Home – Home – Jornals – Chemistry for Sustainable Development 2024 number 3

The Qilian Shan (or Qilian Mountains), located on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, is an actively growing orogenic belt resulting from the far-field impact of the India-Eurasia collision. The northward penetration of the Indian Plate is responsible for intense crustal shortening in the Qilian Shan. However, the tectonic deformation pattern in response to the crustal shortening remains unclear. In this study, we present the regional seismicity, fault activity, and GPS crustal movement velocity field to characterize the active tectonic deformation of the Qilian Shan based on historical data over the past two decades. The results suggest that the western Qilian Shan is characterized by distributed north-south crustal shortening, while the eastern Qilian Shan is dominated by blocklike eastward extrusion of crust along major strike-slip faults coupled with clockwise rotation. North-south crustal shortening and east-west lateral extrusion, two deformation modes responding to the India-Eurasia convergence, match the crustal deformation in the Qilian Shan. The tectonic deformation of the western Qilian Shan is largely in agreement with the former, while the eastern Qilian Shan corresponds closely to the latter. Lower crustal flow beneath the central Tibetan Plateau provides the potential driving force to induce the eastward extrusion of crustal material out of the plateau and the growth of some boundary mountain ranges, such as the Qilian Shan.

Polymigmatites in the Early Proterozoic metamorphic complex of the Northern Ladoga area trace the evolution of thermodynamic conditions during anatexis. The P-T conditions inferred for anatectic leucosome correspond to the onset of partial melting under granulite facies conditions of 5.5-6.2 kbar and 720-810 °C. After the peak of metamorphism, pressure and temperature show a coupled decrease to 4 kbar and ~550 °C, respectively. The latest granitic veins were intruded into metamorphic rocks during an event of brittle deformation. The P-T trend correlates with changes in migmatitic mineral assemblages and in chemistry of minerals. Newly formed leucocratic material changed from plagiogranitic to granitic composition when melting involved plagiogneiss but melt derived from Al-rich metapelite remained granitic. The analyzed leucosomes and granitic veins originated by multistage melting, under P-T conditions changing from granulite to amphibolite facies, between 1875 and 1865 Ma. Judging by their ages, the leucosome and granitic vein bodies from the Lakhdenpokhia and Priozersky zones of the area differed in the total duration of crystallization. Therefore, a single thermal event involving different lithologies can produce intrusions of different ages.

We report study results of basic intrusive bodies in the middle Paleozoic Vilyui paleorift (eastern Siberian Platform). Geochemical data for basic sills penetrated by boreholes in the rift’s dike swarms are presented, as well as our data on the time of formation of sills and dikes. We also studied mineral-hosted melt inclusions from a dolerite dike of the Vilyui-Markha dike swarm on the northwestern flank of the Vilyui paleorift. Data on the compositions of homogenous glasses of mineral-hosted melt inclusions yielded the P-T parameters of mantle sources of basic melts responsible for the formation of the Vilyui paleorift gabbro-dolerites. Two depth levels of basic melt generation have been established: 95-65 km at 1480-1400 °C and 55-45 km at 1360-1320 °C. Crystallization of the melts occurred at a shallow depth of 12-4 km with a decrease in temperature from 1185 to 1125 °С. This occurrence of basic melt sources at two different depths, as well as the heterogeneity of the chemical composition of melt inclusions and their host minerals explains the presence of two pulses of Devonian basic magmatism. Our new numerical thermomechanical model of magma rise during melting of the lithospheric mantle above a mantle plume supports the existence of two chambers at the spinel-garnet peridotite boundary and under the base of the crust, as well as the two-stage nature of Devonian magmatism.

The study of minerals, melt inclusions, as well as natural glasses showed that two different melts contributed to the formation of ignimbrites of the Khangar Volcano. The first, providing the information on melt inclusions in plagioclase and quartz phenocrysts, represents the state of magma in a deep source. The other type of melt is responsible for the formation of glasses and microcrystals of feldspars in fiamme. Experimental and analytical studies of melt inclusions showed that crystallization of most plagioclase and quartz phenocrysts from ignimbrites of the Khangar Volcano occurred at temperatures of 840-960 °C and pressures up to 1.1 kbar, from the melt with water contents up to 3.23 wt.%, under the conditions of magma chamber. The presence of syngenetic primary melt and fluid inclusions in plagioclase and quartz phenocrysts from ignimbrites of the Khangar Volcano indicates phase separation (“boiling”) of the melt with mass formation of СО₂ microbubbles in magma. The other type of melt is secondary relative to the magmatic systems of the Khangar Volcano and is formed by sintering and melting of tuffogenic volcanoclastic material. This melt contributed to the formation of fiamme in the ignimbrites under consideration. Based on the study of glasses and microcrystals of feldspars in fiamme, it was found that crystallization of oligoclase occurred at temperatures of 770-840 °C in the melt between the spherules (with water content up to 2.91 wt.%). Sanidine crystals grew over spherules at lower temperatures, 680-760 °C.

Carbonaceous (shungite) rocks have high contents of trace elements, which can get to the environment through natural weathering. Shungite rocks are a group of Precambrian carbonaceous rocks of volcanic and sedimentary genesis in Karelia. In this work we present results of studying the mineral and geochemical compositions of shungite rocks at their outcrops on the shoreline of Lake Onega. The interaction of the Onega waters with shungite rocks led to: (1) the removal of most elements, except for K, Mn, Ba, and Mg, whose contents in the rocks increased; (2) the formation of an assemblage of secondary minerals, such as hematite, jarosite, goethite, chalcocite, anglesite, brookite, and Mn hydroxides. Based on the results obtained, we propose a model of the transformation of high-carbon (shungite) rocks by the Onega waters.

The objects of study were bitumens of sedimentary rocks and paraffin oils of the Middle Devonian-lower Frasnian terrigenous complex of the Timan-Pechora basin. We studied the composition of biomarker hydrocarbons and the carbon isotope composition of individual n-alkanes of bitumens from the cores of the wells of the Omra-Lyzha saddle. The results were compared with similar data on the composition of paraffin oils from the south of the Pechora-Kozhva megaswell. The generation potential and thermal maturity of organic matter were studied by the Rock-Eval pyrolysis method. The maturity of organic matter in the rocks of the studied complex in the Omra-Lyzha saddle and the Pechora-Kozhva megaswell corresponds to the oil window. Data on the carbon isotopy of n-alkanes and on the composition of biomarker hydrocarbons do not contradict the possible genetic relationship between paraffin oils and the organic matter of the host sedimentary complex. Both the studied paraffin oils and the rock bitumens contain early eluting rearranged hopanes atypical of oils of other petroliferous complexes and show high contents of n-alkanes relative to iso-alkanes and polycyclic biomarkers. The content of ¹³C tends to decrease with an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the n-alkane molecule in both oils and bitumen rocks.

This article presents a novel approach to addressing the challenges in permafrost monitoring through the integration of deep-learning techniques with conventional electromagnetic sounding methods. Our methodology comprises a forward finite element method (FEM) solver, augmented with the Sumudu transform, and an artificial neural network (ANN) solver trained on FEM-generated data. Remarkably, the ANN solver demonstrates similar accuracy to the FEM solver but operates at a superior speed that is nearly 10,000 times faster. Furthermore, we introduce an inverse problem solution drawing on the PARS algorithm. In addition, we present an ANN-based inverse solver, where the input and output roles are inverted. The ANN inverse solver is trained on the same data, thereby offering an alternative approach to solving the inverse problem. In a computational experiment, we compare the numerical inversion results using the PARS algorithm with those obtained from the ANN forward solver, ANN inversion, and a linear combination of these solutions. This comprehensive analysis sheds light on the effectiveness of our deep-learning-based approach in permafrost monitoring, providing insights for future applications in geophysics and environmental science.

We present the results of the study of the effect of induced magnetic polarization of clay beds under the influence of an external harmonic electromagnetic field (frequencies 70 and 875 kHz). A two-stage numerical modeling procedure is proposed. At the first stage we determine the effective relative magnetic permeability of a synthetic sample with inclusions of clay particles. In this case a 3D heterogeneous mesh sample is generated. Then we numerically model a spatial distribution of an electric field. The electromotive force (EMF) induced in the measuring coil is calculated from this distribution. Relative magnetic permeability is determined by comparison with EMF of homogeneous samples with different values of magnetic permeability. It has been found that during the electric field excitation by an alternating current coil, the effect of induced magnetic polarization appears in the sample with clay particles. Its manifestation is that the effective magnetic permeability becomes complex. At the second stage we calculate the EMF diagram of the three-coil logging probe in the macro-model ‘clay cap - reservoir’. Magnetic permeability of the clay cap is given by a complex value. In the generated logs, extremes appear in the vicinity of the bottom of the clay cap; they do not correspond to the distribution of electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability in the given model. They can be incorrectly interpreted when analyzing real logs into individual formations. Numerical modeling at all stages is performed by the Vector Finite Element Method on a consistent adaptive tetrahedral partition and the first-order Webb vector basis.

This work is devoted to the development of the engineering seismic monitoring method created in Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences (GS RAS). In previous years, the “method of standing waves” was created and put into practice. It helps to separate natural oscillation modes of buildings and other engineering structures. The natural oscillations of hundreds of various objects (buildings, bridges, dams, etc.) had been studied and identified. We assumed that the physical condition of studied constructions could be controlled during exploitation by measuring the changes of natural oscillation frequencies. That would help to identify the appearance of defects in constructions, to prevent the risk of their destruction. However, it turned out that not everything is that simple: changes in frequency values are logically affected by changes in the environment around the studied objects. This article provides examples of these relations, influence of changes in environmental temperature, mass of objects and precipitation on the frequencies of natural oscillations.

The operation of a two-level gas laser in schemes with single-sided and double-sided transverse diode pumping is investigated theoretically. If the reflection coefficient of the output mirror is not too small, analytical formulas are obtained that describe the operation of a two-level gas laser with single-sided and double-sided diode pumping and make it possible to determine any laser energy characteristics and to find optimal parameters of the working medium and pump radiation that are required for the most effective laser operation. It is shown that the generation efficiency of a two-level gas laser can be increased by 11-20% when switching from single-sided to double-sided pumping.

A coherent fiber-optic system for transmitting OFDM signals is considered. The spectrum of nonlinear phase noise arising in an optical fiber under nonlinear operating conditions of the optical path is investigated. It is shown that the spectrum of nonlinear phase noise consists of frequency components both at the fundamental frequency of the channel and at the combination frequencies falling within the band of OFDM channel signals. Estimation formulas are given for determining the noise immunity of channel signals by calculating the Q-factor depending on the transmission system parameters, in particular, on the number, modulation format (QPSK, M-QAM), and power of channel signals. An example of calculating the Q-factor for channel signals of the QPSK format is given. The need to limit the optical power level in the fiber is shown in order to achieve the required signal quality indicator; for example, when transmitting a multichannel signal over a 100-km fiber, it is necessary to limit the power level to 6.5, 7.4, and 8.8 dBm when using error correction methods FEC, HD-FEC, and SD-FEC, respectively

A solution to the direct ellipsometry problem is presented for a single-layer model consisting of an isotropic substrate and an anisotropic film in the case of the orientation of the optical axis of the film in the plane of incidence. Analytical expressions for calculating the ellipsometric parameters of such a structure are obtained. A simple numerical algorithm is proposed for determining the ordinary ( n_o ) and extraordinary ( n_e ) refractive indices of a bulk crystal under various measurement conditions. The inverse problem of determining n_o, n_e, and film thickness d when changing the azimuth of the optical axis is considered. The correlation of the required parameters for such a problem is discussed.

The question of the correctness of using a harmonic signal to simulate the operation of measuring phase systems, for example, adaptive optics systems that measure and correct turbulent distortions, is investigated. The time evolution of phase distortions for an optical wave as it propagates in a turbulent atmosphere is estimated. When analyzing the evolution of phase distortions in an optical wave caused by the action of turbulence, the ratio of the dispersions of the first and second derivatives is calculated for the increment of phase distortions over a certain time interval. The magnitude of this ratio is compared with the same value obtained in modeling temporary distortions when using a harmonic signal. When modeling the time evolution of phase distortions using harmonic signals, it is necessary to take into account not only the first derivative of this increment, but also, at a minimum, the second derivative.

Acousto-optic terahertz radiation deflectors based on an optically isotropic medium are characterized by a low number of resolved light spots. Substantial improvement of the deflector characteristics can be achieved by using a sectioned phased ultrasonic transducer. In this paper, an angular-frequency dependence for such a deflector is analytically obtained for the first time, and the position of the working point on it is specified taking into account the influence of the gap between the sections of the ultrasound transducer.

Methods and systems for generating hyperspectral data based on spectral scanning and without image scanning are considered. This is due to the transition in many practical problems from aerospace to “ground-based” hyperspectral imaging methods. Options for implementing spectrum separation devices, a key element of modern viewing hyperspectrometers, are presented. The main parameters and technical characteristics of absorption, interference, and liquid crystal filters are presented, and their fundamental capabilities are shown. The cross section of the filtered light beam and its angular aperture in such devices can be very large, which makes them suitable for studying objects of weak radiation. Tunable filters without mechanical movements of structural elements based on high-speed acousto-optical devices and planar Mach-Zehnder interferometers with electrostatic control are considered. Currently, their maximum spectral resolution is less than 1 nm for the visible and near-infrared ranges.

A speed comparison is made of various multi-stage procedures for localization of pulsed-point sources that reveal themselves by generating instantaneous pulses at random times. The results of the study confirm the high efficiency of the universal procedure for multi-stage localization of a uniformly distributed point source in cases where no additional a priori information about the power and possible location of the searched object within the search interval is available. A new quasi-optimal localization method that increases the search efficiency in the presence of a priori information about the distribution function and power of the searched source is proposed and justified.

In the process of conducting biomagnetic (magnetocardiographic) studies, it is necessary to take into account the spatial features of the input converter-heart structure: the depth of occurrence, location and orientation of the current dipole, and the geometric configuration of the input converter. The spatial spectral density of the source has a pronounced dependence on the depth of its occurrence. Various issues of derivation and analysis of the spatial frequency transformations of the input converter and its spatial filtering properties are considered in the present study.

The methods of bandwidth selection of the kernel functions of the regression estimation of the probability density of a one-dimensional random variable are investigated. Regression estimation of the probability density is a modification of the Rosenblatt-Parzen statistics and is used in processing of large-volume statistical data. Its synthesis is based on compression of the initial sample by means of decomposition of the range of values of the random variable. The elements of the resulting data array are the centers of the sampling intervals and the frequency of belonging of the values of the random variable chosen from the initial sample to them. This information is sufficient to estimate the probability density of the random variable in the form of a nonparametric regression. Therefore, it becomes possible to select the bandwidths of the kernel functions of the regression estimate from the condition of the minimum error of the desired probability density approximation. The traditional approach to optimizing nonparametric estimation of the probability density is based on minimizing its mean square deviation. The approximation properties of regression estimation of the probability density are analyzed when using the considered methods of its optimization.

Comparative results of a real flight experiment and a flight simulation of a small unmanned aerial vehicle are presented. A longitudinal motion control system is developed using a total energy approach. The outputs of the total energy controller are converted into control signals for deflecting the aircraft rudders in pitch and roll, as well as into an engine thrust command. The model of the aircraft motion is obtained in the form of tabular dependencies of the dimensionless coefficients of forces and moments on the angles of attack, slip, and elevon deflection. The total energy control method is tested for a small flying-wing-type aircraft. During the simulation process, two modes are used: capturing and maintaining the altitude and capturing the angle of inclination of the trajectory; in the flight experiment, the model of capturing and maintaining the altitude is used. The structure of the control system and the results of modeling and a real flight experiment are presented.

The problem of the control system design for electrohydraulic test benches for strength and life tests of aircraft structures is considered. It is proposed to use a control algorithm with iterative learning to improve the accuracy of the formation of a given cyclogram of force loading of mechanical structures. The results of numerical simulation of a test bench control system with iterative learning are presented, as well as the results of experimental testing of the proposed algorithm on a single-channel test bench. The results of modeling and experiments on the test bench show the possibility of increasing the accuracy of forming a given force loading cyclogram based on the proposed approach. The results obtained make it possible to automate the process of setting up regulators for electrohydraulic drives of strength test benches, as well as to speed up the process of carrying out endurance and static strength tests of aircraft structures.

Various issues of development of an algorithm for motion of the measuring module of an automated system for nondestructive quality testing of the soldered joints of the engine nozzle are discussed. The object of testing is identified as that with a complex geometric shape with flaws in the soldered joints of the test object formed during the manufacturing process. The defects studied in this paper are the “dry joint,” “partially dry joint,” and “cold lap.” The relevance of the development, as well as the problems of production and testing of engine nozzles, which do not allow the required defects to be identified at the early stages of manufacturing assembly units without destroying the integrity of the engine nozzle, are substantiated. The existing approaches are described in terms of the choice of methods and means for nondestructive testing of engine nozzles of complex geometric shapes; their advantages and disadvantages are identified. The existing problems in terms of automation of the pulse-echo and through-transmission methods of ultrasonic testing are analysed; the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed methods are identified. The main factors that reduce the probability of detecting defects are determined, namely, the instability of the acoustic contact between the transducer and the test object, as well as the deviation of the acoustic axis of the transducer from the normal to the surface of the test object. The requirements to the algorithm of motion of the measuring module of an automated nondestructive testing system with feedback based on the signal amplitude measured during scanning the signals from the structural elements of the internal structure of the engine nozzle are determined.

Introduction. In the conditions of the new world order, the urgent task of the state is to ensure not only technospheric (technological sovereignty), but also noospheric (ideological sovereignty) security. The noospheric university appears as a Russian conceptual “answer” to instrumental Western European educational analogues. The authors focus on the philosophical and general scientific foundations of the noospheric university as the main actor in spiritual production. Methodology. Methodologically, the analysis was carried out within the framework of systemic, synergetic and spheric approaches, allowing us to consider the paradigm of the noospheric university at three levels - things, properties and relations, to show the environmental nature of its “plan of content” through the prism of the synergetic structure of the surrounding reality. Discussion. Philosophical analysis allows to define the noospheric university as one of the currently important models of a post-non-classical university. The “noospheric” trend within Russian university education is outlined, demonstrating the relevance of the analyzed paradigm. The heuristics - the value and necessity - of the noospheric paradigm in the context of higher education and the fundamental cognitive contradiction between the “old” and “new” universities are revealed. The mission (formation of the super-complex consciousness), the dual goal and specific tasks of the noospheric university in the context of the transition of “biosphere and technosphere to noosphere” are defined. The system of its philosophy is substantiated within the framework of the universum concept and ideas about the all-human. The dual nature of the noouniversity is recorded through the dialectics of material/spiritual, material/ideal, real/virtual. The cognitive “equivalence” of subject and object in noospheric educational discourse is noted, and the essential system-forming relations are listed. The “signification” procedure is considered as central to the noospheric paradigm. The post-non-classical university is presented as a point of assembly of spheres, forming a noospheric worldview and a noospheric picture of the world. Conclusion. A comprehensive analysis of the concept of a noospheric university allows to state that its competitive advantages are a holistic vision of the world, the co-evolution of natural reason and artificial intelligence, an orientation towards noospheric understanding of a super-complex reality, and the acceptance of pan(all)-humanity as an ethological regulator.

Introduction. Sociological research shows that, compared with their teachers, modern students have a different set of basic values and different patterns of behavior. The gap in worldview and behavioral attitudes creates a number of problems in the educational process. In this regard, the concept of “generation” is becoming one of the central concepts in the modern philosophy of education. The necessity of a critical analysis of the theory of generations and its adoption by modern education is actualized. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is: the theory of generations by N. Howe and V. Strauss, the theory of intergenerational dynamics by V. Radaev, the method of comparative analysis of the concepts of “changeable fatality” in the works of A. Bergson and J .Ortega y Gasset. Discussion. The author has identified four main features of the theory of generations, ways of their application in the organization of education, the definition of its goals and objectives. The article shows that in the philosophy of education, the theory of generations and the philosophy of “changeable fatality” seems to be a methodologically effective complement. Conclusion. A comparative study of the theory of generations and the philosophy of “changeable fatality” shows the irreducibility of the intergenerational gap, and at the same time it demonstrates the blurring of the boundaries of “generation” as a unity of peers with the same set of values and behavioral stereotypes. Consequently, the prognostic application of the theory of generations and the philosophy of changeable fatality seems to be feasible in the field of education. Based on them preventive and correctional educational strategies will be subject to the law of “constant delay”. The methodological significance of the concept of “changeable fatality” for the philosophy of education and its limiting conditions are associated with the concept of “the main a priori of history” in the interpretation of J. Ortega y Gasset and the concept of “basic intuition” by A. Bergson. Overcoming the shortcomings inherent in both theories and developing more effective strategies in the field of modern education require interdisciplinary research in the field of age psychology, personality psychology and philosophy of education, as well as differentiated sociological research.

Introduction. In the last decade, the field of education has become one of the industries where digital technologies are widely used in order to improve the quality of education and control the educational and educational process. The use of digital tools allows creating predictive models based on the analysis of historical data and current trends, which contributes to more effective and accurate monitoring of the quality of education. This paper examines the impact of digital transformation on the monitoring system for assessing the quality of education, examines the possibility of predicting the future development of the education system and suggests methods and tools to continuously improve the educational and educational process. Attention is focused on the need to adapt existing approaches to assessing the quality of education to the new realities of the digital world, including the use of big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning and other innovative technologies. The research methodology includes the analysis of current scientific research and the use of modern data analysis methods to predict the development of a monitoring system for assessing the quality of education. The discussion of the article focuses on the impact of digital transformation on the processes of monitoring and evaluating the quality of education, as well as on possible ways to improve the monitoring system. The concepts of “digital transformation” and “quality of education” are analyzed, as well as the main aspects of the education quality monitoring system. In conclusion, it is concluded that forecasting the development of the monitoring system for assessing the quality of education in the context of digital transformation is of critical importance for improving the effectiveness of the educational process and maintaining a high level of educational standards.

Introduction. Analysis of the established discourse about the media space in relation to new educational guidelines in their interaction with the global world system reveals heuristic reserves for the dynamics of improving Internet communications and expanding ideas about the world as a new ontology of educational activity. Having identified the goal as the practical resolution of crisis trends in the field of public education, it is advisable to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the media space using the methodological principles of ontology, epistemology and axiology of educational activity. The methodology of theoretical research in the interpretation of the prolegomena of the media space is determined by intentional guidelines for their integration into the methodology of Chinese and Russian philosophy of education. Phenomenological approaches to finding the potential opportunities of the media space for new forms of educational practices are of decisive importance in the study. In the discussion, the prolegomena of the media space (media, media system, mass media, new media, communication, audience, cybersocialization, global worldview, media education, etc.) become the object of study, expanding its understanding to a global evolutionary interpretation as a single categorical space of educational reality. Other potentially containing concepts, concepts, and ideas for setting the goals of developing education, literacy and competence in the space of universal education are also considered. Conclusion. A single categorical space of educational reality, viewed through the prism of media space and media education as harmonious categories, actively integrated into the globalizing world and the philosophy of education of China and Russia. These events update a new understanding of the role and significance of a more in-depth development of ontology, epistemology and axiology of education. The presented methodological potential of the philosophy of education has a heuristic potential for the dialectics of the media space in relation to universal education.

Introduction. Considering learning as a complex process of interaction between various subjects in order to acquire knowledge, skills, and abilities, it is necessary to comprehend artificial intelligence as a generative educational technology. Generative artificial intelligence (neural networks) is a transitional stage from “narrowˮ artificial intelligence to “generalˮ artificial intelligence. Their impact on learning processes is the focus of scientific and social reflection within the framework of two problems: the complexity of developing methodological foundations and the need to develop a new didactics. The research methodology is based on the theoretical principles (traditional and progressive) of artificial intelligence research and its practical impact on the educational process as a new didactics and the possibility of artificial intelligence to become the “third” subject of educational interaction. Discussion. The leading thesis of most works is the understanding that for education generative artificial intelligence should be considered not only as a benefit, but also as an existential risk (limitation of the field of subjectivity of an individual). Considering the changes taking place in learning under the influence of the “directˮ integration of artificial intelligence applications (neural networks) into the content of learning (electronic tutor, digital consultant, etc.) means not only a new stage in the development of specific learning practices, but also a change in all components of the educational process. When discussing the problems that arise when using neural networks in learning, it becomes clear that a simple transfer of intuitive knowledge, systems and institutions of didactics of traditional learning to a new educational space will not be correct. At the same time, the lack of the right to make mistakes and the lack of knowledge about the “workˮ of “generalˮ artificial intelligence and the consequences of its application in educational interactions clearly require a rethink of the didactic foundations of learning as a process. Conclusion. The use of generative artificial intelligence in learning today is episodic, but its capabilities are expanding every day, influencing a person’s understanding of reality and himself. The phenomena of “destruction of responsibilityˮ that arise in this case, “moving into a comfort zoneˮ, mean a “blurringˮ of human subjectivity, especially in an educational environment, the consequences of which are not fully realized.

Introduction. The task is set to identify the possibilities of transformation and prospects for the development of methods for teaching artificial intelligence technologies in the context of digitalization of Russian society. This task is updated by the growing importance of artificial intelligence in all spheres of society. The rapid development of AI has led to the need to train a new generation of personnel with skills in the field of information technology. But the task of updating the content and methods of training future artificial intelligence technologies teachers has acquired the greatest importance. Methodology. Analysis of changes in methodology as a component of personnel training that fulfills one of the tasks of an educational institution, solved within the framework of an even larger task - the formation of conditions for the sustainable development of the country as a whole, involves the use of structural-functional and systemic approaches in the research process. Discussion. The work also presents an analysis of regulatory documents and training programs. A retrospective analysis of the content of the traditional training of future computer science teachers in the basics of artificial intelligence revealed a fairly strong lag behind what is in demand by society and the level of technology that is being implemented everywhere today, which makes it urgent to set the task of reforming both the content and methodological support. The analysis performed demonstrates the possibilities of modernizing the methodology for training future computer science teachers in the use of artificial intelligence technologies, which are embodied in the model developed by the authors for preparing future computer science teachers for teaching artificial intelligence. Conclusion. Testing of the model showed effectiveness in developing students’ skills in mastering technical information technology, as well as the ability to transfer their knowledge to students. The results of the study demonstrated the success of the attempt made in the study to solve the existing problem of updating the content and methodology of training future teachers.

Introduction. Socio-economic transformations in the society development and technological progress were the reason for the education deconstruction, which affected the humanitarian foundation of higher educational institutions. The human capital phenomenon has become a key resource that is more significant than natural capital or accumulated wealth. The practice of the world leading countries (China, the Republic of Korea, Great Britain, the USA, Sweden, Switzerland, etc.) clearly demonstrates that investing in the creation of a competitive human resource is the most effective government strategy, where the total share of human capital more than doubles exceeds produced and natural capital. In Russia, the thesis of focusing education on a person’s labor potential from the economic profit point of view is being updated. Methodology. A comparative analysis of reforming educational systems in Russia and abroad is used as a methodological basis, identifying paradoxes and problems associated with the human capital development. Discussion. The rationalism crisis with its unshakeable faith in the revolutionary component of technological progress characterized by the services production priority and dependence of professional stratification on the education level, leads to a thinning of the humanitarian foundation in higher education. In support of this thesis, the following are considered: achievements of technological progress through human capital in Germany; professional orientation of the French human capital model; human capital orientation to the labor market requirements in the UK; the Bologna process as an example of the economic concept of human capital formation in Russia. Conclusion. The orientation of higher education towards the values of economic-market standards of administration today has become the reason for the loss of identity and originality of national education systems in the global world.

Introduction. Trends in the development of society at the beginning of the 21st century. indicate the integrative nature of knowledge that shapes the consciousness of human society as a whole. The development of architectural and artistic integrated thinking, which allows us to understand complex historical processes, is becoming relevant. In order to draw attention to the value-knowledge and methodological resource of the disciplines of the aesthetic and projective cycle in the development of this type of thinking, an appropriate a methodology that is based on a set of theoretical and empirical approaches, including analysis of literature, a dialectical approach to historical and art reconstruction. The core of the study is the phenomenon of synthesis of plastic arts, in which the main link is architecture (architecture), which forms a comfortable and aestheticized spatial environment. Discussion. For many centuries, the role of architectural and artistic education in the development of integrated thinking has been decisive and undeniable. The information-digital and technological era provides great advantages (in speed and visualization of the logic of art and other processes and phenomena of reality). The novelty of the research is the presented project model and the implementation of the methodology for the development of integrated, architectural and artistic thinking. Within the framework of the set goals and objectives of the project, the interaction of painting and architecture was realized, which has a multifaceted, emotionally rich, aesthetic impact on a person. Conclusion. The analysis of the synthesis of arts through the prism of the concept of complementarity confirms that architectural and artistic space throughout the history of the development of human civilization continues to remain one of the main means of aesthetic transformation of reality and cultural progress. This, in turn, determines and confirms the need for a comprehensive, integrative approach in architectural and artistic education to realize the resource of the disciplines of the aesthetic and projective cycle, allowing the formation of integrated thinking in which the value, knowledge and methodological components are fused together.

Introduction. In order to study the problem of finding an effective means of foreign language training for students of non-linguistic areas in a professionally oriented context, modern means of the digital environment are used, as well as testing the effectiveness and versatility of new technologies. The research methodology is based on analytical methods of subjectivism in the interpretation of interactive video technology. The general scientific basis is a set of leading approaches: personal-activity-based, professionally oriented, competency-based and technological, from the standpoint of which learning will acquire a pronounced focus. The authors have developed and scientifically substantiated an educational technology for developing foreign language skills in professionally oriented communication based on interactive video technology. Interactive video technology is considered in the context of project activities to create a video as a virtual report at an English-language professionally oriented conference. The entire educational process is built around this didactic core. The content of this activity is described, including the preparation, selection and analysis of materials adequate for professional and communicative purposes; developing a script for your video fragment; choosing a method for implementing a video creation project; editing and dubbing video in a foreign language and uploading it to the digital educational environment as a video report for a conference. A definition of interactive video technology is given, which acts as a multimedia teaching tool, with the help of which video materials and tools of digital social resources are used to create an interactive educational environment and community space for the Dive into Science conference on the VKontakte social network. Discussion. Interactive video technology: 1) creates conditions for intensifying educational and cognitive activity and active communication, stimulates student interaction with the content and among themselves through interactivity and multimodality; 2) makes a tool for personal self-realization and development of the ability of foreign language professionally oriented communication of students based on the creation of videos. Conclusion. The results of approbation have proved the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed technology in the development of foreign language professionally oriented communication skills in a digital environment.

Introduction. Rhythmic gymnastics, within the framework of physical development, is characterized by complex coordination actions in the format of musical accompaniment and at the same time the spectacular effects of influencing the public with sports attributes (balls, ribbons, hoops, clubs, jump ropes, etc.). At all stages of preparation, this sport places high demands on the development of coordination of movements, flexibility, dexterity, concentration and other individual potential physical development of the subject. Taking into account that the requirements for rhythmic gymnastics competitions change regularly and have a strong tendency to introduce elements of increased complexity, accordingly, the search for creative methods of increasing the efficiency of the physical education process is being actualized in higher education. Considering that while receiving basic education it is impossible to increase the volume and intensity of physical activity, it is therefore important to help stimulate the need-motivational sphere of students in combination with an educational impact on the psycho-emotional background of students. In order to comprehensively improve motor abilities, there is a need to overcome the contradictions between the potential effectiveness of using elements of rhythmic gymnastics in the physical education of female university students and the lack of elaboration of pedagogical support in teaching this approach. Methodology. To achieve the goal, domestic works on organizing rhythmic gymnastics classes within the framework of physical education were studied, and an analysis was given of testing the elements of a technical and aesthetic sport. Discussion. The need to change the traditional methodology for organizing educational physical education classes using elements of rhythmic gymnastics is due to updating the quantity and quality of motor activity of girls aged 17-19 years. The author’s version proposes a program for the elective course “Fundamentals of rhythmic gymnastics in the format of aesthetically developing education.” Conclusion. A well-developed algorithm of pedagogical support in teaching rhythmic gymnastics is proposed, which, along with promoting the formation of a healthy image and lifestyle of students, along with the development of physical qualities, has an impact on increasing interest and motivation for innovative technical and aesthetic types of physical development.

The principles of creating a water-organic disinfectant emulsion (WODE) are described. The emulsion can be applied to various types of surfaces and form a film with a prolonged bacteriostatic/bactericidal effect. When applied to the surface under treatment in a dropwise manner, the composition based on polyacrylamide and special additives will form a durable film, which, in turn, will promote the provision for high sanitary and anti-epidemic measures. The film formed on the surface can be removed by wetting with water and subsequent wiping, which will not lead to the disruption of the general disinfection regime. The water-organic disinfectant emulsion is a composition based on polyacrylamide, a surfactant, polyalcohol (glycerol) and zinc/copper sulphate. The factors responsible for the uniformity of WODE film formation were studied. The criteria for improving rheological and technological properties (wettability, spreadability, moisture absorption) under environmental conditions have been determined. It has been established that higher spreadability and improved strength properties of water-soluble polymer films are achieved by adding surfactants (especially nonionic ones) and a polyalcohol to the composition. By modelling the abrasion process, the mechanical parameters of water-soluble polymer biocidal films were studied. The disinfectant effect of the developed aqueous-organic film-forming composition was studied with respect to the strains of microorganisms: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It is proven that the provision of bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties is explained not only by the introduction of copper sulphate or zinc sulphate into the biocide composition, but also by the inhibitory properties of polyacrylamides of various brands themselves. It has been established that polyacrylamide, despite the presence of carbon and nitrogen in its composition, is not an accessible source of nutrition for the cells of pathogenic microorganisms.

The results of studied on the use of ultrasound in catalyst synthesis and processing are summarised. It is demonstrated that exposure to ultrasound can regulate the textural and structural characteristics of catalysts by varying exposure time and the amplitude of ultrasonic radiation. Optimisation of the conditions of ultrasonic treatment of the catalysts is determined to provide improvement of their physicochemical properties. This allows achieving higher reagents conversion and selectivity of the formation of target products in various chemical reactions. Examples of ultrasound application from the viewpoint of following the green chemistry principles are considered. It is shown that ultrasound application in organic synthesis promotes improvement of chemical process characteristics and reduces reaction time.

The safety of administering aerosolised cephalosporin antibiotics is evaluated, relying on the results of histological examination of lungs after inhalation for different time intervals. Long-term inhalation is detected to cause no toxic effect on the lungs.

Tin(IV) oxide is a wide-gap semiconductor material that is widely used in photooxidation reactions of organic compounds. However, the relationship between energetic and photoelectrocatalytic properties in the oxidation of small organic molecules has not yet been sufficiently explored. In this work, a series of tin oxides were synthesized using hydrothermal, sol-gel, and template methods. Polystyrene spheres with a size of 250 nm, as well as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, were used as templates. X-Ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy methods were used to study the structure, surface composition, optical and energy characteristics. Using photoelectrochemical methods, the potentials of the conduction band and valence band were determined, and photocurrents in aqueous and aqueous-methanol solutions were studied depending on electrode polarization. It is shown that the preparation method (sol-gel or hydrothermal) does not affect the position of energy bands, while the use of a template during synthesis leads to an increase in the average pore diameter in the samples and an increase in photocurrent values in the presence of methanol. It has been established that for template-synthesized samples, the magnitude of photocurrents in a water-methanol mixture increases with an increase in the valence-band potential. The sample prepared by the hydrothermal method using a template showed the highest photocurrent values both in the background electrolyte (17.3 μA/cm²) and in the presence of methanol (26 μA/cm²), compared to the sample prepared without using a template in the electrolyte with the addition of methanol (7.6 μA/cm²) and without it (7.8 μA/cm²).

A comprehensive study of the hydrocarbon composition and physicochemical properties of by-products of oil refining and petrochemistry was carried out to search for new low-margin components of low-viscosity marine fuel (LMF) and to optimize the fuel composition for expanding the raw material base of LMF. The possibility of involving the heavy fractions from primary and secondary oil refining in LMF has been established: 10-12 % higher-weight diesel fraction, 47-60 % straight-run medium distillate fraction, 2-10 % heavy diesel fraction, 35% vacuum distillate, 10 % still residue from hydrogenation units, 4-10 % light catalytic cracking gas oil. A method has been found for obtaining a new component of LMF - a fraction boiling within 180-270 °C, obtained from oil refining wastes after their dehydration and fractionation in the yield of up to 30 %, the involvement of which in LMF (5 %) will give an economic effect of about 7 million roubles per year. Mathematical modelling was used to optimize the composition of fuel from the main and by-products, taking into account the production volumes and the actual values of critical indicators of each component. A method has been found for obtaining a new component of LMF - a fraction boiling within 180-270 °C, obtained from oil refining wastes after their dehydration and fractionation in the yield of up to 30 %, the involvement of which in LMF (5 %) will give an economic effect of about 7 million roubles per year. Mathematical modelling was used to optimize the composition of fuel from the main and by-products, taking into account the production volumes and the actual values of critical indicators of each component.

The effect of heavy oil treatment with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for 8 h at a temperature of 25-100 ^oC on the composition and structure of resins is investigated. The objects of investigation were heavy oil from the Zyuzeevskoye field (the Republic of Tatarstan) and resins isolated from this oil. It is established that the resin content increases by almost 3 wt% as a result of heavy oil treatment with IPA at 100 °C. It is shown than an increase in the temperature of oil - IPA (20 wt%) mixture treatment from 25 to 100 °C causes an increase in sulphur and oxygen content in resins by 0.5 and 0.8 wt%, respectively, and a decrease in the Н/С atomic ratio from 1.40 to 1.38. The aromaticity factor of resins increases by 0.17 %, while the fraction of aliphatic carbon decreases. It is concluded that oil treatment with isopropyl alcohol, aimed at a decrease in the content of resinous and asphaltenic substances, is unreasonable because it causes unfavourable formation of the additional amount of resins.

Distribution of two species of the type section of the genus Saussurea DC. was clarified. S. controversa DC. is reported here for the first time for the flora of China, S. stubendorffii Herd. is new for the Tomsk Region of Russia. For the first time, gynodioecy-gynomonoecy sexual system was described for these species, and it was found that in natural populations of S. controversa and S. stubendorffii female, hermaphroditic and gynomonoecious plants, bearing both types of flowers, are present.

Two new associations representing desert steppes of the south-east of European Russia have been described in the alliance Tanaceto achilleifolii-Stipion lessingianae (Festuco-Brometea). Асс. Carici stenophyllae-Poetum bulbosae Korolyuk ass. nov. (Suppl., Table 1, rel. 1-22) represents desert steppes dominated by semischrubs and bunchgrasses common in the Volga and Don basins on plains and river terraces. Diagnostic species (D. s.): Anisantha tectorum, Carex stenophylla, Erophila verna, Gagea bulbifera, Lappula patula, Leymus ramosus, Limonium sareptanum, Veronica verna.

On January 3, 2024, Vladimir Ivanovich Ermolaev, a famous hydrobiologist, algologist of Siberian algae, candidate of biological sciences, a devotee of science and a man of great soul, passed away. All scientific activities of V.I. Ermolaev is associated with the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the SB RAS. He studied the species composition of phytoplankton algae in large fishing lakes in the south of Western Siberia: Chany, Ubinskoye, Sartlan. He established the patterns of seasonal dynamics of algae, a certain distribution of algae throughout the water area of reservoirs. He is the author and co-author of three monographs. For a long time he headed the laboratory of lower plants of the CSBG SB RAS.