Home – Home – Jornals – Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 2023 number 12

A compact absorption spectrometer with a narrowband continuous tunable diode laser providing sensitivity in terms of the absorption coefficient on the order of 1 × 10^-6 cm^-1 is developed. The design of the spectrometer, the measurement technique, the scheme of ozone generation and maintenance are described. The spectrometer is used to record the absorption spectrum of the ozone molecule for a system of Wulf bands in the near infrared range 11900-12800 cm^-1 corresponding to the rovibronic transitions from the ground to the excited triplet electronic states above the main dissociation threshold of the molecule. The magnitude of the predissociation broadening is estimated from the simulation of the absorption coefficient in the measured spectral range. Ozone absorption cross sections in the considered range are recommended for atmospheric applications; they have been obtained using statistically weighted averaging of the new measurements and experimental laboratory data published in the literature.

Carbon dioxide absorption broadened by argon is studied on the basis of the asymptotic line wing theory. The line shape parameters concerned with the classical potential governing the center-of-mass motion and the quantum intermolecular interaction potential are found. The temperature dependence of the CO₂-Ar absorption beyond the 4.3 mm band edge is explained through changes in the classical potential describing the temperature behavior of the second virial coefficient in the temperature region under study.

Monitoring data on sulfates in atmospheric haze particles over Beijing in winter 2016 are considered. It has been established that the source of sulfates in humidified haze particles is the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO_2(газ)^Mn/Fe,O_2→SO^2-_4(aq)) proceeding in a branched mode. Concentration conditions of this process and the features of its dynamics in the atmosphere are discussed. The agreement between the calculated content of in particles and monitoring data indicates a branched mode of catalytic conversion of SO₂ in the atmosphere - a new source of sulfates. This fast non-photochemical channel should be taken into account in inventory system of sulfate sources in the global atmosphere.

Lichens are not only a bioindicator of air pollution, but they themselves, in turn, affect the chemical composition of the air. The results of studies of the qualitative composition of exometabolites in thalli of epiphytic lichens using the method of high-performance liquid chromatography are presented. A comparative analysis of the fractional composition of deposited aerosol matter in water washouts of lichens showed that it is characterized by a bimodal type of particle distribution. It is postulated that the appearance of the fine fraction is associated with the formation of secondary organic aerosols on the surface of epiphytic lichens. Their precursors are the products of photoactivated reactions between deposited aerosol matter and highly volatile organic compounds that arrive on the surface of lichens as a result of efflorescence. The mechanism of entry of secondary organic aerosols into the surface atmosphere under the influence of radiometric photophoresis is discussed.

The results of hyperspectral sounding of the atmosphere at the Ural Atmospheric Station in Kourovka from 2012-2022 are presented. It is shown that the average rate of CO₂ growth in the atmosphere of this region is about 2.5 ppm per year. The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere by the forest ecosystem per unit area during the growing season (April-September) in the vicinity of the carbon landfill in Kourovka is estimated using two independent methods. One method is based on the data on the CO₂ total column obtained from sounding the atmosphere with a ground-based high-resolution infrared Fourier spectrometer. The second method is based on the use of an artificial neural network with data from spectral channels of the MODIS satellite sensor as injnit. The results obtained by both methods demonstrate good agreement. The estimates made show that the amount of CO₂ absorbed from the atmosphere by the forest ecosystem in the vicinity of the carbon landfill site during the growing season of 2022 is about 1.5 t/ha (the first method) and about 1.3 t/ha (the second method).

An effect of molting anseriform birds on structure and elemental composition of phytoplankton (seston) was evaluated in 20 Arctic lakes of the Taimyr Peninsula. In lakes (lake area) inhabited with ~50-700 birds of 6 species, an average stoichiometric ratio N : P (mol: mol) was statistically significantly lower, than in lakes without anseriforms: 15.8 ± 1.4 и 22.4 ± 2.7, respectively. Besides, there was a tendency of higher average specific electrical conductivity in lakes with the birds, 113 ± 32 µS/cm, compared with those without anseriforms, 60 ± 18 µS/cm. The differences observed could be likely explained by an effect of guanotrophication, namely by a flow in water of metabolites of molting anseriforms. Total biomass of phytoplankton and proportions of algal taxa and cyanobacteria in the total biomass did not differ statistically significantly in lakes with and without molting anseriforms. Thereby, under the guanotrophication, the main threat of eutrophication was absent: an increase of biomass of cyanobacteria causing nuisance “bloom” of water. Moreover, an opposite tendency occurred: in lakes with molting anseriforms, the proportion of cyanobacteria in total biomass of phytoplankton was on average lower, than that in lakes without the birds, 16.2 ± 5.3 and 30.8 ± 9.3 %, respectively. Thus, a hypothesis was confirmed, that an artificial guanotrophication should be regarded as a suitable ecotechnology for an increase of productivity of oligotrophic Arctic lakes.

The bilateral asymmetry of the m1 morphotypes of the root vole Alexandromys oeconomus Pallas, 1776 from different parts of the range was analyzed from morphogenetic positions. The material from the collection of the Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk was used. A total of 2314 pairs of m1 morphotypes were studied on the left and right rami of the mandible of voles. 17 different morphotypes and 70 different combinations of them were identified, of which 13 are symmetrical and 57 are asymmetrical. The data of bilateral asymmetry of morphotypes for each sample was presented in the form of square contingency tables. Based on these tables, the information-entropy parameters of the samples were calculated, in accordance with which the eco-geographic factors of the habitat were put. The 2B-PLS method was applied to the matrices after standardization. Two significant directions of contingency variability of the information-entropy parameters of the samples and eco-geographic factors of the environment have been identified. The first direction, latitudinal, is associated with a decrease in the Shannon entropy and fluctuating asymmetry in the northern samples of the root vole. Thus, the northern samples have a higher degree of morphogenetic stability compared to the southern ones. The second - the longitude direction - is highly correlated with the increase in altitude above sea level in the direction “west - east” and is accompanied by a decrease in the values of the Cohen coefficient, Shannon information, and an increase in fluctuating asymmetry. This indicates a lower degree of morphogenetic stability of the eastern samples compared to the western ones. The approach we use complements the classical concept of the “epigenetic landscape” with the ability to take into account the influence of the environment. This is important in the practical use of asymmetry indicators for assessing the “health of the environment”, especially when determining the natural background for populations of the “ecological periphery” of the areal.

The results on the phenology study of 78 species of perennial plants over 20-year period 1996-2015 in the Western Siberia forest-steppe are discussed. Against the background of the detected meteorological trends of the warm season in Novosibirsk, the timing shift in phenological events of individual species and their ecological groups were analyzed using linear trends. It was found that vegetation start in the vast majority of perennials delayed on +3 … +7 days, and the terms of vegetation end changed differently within -4 … +1 days, while the duration of vegetation decreased in all groups. The duration of prefloral period significantly decreased by -6 … -9 days, due to the later vegetation start and an earlier start of flowering on -1 … -2 days. Fruiting trends are differed in direction and magnitude. The rate of seasonal development of the species generally accelerated over the observation period. Trends describe 6-32 % of phenological changes in ecological groups.

Within the ecological direction of studying humus using traditional methods and terms, the peculiarities of the transformation of organic matter of peat eutrophic soils (Hypereutric Sapric Histosols) and peaty gleezems (Eutric Histic Gleysols) 20 years after a forest-peat fire are discussed. The object of the study was the green moss-hypnum spruce forests (Picea obovata Ledeb.) of eastern slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau (absolute height 622 m). The composition of organic matter of pyrogenic soils (0-30 cm) is characterized by high variability (coefficient of variation 12-92 %). According to the factor analysis, 76 % of the total variance is due to a combination of humic substances, 24 % - polysaccharides. Using the cluster analysis procedure, we identified two groups of objects whose statistical reliability was confirmed by discriminant analysis. Soil clusters reflect the peculiarities of pyrogenic processes - underground focal smoldering, below the point of ignition, and open intense and medium strength fire. Relative to the background carbon content of 41 % (peats not covered by fire), its amount decreases to 26.5 and 13.4 %, respectively. At the same time, there is an almost equal formation of humification products (∑GC + ∑FC) - 55.4 and 53.7 % due mainly to fulvic acids (Cgc/Cfc 0.2-0.6). The peculiarities of the thermal effect are occurred mainly at the fractional level. The specificity of underground smoldering is an increased yield of fulvic acids of the first fraction, free and loosely bound to R₂O₃. An open fire is accompanied by the predominant formation of humic and fulvic acids associated with calcium. According to standardized coefficients of canonical analysis, the first and second fractions of humic and fulvic acids make the greatest cumulative contribution to cluster discrimination, the maximum personal weight is HC-2, FC-1 and FC-2. Based on previously obtained information about the group composition of buried peats and the important role of anaerobiosis in the formation of humic acids, which are more correspond with the restored nature of the substance compared to fulvic acids, it can be assumed that peat genesis continuing in the area of the fire can cause the transformation of fulvate humus into fulvate-humate and/or humate. In the case of burial of a pyrogenic peat layer of 0-30 cm, this can happen in about 270 years, based on the rate of linear growth of peat in the spruce forests of the Kuznetsk Alatau - 1.12 mm/ year. The research results confirm the validity of the traditional division of humic acids into fractions.

According to the scheme of age periodization of plant ontogenesis proposed by T. A. Rabotnov and A. A. Uranov, about a dozen of main age (ontogenetic) states are distinguished. Each population sample represents an ordered series of frequencies of occurrence of plants at these states - the so-called ontogenetic spectrum (OS). Various OS statistics are available according to the form of the OS, reflecting a greater or lesser representation of young, mature or old plants in the population and allowing to represent the temporal dynamics of the population. The Excel Ontogenetic Spectrum (ExOS) package presented allows their automatic computation and analysis. The input data are the numbers or frequencies of ontogenetic states in the sample. Output data: classifications of OS and cenopopulation types according to various criteria, population-ontogenetic indices; for multiple population samples - similarity (distances) between them and their ordination on "delta-omega" axes; the corresponding diagrams are captured authomatically.

Presented is a description of the distribution of terrestrial vertebrates in the northeastern part of the Kanin Peninsula (67°50′47′′ N, 46°20′40′′ E) based on the results of their counts conducted in July 2021. In total, 1 amphibian species, 1 species of reptiles, 57 species of birds and 6 species of mammals were recorded. The vertebrate fauna of this region, located in the dwarf birch tundra zone, is characterized by the presence of boreal species such as the viviparous lizard Zootoca vivipara Lichtenstein, tufted duck Aythya fuligula (L.), common goldeneye Bucephala clangula (L.), common crane Grus grus (L.), common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos (L.), brown bear Ursus arctos L. and European elk Alces alces L. For the viviparous lizard, this is the northernmost known locality so far. Favorable factors for the distribution of boreal species in this area, in our opinion, are its location on the southern slope of the plateau-like ridge Kanin Kamen, the ruggedness of the relief, primarily deep river valleys with wind-protected and well-heated sides. A tenfold decrease in the density of placement of brood burrows of the Arctic fox Alopex lagopus L. was established in comparison with the 40-50s of the last century, due to the activation of cryogenic processes in permafrost, as a result of which the burrows of this predator, arranged in loose soils, are destroyed.

Despite more and more data on the Arctic biotic communities even the principal course of their transformation remains unclear. In this concern the profound interest is related to differences in population dynamics of geese, lemmings and ruminants covering more than 98 percent of the Arctic terrestrial ecosystem recycling and competing on the specialization ground for the same food resources. Comparing 15 species of the taxa we showed that grades of their morphophysiological adaptation to phytophagy are matched to empirical estimates of their food selectivity, thereby describing their trophic specialization distribution. Thus in the Arctic herbivore communities the selectivity distribution is so stable as specialization. The trophic specialists include muskox and snow goose in the first place, while the generalists are lemmings and smallest black geese. The specialist populations have mainly higher size and/or growth rate than the generalist populations have. It may be concluded that interspecific competition influence contemporary transformation of the Arctic herbivore communities much stronger than such environmental factor as global warming and human activity do.

We studied influence of precipitation and surface air temperature on the radial growth of Yezo spruce Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carriere, as well as changes in this influence with increasing altitude in southern Sikhote-Alin. For purpose of the study 444 cores were taken from eight sites located within the small river basin at altitudes from 460 to 1060 m a. s. l. As a result of the study, for the first time for the south of the Russian Far East, 8 tree-ring chronologies were created based on Yezo spruce tree rings measurements with a duration of 171 to 267 years. An analysis of the correlation between the obtained chronologies and climatic variables showed that the radial growth of the Yezo spruce within the southern Sikhote-Alin is influenced by precipitation in July-August of the current year ( r = -0.33 … -0.60), the average maximum temperature in July-August of the previous year ( r = -0.25 … -0.47) and the maximum temperature in November of the previous year (r = -0.34…-0.54). It is shown that the values of the correlation coefficient of chronologies with maximum temperatures quickly decrease with increasing height above sea level. At the same time, there is no significant change in the value of the correlation coefficient of chronologies with precipitation with an increase in altitude above sea level. The obtained results show the complexity of the relationship between the radial growth of Yezo spruce and climatic variables and suggest that climate warming in southern Sikhote-Alin will have the greatest negative impact on the growth the spruce trees at altitudes up to 600-650 m a. s. l. The increase in precipitation will adversely affect Yezo spruce growth in the upper mountain belt.

The 45-year-long observations of variations in the musk deer abundance in the Ussurisky Nature Reserve are summarized. An analysis of winter route censuses has made it possible to assume these variations to be related with the emergence of a “new predator”, sable. The decrease in the musk deer abundance in the reserve occurred simultaneously with an increase in the sable abundance and a decrease in abundance of alternative food supplies for medium- and small-sized predators. From the early 2000s until the present time, the musk deer abundance in the reserve has remained at a level of only “presence” of the species in the fauna.

In the current article, the authors study small mammal species composition and population structure of the northern taiga landscape of the Nadym Hills (Yamal Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia). Special attention is given to catenae regularities of the intralandscape differentiation. Five micromammal species (Cl. rutilus, S. caecutiens, S. araneus, A. oeconomus, E. sibiricus), typical for the Western Siberia northern taiga subzone, were caught in different north-western parts of the catena (at the flat interfluve (placor), saddle, slope, flood plain). Red-backed mice Cl. rutilus outnumbered other species in all catena locations and in the landscape on the whole. Other species codominate in certain locations with an exception of S. araneus being common only at the placor. On the whole, over the area under study and in the higher locations of the catena, Cl. rutilus and S. caecutiens make up the core of small mammal communities. Along the hill slope - from the placor to the flood plain - the overall micromammal abundance and dominating species abundance decline gradually. A settled breeding small mammal population is present in all catena locations. The micromammal community composition, structure, and characteristics change along the slope in accordance with the changes in the territory afforestation, moistening, plant species richness, vegetation structure, microtopography. Due to harsh climate, the small mammal communities of all catena locations and whole area under scrutiny show low indices of diversity, evenness, and sustainability, high dominance index, but on the whole their structure is undisturbed and characteristic of natural subarctic communities, being indicative of the communities’ stability.

An analysis of depth-profile and spatial variations of the stable carbon isotopic composition of soil organic matter is presented to identify the main factors that determine the dynamics of organic carbon in the mountain-depression environments of the Baikal region. Soil organic matter is characterized by δ¹³С values from -29,6 to -24,9 ‰. Changes in δ¹³C values in the altitudinal profile correlate well with changes in landscapes and reflect the influence of climatic factors on13C discrimination during photosynthesis of C3 plants. The heaviest stable carbon isotopic composition characterizes the soils of subalpine and steppe landscapes. In taiga soils, depletion of the isotopic composition by¹³C is observed. To compare the soil carbon turnover intensity δ¹³C values were regressed linearly against log-transformed carbon contents yielding absolute values of these slopes (β). The distribution of β values in the altitudinal profile suggests a reduced intensity of carbon turnover in the soils of the steppes and the subalpine belt due to the limitation of these soils in terms of moisture and temperature, respectively. Under the taiga conditions characterized by more favorable ratio of temperatures and humidity the dynamics of soil organic matter is controlled mainly by the litter quality and the nitrogen availability.

The work presents the results of studies of the emergence of amphibiotic insects from the old beaver pond on the Yuzhny stream of the “Privolzhskaya lesostep’” reserve in the Upper Khoper basin. For insects from 34 families and 8 orders, the indicators of abundance, biomass, frequency of occurrence are given, the timing of their emergence in different parts of the pond is indicated. The dominant and common species were identified - chironomids Paramerina cingulata (Walk.), Cricotopus silvestris (F.), biting midges (Bezzia bicolor (Mg.), chaoborids Chaoborus flavicans (Mg.) and mayflies Cloeon inscriptum (Bgtss.). The intensity of the emergence of insects was 12.10 ind./m² per day, the average daily transfer of biomass was 49.23 mg/m² per day. The analysis of the fatty acid composition and content of the main biogenic elements in adults of amphibiotic insects was carried out. The results of calculations of the removal of energy and matter, including biogenic elements (carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen) and polyunsaturated fatty acids during the emergence of insects from various orders (Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Trichoptera and Diptera) into adjacent terrestrial ecosystems. The transfer of raw biomass from water to land was 7.385 g/m² per year, in dry weight - 2.216 g/m² per year; transfer of the main nutrients - 1.21 g/m² per year - carbon, 0.25 g/m² per year - nitrogen, and 0.03 g/m² per year - phosphorus; PUFA transfer - 24.16 kg/km² per year.

Bacteria perform important and diverse functions in the ecosystems of large rivers. The abundance, biomass and spatial distribution of heterotrophic bacterioplankton and its size-morphological groups were studied in the middle and lower reaches of the Ob River in the areas impacted by cities. The river water was characterized by a high content of suspended particles (on average (2.22 ± 0.21) × 10⁶ ml^-1), to which a significant part of bacteria was attached: on average, 41.5 % of their total number and 35.7 % of their biomass. The concentration of suspended particles and water conductivity were found to be among the main factors affecting the abundance and structure of bacterioplankton. A significant increase in bacterial abundance, mainly due to small free-living bacteria, was recorded below the mouth of the largest tributary, the Irtysh River, and the city of Khanty-Mansiysk. On this section of the Ob River, the average values of bacterioplankton abundance and biomass were (6.87 ± 4.99) × 10⁶ cells/mL and 142 ± 13 mg C/m³, respectively, which were 1.6-1.7 times higher than in the other sections. The spatial distribution of heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the Ob River is mainly determined by the dynamics of water masses and the influence of tributaries and cities.

The results of an eight-year study of the Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. (Orchidaceae) population on the northern border of its range (the Komi Republic, north-east of the European part of Russia) are presented. A negative correlation was found between the size of the leaves of this species and precipitation at the beginning of the current growing season. The number of flowers and their sizes are influenced by the weather conditions of August of the previous growing season. There were no significant differences in plant height and inflorescence length over the years. The number of the studied population is high for this species (400 plants); it is negatively affected by the lack of moisture in the previous year. Observations of mapped individuals revealed the duration of the presence of plants in different phases of ontogenesis. The ontogenetic spectra of the studied population correspond to the basic spectrum of the species, in some years the dominance of juvenile individuals is observed, which is associated with the renewal waves characteristic of the species. The pollination efficiency is not affected by the number of flowers in the inflorescence or their size; it is related to the level of moisture availability of the territory. Seeds of P. bifolia (0.60 × 0.13 mm) in the studied area are smaller than in the southern parts of the range of this species. Significant differences in the size of seeds in different years of the study were revealed, the main influence on them is the weather conditions of July. A tendency to increase the volume of air space in the seed in wetter years has been found, which contributes to their better distribution under adverse weather conditions. Real seed productivity of P. bifolia varies by year from 25.4 thousand to 40.8 thousand seeds; this indicator is associated with the level of moisture availability of the current growing season. The presence of juvenile individuals (18.3-51.8 %) in all the years of study indicates successful seed renewal in this population. The number of juvenile individuals correlates with the moisture level of the previous growing season.

The facts of an increase in the proportion of phytopathogenic forms of micromycetes in soils contaminated with heavy metals (HM) make it relevant to study the mechanisms of their resistance, which is important to choose effective phytopathogen control methods. The issues of interaction between metal-resistant phytopathogens and non-pathogenic species against the background of pollution remain no less relevant and need to be studied. In laboratory experiments with pure cultures of four fungal species (phytopathogenic strains Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum and non-pathogenic strains Trichoderma harzianum and Clonostachys rosea), the resistance to Cu, Zn, Pb cations, separately added to nutrient medium with different content of available carbon (sucrose), was studied. Colony growth, sporulation activity, and biomass accumulation were measured. The effective concentrations, resulting in 50 % inhibition of growth parameters (EC₅₀), were calculated. The studied fungi showed different resistance to HM. T . harzianum and C. rosea were more resistant to Zn and Pb at any available carbon content. The pairs A. alternata-C. rosea and T. harzianum-C. rosea were the most resistant to Cu on media with lower and higher carbon contents, respectively. At the same time, Zn and Pb turned out to be less toxic than Cu for all fungi. The antagonistic activity, assessed by the dual culture method on media supplemented with HM cations, depended both on the growth characteristics and on the revealed resistance to HM. The activity of fast growing T. harzianum as a territorial antagonist was stimulated by the addition of Zn and Pb. The slow-growing C. rosea showed competitiveness due to its high resistance to HM. It is concluded that it is necessary to take into account species resistance to HM in order to predict the development of relationships between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species in fungal communities against the background of soil pollution.

Introduction. The study aims to formulate a methodology for independent assessments of the legal support of the current stage in the development of the Russian education system among the educational community. An independent assessment of legal support is influenced by many factors. Among this “set”, a special place is occupied by value factors, which, in the general dialectic of the development of the educational space, most significantly influence the objectivity of the assessment itself. In this regard, approaches to the formation of value-containing foundations of Russian educational policy in their dialectic with legal support are considered. Methodology. Identifying the principles of educational policy that contribute to the development of education in a situation of active experimental work on organizing legal support for the current stage of development of the Russian education system requires turning to the axiology of education. A reflection of new values in Russian legislative acts was carried out on the basis of scientific publications, Internet sources and the content of educational platforms. Discussion. Interpretation of the content of these acts made it possible to determine the dependence of their changes on the value orientations of the main subjects of educational policy throughout its development in the first pre-perestroika period (1966-1990); in the 2nd period (1990s - early 2000s); 3rd period (2010-2020); 4th period (2021); 5th period (2022); 6th period (beginning of 2023). It has been revealed that the current state of the legislative framework, its correlation and relationship with the values of the main subjects of the educational space today lack clear codification and algorithmization. The value-oriented methodology proposed in the text, enshrined in the appropriate legal framework, can act as a regulator of a dialectically integrated model of legal practices. Conclusion. It is noted that the codification-legal absence of value-based fundamental provisions at the level of ensuring changes in education in content requires the development of a synthetic model of educational policy filled with axiological content.

Introduction. Russia has changed its development strategy twice over the past decades. It was integrated into the international system of division of labor during the collapse of the USSR, and after 2014, Russia begins to break the existing networks of unequal exchange and, as in the Soviet period, enters into confrontation with the core of the world system. It is obvious that these changes have an impact on the education system, changing its goals and the content of the educational process. Methodology. Based on such basic concepts of the world-system approach as “geoculture”, “semi-periphery” and “peripheralization” (I. Wallerstein), the problem of transformation of Russian education in the processes of integration and confrontation with the world-system is described. Discussion. Three stages can be distinguished in the processes of transformation of Russia in recent decades. These stages correspond to the geocultural ideologies of the Modern era: socialism, liberalism, conservatism. It is shown that each of the ideologies was reflected in the goals and content of the educational process. Soviet ideology contained nation-building values that were relevant to post-colonial societies and contributed to their integration into the international system of socialism, while education solved problems of labor reproduction for the corresponding division of labor system. The Russian political elite has not formed the levers of symbolic power within the framework of neoliberal doctrine for more than two decades of integration into the world-system, which has led to a loss of control over social action, including education. Modern Russian conservatism, like the Soviet political doctrine, proclaims the idea of the struggle for the reorganization of the world, but unlike socialist ideology, it does not have such an extensive social base and is significantly inferior to it in terms of integration potential. Conclusion. By strengthening the integration capabilities of conservative ideology by turning to Soviet heroics and including Soviet-Russian historical parallels in educational literature, the state introduces a contradiction into the system, since it silences the main idea of socialism - the idea of social equality.

Introduction. Despite the fact that post-modernity is characterized by the rejection of the metanarrative of Eurocentrism and the transition to decolonial epistemologies, approaches to the development of education still remain Eurocentric. The reason for this is the fact that post-modern society does not replace modern society, with its metanarrative of Eurocentrism, but exists in parallel with it. In this regard, there is a need for a philosophical analysis of the development of education, taking into account the processes taking place in society. The object of this study is the transformation of education in post-modern society. The subject of the study is the metanarrative of Eurocentrism in education in the conditions of post-modernity. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was based on the works of researchers who develop the decolonial approach in social and humanitarian research - W. Mignolo, M. Tlostanova, A. Quijano, E. Dussel. Discussion. Post-modernity, through the rejection of metanarratives, seeks to reject the idea of Eurocentrism and comes into conflict with the ideas of modernity that are transmitted by the dominant Western social institutions. If we look at the epistemological and pedagogical hierarchies, we see that they give primacy to Western Cartesian-type systems institutionalized by the colonizers. Instead of inextricably bound epistemological and pedagogical hierarchies, the decolonial approach assumes the use of epistemologies forgotten in the process of colonization. Conclusion. The application of a decolonial approach to the analysis of education in post-modern society will solve the problem of Eurocentricity of education and reveal new ways of learning, as opposed to the Western model of education, broadcast around the world as the only true one.

Introduction. The relevance of the research is due to the processes taking place in modern Russian education. Methodology. The research is based on methods of analysis and synthesis of facts from open sources (the Internet), the study of modern scientific and popular science literature on the designated topic, as well as personal reflection on the processes emerging in the Russian educational environment against the background of digitalization and the development of artificial intelligence. Discussion. Value orientation is the most important component of human life, the basis for the formation of life goals, expectations and motivations. The author tries to determine the values formed in the process of digitalization of education, taking into account the fundamental factors of the development of the world. Digitalization is changing attitudes towards the values of traditional education. In the new model of education, there are no clearly defined hierarchies, students are an active beginning, easily adapt to changes, are focused on creativity, innovation and independence, unlike teachers. A prefigurative model of education is being implemented, which has a preventive character. A new form of education is emerging: “mutual learning” groups based on horizontal connections. In this regard, the priorities of competencies are also changing: hard skills, which the traditional model of education was focused on, give priority to soft skills. Among soft skills, critical thinking, ethics and communication skills are the most relevant. Conclusion. The process of digitalization is determined by two attractors - the possible degradation of humanity in general and the educational system in particular (technology as the meaning of existence), or the transformation of digital technologies into new resources for human improvement (technology as a means of existence).

Introduction. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to search for conceptual foundations for increasing the motivation of students to master the content of education, as well as the perspectives for using knowledge and ways to transfer it in the interests of developing the subject queries of the younger generation. The purpose of this article is to clarify the theoretical basis for studying the possibility of forming intrinsic motivation for learning with the help of external interest. Methodology. The methodological principles of the problem are based on the subjectivist paradigm in social philosophy, since the topic is related to the designing ideal forms of educational activity. The research approach comes down to search the correlation between intrinsic motivation and external interest in meaningful activity, including the study of the axiological modality of educational requirements. The object of this investigation is the educational sphere. The subject of this investigation is the problem of interest in education. Discussion. Contradictions have been identified between the interests of students and external enforcement from the education system. The possibility of mastering the content of education in the absence of internal interest, as well as the problem of moral assessment of low learning motivation in this case, is called into question. The author does not consider it impossible of different didactic practices, which increase learning motivation with the help of external influence. At the same time, the situation appears in the most harmonious version when the content of the educational process is not so strictly fixed, is versatile and largely depends on the intrinsic interests of a person. Conclusion. The intrinsic motivation of the student in relation to the content and forms of educational work determines the learning effectiveness and expediency of training. The further study of the problem may be related to the analysis of motivation as an area of a person’s value choice aimed at the educational activity.

Introduction. The sphere of modern education is the sphere of searching for its new principles of organization, and these principles should be connected with the structure and logic of modern culture. Rethinking world and national history (a sign of recent years) is a multi-level, multifactorial process that requires work in aspects of the methodology of historical science, historical education and enlightenment. In addition, the course “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood” introduced into the university programs, which contains a multidisciplinary content, needs a methodological solution to the ways of forming historical consciousness among students. In this regard, the research of historical consciousness in the space of philosophical culture is of particular importance. Methodology. The socio-philosophical approach, as well as observation and analysis of the pedagogical process, generalization of personal experience of teaching philosophy constitute the methodological basis of this study. Discussion. The paper formulates practical tasks of philosophical enlightenment in the context of the problem of historical consciousness. It is shown that through the adoption of traditional philosophical principles of mastering the world, the student is given the opportunity to know himself as a historical subject. The emphasis is placed on the fact that only subjectivity in history is the way to the formation of the historical consciousness of each person. The image of a historical event is a form of individual memory, which becomes a special form of social memory. Conclusion. Philosophical enlightenment provides methods for analyzing the specific features of historical consciousness and gives their philosophical and categorical description. The shown methodological approach to philosophical enlightenment may be effective in an attempt to take a theoretical view of philosophy as a methodology of pedagogical thought.

Introduction. In the context of understanding modern spiritual crises and ideological searches that have become a consequence of globalization processes, the issues of correlation, interrelation and the current state of such fundamental philosophical categories as “spiritual values” and “civilization” are considered. In the Philistine understanding, these terms are often perceived as identical, but for philosophical and humanistic discourse, their differentiation is a matter of principle, which has become one of the debatable problems of humanitarian knowledge. The purpose of the article is to actualize the preservation of the spiritual and value aspects of human existence. The research methodology is based on a cultural and civilizational approach with the application of dialectical and structural-functional methods to the phenomena under study. Discussion. Various points of view on the phenomena of civilization (“spiritual values”, “globalization”, “spirituality”, “man”, “globalization”, “spiritual crisis”, etc.) are considered; the presence of extremely polar opinions in the assessments of the relationship between spiritual values and civilization is noted: from their complete separation and opposition to the reduction to a single a historically determined concept. Conclusion. The understanding of spiritual values and civilization as interrelated and mutually conditioned concepts, different in essence, but not oppositional to each other, is due to the dependence of a Person on civilization as an objective external pressure factor. Spiritual values act as a subjective essence, creative expressions of ideas, even in spite of civilizational dogmas. In the conditions of modern civilizational challenges, the issue of preserving the spiritual and value aspects of being is being actualized.

Introduction. The current year 2023 and the coming year 2024 are marked by two remarkable anniversaries: respectively, the 200th anniversary of the birth of the founder of Russian pedagogy Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky and the 300th anniversary of the great philosopher Immanuel Kant. In connection with these important dates, we turn to some ideas related to the problem of human ontology and consider the applications of these ideas in the field of education. Methodology. The discussion of such issues as human ontology and the essence of man required a preliminary analysis of broader general problems of ontology, consideration of possible ways of man’s being, as well as consideration of the philosophical concepts in the framework of the “relation” category while studying scientific literature using methods of historical and comparative analysis. Discussion. The article briefly discusses the development of ideas about the essence and being of man, starting with the ancient Greek philosophers. It is noted that Plato’s division of being into material and ideal is closely related to the understanding of time as change prevailing in Antiquity. Therefore, based on the author’s understanding of time as a relation, an alternative division of being into “isolated being” and “being-in-relation” is given; instead of the world of ideas and the world of matter, the “space of relations” comes to the fore, in which the true being of man unfolds, and in which man can “escape decay”. Some applications of this principle to the problems of education and upbringing are shown. Similar ideas in the world and domestic philosophical literature are considered. Noting the vital importance of person’s building philosophical concepts about oneself, one’s nature and essence, a version of understanding human existence as being in the space of relations is put forward, which is significant for the teacher’s attitude to information, and as a consequence, we come to impossibility of replacing a human teacher with a robot teacher. Conclusion. Understanding the human ontology in the space of relations is associated with the interpretation of happiness as “free, beloved, spiritual work” (K. D. Ushinsky), as well as gratitude and love as the highest manifestation of being in relation.

Introduction. An attempt is made to philosophically analyze, pedagogically interprete and reconstruct the pedagogical ideas of Vasily Sukhomlinsky on the basis of his main work “I give my heart to children” in order to identify immanent modifications of the idea of heartfelt contemplation, in particular the joy of cognition as a pedagogical idea and method in relation to the works of I. Kant and I. Ilyin. Methodology. The research was based on the methodology of I. Kant’s theory of cognition; I. Ilyin’s philosophy of life and phenomenology; the axiology of education and V. Sukhomlinsky’s pedagogy of cooperation. The article is a theoretical study based on a philosophical analysis of the problems of moral education associated with heartfelt contemplation and pedagogical instruction; problems of learning related to its hidden function of cognition, which turns into emotional comprehension and experience of the growing personality of the learning process as personally significant for themselves, associated with a sense of joy of discovering new things. Discussion. Of scientific interest is the fact that V. Sukhomlinsky connects education with freedom, and is convinced that education imposed from the outside, and not coming from the heart, will not have a positive effect. V. Sukhomlinsky associates the idea of freedom and responsibility for it with the reasonableness of choice, with the ability of a person to do things according to conscience, guided by the call of the heart, and not by fear of punishment. Conclusion. The philosophy of the heart is a deep phenomenon of V. Sukhomlinsky’s upbringing; the heart is a phenomenon of the human “I”, whose purpose is revealed in serving the world, in thinking; will, movement; manifestation of love and conscience in consolation. Such a form of cognition as heartfelt contemplation is capable of placing new accents in philosophy, the theory of cognition and ethics; in pedagogical science and educational practice.

2-Methyl-9H-selenoxanthen-9-one (selenoxanthone) 1 was obtained by the reaction of bis-(2-carboxyphenyl)diselenide with toluene in concentrated sulphuric acid. It is demonstrated by means of cyclic voltammetry, EPR spectroscopy and quantum chemical DFT calculations that the electrochemical reduction (ECR) of selenoxanthone 1 in acetonitrile is a one-electron reversible process with the formation of a long-lived radical anion having a similar type of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the radical anions of the thioxanthone series. The ECR potential of selenoxanthone 1 is found to be less negative than the corresponding ECR potential of its related 2-methyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one, which indicates an increase in the adiabatic electron affinity of selenoxanthone 1 compared to its sulphur-containing analogue. This fact confirms the general nature of the phenomenon of an increase in the adiabatic electron affinity of heterocyclic compounds when a heteroatom is replaced by a heavier one within group VIa of the periodic system of elements.

In the recent years, triarylmethyl radicals are widely used as spin probes and tags, so the study of their properties is of great interest. In the present work, the magnetic resonance properties of triarylmethyl radicals (FT (Finland trityl) and OX063) labeled with ¹³C isotope in water-glycerol and water-trehalose solutions are studied using stationary and pulsed EPR within a wide temperature range. Their magnetic resonance parameters, electron spin relaxation times and rotation correlation times at different temperatures are measured. It is shown that ¹³С-FT radical forms aggregates in trehalose solution, while aggregates are not observed for ¹³С-OX063 radical.

The condensates obtained during wood drying are dilute aqueous solutions of volatile substances and are the closest in their properties to widely known hydrolates. The analysis of the composition of hydrolates is often carried out using their preliminary extraction with organic solvents. However, some hydrophilic compounds may be lost during this procedure, so that analysis results might not correspond to the native composition of the hydrolate. In this work, we have developed a modified technique of GLC analysis with preliminary sample preparation, including the extraction of condensate with an organic solvent, by using an internal standard of hydrophobic nature in the analysis. The developed technique has been tested on hydrolates of ordinary pine wood ( Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.), but it can also be applied both to condensates obtained during drying of other wood materials and other plant material, and to hydrolates.

The interaction of 4,6-difluoro-, 4-fluoro-, and 2-bromo-4,6-difluorobenzothiazole with BuLi or LiN[(CH₃)₃Si]₂ in tetrahydrofurane, followed by the treatment with dimethylformamide and MeI, revealed the main metalation sites in these model mono- and difluorinated benzothiazoles. The reactivity of the resulting Li-derivatives with respect to formylation and methylation was also characterized.

The content and composition of 19 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the rocks and soils of dumps, mushrooms growing on them ( Verpa bohemica and Suillus luteus ), as well as infiltrated and thawed snow waters on the territory of the Gorlovo anthracite deposit were evaluated. It is shown that the main source of PAH in the components of technogenic and adjacent natural landscapes of the deposit are fine coal particles and products of their transformation of non-pyrogenic nature. The flux of PAH into the components of the environment occurs due to: 1) dust fallout near the road along which the extracted coal is transported; 2) transformation of anthracite inclusions in the upper horizons of coal-bearing soils of dumps; 3) migration of transformation products with infiltrated waters. A distinctive feature of the composition of PAH in the samples of the studied objects is the predominance of light PAH (LPAH) in rocks and coals and heavy PAH (HPAH) in infiltrated and thawed snow waters. The composition of the polyarenes of rocks is dominated by PHE (phenanthrene) > FLT fluoranthene) > NAP (naphthalene), waters - FLT > PYR (pyrene) > CHR (chrysene). The composition of PAH of soils depends on the presence of coal inclusions. For carbonaceous soils, the predominant polyarenes are FLT > PYR > PHE = CHR. With depth in soils, the composition of PAHs changes and becomes close to the composition of soil-forming rocks. Mushrooms have a selective ability to absorb PAH. Regardless of the presence of coal in the soils on which the mushrooms grow, the predominant compounds are FLT for V. bohemica and PHE for S. luteus . Based on the results of the analysis of the main components, as well as the correlation of the priority PAH indices with their total content and the content of carcinogenic polyarenes, it has been found that the most representative ratios for assessing the impact of technogenic sources associated with anthracite extraction and transportation are PHE/(PHE + CHR) and ΣLPAH/ΣHPAH.

The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of three azaadamantane analogues of amantadine 1 was investigated. The tested azaadamantanes containing nitrogen atoms in the polycyclic framework were: 5,7-dimethyl-1,3-diazaadamantane-6-one 2, 6-amino-5,7-dimethyl-1,3-diazaadamantane 3 and 7-amino-1,3,5-triazaadamantane 4. Experiments were carried out on male mice of CD1 and CBA lines. Compounds were administered intraperitoneally at doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg. Anti-inflammatory activity was studied on the standard models of inflammatory edema induced by histamine or concanavaline inflammation by injecting the phlogogens in the aponeurosis of the hind paw of mice. The analgesic activity was assessed using the hot plate and acetic writhing tests. It is shown that the introduction of heteroatoms into the adamantane core does not reduce the anti-inflammatory activity of diazaadamantanes (2, 3) and enhances that of triazaadamantane (4) compared to amantadine. Modification of the adamantane backbone with nitrogen atoms leads to a change in the analgesic properties of the molecule, which is manifested as hyperalgesia in the acetic writhing test. This phenomenon is presumably related to the effect of azaadamantanes on nocigenic transient receptor potential channels (TRPV1).

Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterases 1 and 2 (Tdp1 and Tdp2) are DNA repair enzymes that are considered as potential targets for antitumour supporting therapy in combination with topoisomerase inhibitors. The most effective Tdp1 inhibitors were found among the derivatives of the lichen secondary metabolite usnic acid. The sensitising effect of these compounds in combination with the topoisomerase 1 inhibitor topotecan was confirmed in cell culture experiments and animal models. In the present work, we describe new derivatives of usnic acid synthesized on the basis of previously obtained Tdp1 inhibitors by introducing the pyrazole cycle annelated with the C ring in dibenzofuran backbone, which makes it possible to reduce the intrinsic toxicity of the obtained compounds. New dual Tdp1 and Tdp2 inhibitors in the micromolar range of concentrations are found.

A new usnic acid derivative containing cyanethyl and isoniazid fragments is synthesised. The compound inhibits the activity of DNA repair enzyme Tdp1 with IC₅₀ = 1.2 μM, is inactive against Tdp2 and does not affect cell survival for a panel of passaged cell lines in the concentration range up to 20 μM. It is shown that the compound in combinations with the certain concentrations of antitumour drugs can sensitise the effect of antitumour drugs olaparib and temozolomide on some cell lines.

15-Acetyl- and 16-acetylfuranolabdanoids were synthesised by the acetylation of the methyl ester of lambertianic acid with acetic anhydride in the presence of Mg(ClO₄)₂ and used as starting compounds for the preparation of 15- or 16-(3-aminopropanoyl)methyllambertianates. The proposed approach involved silylation of 15-acetyl- or 16-acetylmethyllambertianate and the Mannich reaction of the resulting enol silyl ester with N,N-disubstituted methyleneiminium salts. The synthesized compounds possessed cytotoxicity on tumour cell lines CCRF CEM, MCF7 and PC-3 (MTT test). The compounds containing a 3-morpholinopropanoyl or 3-pyrrolidinopropanoyl substituent at the C-16 position of methyl lambertianate selectively inhibited the growth of human T-cell leukemia cells (GI₅₀ was 5.8-6.1 μM) and exhibited cytotoxicity an order of magnitude higher than the parent compound lambertianic acid.

The use of the available synthetic platform of 5-ethynyl-N-(acetyl)anthranilic acid in the synthesis of a chemical library of 2,4-diaryl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepines is proposed. The key step of the synthesis included the reaction of in situ generated methyl 2-acetylamino-5-[3-(4-aryl)propiolyl]benzoate with o-phenylenediamine. The selected conditions were used for the synthesis of a chemical library of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines containing an anthranilic acid methyl ester fragment in the C-2 position. The physicochemical characteristics of intermediately formed α,β-alkynyl ketones are also described.

The dependence of mechanical characteristics (hardness and tensile strength) of polyurethane on the content of MgFeGa layered triple hydroxide additive and the electron beam irradiation dose is investigated. The optimal amount of layered hydroxides and the optimal irradiation dose, causing a substantial increase in tensile strength and hardness of polyurethane, are determined. Polyurethane modification by adding magnesium/iron/gallium layered triple hydroxides in the amount of 3 wt% causes an increase in tensile strength and hardness by 30.0 and 5.4%, respectively. Modification of pure polyurethane by irradiation with the optimal dose (100 kGy) promotes an increase in tensile strength by 27.1% and hardness by 4.6%.