Home – Home – Jornals – Avtometriya 2023 number 5

The paper provides a justification for the use of the principal component method for assessing the generalized characteristics of the defect in the processing of multi-parameter acoustic signals of the mirror-shadow multiple reflections method of bar stock testing. The method allows reducing the number of signal parameters in the formation of rejection criteria, developing a methodology for assessing the generalized characteristics of the defect, and forming a complex rejection criterion based on the unacceptable value of the generalized defect characteristic for objects made of any steel grades and of any diameters. The results of approbation of the proposed approach for evaluation of the generalized characteristic of natural defects using the regression dependence produced are satisfactorily consistent with the results of metallographic studies.

A method is proposed that allows determining the optimal values of the parameters p of the detectors of singular points from the local characteristics of the image µ. The method is based on the procedure for finding the extremum of the analytical dependence δ = P(p, µ), where δ is the criterion of detector efficiency, defined as the weighted sum of errors of the first and second kind. The dependence P(p, µ) interpolates a set δ(p_i, µ_j) obtained from a sample chosen from a set of similar images. An experiment is performed with 40 radiographs of the lower part of the human spine, which are processed by the Harris-Stephens and SUSAN detectors. It is found that, when choosing the configurable detector parameters by the proposed method, the criterion δ turns out to be significantly lower than that for the values of these parameters at the boundaries of the recommended intervals.

The analysis of images of the whole core (rock sample extracted from a well) is in demand in modern geophysics. The subject area determines the manner of core image processing and the form of presentation of the results. A common form of representing well data is measured values ordered by depth. Core samples are also ordered by depth, and core sample images are a collection of individual photographs or tomographic scans often with missing data at some depths. A typical image of a core sample contains a meter-long sample of rock. At the same time, in practice, it is often required to evaluate the characteristics of centimeter intervals. This paper proposes an approach to creating an ensemble of textural features of core images, presented in the form of depth-ordered profiles, which allows the results to be used in conjunction with other geological and geophysical data.

The method of hypothesis testing of the independence of random variables, based on a nonparametric pattern recognition algorithm, is used in the analysis of ambiguous dependencies. The pattern recognition algorithm meets the maximum likelihood criterion. The estimation of the distribution laws in classes is carried out according to the initial statistical data under the assumption of independence and dependence of the compared random variables. Nonparametric statistics of the Rosenblatt - Parzen type are used to estimate probability densities in classes. The blur coefficients of kernel functions in nonparametric estimates of probability densities in classes are determined from the condition of the minimum of mean square deviations. Under these conditions, estimates of the probabilities of pattern recognition errors in classes are calculated. According to their minimum value, a decision is made on the independence or dependence of random variables. The hypothesis of a significant difference in the probabilities of pattern recognition errors in classes is tested. The application of the proposed technique allows us to bypass the problem of decomposition of the range of values of random variables into intervals, which is typical for the Pearson criterion. The effectiveness of the proposed method is compared with the Pearson criterion. The results of computational experiments using the studied criteria in the analysis of ambiguous dependencies between random variables are presented.

Experimental and theoretical studies of optical non-line-of-sight communication in air and water media performed in Russia in 2012-2022 are rewieved. The main results of field, laboratory, and numerical experiments in the IR, visible, and UV wavelength ranges are given. In the laboratory experiments, a water-glycerine and atmospheric air mixture were used as a scattering medium. In the field experiments, communication was implemented in the near-surface air layer, as well as in artificial and natural water reservoirs (including through ice). Investigations were performed for coplanar and non-coplanar schemes of communication channels.

The absorption spectrum of ¹⁴N¹⁸O molecule in the 5200-5500 сm^-1 range was recorded for the first time using a Bruker IFS 125M Fourier spectrometer with a spectral resolution of 0.0056 сm^-1. The analysis of the spectrum made it possible to detect the vibrational-rotational lines of 3-0 band of the main transitions in X²Π electronic state of ¹⁴N¹⁸O molecule. For the main transitions ²Π_1/2 - ²Π_1/2 and ²Π_3/2 - ²Π_3/2, 102 line positions of Λ-doublet in three branches were registered. For 61 resolved doublets, the positions and relative intensities of each component of a doublet were determined. The maximum value of the rotational quantum number J was 29.5. The found experimental line positions in 3-0 band confirmed the calculated data given in HITRAN database. The frequencies of registered transitions, weighted in accordance with experimental uncertainties, have been processed, and the spectroscopic constants for the vibrational state v = 3 been determined. With the found spectroscopic constants, we predicted the rotational energy values up to J = 35.5 for the vibrational state v = 3 and, accordingly, the transition frequencies in 3-3 and 3-0 vibrational bands for ²Π_1/2 and ²Π_3/2 electronic states. The calculations performed showed agreement with the data given in HITRAN within the error specified in this database.

The transmission spectra of aerogel with nanopores filled with SO₂ and a mixture of H₂O and SO₂ are studied The measurements were carried out using a Bruker IFS 125 HR Fourier spectrometer in the spectral range 4500-10000 cm^-1 at a room temperature. It is found that the filling of nanopores of a sample with SO₂ and with a binary mixture of H₂O and SO₂ molecules affects the absorption bands of the aerogel. This change is reversible: when gases are pumped out, the transmission spectrum of the aerogel sample is restored.

Remote control of intense laser beams is an important problem of atmospheric optics. It is of special interest for atmospheric sounding, where turbulence can affect beam propagation. We experimentally study the effect of a turbulent layer produced at the beginning of a laser radiation propagation path on the characteristics of the filamentation domain and generation of high-intensity plasmaless channels for laser beams 2.5 and 5 cm diameter, including under the phase control of the transverse beam structure with a deformable mirror. Turbulence leads to the approach of the beginning of multifilamentation domain to the radiation source, which is, however, insignificant (< 10% of the path length). More important that a turbulent layer formed at the beginning of the path results in a multiple increase in the number of intense (mean intensity is ~ 10¹¹ - 10¹² W/cm²) light channels in a laser beam during its nonlinear propagation, which induce two-photon fluorescence of dyes at a distance of longer than 100 m from the radiation source with the signal level sufficient for its recording by the lidar scheme. Hence, this laser beam structure can be used for sounding natural and anthropogenic aerosols.

We calculate CH₄ radiative forcing from the analysis of outgoing thermal radiation (OTR) fluxes obtained by the MODTRAN radiative code for five climate atmospheric models and various methane concentrations (0.8, 1.8, and 2.5 ppm). OTR values decreased by ~ 0.15% compared to the pre-industrial era. Seasonal and spatial variations in OTR fluxes at current methane rates reach ~ 13%. To date, due to the increasing CH₄ concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere, methane RF is estimated at between -0.482 and -0.266 W/m².

Contribution of anthropogenic and wetland methane emissions in North Eurasia (> 40°N) and Russia into the near-surface CH₄ abundance at ZOTTO, Teriberka, and Tixi measurement sites is quantified using GEOS-chem global chemical-transport model. Numerical results agree well with the proposed semi-analytical solution, in which the total response in the CH₄ level at a given site is represented as the sum of direct (synoptic) and global terms. The annual average direct contribution of Russian anthropogenic emissions into CH₄ mixing ratio measured at ZOTTO (38.6 ppbv) is twice as large as that for Western Europe sources (17.7 ppbv). For the Arctic sites, the anthropogenic input from Russian and European anthropogenic sources is roughly similar (19.5 ppbv and 12.4 ppbv, correspondingly). The input from continental sources into methane abundance and its annual variability at the Arctic sites are generally lower compared to those at the ZOTTO site due to larger transport times from upstream CH₄ source regions. Atmospheric responses in methane levels at the Teriberca and Tixi sites to CH₄ continental sources are found to be very close, which is explained by spatial homogenization of the anthropogenic and biogenic signals in high latitudes.

To solve general and special problems of ground-based monitoring of the atmospheric electric field, it is necessary to identify global factors against the local variability of the monitoring data. The global unitary variation in the ionospheric potential, observed in the daily variation in the electric field, is distorted under the electrode effect near the earth's surface. The structure of the resulting electrode layer strongly depends on the degree of turbulent mixing, the specific conductivity of air, and the altitude of electric field measurement. Based on the equation for the total electric current, which follows from the theory of electrode effect of the surface air layer, we simulated daily variations in the electric field at different altitudes under different meteorological conditions. They revealed the dependence of the position and magnitude of the global extreme points of the electric field on the turbulent mixing coefficient, the electrical conductivity of air, and the electrode layer altitude. Our results can be useful for solving applied problems in geophysics, in particular, atmospheric electric field monitoring.

A technique for parallel registration of lidar signals in photon counting and charge accumulation modes at the Siberian lidar station of Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (SLS) is described in detail. A device is designed and experimentally tested for recording lidar signals with the use of the combined technique at the unique SLS lidar. During the experimental testing of the device, the limits of applicability of the technique suggested to regular measurements of the vertical distribution of air temperature based on lidar signals of purely rotational Raman spectra are determined. The comparison between the lidar and satellite measurements shows their good agreement, which proves the high efficiency of the combined technique and confirms the capability of deriving the vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature throughout the altitude range of the primary mirror of the Raman lidar of SLS.

Based on the analysis of high-resolution FTIR spectra recorded at the atmospheric monitoring station of St. Petersburg State University during 2009-2022, a possibility of deriving NO₂ tropospheric column from ground-based measurements of direct solar radiation in the mid-IR range is studied. The best agreement (correlation coefficient r = 0.68) with simultaneous DOAS measurements of tropospheric NO₂ column at the same monitoring station is demonstrated by a retrieval strategy based on the use of the spectral range 2914.30-2914.85 cm^-1 in combination with Tikhonov-Phillips regularization. It is shown that FTIR measurements make it possible to detect high levels of tropospheric NO₂ at the SPbU monitoring station. Our results can be used at the FTIR stations of the NDACC network for significant expansion of the geography of tropospheric NO₂ monitoring.

This paper analyzes and generalizes the results of studies of turbulence in flame and in the vicinity of the combustion source during model steppe and crown fires in the period from 2019 to 2022 at the Base Experimental Complex of Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS. The spectra of air temperature changes and the scales of induced atmospheric turbulence in the vicinity of the front of a model fire are obtained. For a steppe fire, the air temperature pulsation frequency ranges corresponding to the inertial and dissipative sections of the energy spectrum are found; dissipative processes begin to form at an altitude of 10 m at wave numbers with lgk > 1.58 and the corresponding pulsation frequency ƒ > 3 Hz; at an altitude of 3 m, dissipative processes are not observed. During a model crown fire, turbulent processes in the atmosphere correspond to the inertial part of the energy spectrum at an altitude of 10 m, and dissipative processes practically do not manifest themselves.

The results of measurement of underwater spectral irradiance at various depths in different types of intracontinental freshwater lakes, including the Kamginsky Bay of Lake Teletskoye, are presented. The measurements were carried out in summer and autumn 2018. The device for measuring the underwater spectral irradiance is described. Interference light filters with transmission maxima in different parts of the visible spectrum at wavelengths of 303, 361, 590, and 656 nm were used as light selective elements. An abnormally high absorption of light at a wavelength of 361 nm was detected in the pelagial of the Kamga Bay (territory of the Altai State Natural Biosphere Reserve), which is explained by the large amount of coniferous and deciduous wood rotting on the shores and flooded in the pelagial of the Bay and releasing phenolic compounds. The found dependence of the underwater spectral irradiance on depth is presented in the tabular form. It is shown that the underwater spectral irradiance significantly depends on the biomass of lake phytoplankton.

Using nine nuclear microsatellite loci (nSSR), the structure of genetic variability of Scots pine in the Black Sea-Caucasus region, Eastern Europe, the Urals, Siberia and the Russian Far East was studied and the demographic history of these population groups was investigated using ABC-analysis. A significant differentiation between the populations of the Eastern Black Sea region and the main areal was confirmed, while the time of divergence between these groups was estimated at 0.5 million BP. The differentiation of the populations of the Greater Caucasus into western and eastern populations was found, probably due to migrations of Eastern European populations to the Western Caucasus. The nSSR similarity of the populations of the Crimea and Asia Minor is shown, probably as a result of their relatively recent differentiation. The nSSR analysis revealed a significant differentiation between the populations of the Russian Far East and the rest of the populations of the northern part of the range. The divergence time between these groups of populations was estimated using ABC-analysis at 97 thousand BP, which confirms the survival of the scots pine in the Russian Far East during the last glacial maximum.

Results of karyological and cytogenetical studies in populations of conifer species of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae families from extreme conditions are summarized. In conifers growing in southern and northern borders of areas, on ecological limits of distribution, in anthropogenically disturbed ecosystems, at the introduction, chromosome variability is revealed. A high frequency of changes in the number of chromosomes (mixoploidy, aneuploidy and polyploidy) and their morphology were noted. Different types of chromosome anomalies (ring and polycentric chromosomes, fragments, multiple chromosome irregularities), B-chromosomes occurrence, irregularities of mitosis and meiosis are found. Using classical methods and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), studies of the polymorphism of the nucleolar regions of chromosomes were carried out, and features of the loci of the 5S and 45S ribosomal RNA genes were revealed.

A study of morphological traits in populations of R. aureum from the Western and Eastern Sayan and Kamchatka was carried out. The variability of genetic nuclear DNA microsatellite markers (nSSRs) was studied in the same samples. A total of 15 absolute and relative morphological traits of shoots and leaves, as well as 18 polymorphic microsatellite markers in 8 natural populations of R. aureum were observed. It was found that the following parameters were the most variable within species populations: plant size, shoot length, length of the foliated part of shoots and number of leaves relative to shoot length; more stable parameters were relative leaf shape parameters. Reliable division of populations into 3 geographical groups on all set of morphological characters is established. A great contribution to the division of geographical groups of populations and individual populations of an important taxonomic character - the duration of leaf life on the shoot was noted. The revealed structure of morphological differentiation of populations is confirmed by the results of the analysis of genetic variability of the same populations of R.aureum by nuclear microsatellite markers. The greatest genetic distances from other populations are established for Kamchatka populations. There is a tendency to differentiation of populations within the Altai-Sayan mountain country. The results of the study agree well with the information on geography, ecology and biology of the species. The study of intra- and interpopulation morphological differentiation of R. aureum populations in Siberia was conducted for the first time, following the recently initiated studies on genetic variability of the species in Northern Eurasia.

The results of the analysis of nuclear microsatellite loci (nSSR) for studying the genetic diversity of natural populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the southern taiga and forest-steppe of Middle and Western Siberia, affected by fires and logging of different intensity, are presented. Six polymorphic loci suitable for studying the genetic variability of the populations of the species in Siberia were selected. The set of genetic markers used by us has not been studied yet in the Siberian part of the species range. Population genetic studies were carried out in 13 Siberian populations of Scots pine (26 samples) based on selected nSSR markers (psyl57, PtTx2146, lw_isotig04195, lw_isotig04306, lw_isotig10603, lw_isotig21953), containing a total of 62 alleles. 15 of them were found only in any one (two) of the populations, and can be used to study the spatial and population structure of the species and determine the geographical boundaries of the populations. It has been established that their variability is significantly higher compared to isoenzyme markers, they contain a significant number of rare and very rare alleles and are quite informative for the purposes of genetic monitoring and assessment of the impact of forestry activities and other natural and anthropogenic damaging factors on intrapopulation genetic diversity and the sustainability of one of the main forest-forming coniferous species of Siberia. In the process of analyzing the similarity of populations of the species according to the studied markers, a certain relationship was revealed between the genetic differentiation of populations and their geographical location, which is often not detected when using isoenzyme markers.

Betula pendula Roth. is tolerant to tehchnogenic air pollutants. However, the viability of pollen decreases under stress conditions, as well as under air pollution. The researches were conducted in Middle Siberia on eight plots of motley birches near industrial city of Krasnoyarsk. In each plot on west side of 15-20 trees, male twigs were cut at pollination time. Pollen was extracted from the male generative organs for size and viability (potential, by starch test, and realized, by in vitro germination) determination. The results were analyzed by statistical methods. The researches have revealed reduction of pollen viability under technogenic pollution and reliable differences in pollen grain diameters under different growing conditions, whereas deformed pollen grain were not revealed. The variability of pollen grains in diameter in the biocenosis did not exceed 9.3-9.9 %. Maximum number of sprouted pollen grains observed under background conditions, and minimum at the eastern border of city in the main direction of the transfer of technogenic aerosols. The length of pollen tubes in trees growing under these conditions decreased by more than twice in comparison to the critical value (namely, pollen grain diameter of 18-20 µm). Regression analysis has shown correlations between pollen germination and accumulation of dust on foliage, as well as of lead and aluminum content in the foliage ( r = - 0.1-0.3, р ≥ 0.05)). In spite of tolerance of the species to air pollution, Betula pendula male generative structures are sensitive to the contamination. Pollen viability can be used as a bioindicator of environmental pollution at monitoring.

The paper presents the results of field tests and chromosome analysis for five micropropagated clones of triploid white poplar (Populus alba L.) and grey poplar (Populus × canescens Sm.), which are of a mixoploid nature. In order to assess ecological and genetic potential of the plants they were tested in different edaphic conditions. It was found that the clones (genotypes) in the age of 2-23 years grown on black soil (chernozem) had better survival index, preservation rate, growth and health state than the same clones grown on poor dry acidic sandy loams. Under conditions of edaphic stress, clones had a higher cytogenetic polymorphism and heterogeneity of somatic cells (compared to chernozem). Apparently, the genetic and presumably epigenetic variability, manifested in a change in the degree of mixoploidy (the ratio of cells of different levels of ploidy) depending on environmental conditions and the nature of gene expression (an increase in the proportion of cells with residual nucleoli in the metaphase of mitosis), can provide the most effective implementation of the functions of genes for the adaptation of clones in adverse conditions. The study demonstrated that the response of clones to adverse growing conditions largely depended on their genotypic characteristics (including characteristics of the species). The clone of the grey poplar had the highest ecological plasticity. This clone has a broad genetic basis (it is a hybridogenic species, mixoploid, allotriploid), which expands the possibilities for its use in various growing conditions. Micropropagated clones of the white poplar execute their production potential (growth) on chernozem or alluvial soils.

DNA polymorphism of cenopopulations Larix sibirica Ledeb. and Picea obovata Ledeb., growing in different ecological conditions of the southern part of the Taimyr Peninsula, was studied, their genetic diversity in nuclear microsatellite loci was estimated: N_a = 3.30, N_e = 1.75, H_o = 0.263, H_e = 0.366 - in L. sibirica and N_a = 2.92, N_e = 1.59, H_o = 0.351, H_e = 0.338 - in P. obovata. In general, a deficiency of heterozygous genotypes (F = 0.177) in the studied populations of Siberian larch, and an excess of heterozygous genotypes ( F = -0.051) in populations of Siberian spruce were noted. The genetic features of these species under the influence of technogenic emissions in the Norilsk industrial region were examined. In L. sibirica, a higher allelic diversity and a higher level of inbreeding were found in the cenopopulation from an ecologically safe area, while a higher level of heterozygosity and a lower value of the inbreeding coefficient were noted in the area with an increased level of pollution. Comparison of the cenopopulation samples of P. obovata showed that the genetic structure of the stand from the ecologically favorable area is practically in equilibrium, while a 10 % excess of heterozygotes is recorded in the more polluted area. Despite certain differences between the two studied species, in general, cenopopulations of L. sibirica and P. obovata growing in the areas with an increased, but acceptable level of technogenic load in the Norilsk industrial region are characterized by higher values of almost all parameters of genetic variability. We suggest that this pattern reflects the activation of adaptive processes in coniferous populations from extreme growing conditions.

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the radial increment of various larch species and provenances growing on a common ecological background in experemental forestry established in 1965-1967 on the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe territory by employees of the Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS. The provenances of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) from different elevation belts of the Southern Siberian Mountains, Gmelin larch (L. gmelinii Rupr.) from the Trans-Baikal and Zeya provinces (Eastern Siberia), as well as Japanese larch (L. leptolepis Gord) introduced from Sakhalin Island were studied. Based on the cluster analysis of radial growth series, four groups of provenances were identified with different growth strategies depending on the response to environmental factors: mountain-forest-steppe and mountain-taiga provenances of Siberian larch; provenances of Gmelin larch from Transbaikalia. The provenance of Japanese larch from Sakhalin Island has formed a separate cluster. The highest values of radial growth were found in groups of mountain-forest-steppe provenances formed by Siberian larch and Gmelin larch trees introduced from East Siberian provinces. Low values of radial growth were noted in provenances of Siberian larch trees from Southern Siberia mountain-taiga zone and Japanese larch from the Sakhalin Island. Dendroclimatic analysis was used to identify the relationship between the environmental variables of the introduction zone and the radial increment of the studied provenances. In the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, the main factor limiting radial growth is the moisture content of the root layer in the middle of the growing season (July - August). Larch trees introduced from wetter habitats respond more strongly to an increase in water stress, while radial growth of trees taken from drier habitats responds positively to an increase in the length of the growing season.

The genetic differentiation of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) populations in the latitudinal gradient of climatic conditions was studied based on high-throughput double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) data. We studied the correlation of five main climatic variables with the variability of 47,929 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 125 trees were studied: 61 trees in four populations along the western geographic transect and 64 trees in four populations along the eastern geographic transect. 21 SNPs with signatures of selection were identified, including 9 outlier SNPs whose variability cannot be explained by selectively neutral processes, and 12 SNPs whose variability correlated with the environmental factors. Seven SNPs are located in the introns of mitochondrial genes, three are located relatively close to the mitochondrial genes encoding NAD2 and ribosomal proteins S7 and S11, one is located at a distance from the nuclear gene encoding a protein homologous to the microtubule-associated futsch-like protein of Arabidopsis thaliana, two in the protein genes of an unknown nature and three in contigs containing no genes, and for which no homologous sequences were found in the NCBI GenBank.

Dynamics of tree height of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) of different origin was studied in the provenance trial on sandy and loam soils in Central Siberia. Plots with different soils are situated in the one geographical point in the Boguchany region in Krasnoyarsk krai. It has common climatic conditions. Different adaptive reaction of pine climatypes posterities to soil conditions and other ecological factors was revealed in the place of trial. Differentiation of Scots pine climatypes at mean height are shown in the article. Perspective climatypes were distinguished on base of growth dynamics.

The Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) pollen viability was studied on the border of Krasnoyarsk city as well as unpolluted growth conditions. The study discovered the variability and correlation between the functional characteristics of pollens, as well as a low rate of development anomalies. The viability of pollen growth in forest ecosystems of the Eastern Sayans middle mountains (northeast border of national park “Krasnoyarskie Stolby”) decreased under pollution press. A great variety of pollen viability characteristics of the Siberian spruce pollen makes evident the high degree of flexibility and adaptability of species′ reproductive processes.

The results of cytogenetic analysis of four embryogenic cell lines of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) of different ages: young (two four-month and 16-month CLs) and long-proliferating (11-year CL) are presented. Three cell lines are diploid and contain in the karyotype the normal number of chromosomes for this species (2n = 24). A 16-month-old CL capable of forming somatic embryos was aneuploid (2n = 25). This cell line is probably characterized by trisomy on one of the pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The long-term proliferating CL, from which regenerants and clones were obtained, retains a diploid number of chromosomes during 11 years of cultivation and remains genetically stable. The karyotype of conifers is characterized by high degree of stability and most of the species contain 24 chromosomes (2n = 24). Therefore, the detection of cytogenetically stable cell lines is of great interest for genetic work of this group of plants and creation of highly productive plantations with specified hereditary properties.

With the use of six polymorphic microsatellite markers of nuclear DNA in the territory of oil complex of Western Siberia’s activity, a pilot study of three closely spaced populations of Pinus sylvestris L. - bog land, dry land, and "technogenic" (originated on the sandy base of the drilling pad) was carried out. It showed that the studied populations are quite close in terms of the main parameters of genetic variability, assessed by six polymorphic loci. At the same time, small but statistically significant differences were found between the dry land and bog land populations, including one’s in FIS. The "technogenic" population has an intermediate position between the studied natural populations and does not show statistically significant differences from them. It has been suggested that the most likely cause of the latter is the formation of "technogenic" young pine stands from a mixture of genotypes of the dry land and bog land populations, as well as that the appearance of unique (private) alleles in the "technogenic" population and adjacent bog land population can be induced by chemical pollution.

In the proposed series of articles, based on the idea of the unity of scientism and worldview, we intend to identify and analyse the core functions of philosophy and its role in scientific knowledge. This article considers the genesis and foundations of the functions of philosophy in the process of its formation and development.

Obviously, we could have failed to be successful scientists. But a serious question lurks beneath the banal one stated in my title. If the results of a scientific investigation are correct, would any investigation of roughly the same subject matter, if successful, at least implicitly contain or imply the same results? Using examples ranging from immunology to high-energy physics, the paper presents the cases for both positive and negative answers. The paper is deliberately non-conclusive, arguing that the question is one of the few serious philosophical issues that divides protagonists in the «science wars».

Every person has a sense of his uniqueness - a sense of self. This sovereign self is the center of conscious life that ensures the unity of the personality. The desire to solve the mystery of this unity of identity and difference, rest and movement should sooner or later result in the creation of the science of egology which studies the structures of pure consciousness. Explicitly, the idea of egology was first introduced in Husserl’s later works. However, implicitly this idea has ancient origins. Given the antiquity of the egological tradition, I limit myself in this article to the formulation of the idea of egology in Husserl’s philosophy and its perception in the follow-up phenomenological movement. Along with positive arguments, the article also presents the arguments of those who sincerely expressed doubts and objections or quite rejected the possibility of a pure self, and hence the science which deals with it.

One of the significant fields in narrative research is the development of the “narrative paradigm” carried out by W. Fischer. It has been determined that the main differences in the understanding of narrative and the narrative paradigm are associated, firstly, with considering narrative as a universal form of communication and, secondly, with recognizing the “argumentative” function of narrative as a priority. The persuasiveness of a narrative depends on its internal coherence, credibility, and consistency with the values and beliefs of the listener or audience. The advantages of the narrative paradigm in comparison with the rational one are analysed. In W. Fisher’s view, they are that in the narrative paradigm social control is excluded, introducing to it is carried out naturally, the participants in the narrative paradigm are equal due to the exclusion of experts and, in addition, it has not only descriptive, but also normative functions. The moral status of the narrative paradigm is shown to be at least problematic. But social control is possible.

The article deals with the issue of defining the concept of utility. The purpose of the discussion is to characterize metaphysical, scientific and systemic approaches to determining utility and to show their advantages and disadvantages. The argument is based on comparative and transcendental methods. The ideas of metaphysicians, scientists working in the political economic and evolutionary fields, utilitarians, pragmatists, and representatives of the philosophy of technology are considered. As a result of the study, six ways to define the concept of utility are identified and characterized. It is shown that each definition related to utility acts as a way of capturing the relationship between sensuality, mind and reason, the ideal and real worlds. A general definition of utility is formulated as an idea of reason expressing the unity of apperception.

Modern industrial-technological civilization, along with science and mathematics, has entered a crisis period of evolution, which will end only when civilization enters a new, more spiritual stage of development. Rationalism, based upon operating with “fixed” con-cepts (in the spirit of the law of identity in logic), is outdated and unable to express the specificity of developing objects studied by the theory of self-organization. More complex thinking with moving concepts-images is being formed in science. The article describes the difficulties of the development of mathematics in the 21st century and ways to overcome them. New ideas are introduced: the future of mathematics lies in the development of scientists’ creativity, intuitive insight and the promotion of new, deeper concepts and theorems-guesses expressing their properties, rather than in the logical rigor of proofs. A large part of evidence will eventually be transferred to artificial intelligence. Modern mathematical knowledge is growing due to the applied aspect - modeling. Mathematics has already become a “branch of industry”. Science comes close to art. A new criterion of scientific character will appear, that is “truth as beauty”.

The article formulates arguments for the adequacy of philosophical concepts in the context of the use of data analysis and artificial intelligence. Firstly, we show the importance of teaching computer programs in the field of artificial intelligence about causal relationships to increase their adaptability, develop the ability to explain the results obtained and bring them closer to natural intelligence. Secondly, we show the heuristic nature of causal interpretation as a basis for the operational description of biasing factors and their rational blocking in randomized experiments. Finally, we describe the prerequisites for the hypothetical participation in science of philosophers who are proficient in formal methods as critics of their shortcomings and as consultants on the correct application of philosophical concepts in science.

In his recent paper, C. Fuchs formulates QBism in the form of eight postulates. We criticise QBism as an antirealist position and propose an alternative - contextual quantum realism (QCR). 1. A quantum state is not “an agent’s personal judgement” (QBism), nor is it subjective (QBism), but objective (QCR). It describes not the current experience (QBism), but a state of a physical system in context (QCR). 2. A quantum measurement is a (literally) measurement of quantum reality (QCR), rather than an agent’s action upon its external world (QBism). It can only be regarded as an action in the sense in which a cognitive Wittgensteinian language game is an action (QCR). 3. The result of a quantum measurement is objective, though context-sensitive (QCR), rather than subjective (QBism), personal to the agent performing the action (QBism). 4. The quantum formalism is normative (QCR and QBism) and at the same time descriptive (QCR). The wave function tells us what to expect and how a quantum experiment should be conducted (i.e. plays the role of a norm), and also describes the state of a quantum system in context (QCR). 5. Unitary evolution is objective (QCR), not subjective (QBism). It does not express an agent’s degrees of belief (QBism). 6. Probability 1 is ontic (QCR), not an agent’s maximum degree of subjective certainty without ontic content (QBism). 7. In general, measurement outcomes are not predetermined (QCR and QBism), i.e. “unperformed measurements have no outcomes” (for QCR, this is an analytical judgement; for QBism this is a thesis), but they are predetermined in the case of probabilities 1 and 0 (QCR). In the case of probabilities 0 and 1, one can speak of performed measurements (QCR). 8. Quantum theory is a universal Wittgensteinian rule (norm), i.e. a rule (norm) rooted in experience, reality (QCR). It can be used by any competent subject (QCR and QBism). We illustrate the difference between QCR and QBism on the example of how they treat “Wigner’s friend” thought experiment and consider their attitude to phenomenology.

In modern epistemology, the production of knowledge is understood as a collective enterprise, which implies not only the coordination of the efforts of individual researchers, but also the presence of collective agents of cognition. The behavior of such a collective agent is presumably determined by its inherent collective rationality and intentionality. “Bracketing out” the individual agent allows, in particular, to eliminate the gap between individual and collective rationality, which is a significant problem in the production of knowledge understood as a public good, since it can lead to freeriding and scientific egoism. At the same time, the construction of collective agents of cognition does not always seem to be a justified tool in methodological and metaphysical terms. An alternative may be a mixed theoretical scheme, namely the representation of scientific cognition as collective action, but without collective intentionality.

The article is a brief description of the creativity and specifics of the philosophical position of I. Hacking, dedicated to the death of the philosopher.

The article is devoted to a review of the philosophical heritage of J. Hacking. The specifics of his philosophical development are presented and the features of his philosophical research in the main directions of the philosopher’s work are characterized.

The article considers the inconsistences in the higher education system and highlights the main requirements for the professional training of a modern specialist. A cluster approach is proposed as the basis for the methodology of a university design in the developing innovative society. The reasons for the emergence of the cluster form of organization of educational institutions are shown and the principles of constructing such clusters are described. The educational cluster is regarded as a driver for the formation and development of the intellectual capital of society. The ontology of the development of university educational structures is presented in the form of a self-organizing cluster system. The methodology for solving the problem of building an educational cluster is revealed through the conceptual model and instrumental one.