the efficiency of the assimilation apparatus under conditions of low competition for environmental resources. This fact is confirmed by special studies of the efficiency of needle photosynthesis in densely densified pine forests and tree stands where trees produce under conditions close to free growth. The results obtained may be useful in growing stands for various purposes.

The effect of anthropogenic impact (cutting of a «winter road» in 1984, in effect until 2002) on the radial growth dynamics of Gmelin larch trees ( Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.), growing in permafrost larch forest has been analyzed. It has been established, that after the construction of the winter road the tree ring widths of the trees within the anthropogenically disturbed area increased sharply and after several years reached the peak values (0.971-1.601) mm, while in the natural stand it remained at the level of 0.121 ± 0.003 mm. Measurements showed that at the end of August (2017) the seasonally thawing layers on the abandoned road site and on the forest edge site (119.1 ± 18.4 and 71.9 ± 6.8 cm) were significantly larger than that in the natural stand (54.8 ± 5.8 cm). I.e., in the latter the temperature of the seasonally thawing layer increased faster and took on higher values. Using sliding climatic response functions of the radial increment indices, we revealed that anthropogenic impact modified the response of the trees to the influence of climatic factors. They manifested an earlier, in comparison with the natural stand, reaction of trees to spring-early summer air temperatures that show an earlier start of growth of the annual ring. We revealed also longer (end of May - end of June) dependence of the trees growing on the forest edge to precipitation compared to the native forest (end of May - beginning of June). We concluded that the modifications of the climatic response and a sharp increase of radial increment were due to the improvement of hydrothermal growth conditions in the anthropogenically disturbed area. Using extrapolation of the radial growth curves to future period of time, we can come to recognize that after finishing exploitation of the road in 2002, hydrothermal soil conditions and tree ring values in the anthropogenically modified forest sites will «return» to the background state in about 30 years, which is similar to post-pyrogenic restoration. Taking into account post-anthropogenic long-term effect manifested in improving the hydrothermal growth conditions, reducing the thickness of the organic layer and the formation of larger radial growth increments, the estimations of carbon balance in boreal forests growing on permafrost soils will make a significant improvement.

Forest fires occur annually on the territory of the Central Siberian subtaiga-forest-steppe region. During the five-year period from 2018 to 2022, 1303 fires were registered. The areas covered by forest fires during this period amounted to 87.5 thousand hectares. The article presents calculations of greenhouse gas emissions from fires in forest area plantations for the period under review. The volume of emissions from forest fires is determined by the intensity of burning and weather conditions. Using the data obtained on the amount of combustible forest materials burned in a fire, the mass of greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O) released during combustion was calculated, depending on the type of planting and weather conditions affecting the drying of combustible materials using generally accepted methods. It was revealed that greenhouse gas emissions range from 13.5 thousand tons to 804 thousand tons annually during fires in plantations of the Central Siberian subtaiga-forest-steppe region. Over the five-year period under review, according to estimates, more than 1.2 million tons were released during forest fires. greenhouse gases, with a predominance of CO - CO₂. The largest share of emissions from fires (more than 95 %) falls on the spring fire season. The variability of the self-purification coefficient of the atmosphere varies significantly by periods of the fire season. It was revealed that favorable conditions for the dispersion of emissions from forest fires in the territory of the Central Siberian subtaiga-forest-steppe region develop in the spring period, when the largest number of windy days is recorded.

The article highlights the results of a paleobotanical study of peat deposits in the basin of the middle reaches of the river Kotuy (Northern Evenkia). The macro-remains of fossil plants became the basic material for the study. Based on the change in the species composition of fossil objects and radiocarbon dating by ¹⁴C, the dynamics of the phytocenotic structure of changes in the structure of forest formations from 6000 years ago to the present is reconstructed. A quantitative assessment of their climatic conditionality is given. At the beginning of the period under consideration, because of warming and increasing humidity, the biodiversity of the vegetation cover increases and the formation of mixed forests (Siberian spruce ( Picea obovata Ledeb.), Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.)) is formed. With an increase in the continentality of the climate and cooling, biodiversity decreases, and the sparse larch (Gmelin larch ( Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.))becomes the dominant formation. The dynamics of the boundaries of the ranges of Siberian larch ( Larix sibirica Ledeb.), Gmelin larch, Siberian dwarf pine ( Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel.) at the boundary of the climatic optimum and in the late Holocene was established.

Siberian stone pine ( Pinus sibirica Du Tour) has three ecological forms, determined by the conditions of renewal and formation of forest stands: renewal of fresh burnt areas, renewal under the canopy of deciduous trees and the formation of the Siberian stone pine undergrowth under the canopy of light coniferous species, but not reaching the top canopy. The first two forms of renewal are observed in ecotopes corresponding to the growing conditions of the Siberian stone pine, but the scenarios for the formation of the forests are different. The study was carried out in two types of forest conditions: the Western Sayan district of mountain-taiga and subgoltsy-taiga Siberian stone pine forests Abaza forestry district) and the South Khakass district of mountain-taiga dark coniferous forests (Maturskoe and Kop’evskoe forestry district). In Abaza forestry, the average periodicity of fruiting of the Siberian stone pine stands was 5 years, and in the Kuznetsk Alatau - 3 years. Fruiting of the Siberian stone pine is a predictable phenomenon, but the spread and germination of the Siberian stone pine seeds are complex processes associated with zoochoric distribution and the powerful influence of the trophic factor of nut consumers. According to the radial growth of trees, determined from stumps in cutting areas (forest health felling) of the Abaza forestry, Siberian stone pine forests are of pyrogenic origin, have good growth throughout life and dry out without loss of growth. In the modern history of forestry, outbreak activity of root pathogens occurs for the first time. The forecast for the regeneration of drying Siberian stone pine forests in the mid-mountain part of the Western Sayan is positive. In Kuznetsk Alatau, the Siberian stone pine regrowth is insufficient and reforestation in large grass forest types is possible only with a change in species. The cutting of the tree stand, as well as its drying out with the subsequent growth of the grass stand, contributes to an increase in the population density of consumers of the Siberian stone pine nuts and, accordingly, excludes the regeneration of the trees. Preservation of undergrowth in clearings 30 years ago has yielded positive results in the formation of fruit-bearing Siberian stone pine forests. The organization of nut fishing zones with a ban on Siberian stone pine logging and its subsequent drying out led to economic losses of valuable wood and a by-product resource during the lifetime use of the Siberian stone pine stands.

Emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)) is an aggressive East Asian invader that has destroyed millions of ash ( Fraxinus L.) trees in North America and Eastern Europe. Researches and practitioners are concerned about ongoing westward distribution of the species into Central Europe. In addition to that, the invasion of this buprestid to Siberia is also not ruled out bearing in mind suitable climatic conditions, particularly on the south, and the presence its favorable host plant, the green ash ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall). In 2024, the pest has been detected in Barnaul, the administrative center of Altai Krai. By August, the beetle destroyed almost 30 % of ash trees in the city and only 8 % of trees looked healthy. Based on the ratio of larval instars, the pest develops two years per generation in Barnaul. No parasitized larvae of A. planipennis was documented in Barnaul suggesting that the parasitoid, the braconid Spathius polonicus Niezabitowski, which controls this buprestid in Europe, either has not yet appeared in Siberia or remains at a low, undetectable, density. The prospects of introduction of the East Asian parasitoid Spahius galinae Belokobylskij et Strazanac (the most effective biocontrol agent of A. planipennis at its primary range) and the Manchurian ash ( F. mandshurica Rupr.) (the resistant host) to the secondary pest range are emphasized.

The results of the influence of crown density of the ash-leaved maple ( Acer negundo L.) population on the formation of forest phytocenosis litter are presented. The objects of the study were forest floors formed under natural stands of ash maple on the territory of abandoned arable land within the city of Kemerovo. The vegetation cover was described, the dominant plant species and their general projective cover were determined. Analytical samples of the samples were dried to an air-dry state, weighed to determine the proportion of each plant fraction (leaves, grass, branches) and litter reserves per absolutely dry mass were determined. From the litter samples, taking into account the A0L and A0F horizons, selected from the ash maple plantations at each site, an average sample was prepared, in which the ash content was determined by dry ashing in a muffle furnace at 400-500 °C according to GOST 24027.2-80 and the nitrogen content was determined by the method Kjeldahl. It was revealed that the formation of the litter of forest phytocenoses is influenced by the density of the crowns of the ash maple population, as well as the content of mineral and organic compounds of plant litter. The predominant composition of the litter in phytocenoses was a fermentation layer of incompletely decomposed, morphologically identifiable plant residues with an increase in nitrogen and ash content in comparison with the overlying layer. In the under-crown space of the ash-leaved maple, plant remains were arranged according to the content of chemical compounds in descending order: leaves ˃ branches ˃ grass. Trees in open stands had the most intense mineralization of litter, probably due to a higher accumulation of phytomass and chemical compounds compared to trees of other studied groups. The results of the study can be used to monitor natural ecosystems.

Rational forest management, which ensures the stability of the post-harvest state of stands and the direction of forest formation processes in the formation of forest phytocenoses of a new generation, largely depends on the methods of exploitation of forest stands. For each section of the forest fund allocated for logging, it is necessary to select the optimal combination of logging method, the complex of logging machines and the technological scheme of their application. The main criteria determining the choice of optimal logging techniques and logging equipment are three groups of factors, characterizing both the stand as a whole and the conditions of its growth (natural geographical factors), as well as silvicultural and environmental indicators of the impact of logging operations on the forest and the forest environment (technical and technological factors) and, functional and regulatory restrictions and requirements for wood harvesting (regulatory factors). The first group of factors influencing the choice of logging methods and cutting technology includes: the purpose of forests, the age structure of stands, the completeness of planting, the presence of natural regeneration, the steepness of the slope, the logging season, humidity and soil freezing. The second group of factors characterizes the indicators of the impact of equipment and technology of logging operations on the safety of the main components of the forest - stand, undergrowth and soil. The third group of factors is the silvicultural restrictions imposed on timber harvesting, including the permissible effects of forest exploitation on all components of the stand and the forest environment. Therefore, the optimization of wood harvesting techniques directly depends on the correct choice of logging methods and cutting technology in relation to the main forest formations of the Far East.

Plant litter is a connecting flux between plants and soil, and the rate of soil organic matter accumulation depends on its decomposition. Despite the abundance of data on the mass of litterfall in Russian pine forests, generalized assessments of the influence of growing conditions on this process are rare. Approximately constant rate of organic matter flux from tree plants on forest floor surface was detected base on 5 years of observation (during 2017-2022) that can rarely be disturbed due to significant litterfall of branches during winter. The tree litterfall influx in pine forest of Lichen type was 233.4 g/m² per year, in bilberry type pine forest - 206.1, and in Sphagnosa type pine forest - 109.6 g/m² per year much of that (66-72 %) formed from May to October. In relatively clear on composition pine forests pine needle produce 48-62 % from total litterfall. Branches (predominantly pine) and pine bark has a significant input that reach to 12-16 % and 12-14 % from tree litterfall, respectively. Growing conditions influence the share of birch ( Betula L.) eaves, pine needle and cones in total mass of litterfall. Obtained data can be used to assess the cycle of matter and carbon in the pine forests of the northern taiga zone.

The experience of creating and studying Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) provenances shows that there is a connection between the success of growing trees and their geographical origin. Some of them are capable of surpassing local ones in terms of productivity, yield and other features. To select successful climatypes, it is important consider their sustainability to various unfavorable environmental factors, including fungal diseases. The most dangerous pine disease is annosum root rot ( Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.). The studies were carried out in Scots pine provenance trials of the Orekhovo-Zuevsky forestry district (east part of Moscow region) in the period from 2016 to 2023. The current health and phytopathological state of 38 climatypes, as well as adjacent pine stands of local origin, have been assessed. A complex of 12 species of fungi associated with pine have been identified. H. annosum causes the greatest damage. Numerous pockets of dead trees associated with the development of this pathogen have been identified in the areas. The proportion of dieback trees in different origin pine stands is not the same: 22 climatypes are superior to forest stands of local origin. Most climatypes from the northwestern and western regions relative to the control (Lithuania, Estonia, Brest region of Belarus), as well as some from neighboring regions (Smolensk, Bryansk, Ryazan regions) are more successful. Almost all unfavorable climatypes originate from regions located east of the test plot (Kostroma, Samara, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk regions). Pine stands originated from Udmurtia, Bashkortostan, Omsk region and Yakutia are characterized by a successful state, despite their origin from the regions, very remote from the trial location.

The genus Carex L. (family Cyperaceae Juss.) ranks among the largest genera in both Russian and global flora. Over the past two decades, the application of molecular genetic methods has significantly transformed our understanding of the genus’s phylogeny. Initial studies revealed that the tribe Cariceae constitutes a natural group, while the genus Carex is paraphyletic in relation to all genera within the tribe. Therefore, an international consortium of caricologists has proposed a substantial revision of the classification of Carex. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the history of molecular phylogenetic studies on the genus Carex. We focus on our analysis conducted during a monographic study of the genetic diversity within the most complex species complexes of the genus, particularly those prevalent in Siberia and the Far East of Russia. Additionally, we discuss the selection of universal molecular genetic markers aimed at reconstructing the phylogeny of Siberian Carex species.

The article presents the results of macro- and micromorphological study of fruits of 41 taxa (40 species and two varieties) of the genus Geranium L. from three subgenera and 12 sections. The shape, size, surface of the pericarp, and structural features of the exocarp cells were studied. For the species G. laetum Ledeb., G. pseudosibiricum J. Mayer, G. asiaticum Serg., G. albiflorum Ledeb., G. malyschevii Troshkina, G. affine Ledeb., G. sergievskajae (Peschkova) Troshkina, G. transbaicalicum Serg., G. turczaninovii (Serg.) Troshkina, G. popovii (Tzvelev) Tzvelev, the structural features of the fruit were studied using SEM for the first time. The species G. rotundifolium is preliminarily excluded from the section Batrachioides and, accordingly, the subgenus Robertium and transferred to the section Geranium of the subgenus Geranium. It is shown that the morphology of the fruit and the mechanism of its dehiscence can be used to separate taxa at the level of genus and subgenus; the shape of the mericarp, the features of the sculpture of the pericarp surface - at the level of section, subsection and species.

Data on yellow-green algae (Xanthophyta) from reservoirs and watercourses of the Azas State Nature Reserve has been processed and summarized. Lake Azas is located in the Todzhen basin of the Republic of Tyva, where representatives of this department currently count 10 species of algae. For the first time, 6 species are listed for water bodies of Tyva. Five species have been noted that have a limited distribution in Russia. Based on original and literary data, to date, 36 species have been identified in the water bodies of the Republic, represented by 39 species and infraspecific taxa from the Xanthophyta department, belonging to 7 families and 11 genera. The results of an analysis of data on the ecology and geographic distribution of representatives of this department are presented, and information is provided in relation to halicity, the active reaction of water, and saprobity.

In this article we present the results of the study of littoral diatom complexes of Lake Shunet (Republic of Khakassia), which belongs to the drainless meromictic lakes of the arid zone. There are results of complex hydrobiological research on this water body, but the floristic component is not sufficiently studied, so an inventory of taxa is important for replenishing information about the diatom flora of the lake. In samples collected in 2017-2020 in Lake Shunet, we identified 179 species (189 species and intraspecific taxa) of diatoms belonging to 16 orders, 35 families, and 71 genera. The most widely represented families are Bacillariaceae (30 species), Naviculaceae (18), Cymbellaceae (12), Eunotiaceae (10), Mastogloiaceae (9) and genera: Nitzschia (17 species), Navicula (13), Eunotia (10), Tryblionella (8), Gomphonema , Mastogloia , Pinnularia (7 species each). The minimum diversity of diatoms is typical for the plankton of the lake - 25 species and intraspecific taxa, with the dominance of cyanobacteria Planktolyngbya contorta (Lemmermann) Anagnostidis et Komárek. Benthos and periphyton have the same number of species and intra-species algal taxa - 123. Complexes of dominant taxa have the following composition in these communities: Ctenophora pulchella (Ralfs ex Kützing) D.M. Williams et Round, Cocconeis scutellum var. minutissima Grunow, C . euglypta Ehrenberg, C . placentula Ehrenberg, Haslea spicula (Hickie) Bukhtiyarova, Navicula salinarum Grunow, Pleurosigma elongatum W. Smith, Brachysira aponina Kützing, Pseudostaurosira brevistriata (Grunow) D.M. Williams et Round, Surirella striatula Turpin. Diatom assemblages of the lake consist of freshwater, brackish-water and marine taxa, with a relatively high proportion of halophobes likely coming from the stream and deposited on the sediments.

Based on studies of the biota of macromycetes in the territory of the Kuzbass Botanical Garden, 53 species of larger fungi (macromycetes) were identified of higher fungi were identified. The identified species belonged to the divisions Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, 25 species being new records for the Kemerovo Region, and Inocybe salicis Kühner being reported for the first time in Asia. In terms of the number of species, basidiomycetes from the order Agaricales dominated. In the family spectrum, the leading position was occupied by Inocybaceae, Mycenaceae, Russulaceae, Agaricaceae. Among the genera, Inocybe (Fr.) Fr . and Mycena (Pers.) Roussel differed in species richness. In the ecological-trophic structure, the group of symbiotrophic fungi prevailed, the second position was occupied by the group of litter saprotrophs, and the third by humus saprotrophs, the remaining groups were represented by a small number of species. Analysis of ecotopic occurrence showed that most species are found in artificial plantings of the Botanical Garden.

The paper presents the results of a survey of tree plantings in the city of Bokhtar (Khatlon region of the Republic of Tajikistan). About 180 species of trees and shrubs currently used in urban landscaping. Most of them are deciduous trees. However, the main share of Bokhtar trees, which retain decorative qualities for a long time, are evergreen coniferous plants from the genera Juniperus , Pinus , Cupressus , and Thuja . Most of deciduous trees have high decorative qualities, but they are less stable in local climate. These ones create a variety of urban landscapes, but they are more demanding on growing conditions and agricultural techniques, so the areas occupied by these species are much smaller. Exotic fruit trees such as Citrus and palm species need of additional care and protection and have limited use in landscaping of Bokhtar city. We carried out phenological observations, assessed the stability and decorativeness, and developed the assortment of woody plants recommended for landscaping of Bokhtar. It includes 39 promising species combined into 5 groups, in accordance with their biological characteristics and use in landscape design. Optimal propagation methods identified for the most valuable species. Seed propagation recommended for all species except Salix babylonica and Paulownia tomentosa . Vegetative propagation by cuttings of shoots recommended for 11 species of deciduous trees, for coniferous trees - only Thuja occidentalis . Recommendations on the use of trees and shrubs in Bokhtar landscaping take into account the features of the urban landscape, the architectural and planning solution of the landscaping site and its functional purpose. We recommend to plant groups of trees to create large-scale compositions in the architectural space, tall trees for central city streets landscaping, public gardens and parks. Conversely, in residential areas we recommend planting of low-growing trees as protective ones. Trees for boulevards landscaping and along highways must be resistant to exhaust fumes, temperature changes, low humidity and soil compaction.

The article is devoted to the 70th anniversary and 45th anniversary of scientific activity of Dmitry Nikolaevich Shaulo, a famous Russian florist, a tireless researcher of the mountains of southern Siberia, a specialist in the protection of the flora of Asian Russia, and the head of the Herbarium laboratory of the CSBG SB RAS

The article presents a brief overview of the results of the V International Youth Conference “Prospects of Development and Challenges of Modern Botany”, held at the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) and dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The conference was attended by 98 young scientists from scientific organizations of Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. A total of 6 plenary, 35 oral and 6 poster reports were presented.