Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2024 number 6

Contribution of carbonyl compounds into the generation of atmospheric organic aerosol in the presence of typical urban air pollutants is investigated. Aldehydes and ketones entering the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources are identified by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. Field measurements were carried out on the territory of Novosibirsk scientific center and in adjacent forest areas. It is shown that the transport of typical gaseous urban air pollutants (nitrogen oxides and ozone) into the air of forest areas and the transport of biogenic compounds (alkenes and aldehydes) to the urban territory cause sharp changes of the kinetics and mechanism of organic aerosol generation in comparison with the processes taking place in typical urban atmosphere. Thus, in the presence of ozone, the yield of aerosol products from formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and propanal photonucleation increases by a factor of 4-8, while for benzaldehyde and acrolein it exhibits 5- and 30-fold decrease, respectively. For aromatic substituted aldehydes and furfural, aerosol yield slightly increases (only up to 30 %). The results make it possible to carry out quantitative evaluation of the capacity of natural and anthropogenic sources of organic aerosol in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia and predict the biological effect of aerosol generated in the presence of various pollutants.

Dust aerosol from the areas of sandstorms is transported by air masses for thousands of kilometers, affecting the optical properties of the atmosphere, climate, and terrestrial natural objects. The northern Caspian region - the territories of Kalmykia, the Volga Delta, the Transcaspian lowlands and northwestern Kazakhstan - is a year-round source of dust aerosol. The increase in the level of aerosol pollution in the near-surface Moscow air, associated with long-range atmospheric transport of dust from the Caspian regions, is analyzed according to continuous observation data at the stations of the State Budgetary Institution Mosecomonitoring during 2011-2021. We have revealed eight months (about 6%) with episodes where the daily PM₁₀ concentration in Moscow was higher than the MPC. Their duration ranges from 3 to 10 days and on average does not exceed 9% of the total number of days per year. The maximal values of daily PM₁₀ concentration in the near-surface city air during such episodes are 2.7 ± 1.1 times higher than the corresponding monthly average ones. The months with episodes of long-range atmospheric dust transport to Moscow are characterized by increased air temperature by 1.9 ± 2.0 °C and reduced precipitation by 9 ± 13 mm on average relative to the corresponding norm values for Moscow.

Electrical processes in a wind-sand flux has been studied. According to synchronous measurements in a deserted area in the Astrakhan region, the density of saltation electric currents and currents caused by the transfer of charged dust aerosol particles at heights of 4 and 12 cm are received. The statistical characteristics of variations in the density and density moduli of these currents are calculated. It is shown that in a wind-sand flux in the height range from 4 to 12 cm, the density modules of saltation electric currents and currents caused by the transfer of dust aerosol decrease with height much more slowly (logarithmic gradients are -0.025 and -0.07 cm^-1) than the concentration of saltating particles (logarithmic gradient is -0.32 cm^-1). It is confirmed that the moduli of saltation electric current density correlate with each other and with wind speed in the surface air layer more closely than the current densities themselves. It is of great interest to study the influence of electrical processes in wind-sand flux on the dynamics of saltation.

Based on three years measurements, the dependence of the concentrations of cultivated microorganisms and total protein on meteorological parameters (wind direction and speed, solar radiation, temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative and absolute humidity) is studied. Sampling was carried out at the site of the FBRI State Scientific Center for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” of Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, with simultaneous recording of weather conditions. The concentration of total protein was determined by the fluorescence method of the protein binding reagent, and the concentration of cultivated microorganisms by standard cultural methods. Weather data came from a weather station located near the sampling site. Analysis of the data obtained shows that the concentrations of biological components in aerosol increase with the average temperature, absolute humidity, and illumination during sampling and decrease with an increase in the average relative humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure.

The first results of summer field observations of the microphysical characteristics of ultrafine aerosol particles in the near-surface layer of the atmosphere in the dry steppe zone of southern Russia in 2021 and 2022 are considered. Taking into account the synoptic and meteorological conditions, the daily changes in concentration and size distribution of ultrafine aerosols, as well as their short-term variability are studied. The constant presence of Aitken particles is established at any time of the day and under any meteorological conditions. Minimal concentrations of nucleation particles and Aitken particles are detected at night and in the early morning. The highest rate of generation of nucleation particles is typical for the morning hours, when photochemical processes are activated, thus causing the morning maxima of concentrations of nucleation and Aitken particles. During the night hours, an increase in the concentration of transient subfraction particles is observed. The features of the short-period variability of ultrafine aerosols in the dry steppe zone of southern Russia are discussed taking into account the general pattern of daily aerosol generation dynamics and subsequent particle growth in the atmosphere, as well as by comparing with the results of observations of ultrafine aerosols in some other regions of the world.

Infectious diseases affecting the respiratory system are currently a serious medical problem. One of the ways to increase the effectiveness of therapy for such diseases is targeted delivery of drugs. This approach requires the development of new methods for generating aerosols of drugs, with the help of which it is possible to obtain particles with sizes that allow them to penetrate into specified areas of the respiratory system. In this work, a method for generating dry aerosol particles based on ultrasonic spraying of a drug solution is proposed and implemented. Using the example of a solution of the medicinal antifungal substance fluconazole, it is shown that this method enables generating aerosol with a stable concentration and an average size of particles for more than 2 hours. The resulting aerosol has optimal inhalation parameters: size from 1 to 1.9 microns and count concentration of 70,000 ± 6500 cm^-3. The presented method makes it possible to further study the biological effect of aerosols of drugs.

A description of the designed automated complex is presented. The results of measurements of the content of species with different volatility in six particle size ranges from 0.3 to 5 μm with artificial heating from 25 °С to 100 and 200 °С are discussed. The particle concentration was recorded by an optical counter. The instrumentation complex was tested in the period 2021-2023 in separate series of round-the-clock observations in different seasons. It has been shown that variations in the relative content of soluble sulfur compounds according to the counter data are in good agreement with the variability of the values of the parameter of condensation activity. In general, we believe that the use of this method will make it possible to obtain additional information about the seasonal and diurnal variations in aerosol composition in the intermediate range of particle sizes.

The measurement complex including diffusion aerosol spectrometer, optical aerosol spectrometer, and aerosol mass concentration meter has been developed and manufactured at the Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS. Laboratory tests of the instruments included in the measurement complex were carried out using standard test systems. Comparison of measured particle size values with the data obtained by independent methods (transmission electron microscopy and measurement of particle sedimentation velocity) revealed their good agreement. It is demonstrated that the measuring complex is suitable for determining concentrations and sizes of aerosol particles within wide ranges with the real-time presentation of results both in laboratory and in situ experiments.

Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) is the predominant form of mercury in the atmosphere. As a result of deposition, it enters terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, where it is further transformed into the ecotoxicant methylmercury. The work is devoted to the study of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in atmospheric air and total mercury in atmospheric precipitation in the Southern Baikal region. Sampling was carried out at the monitoring station Listvyanka (51.9° N, 104.4° E) in 2022-2023. Mercury concentration in air was measured by mercury gas analyzer RA-915AM (St. Petersburg, Russia). The concentration of total mercury in precipitation was determined by PND F 14.1:2:4.271-2012, method A (permanganate mineralization). Statistical analysis of data on mercury content in atmospheric air and precipitation is performed. During the period under study, the concentration of GEM in atmospheric air averaged 1.61 ng/m³. The analysis showed that the pair correlation coefficient throughout the period under study was 0.47 between Hg⁰ and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and 0.44 between Hg⁰ and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). In 12 cases, a strong positive correlation (> 0.9) between Hg⁰, SO₂, and NO₂ was observed. For each episode of mercury concentration above 2.0 ng/m³, back trajectories of air masses were calculated using the HYSPLIT model. The trajectory analysis also confirmed our assumption of a common type of source for mercury and minor gas impurities. The weighted average content of total mercury in precipitation is 44 ng/L, the median value is 29 ng/L, and the maximum is 282 ng/L. We have supplemented the existing ideas about mercury content in the atmosphere of the Southern Baikal region. It was found that despite the significant distance from large cities, the mercury content in atmospheric precipitation on the shores of Lake Baikal is comparable to the results obtained in urban agglomerations of Nepal, Canada, Korea, and China.

This article attempts to analytically consider the resources and capabilities of IT services and financial technologies for the needs and requirements of individual investment in a new political reality. It is indicated that digital tools can serve as an important resource for individual investment, taking into account the peculiarities of the new conditions. The problem of individual investment has been considered in numerous academic papers, but this article is an attempt at a first - of-its-kind study that actualizes this economic and financial practice in a specific analytical perspective of the new reality. According to the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that digital resources (IT services and Fintech), primarily on mobile devices, can serve as a significant component optimizing the effectiveness of investment projects and individual investment as a longterm economic project.

Recently, behavioral operations research researchers have experienced increased interest in models based on causal inference, and the authors note a dearth of observational studies in national real estate markets. The present study fills this gap. His research hypotheses concern the benefits of incorporating behavioral factors into models of decision-making systems and optimizing the instrumental policies of companies. The work has both scientific and applied significance. The novelty of the work lies in the use of advanced machine learning methods to estimate the conditional causal effect.

This article is devoted to mathematical modeling of the development of the main factors of production under the influence of investment speed. The issue of the influence of state, interstate and natural restrictions on economic growth is considered through an analysis of the relationship between factors of production. The article presents the concept of the resistance tensor of the economic environment, which allows us to take into account the impact of changes in economic policy on the development of factors of production. When constructing the resistance tensor, an attempt is made to reflect the influence on economic development of external and internal factors of the national economy, such as tax policy, competition and the banking system, customs legislation, sanctions, etc. An important point in the article is the equations connecting the rate of investment development and the rate of change in the main factors of production in an economic object. By analyzing this relationship, one can better understand the dynamics of economic development and the possible factors influencing it. The article also proposes a new system of economic growth equations, which uses the resistance tensor of the economic environment, similar to the vector Navier-Stokes equation. However, solving the nonlinear Navier-Stokes equation remains a difficult task, so it is proposed to use an approach with piecewise constant coefficients describing the state of the economic environment. This allows us to take into account non-stationary processes and the distribution of the rate of investment development. The work highlights the importance of mathematical modeling for understanding the development of the main factors of production in the national economy. Taking into account the impact of resistance from the economic environment helps to improve our understanding of the dynamics of economic growth and identify the factors that have the greatest impact on this process.

This article is devoted to the problem of determining the semantic content of balance sheet assets and the impact of this problem on the analysis of financial statements. Discussions on this issue began by Western and domestic balance specialists of the XIX-XX century and remain relevant at the present time. Ivan Romanovich Nikolaev, one of the few proponents of dynamic balance theory among Russian balance sheet specialists of the 20th century, paid special attention to the problem of determining assets. Representing the views of accounting realism, he defended the approach according to which an asset represents the amount of costs incurred, rather than the objective value of the property. In terms of analysis, his ideas prove the futility of calculating liquidity ratios in the event that an asset is recognized as a set of expenses that have not yet been written off.

Costs are the basis of any type of activity and are the factor that has a direct impact on the financial results of the organization. That is why organizations are urgent issues of implementation of methodological tools that would allow to reduce costs and ensure their rational distribution between individual responsibility centers. To identify cost reduction reserves, it is necessary to provide an effective management system using modern tools. CVP-analysis is such a tool, which provides an opportunity to take into account the impact of costs on the results of the enterprise’s activities and to evaluate alternative management decisions. The paper demonstrates the possibility of using CVP-analysis to manage costs and financial results in the health resort sector on the example of enterprises of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol. The necessity of application of CVP-analysis as an important tool in the management of economic stability is determined and the prerequisites for minimizing entrepreneurial risk are revealed. The relationship between costs, production volume and profit in the sanatorium-resort sphere is presented and substantiated, taking into account the current economy, namely the conditions of uncertainty and risk. The study of CVP analysis aims to identify the level of sales revenue at which the enterprise will cover fixed and variable costs to strengthen economic sustainability. Despite the fact that the CVP system does not solve all the problems of effective management, it is on the basis of the data of the classical CVP-analysis that it becomes possible to assess the risk by the indicators of financial strength reserve, sensitivity to changes in the coefficient of variable costs and the amount of fixed costs in the same way as it is offered by some methods of risk analysis. CVP-analysis capabilities allow to effectively manage costs, find the optimal ratio between fixed and variable costs, price and volume of production (services), effectively forecast and plan the company’s profit. Since the main indicator of the efficiency of the enterprise is the ratio of profit and costs, the management of the enterprise can make balanced managerial decisions to ensure high performance of operating activities and achieve the desired financial performance, using the methodology of CVP-analysis. All this allows the enterprise in conditions of uncertainty and risk to increase the potential of profit formation and, accordingly, to strengthen economic stability.

Economic factors often play a decisive role in the design of the urban environment, and the sociological features of human perception of the urban environment and its individual objects remain unaccounted for. The article examines the social stereotypes existing in the space of a modern megalopolis city on the example of Novosibirsk, and also provides recommendations on reducing the negative impact of social stereotypes in urban space. The results of the study can be used to adjust the image of the city, as well as to develop a number of urban planning programs and strategies.

The article presents arguments in favor of strengthening the relationship between the balance of the economy and economic security from the point of view of the prospects for the formation of rational macro- and mesoeconomic policies. Based on this, a conceptual framework for ensuring a balanced Russian economy based on inter-sectoral balance has been proposed. The development of appropriate management decisions should be based on a reasonable combination of state and market regulatory instruments, which, in turn, involves achieving a balance of economic interests of all economic entities. At the same time, the solution to pressing problems of economic growth in Russia is ensured in the context of the balanced development of industries and territories, as well as increasing the level of economic security. Such changes have an impact on the characteristics and composition of the management tools used, which expands the existing scientific ideas about balance, which acts as a condition for the sustainable, dynamic development of the Russian economy and strengthening its position in the global space.

Modern conditions for the functioning of modern enterprises require the formation of new methodological approaches to the development of anti-crisis strategies that take into account industry specifics. In addition, the optimality of the anti-crisis strategy depends on the choice of strategic tools that allow you to identify key factors and trends that affect the enterprise at the current moment and in the long term. Therefore, it is necessary to initiate scientific research to form an optimal set of strategic tools for developing an anti-crisis strategy, taking into account industry specifics. The purpose of the study is to develop recommendations for choosing the optimal anti-crisis strategy for a food industry enterprise based on the choice of the optimal combination of strategic analysis methods used in the development of anti-crisis strategies. The research methods are: comparative analysis, statistical analysis, PESTLE analysis, BCG matrix (matrix of the Boston Consulting Group), Thompson-Strickland matrix. The result of the study is recommendations on the choice of an anti-crisis strategy for the enterprise LLC “Amadeus”. The authors conclude that the use of PEST-analysis in combination with the BCG matrix gives a synergistic effect, allowing you to choose the optimal anti-crisis strategy for a food industry enterprise.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the opportunities of direct interaction between companies with consumers in conditions of changes using D2C business model, to help trading organizations extract benefits from D2C model, to achieve a competitive advantage and satisfying customer needs. In recent years, D2C model has become more and more popular within the development of digital technologies and online sales. The tasks of this article are to investigate the main advantages of the D2C model, such as increasing the profitability of the company due to the lack of intermediaries and the possibility of managing prices for its products, creating its own brand and image by improving recognition and creating unique experience for their customers, scaling business by attracting new customers, the introduction of new products and innovations that allow you to quickly respond to changes in consumer demand, it is better to adapt to the requirements of the market and be more flexible in their business solutions. The article will also consider possible risks and the methods of their leveling are proposed. Trade companies that manage to effectively integrate D2C model into their business successfully interact with the consumer, improve the quality of their products based on the collected customer feedback. However, in conditions of changes that directly affect consumer needs, increase in competition and the need to build long-term relations, force trading companies to encounter challenges when introducing D2C model. The article will open up the problems and methods of solving them for the trading companies effective adaptation to any changes in the market. The object of research are different tools used for the effective implementation of D2C model in modern trading organizations. The subject of the study is the relationship between company and the consumer during the implementation of D2C strategy. The research methodology is based on objective trends, significant connections and dependencies. Key results are reduced to the analysis of the effectiveness of methods for the successful implementation of D2C strategy of a trading company. The conclusion declares the general conclusion that companies using D2C model have huge potential for development in Russia, and with competent strategic planning, competitive advantages increase significantly.

The spatial divergence of climatic changes necessitates the creation of predictive models of the state of vegetation cover. Our proposed solution for spatial modeling of the biological productivity of natural ecosystems creates the basis for further quantitative assessment of the potential absorption of CO₂, which is currently considered one of the most urgent environmental issues. In the proposed work, using the methods of geo-analysis of growing conditions, an original technology for modeling the potential spread of biocenoses and their productivity has been developed, reflecting the internal attractor of the development of biocenoses under the influence of local hydrological and climatic conditions of their growth. The methodology was implemented for the territory of the south-east of Western Siberia within the framework of the publicly available GIS Saga based on a digital terrain model and data from the WorldClim 2.0 climate reanalysis. To forecast data for the period of the third decade of the XXI century, V. V. Paromov’s regional climate forecast was used on the basis of an adaptive model - the exponential smoothing method. Verification of the simulation results was carried out on the basis of the database “Productivity of ecosystems of Northern Eurasia”. As a result, spatially distributed data were obtained in the form of rasters with high spatial resolution for the average long-term potential bioproductivity according to reanalysis data for the period 1970-2000 and predicted data for the period 2021-2030. Both positive and negative trends of potential bioproductivity for various natural zones of the south-east of Western Siberia have been revealed, due to the spatial divergence of changes in heat and energy resources and precipitation over the territory. In general, the observed warming in sufficiently drained areas contributes to an increase, and in hydro-morphic to a decrease in the biological productivity of agro and biocenoses.

In 2010-2023 the dynamics of population numbers and changes in the share of species in the community of small mammals (insectivores and rodents) inhabiting a slope larch forest in the vicinity of Magadan (Northern Coast of the Sea of Okhotsk) were traced. Сensuses of animals were carried out using trap-line methods, using Gero traps and cones. A total of 4.700 trap-days and 15.720 cone-days were worked. 3.384 individuals of 9 species belonging to the families of shrews (Soricidae), squirrels (Sciuridae), mice (Muridae) and hamsters (Cricetidae) were caught. During the period under review, the relative abundance and the amplitude of its interannual fluctuations decreased in the populations of the equal-toothed shrew (Sorex isodon) and the red-gray vole (Craseomys rufocanus). The shares of the Laxmann’s shrew (S. caecutiens) and the East Asian wood mouse (Apodemus peninsulae) in the community increased by 2.6 and 2.5 times, respectively, while simultaneously decreasing in the equal-toothed shrew by 2.8 times and in the red-gray vole by 3 times. As a result, about 50 % of the individuals in the samples began to belong to the Laxmann’s shrew and about 30 % to the red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus). This, in turn, led to increased dominance (the Simpson index increased from 0.21 to 0.34), a decrease in evenness (the Pielou index decreased from 0.87 to 0.61) and a significant decrease in the species diversity of the small mammal community (the Shannon Index decreased from 1.7 to 1.3; t = 10.90, p < 0.001).

The content and distribution of fluorine in two soil catenas located in the basins of the Burla and Kulunda rivers on the territory of the Kulunda Plain was studied. The use of the catenas method made it possible to compare the content of fluorine in soils of different geochemical relief positions, in zonal and intrazonal soils. It is not just the presence of fluorine in soils that matters, but its concentration, which underlies the dual nature of his biological role - positive or negative, which requires the introduction of sanitary and hygienic standards for his content. In the studied soils, the total content of fluorine varies from 13.9 to 711.03 mg/kg, the water-soluble form varies from 0 to 34.65 mg/kg. It was found that in saline solonetzes developing in superaquatic landscapes, the content of total and water-soluble fluorine have, respectively, ecologically critical and unacceptable concentrations, therefore, the use of these soils in agricultural production is associated with the risk of accumulation of excess amounts of fluorine in the body of animals and humans.

Based on the computation of the coefficients of interspecific conjugacy of Brave, the modern structure of vegetation is established, represented by eight pleiades: forests with Abies sachalinensis; spruce forests with Picea ajanensis; thickets of Sasa senanensis (Franch. et Sav.) Rehder (Shikotan Island), ilm-maple forests with Acer ukurunduense Trautv. & C. A. Mey and Acer mayrii Schwer. (Kunashir Island), maple-oak forests with Acer mayrii Schwer. and Quercus crispula Blume (fr. Iturup); Juniperus sargentii (A. Henry) Takeda ex Nakai (Shikotan Island) thickets and communities with Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel (O. Iturup, Kunashir); alder-birch phytocenoses, reed-grass and coastal meadows, ruderal vegetation. The species diversity of plants is ensured by local species of East Asian origin. An amphipacific group is represented along the coastline, demonstrating the affinity of local species with the North American flora. The proportion of weeds increases on sites with violations. The indigenous phytocenoses are fir and spruce forests, as well as thickets of Pinus pumila and Juniperus sargentii in the mountains and on the rocks. Under the influence of unfavorable factors, indigenous groups are replaced by birch forests with Betula ermanii and secondary meadows, including ruderal-grass-grain cenoses; in places of felling and fires - bamboo forests with Sasa senanensis. According to preliminary estimates, the share of disturbed lands in Shikotan accounts for 40 % of the territory, of which 30 % is due to anthropogenic impact, and 10 % is due to natural factors. In Kunashir, these numbers are 16 and 17 %, respectively, in Iturup - 23 and 16 %. It is shown that despite the secondary nature of the Sasa senanensis thickets, these communities play a key role in preventing further degradation of natural complexes, soil erosion and the development of exogenous geological processes.

The outbreak prediction is one of crucial components of forest pest management. Weather plays substanial role in the leaf-eating insects outbreaks esteblishment. The weather-based prediction models in this field are numerous and more or less precise. We attempted create such model for Siberian moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetv.) - one of most harmful defoliator in southern taiga of Siberia. For territory of interest (southern taiga and hemiboreal forests of Tomsk Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Kray) the gradient boosting (XBGoost) model was created with accuracy 0,952. The temperatures of vegetation period 4th and 5th years before onset of outbreak are better predictors.

A geobotanical analysis of 160 steppe and ecotone plant communities with the participation of cereals in the north of the Lower Volga region (within the Saratov region) was carried out. The species diversity of apomictic cereals is significantly inferior to the diversity of their amphymictic relatives in the flora of the region and in the studied phytocenoses (24 apomictic and 109 amphymictic species in the flora; 17 and 34 species in the phytocenoses, respectively). At the same time, the dominants of the studied communities are equally represented by both amphymictic (14 species) and apomictic cereals (9 species). It was established that cereals with amphymictic mode of reproduction dominate in 64 phytocenoses, apomictic cereals dominate in 48 ones. The number of phytocenoses in which apomicts are codominants significantly exceeds the number of plant communities with amphymicts codominance (46 and 22, respectively). The studied plant communities are similar in species richness and evenness. The obtained data indicate successful competition between apomictic cereals and amphymicts and their significant contribution to the composition of steppe and ecotone phytocenoses in the northern Lower Volga region.

The analysis of modern scientific ideas has shown that there is no consensus on the definition of the energy of organic matter in ecosystems, and current methods need to be detailed. The article presents the results of the application of the method of component-by-component assessment of the amount of energy of the organic matter of the ecosystem using the energy approach. The methodology is the determination of energy indicators for pools of phytomass, mortmass and soils, as well as the study of the main energy sources involved in the formation of the ecosystem. The research was carried out on the first above-floodplain terrace of the right coast of the Ushayka River in the Tomsk region. The materials for testing the technique were obtained in the field on a scale at the level of landscape facies. In laboratory conditions, the energy potential was calculated by methods of determining the heat of combustion during direct combustion using a calorimeter for fractions of model wood, phytomass and mortmass. According to the results of the study, the main sources of energy for the ecosystem are the Sun and precipitation, which provide 3.357∙10⁹ J/m²/year. The total amount of energy of the organic matter of the ecosystem at the moment, representing its energy potential, is 1.523∙10¹³ J/ha, of which the energy potential of grass cover phytomass is 55.01∙10⁹ J/ha, common pine tree stands - 1.29∙10¹³ J/ha, mortmass - 43.058∙10⁹ J, soils - 6.754∙10¹² J. The results of the work carried out can be applied to agriculture, territorial zoning, monitoring, recreation, creation of special ecological zones.

Long-chain alkenones are produced exclusively by certain species of microalgae Isochrysidales of the order of haptophytes (Haptophyta). These are polyunsaturated methyl and ethyl ketones C35-C42 with 2-4 trans double bonds in the aliphatic chain. The length of the hydrocarbon chain and the degree of unsaturation of double bonds of a given class of lipids can vary depending on the environmental conditions of their producers. This class of substances is well preserved in the bottom sediments of seas and lakes, and therefore can serve as a paleo-indicator of climate change. Currently, studies are being actively conducted to identify the functional dependences of the composition of long-chain alkenones on the temperature and salinity of water in continental water bodies. In arid regions, saline drainless lakes sensitively react by changing the volume of water and its salinity to variations in the “precipitation-evaporation” balance, and, consequently, the sediments of such lakes are sources of information about climate humidity variations in the past. In this work, we analyzed the vertical profile of long-chain alkenones in the upper part of the bottom sediments of the Utichye-3 salt lake located in the steppe region of southern Siberia and compared it with changes in the surface level and salinity of the lake water recorded over a period of about 100 years. It has been shown that the content of long-chain alkenones in sediments can increase during periods of high salinity. Consequently, the composition of alkenones can be used to reconstruct changes in salinity from bottom sediments of drainless lakes, and therefore to reconstruct dry periods in the history of the climate of the steppe zone of southern Siberia.

The problem of differences in the rates of evolution among different species of animals and plants has been discussed very intensively in recent years, and, in connection with this, the question of whether the so-called molecular clock hypothesis is valid is acutely raised. We conducted a search for scientific papers providing median networks that include mitochondrial gene haplotypes for closely related boreal and Arctic (or dispersed through the Arctic) fish species. In all seven cases analyzed by us, in Arctic taxa or taxa that passed through the Arctic during their phylogeny, the rate of nucleotide substitutions was higher, and this difference, as it turned out, is statistically significant. Thus, the formation of new fish taxa in polar latitudes is accompanied by rapid evolution of mitochondrial DNA, which, apparently, is the manifestation of their adaptation to a new habitat. In addition, speciation in fish in the Arctic is usually accompanied by multiple chromosome fusions. Thus, both our and the literature data give new strong reasons to doubt the validity of the molecular clock hypothesis.

The paper presents information on the population parameters of black scorpionfish from different coastal regions of Crimea, its growth rate, as well as its nutritional spectrum. The modern food supply of scorpion fish from the south-eastern part differs from that in 1940-1950: in the Sevastopol region, scorpion fish mainly consume fish, and in the waters near Feodosia - crustaceans. The main changes in food items depending on the age of the Scorpaena porcus are associated with the components - decapods or fish. In the southeastern part of Crimea, small fish species predominate in the diet of scorpion fish, which affected the higher growth rate of the studied object. At the age of 6 years and older, the S.porcus in these waters consumes mainly decapods. In Sevastopol waters, the diet does not change significantly depending on age, so the fish component in the stomach of scorpion fish of older age groups allows it to grow faster. However, no significant differences in the growth rate of fish from the two areas were obtained. The data presented on the physical and chemical parameters of water, as well as the distribution of bottom macrophyte in the two main study areas, demonstrate small differences in the quality of the habitat and are satisfactory for the bottom predator studied. The average age of the scorpion fish from Karadag was 5.9 years, the most numerous age group was 4 years old, the average age of individuals from the water of Sevastopol area was 3.72 years, the most numerous age group was 3 years old. In the Sevastopol region, scorpion fish up to 5 years old are larger than in the Feodosia region, and from 6 years old - vice versa. Despite this, in most cases the condition factor of fish from the waters of southeastern Crimea was higher.

In order to obtain understanding of trematode diversity in the invasive mollusk Viviparus viviparus, the prevalence of larval trematode species (cercariae and metacercariae) in the Tura River near Tyumen, Western Siberia was investigated. A total of 53 snails with a shell height of 17-32 mm were studied. Three species of trematodes were found: cercaria Cercaria nigrospora (3.77 %), cercaria Neoacanthoparyphium echinatoides (5.56 %), metacercaria N. echinatoides (58.5 %, 47-279), non-encysted metacercaria Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (62.3 %, 2-69).

The study conducted with the use of the actornetwork theory (ANT) reveals the complex dynamics of the evolution and diffusion of knowledge in network structures, which has intensified with the emergence of digital technologies. Examining the relationship between evolutionary progress and the social dimension, the author shows how scientific dialogues and collaboration extend beyond the traditional disciplinary boundaries and help to create an environment in which innovation arises at the intersection of interdisciplinary interactions. As a conceptual framework, ANT allows to trace the complex interactions of human and nonhuman actors, reveal the nuances of the mechanisms through which knowledge networks are created, discussed and transformed. Through a number of examples covering fields from bioinformatics to ecology, the key role of technology in accelerating the “crosspollination” of ideas and methodologies over large, often disparate scientific areas is highlighted. Critical consideration of ANT in this context provides nuanced understandings of its capabilities and limitations in the fight against the complexities of contemporary scientific initiatives. An integrative theoretical framework is proposed that harmoniously combines ANT with systemic and critical realist perspectives. This study contributes to the theoretical and practical discourse on the evolution of scientific knowledge by emphasizing the central role of networks and digital technologies in shaping a more interrelated and dynamic scientific enterprise.

The article examines the key provisions of social empiricism, an approach to understanding the functioning and progress of science developed by M. Solomon. The ways to explain the emergence of consensus and disagreement in scientific communities proposed by Solomon are analysed. It is shown that adopting the position of social empiricism results in the need for a certain view both on the dynamics of the functioning of scientific communities and on the very nature of scientific knowledge.

"Narrative turn" is one of the main, along with linguistic, ontological, that occurred in the second half of the twentieth century. The consequence of the "narrative turn" was the application of the narrative approach in all areas of sociohumanitarian cognition, an expanded understanding of the narrative itself, and the impossibility of categorising narrative research. The variants of different understanding of narrative are conditioned, firstly, by the field of application: literary studies, history, sociology, psychology and others. Secondly, contentmethodological approaches: constructivist, naturalist, structuralist, poststructuralist, hermeneutic, etc. Thirdly, its application as one of the many methods of qualitative research, the main method, research principle or the recognition of the narrative paradigm. The application of a modernised version of the principle of «family resemblance» (Familienähnlichkeit, L. Wittgenstein) allows us to unite and structure the diversity of narrative research in a consistent way.

The article substantiates the expediency of identifying the geonomic form of motion of matter. It is shown that the geological form of motion of matter cannot be considered as a mode of existence for all envelopes of the planet Earth. It can perform this function only for inner envelopes. Unsolved problems of the concept of the geological form of motion are the ambiguity in the understanding of the material carrier and the lack of evidence of the structural relationship of the geological form of motion with the superior biological form. The geonomic form of motion of matter is the mode of existence of the inorganic nature of the Earth starting from the mineral up to the planet as a whole. Its identification meets all the requirements for identifying the forms of motion of matter. The Earth is considered as an integral selfgoverning system of all its envelopes including its core, mantle, earth crust, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. For the geonomic form of motion, a genetic and structural relationship is determined with its superior biological form of motion. The structural relationship is determined on the basis of the significant role of water in both inorganic and organic nature. The geonomic form of motion is one of the basic forms and, among them, occupies a place between the planetary and biological forms of motion. The geological and physicalgeographical forms of motion are part of the geonomic form at a lower hierarchical level. The material carrier of the geonomic form of motion is studied by the science called geonomy. The geonomic form of motion is its philosophical foundation. Geonomy is in the list of basic natural sciences along with physics, chemistry and biology.

The article deals with the history of the origin, growth and translation of scientific knowledge related to the fundamental aspects of selforganization in chemical systems, starting from the role of kinetic theories and ending with the use of modern technologies and research methods. The purpose of the work is to systematically substantiate the patterns of selforganization in chemistry. In addition, the basic principles and mechanisms of the synergistic approach to chemical research are identified and substantiated. A set of logically structured operations aimed at generating new scientific knowledge in the field of chemistry is proposed. It is shown that the synergetic approach opens up the possibility of obtaining knowledge that goes beyond the expected scientific result.

The article considers varieties of effective realism (ER) in the philosophy of physics. J. Ladyman and L. Lorenzetti propose to eliminate the problems faced by ER versions, improve them, and unify them through effective ontic structural realism (OSR). In our view, (effective) OSR contains important intuitions but is not a genuine realism. It shares with standard scientific realism the metaphysical assumption of the existence of an external world and representationalism. We propose an alternative: contextual realism (CR). CR asserts the categorical distinction between ideal norms and the reality in which they are anchored, the sensitivity of ontology to context and, consequently, rejects the modal realism of OSR. We establish a correspondence between effective OSR and CR, which rids OSR of speculative metaphysics. The structure corresponds to the Wittgensteinian rule/norm (Wrule). Real patterns are contextual entities identified by the Wittgensteinian rule within the language games of its applications. Scale relativity of ontology is a special case of ontology’s sensitivity to context. CR offers a better solution to the problems of theoretical relicts, theory change and pessimistic (meta)induction than either ERs or effective OSR do. Our interpretation of (effective) OSR in terms of CR is consistent with D. Wallace’s mathematicsfirst approach and some other new interpretations of OSR.

The article proposes the author’s concept of software components based on some key provisions of graph theory. The proposed concept is intended to аbstrаct the fundamental aspects of objectoriented programming (such as modules, classes, objects, aggregation, composition, inheritance, dependency and others) in order to adapt this paradigm to the needs of building a new generation of intelligent technology.

The second part of the article substantiates the possibility of the genesis of the general concept of number and natural numbers in the individual consciousness on the basis of innate ideas of Self and nonSelf and the ability for cognitive actions. The concepts of time and consciousness are taken as the primary concepts with which the genesis of the concept of number begins. To describe the temporal structure of consciousness, we use the model of fibered time defined on the basis of linear physical time, which was discussed in the first part (Philosophy of Science, 2015, No. 4 (67), pp. 48-69). The concepts of Self and nonSelf are defined as a single temporal cycle in consciousness. We also introduce the concepts of positive temporal one, negative temporal one and temporal zero.

The study focuses on the government science and technology policy, which is undergoing changes caused by social processes occurring under the influence of factors such as globalization and deglobalization. During periods of growth of the technological mode, the integration of the world takes place; during periods of its decline, accumulated contradictions in the social, political and economic spheres are realized, resulting in military confrontation. These phenomena are caused by the growth of alternative centers (cores) of technological development. Large countries are realizing their economic potential in the hightech sector, which is a consequence of the development of their state science and technology policy. Russia, with its capabilities in this area, is forming its own distinctive system of organizing science and technological development. This study aims at determining the essence of the processes of globalization and deglobalization of the world economy and revealing the internal mechanisms underlying them. We claim that socio-political philosophy is the leading direction in the study of global problems of the development of countries, their societies and world communities. It allows us to analyze the processes of globalization and deglobalization through integrating approaches from various scientific disciplines, which makes it possible to obtain generalized conclusions on this topic. The dominance of societies and countries depends on their commitment to technocratic ethics; the implementation of its principles is the goal of the scientific and technological policy of the state.

The study reconstructs the position of the philosophical school of Gaudiya Vedanta concerning the correlation between the knowledge of revelation and the knowledge of science. The nonbinary logic and stratification of reality, which are characteristic of Indian philosophy and especially Vedanta suggests the existence of a more complex position that goes beyond the dichotomy of modernism and traditionalism, i.e. rejection of the authority of knowledge of science or revelation. The presence of sacred and common levels of reality (paramarthika, vyavaharika) and knowledge (paramavidya and aparavidya) helps to reconstruct the combination of various models of the relationship between revelation and scientific knowledge. At the level of sacred knowledge, relations are manifested according to the model of independence or according to the model of conflict (the main process of Gaudiya Vedanta is internal transformation, and the object is the transcendental sound of revelation, not subject to doubt and empirical analysis); at the level of common reality, relations are manifested according to the model of dialogue through variable interpretation (issues of history, medicine, astronomy, biology, geography), but without denying the provisions of revelation, in contrast to liberal theology.

The popularity of the problem of gender has increased significantly in modern science. This interest was facilitated by the boost of gender issues in culture and society. However, available approaches to the study of the problem of gender are largely onesided, focusing either on the social or biological aspects of sex (gender). Borrowing ideas from the works of Russian philosophers (V.S. Solovyov, I.A. Ilyin, N.A. Berdyaev and V.V. Rozanov), the article presents an integrative approach. It is aimed at an interdisciplinary analysis of gender issues from a position that combines the results of research in biology, sociology, psychology, cultural studies and philosophy. Based on a comparative analysis, the research provides a juxtaposition of theories of sex and sexual love in philosophy and natural sciences and examines the main determinants of sex. It has been revealed that in nature and society, the determination of sex occurs by involving not only biological factors but also social and cognitive ones. The necessity of further maintenance of the “romantic” tradition in the understanding of the nature of sex and sexual love is emphasized.