Home – Home – Jornals – Scientific journal “Vestnik NSUEM” 2023 number 3

Paleoproterozoic mafic associations of the Irkut block from the Sharyzhalgai uplift are gabbro-dolerite dikes and small gabbronorite and monzodiorite massifs, which formed at 1.87-1.84 Ga and were coeval with granitoids and basite intrusions of the South Siberian magmatic belt (SSB). All the Paleoproterozoic mafic associations of the Irkut block are characterized by the presence of biotite and alkali feldspar, enrichment in K₂O, LILE, Th, and light REE, highly fractionated multielement spectra with sharp Nb and Ti depletion, and extremely low ε_Nd( T ) from -5.1 to -10.1. In these compositional features, they are similar to mafic complexes in the central and eastern parts of the SSB (the Baikal uplift and the western Aldan shield). Their geochemical and isotopic characteristics did not result from crustal contamination but point to derivation from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) enriched by reaction with felsic subduction-related and OIB-like mafic melts formed at a low degree of melting. The geochemically contrasting Paleoproterozoic gabbronorites in the Onot block of the Sharyzhalgai uplift are marked by depletion in K₂O, Ba, LILE, Th, and light REE, weak depletion in Nb, and higher ε_Nd( T ) from -0.3 to -1.4. The gabbronorites indicate not only an increase in the contribution of a depleted source to their genesis but also the heterogeneity of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle below the south margin of the Siberian Craton. The formation of enriched SCLM domains throughout the South Siberian belt was mainly the result of Archean subduction-related metasomatic processes. The wide distribution of Paleoproterozoic mafic complexes with subduction geochemical signatures and negative ε_Nd( T ) on most early Precambrian cratons is due to global change in the composition and an increase in the heterogeneity of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle toward the end of the Archean.

In this paper, we present a description of the characteristics of the Lotmvara-II sill, which is a representative of the Serpentinite Belt (SB) composed of a series of shallowly emplaced ultrabasic intrusive bodies. The Paleoproterozoic SB complexes were derived from a large-scale mantle plume of komatiitic melt. The sill consists predominantly of fine-grained (locally nearly micrograined) harzburgites with subordinate zones of dunites and orthopyroxenites, located in the central and marginal parts, respectively. It formed from an Al-undepleted komatiitic magma of extremely high Mg content and may represent a near-surface laccolithic “ridge.” In general, the sill is comparatively homogeneous and does not have distinct zoning in the distribution of Mg# values in rock compositions (Mg# = 84.2-88.9, average 86.7). Detailed studies show that olivine, chromian spinel, and ilmenite are the most strongly magnesian in the central part of the body. The maximum values of Mg# equal to 90.7-91.4 in the compositions of olivine at the center of the sill are interpreted as “centers of initial crystallization”. The low values of Mg# equal to 73.4-76.4 are attributed to manifestations of the recurrent generation of olivine. The values of Mg# of orthopyroxene in the sill are within the range 84.6 to 92.3. Orthopyroxene grains in a porphyritic texture are surrounded by a rim of calcic amphibole (autometasomatic in origin); they do not differ compositionally from normal grains. The Zn content of the chromian spinel generally decreases toward the marginal parts of the sill. There is an insignificant degree of magmatic differentiation in the sill with respect to the principal components, but incompatible elements (REE and HFSE) locally show increased levels of their relative enrichment, which is reflected in the nature of the mineral associations described. Thus, the sill has a cryptic zonal structure, which is consistent with its overall crystallization from the center to the edges. The data gathered suggest the presence and significant development of volatile components, halogens, CO₂, and especially magmatic H₂O, which are capable of strongly lowering the liquidus and reducing the density and viscosity of the high-magnesium melt, thereby improving its mobility during ascent from the mantle to the near-surface level of the crust. An increase in ƒ_O2 is observed during in situ subvolcanic crystallization of the sill, as noted earlier in the related complexes of the belt. The relatively small volume of the komatiitic magma in the sill crystallized fairly quickly, resulting in unusual mineral intergrowths. Thus, the Lotmvara-II sill is a novel member in the Serpentinite Belt-Tulppio Belt (SB-TB) in the Paleoproterozoic SB-TB megastructure of the Fennoscandian Shield.

Preservation of soft-bodied organisms as casts is common in the Ediacaran fossil record and extremely rare in Cambrian rocks. Among the factors, limiting fossilization of soft tissues, there is bioturbation-sediment disturbance by burrowing organisms. It is the emergence of burrowing metazoans and associated sediment bioturbation that is thought to be one of the major causes for the disappearance of Ediacaran soft-bodied organisms from the fossil record around ~540 Ma. Here, we study an assemblage of fossils preserved as casts in the Fortunian carbonates of the Olenek Uplift (northeastern Siberian Platform) in association with a typical Fortunian ichnoassemblage. The overall morphology and preservation of the fossils reveal that they comprise microbially induced sedimentary structures and soft-bodied holdfasts. The latter are vaguely reminiscent of some Ediacaran holdfasts, though it is unlikely that they include their phylogenetic descendants. Three-dimensional preservation of the studied fossils was caused by authigenic crystallization of calcite and its further early-diagenetic dolomitization. Our study confirms the critical importance of specific environmental conditions ensuring preservation of soft-bodied organisms as three-dimensional molds and casts. This unique interplay of environmental factors became rare in the Cambrian Period, which was caused by intensification and expansion of bioturbation in marine basins.

Dataset on the Middle Devonian volcanic-carbonate-terrigenous sediments of Salair and the Kuznetsk trough, submerged northward under the Mesozoic-Cenozoic West Siberian geosyneclise (WSG) cover, have been presented. Mainly deep water sediments composed of thin- and fine-grained clastic material (with predominance of tephroids) and thin-, fine-clastic biodetrital limestones with slope slide breccia, as well as turbidites and peculiar “conglomerate-like” limestones (paleoseismites) were found. Sedimentary and geodynamic environments have been reconstructed for the Middle Devonian strata. Predominantly andesitic composition of pyroclastic ashes with fewer values of felsic and basic volcanic components have been determined. The structures related to the continental margin environments of the Siberian continent, the continental slope and its basement have been found. According to sedimentary and geochemical data, the paleogeodynamic environment within the studied region was relatively stable and generally corresponded to the island arc conditions. The paleoclimate of the source area changed from semi-humid in the late Emsian-early Eifelian (Malaya Salairka age) to aridic in the middle Givetian (Kerlegesh age). Basin sediments formed in the deep water oxic environments with good water aeration, excepting euxinic environments found in the lowermost part of studied succession.

A continuous history of annual air temperatures in the Russian Altai for the past 2000 years has been reconstructed for the first time by integrating climate archives stored in the bottom sediments of four lakes in Gorny Altai (Teletskoye, Kucherla, Lower Multa, and Middle Multa). The integrated chronology comprises all known climate events of the two millennia time span: Roman warm epoch (~200 to 500 AD), Dark Age cold epoch (~500 to 750 AD), medieval warming (~750 to 1300 AD), and Little Ice Age (~1300 to 1850 AD). The events distinguished in the integrated climate reconstruction agree perfectly in number and time with the events reconstructed from other climate proxies for the Altai and adjacent areas of West Siberia, Tyva, and West Mongolia. Therefore, the temperature patterns represent a common course of the 2000-year climate evolution over a large part of Central Asia. Similar synchronicity is observed with the available quantitative climate reconstructions for the Northern Hemisphere and its different regions. It means that the climate change in Central Asia over the past two millennia has followed the general global scenario.

Magmatism manifestations in the transition zone from the continental margin of Kamchatka to the Kurile island arc and some geophysical parameters of the subducted oceanic plate of the Northwestern Pacific are considered. The presence of the Miocene coastal volcanic (Pribrezhny) complex at the base of the South Kamchatka volcanic belt contributes to intense crustal processes causing caldera-forming eruptions in the Holocene. The Northern Kuriles are characterized by initiation of areal volcanism associated with crustal fault zones. Anomalous is the absence of volcanism on Shumshu island proximal to Kamchatka. Seismic tomography data reveal a high seismic velocity anomaly below it, which can explain this phenomenon. Based on the presented data an assumption is made about existence of a seafloor elevation on the slab, whose submergence led to disintegration of the melting regions responsible for generation of volcanism.

This study continues analysis of the new seismic tomographic structure of the suprasubduction complex of the central zone of Kamchatka, obtained from the dense local networks data of 2018-2020, and is devoted to the analysis of the velocity structure in the Malko-Petropavlovsk fracture zone margins and around them. The seismic tomographic model involves about 98,000 P - and S -wave travel times from 2963 local earthquakes from August 2018 to July 2020. The resolution of this model makes it possible to trace the feeding systems of volcanoes of the South Kamchatka and East Volcanic Belt to the slab surface, as well as to identify subvertical structural faults. To construct the orientations of the compression and extension axes we used the foci mechanisms of 41 earthquakes with М ≥ 4.5 from the catalog of the International Seismological Center for the period 1979-2019. Along the Malko-Petropavlovsk fracture zone, the Avacha transform fault is clearly traced in the geometry and mutual arrangement of velocity anomalies almost throughout the entire depth of the model. Comparison of seismic anomalies with a map of the directions of the compression and extension axes distribution from the earthquake foci mechanisms showed the correlation between the change in the value of the velocity anomalies along the Avacha transform fault with the axes direction change by almost 180°. A near-surface low-velocity anomaly to the depths of 25-35 km was found along the western border of the Malko-Petropavlovsk zone under the southern tip of the Sredinny Ridge. This anomaly probably marks the axes junction zone boundary of the ancient volcanic front along the Sredinny Ridge and the modern active Eastern Volcanic Belt, which formed as a result of the Kronotsky paleoarc accretion. To the west from the Sredinny Ridge southern tip, another low-velocity anomaly was revealed. This anomaly was traced to a depth of ~150 km, has a contrasting southern boundary confirmed by the distribution of the compression and extension axes directions by the earthquake foci mechanisms and apparently marks the southern boundary of the West Kamchatka block.

In the Bouvet Island region (South Atlantic), a hotspot operates in the region of the triple junction of midocean ridges. On the basis of laboratory modeling data, the structure of the conduit of a thermochemical plume melting out in the mantle from the core-mantle boundary is presented. The thermal power of the Bouvet thermochemical plume is determined from the volume of uplifted and erupted rocks above the lower topographic level. To determine the mass flow rate of the melt for the plume, a topographic profile is used in a section perpendicular to the Bouvet hotspot trajectory and passing through the Bouvet plume. The thermal power of the Bouvet plume is 1.7 · 10¹⁰ W. Based on the obtained power, the plume diameter is d = 10-13 km. The Bouvet plume belongs to intermediate-power plumes. Such plumes are diamondiferous, because their eruption on the surface transports the melt from a depth of > 150 km, at which diamond is stable. The Bouvet plume trajectory originates in South Africa. Initially, the melt erupted on the cratonic surface through a diatreme. Next, the plume was preserved in the region of the drifting oceanic lithosphere and became no longer diamondiferous. The following morphostructures of the triple junction region with contrasting types of magmatic systems are distinguished according to petrological and geochemical data: MOR and the Bouvet volcanic island, which results from the plume activity. For the Bouvet region, K₂О (0.5%) and Н₂О (up to 0.9%) are identified in the composition of the deep magmatic melt. There is enrichment in H₂ up to 100 ppm (up to 50 ppm in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR)) and in CH₄ up to 12 ppm (up to 1 ppm in the MAR). Thus, it is suggested by the specific features of the melt composition that the Bouvet Island plume is thermochemical. This paper also presents a diagram showing free-convective flows in the asthenosphere in the Bouvet Triple Junction region. Sections are constructed on which the association between the convective structure and bottom morphostructures in the Bouvet region is identified. Large-scale asthenospheric flows are responsible for the formation of MOR. Convective rolls at the top of the asthenosphere account for the formation of the Bouvet and Moshesh transform faults. The Bouvet plume is under the influence of the ascending upper-mantle flow confined to the MOR axis and locally intensifies the ascending flows of the asthenospheric rolls.

The results of the numerical simulations on optical radiation focusing by a cluster of identical nanospheres densely packed into a spherical volume (a "metaparticle") are presented. The parameters of the focal region (intensity, longitudinal and transverse dimensions) formed by metaparticles with different internal structure are calculated. We show that in certain cases, the problem of focusing optical radiation by a globular cluster of nanoparticles can be reduced to the problem of light focusing by a homogeneous spherical particle with an effective refractive index obtained from the effective medium theory. Moreover, certain globular cluster topologies make it possible to improve the optical focusing in the near-field region, in particular, by increasing the focal intensity or enhancing the spatial localization of the focal area.

The conditions for the occurrence of extreme concentrations of submicron particles and black carbon in their composition in the surface air layer are analyzed on the basis of monitoring measurements of aerosol characteristics and acoustic sounding of the lower air layer in the winter periods of 2016-2022 in Akademgorodok, Tomsk. It is shown that with a combination of surface air temperature inversion and weak (up to 1.5 m/s) wind (air stagnation), the average aerosol characteristics under study increase by up to 3 times, and with a weak northwest wind, up to 7-8 times relative to the season averages. It is found that under several-day air stagnation conditions, the typical daily variation, characterized by the afternoon minimum, is transformed. The increase in the concentrations continues until 15:00; the values exceed nighttime minimum by 1.8 times. On other days of the winter season, the maxima occur at 10:00 am, with the excess of the concentrations of submicron particles by 1.2 times, and of black carbon, by 1.5 times over the nighttime minima.

A mathematical model is proposed that simulates the acquisition and processing of hyperspectral remote sensing data on subtle fragments of environmental pollution (garbage) comparable in size with the spatial resolution of the observation equipment. Spectral mixing of “objects” with “background” is provided by a special coefficient, which takes into account that the area of each element of a scene template related to the “object” is only partially filled with its spectral characteristic, and the rest of the area, with the background characteristic. The options for calculating the probability of detecting objects depending on the observation conditions specified with the MODTRAN atmospheric model are considered. The difference between the model data and real experimental results is no more than 10%.

The results of synchronous lidar observations of the transfer of atmospheric aerosol fields over Lake Baikal during the summer expedition of 2018 are presented. The experiment was carried out using two lidars, one of which was located on a ship, and the second, at a distance of 732 m at a stationary station. Based on the correlation analysis of the lidar data, the transfer time of atmospheric aerosol heterogeneities between observation points at different altitudes above the mountain basin is estimated. It is found that the transfer time is 5 min 20 s for the altitude range 100-350 m, 7 min 12 s for 1250-1500 m, 5 min 20 s for 2100-2500 m, and 6 min 24 s for the range 4200-4300 m. Such uneven altitude distribution of the transfer time of aerosol objects is due to the complex air flow circulation in the mountain basin.

Changes in the base height of the lower layer cloudiness and cumulonimbus clouds over the territory of Western Siberia are analyzed based on laser data for the period 2010-2021. We established that, in general, there is a decrease in the base height of lower clouds and its increase for cumulonimbus clouds. An increase in the base height of lower cloudiness occurs from north to south. More meridional distribution is obtained for cumulonimbus clouds. The seasonal course of the lower cloudiness and cumulonimbus clouds base height in the south of the territory has a maximum in summer. Two maxima are observed in the center and in the north: for lower cloudiness in summer and spring and for cumulonimbus clouds in winter and summer. The results of the cluster analysis show a significant difference in the base height for cumulonimbus clouds (in comparison with lower cloudiness) at different stations, which is presumably due to differences in earth’s surface characteristics and station height above sea level, as well as regional features of atmospheric circulation and convective processes.

Characteristics of air temperature inversions in the atmospheric boundary layer (frequency of occurrence, intensity, and depth) up to a 1-km height are analyzed based on experimental MTP-5 (meteorological temperature profiler) data obtained in 2020-2022. Air temperature profiles were measured simultaneously at a site with natural landscape (Tomsk suburbs) and over an urban territory (Akademgorodok, outskirts of Tomsk). Temperature inversions were observed in approximately half of the observation period. The statistics of various forms and types of inversions for different seasons is presented. The correlation between the inversion intensity and weather parameters in the surface air layer is considered. A significant effect of the wind direction on the inversion intensity is noted.

The validation of H₂O absorption lines parameters in the modern spectroscopic databases such as HITRAN2016, HITRAN2020, GEISA2020, and W2020 database of H₂O lines is carried out in the visible region 16700-17000 cm^-1. The H₂O transmission spectra were simulated with the spectroscopic databases and compared with laboratory spectra of pure water vapor and H₂O-N₂ mixture ( P = 1 atm), recorded using a Fourier spectrometer with light-emitting diodes of high luminance. The parameters of 65 H₂O absorption lines from HITRAN2020 database were corrected on the basis of the measurements. The positions of 32 lines, intensities of 51 lines, and self-broadening coefficients of 10 lines were improved. The ratio of the HITRAN2020 broadening coefficients to the experimental values is close to 1, whereas the air pressure-induced line shift coefficients in the spectroscopic databases are, on average, two times higher than the experimental values, and therefore, our previously obtained experimental values of N₂ pressure-induced line shift coefficients were used to simulate the transmission spectra of H₂O-N₂ mixture. The difference of the experimental spectra from the spectra calculated with HITRAN2016, HITRAN2020, GEISA2020, and W2020 spectroscopic databases and corrected HITRAN2020cor gives root-mean-square deviations RMS = 1.49E-4, 1.64E-4, 3.96E-4, 3.49E-4, and 1.26E-4 in the case of pure water vapor and RMS = 1.15E-4, 1.1E-4, 2.23E-4, 2.28E-4, and 0.86E-4 for H₂O-N₂ mixture, respectively.

A polarization dielectric mirror on a ZnSe substrate is created for laser systems in the mid-IR range. The film periodic structure was calculated using the Optilayer software. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) and ytterbium fluoride (YbF₃) were used as materials for the interference coating. The optical parameters of the materials used are determined in a wide spectral range. The interference coating of the structure calculated was deposited onto the substrate by the ion-beam sputtering method. The threshold value for laser-induced breakdown of a dielectric mirror by Ho:YAG laser radiation with a wavelength of 2.097 mm was obtained, which was 4 J/cm² at a pulse repetition rate of 10 kHz and a pulse duration at half-height of 30 ns. The mirror was tested in an OPO system based on a ZnGeP₂ single crystal; the conversion efficiency obtained with this mirror reaches 30%.

The results of numerical simulation of the return flux from a sodium laser guide star for atmospheric conditions of astronomical observatories of the North Caucasus are presented. The simulation was performed in accordance with modern concepts of the physics of the interaction of polarized laser radiation with mesospheric sodium atoms. Two cases are considered: the formation of an artificial reference source by laser radiation with circular and linear polarizations. The limitations of the photon flux due to the saturation effect are estimated.

The results of calculations are presented showing how the energy is redistributed and the law of conservation of energy is fulfilled when optical radiation is reflected from mirror surface in a turbulent atmosphere. It is shown that if, as a result of reflection, spatially limited beams of light are formed, then the redistribution of energy in a plane transverse to the direction of propagation occurs near the strictly backward direction in a limited region, the dimensions of which do not exceed several Fresnel zones. In the case of a point reflector, when a spatially unlimited reflected wave is formed, the redistribution of energy occurs on a much larger scale. The increase in the mean intensity of the reflected wave in a limited area with a diameter of two Fresnel zones around the strictly backward direction (backscatter amplification effect) occurs due to the outflow of part of the energy of the reflected wave from the lateral directions from a huge area, several orders of magnitude larger than the area where this energy is accumulated.

The article discusses the criteria of efficiency used in the assessment of investment projects. The objects of interest are large-scale projects which have a significant influence on life of the country (not only economic), such as large railroad projects in the first place. The criteria of microeconomic level (typical of the methodology of the cost-benefit analysis) and macroeconomic level, when a project is analyzed in the context of economy of the country in general, are considered. It is shown that the principal problem of efficiency of large-scale projects both at micro- and macrolevel is fundamental uncertainty.

The article presents the results of a study of the life path of qualifications in the field of personnel management, both at the level of individual employees, and in a historical perspective from the moment the function of personnel management was allocated, to the present, when it was segmented into specific areas, and is already normatively fixed in various professional standards, regulating professional activities in the field of work with personnel, as well as for the future, through an assessment of trends that can influence the function, as well as the results of foresights conducted with experts. The main research methods were retrospective analysis, analysis of documents (professional standards), analysis of HeadHunter.ru data. The study showed that professional activity in the field of personnel management has undergone significant changes over the past 30 years, transformed from personnel work to work with personnel, with the allocation of 2 basic areas: personnel development and labor economics. At the same time, the normative directions for the development of the profession have not yet been fixed. The system of professional standards in use is insufficient or not fully used by employers. Considering the results of the analysis, recommendations were made for employers on the development of the direction in the organization, the data was used in monitoring the labor market in the “HR management” sector, conducted for the SEC on personnel management in 2022.

The context of unprecedented character of modern political and economic conditions requires the conduction of ongoing studies and renewal of the strategy and tactics of unshadowing, as well as the search of relevant methods and tools for carrying out this process. The analysis of several indicators demonstrated the absence of efficient policy of unshadowing national economy, which, along with other factors, has a negative influence on the rates of economic growth in Russia. The notion of “unshadowing of the economy” was defined in the course of the study, as well as the importance of the unshadowing process in the way of economic growth. A conclusion was drawn that shadow economy is the symbiosis of economic, legal, financial and institutional relations, which have various nature and occurrence prerequisites, goals and motives. Therefore, the degree of restriction of the rates of economic growth as a result of shadowing economy is determined by the level of deviation of behavior of economic entities from the existing legal norms, as well as law and rules of competitive environment. Therefore, the choice of tools and mechanisms of unshadowing is determined by the state and scales of shadow activity. The authors note that the significant scales of the shadow sector in Russia became a serious threat to the sustainable social and economic development. Following the study the factors shadowing economy were revealed and several scientific recommendations regarding the leading of the Russian economy out of the “shadow” were formulated. Certain priorities were defined, including legalization of financial flow and labor market. A conclusion was drawn that the countermeasures against the negative factors, analyzed in the study, should be complex, which will ensure containment of development of the shadow sector and create necessary conditions for sustainable economic growth of Russian economy.

The import substitution model is not new for our country, the first practices were carried out in Soviet times. Nowadays, there is a tendency to restrict export-import relations. Protective measures are being introduced that break down existing logistics chains, which increases the risks of entire industries in the Russian Federation by a multiple. Directly, the problem of import substitution has become very acute for the Russian Federation in the light of unprecedented sanctions pressure from Western countries, which has been observed since the beginning of 2022. However, many countries in one way or another faced the need to introduce import substitution policy tools. Therefore, in order to respond in a timely manner to the external challenges facing our country, it is necessary to analyze foreign experience in localization of production. This article is devoted to the consideration of import substitution practices of different countries in order to establish positive and negative mechanisms for the implementation of import substitution policy. The purpose of this study is to identify mechanisms that can ensure the effectiveness of industrial development programs.

The article characterizes the influence of human resources on the efficiency of the functioning of a higher educational institution in the conditions of competition in the market of educational services. The content of the personnel potential of the university is substantiated as a set of personal qualities and professional competencies that determine the effectiveness of the professional activity of a university teacher; the structure of the professional competence of a university teacher is considered from the positions of various authors and the author’s model of the competence approach to the development of the personnel potential of the university is presented.

Phytocoenotical behaviour of 21 arctic-alpine and arctic vascular plant species is analyzed in different subzones of the taiga zone in comparison with that in tundras, based upon the set of 2234 relevés made in European Russia in 1996-2007 (see Table 2; Figure). Species prefer rich (mainly carbonate or sulfate) but cold soil in the taiga zone of European Russia. The climate continentality regime affects them less valuably, although the affiliation of some species to different bedrock types may depend on the area longitudinal position. Many arctic-alpine species occur under the canopy of light-coniferous forests on limestone or gypsum but only in treeless communities on silicate bedrock. The main part of the arctic species is restricted to salinized seashore soils. The three floristic elements are distinguished within the arctic fraction of a taiga zone flora, namely the periglacial-karst (the Dryas flora core in the Late Pleistocene), the maritime, and the mire-riverside ones, with several subelements each. Both the ecological and phytocoenotical differences between species and the historical-climatical events which caused different waves of migration lead to species subdivision into elements and subelements. Those of the periglacial-karst element are distinguished according to species occurrence on limestone and gypsum outcrops only (the karst subelement with Dryas octopetala, D. punctata, Salix reticulata etc.) or on silicate rock (the rock subelement with Saxifraga spp.), in low-herb meadows (the rock-meadow subelement with Poa alpina), or in Scots pine forests on sand (the rock-redwood element with Arctous alpina and Oxytropis sordida) as well. The arctic-alpine species which migrated in the Middle and/or Late Dryas and then in the second half of the Praeboreal comprise the bulk of the element. Subelements of the maritime element are defined according to species affinity to either littoral (Carex subspathacea) or supra-littoral (C. glareosa) belts, or maritime crowberry heath (Loiseleuria procumbens), also according to species oceanicity/continentality which determined the vectors of their migration. The arctic species which migrated in the Middle Dryas and then in the Little Ice Age prevail. Subelements of the mire-riverside element are distinguished according to species affinity to mires of different mineral richness (Carex rariflora, Tofieldia pusilla) or to silt/gravel banks (Caltha arctica, Arctophila fulva). The Upper Pechora riverside subelement comprises the arctic hygrophytes and probably has the Riss-Würm interglacial or Early Würm glacial origins. In the meantime, the arctic-alpine Eriophorum scheuchzeri (the mire-riverside subelement) continues migrating nowadays.

The results of vegetation classification of protective forest stands in the southern and central regions of the Rostov region using the method are presented J. Baun-Blaquet. The syntaxonomy is based on 75 complete geobotanical descriptions obtained during route surveys of the territory. As a result, 7 associations were identified, including 3 new ones: Padello mahaleb-Fraxinetum excelsioris - unites communities of protective and priovrazhy protective forest plantations (ZLN) in the southern districts of the Rostov region, with dominants in the first tree tier Fraxinus excelsioris and Padellus mahaleb - in the shrubby, as part of the Chelidonio majoris-Robinion pseudoacaciae; Elytrigio repentis-Ulmetum minoris - communities of ZLN bordering the bayrach forests of the southern and central regions of the Don region, the first tree tier is dominated by Ulmus minor, a sodominant in the herbage of Elytrigia repens; Elytrigio repentis-Fraxinetum excelsioris - communities of wide (up to 40 m) ZLN along federal highways, shore-strengthening ZLN of the central and southern regions of the studied region. The peculiarity of the last two associations is the predominance of natural flora species in the stand, however, all the described communities artificially created plantings in the 60-70s, they are attributed to the alliance Chelidonio majoris-Acerion negundi. Validation of the alliance Chelidonio majoris-Acerion negundi and association Chelidonio majoris-Aceretum negundi was also carried out.

Global warming over the past few decades is causing a reduction of the area of glaciers and a rise of the upper forest line in the Mountain Altai. Therefore, it is important to study the biology of mountain species in order to determine their adaptive potential. Phlomoides alpina is one of the permanent species of subalpine communities. The study was conducted on the territory of Katun Nature Reserve (Altai Republic). Using the terms of discrete description of ontogeny, we studied the ontogeny of P. alpina and the age structure of its cenopopulation. It has been established that P. alpina is a polycarpic monopodial-rosette short-rhizome plant. Ontogeny of individuals is complete and complex with late non-specialized morphological disintegration: a mature generative individual is fragments into non-rejuvenated ramets. The species reproduction by means of seeds. The first flowering occurs at the 20-25 years age. The middle-aged generative state is the longest (25-40 years) compared to other ontogenetic states. The complete individual’s ontogeny lasts 70-90 years. Two variants of the functioning of the apical bud of the skeletal axis of the generative plant were revealed, when either vegetative-generative buds or developed vegetative buds are formed on the annual shoot. The development of vegetative-generative buds is a necessary condition for the flowering of an individual and contributes to the seed renewal of the coenopopulation. The appearance of large vegetative buds on a one-year shoot predetermines a interruptions (pauses) in flowering, but at the same time, skeletal axes are branched due to them. Due to this, multi-shoot large mature bushes are formed in the middle-aged generative state, which occupy the territory for a long time. The young normal cenopopulation of P. alpina has a left-sided multi-top ontogenetic spectrum in the subalpine meadow. The main peak on the group of juvenile individuals indicates successful seed reproduction of the species; two local peaks on virginal and mature generative individuals are associated with an increase in the duration of these states.

The purpose of this work is to summarize information about the distribution of the rare species of Oxytropis growing in the Republic of Uzbekistan to clarify their ranges, to start an inventory of their locations and to study the demographic structure of their coenotic populations. To assess the condition and conservation of rare plants, it is necessary to study their biological characteristics, as one of the primary tasks of the population ecology, the study of populations of rare, endangered and protected plant species is required for elaborating effective measures to maintain their stable existence. The structure of the habitats of 10 rare species of Oxytropis growing on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan was studied on the basis of herbarium samples and of a review of literary and electronic sources. Herbarium collections of rare species of Oxytropis date from 1924 to 1987, with only tenth of the collections made later than 2000. Such species as O. maidantalelsis, O. schachimardanica, O. tyttantha and O. vvedenskyi were not collected at all in the 21st century. Therefore, revision of the existing habitats and detailed evaluation of the status of rare and endemic species of Oxytropis is very relevant at the present time. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that the studied species live in mountainous areas, at altitudes from 820 to 3400 m above sea level, on steep 20-35° rocky slopes of different exposures in phytocoenoses with low projective coverage from 15 to 50 %, while the projective coverage of Oxytropis is small and amounts to 1 % or less. The populations of the studied species are small (100-400 plants) and isolated. Data are presented indicating that most of the coenopopulations of the rare species of Oxytropis persistently have existed in their habitats for a long time. As a rule, these are populations that are protected on the territory of nature reserves and national parks or are located in hard-to-reach places. Those populations which are located outside protected areas are subjected to strong, uncontrolled grazing, up to their complete destruction. All the investigated coenopopulations (CP) of Oxytropis species are normal, definitive, the CP of O. fedtschenkoana and O. kamelinii are full-fledged, the other CP of the remaining studied species are incomplete. In incomplete cenopopulations, plants of the postgenerative period are most often absent, less often - those of the pregenerative period. The CP O. kamelinii, O. lasiocarpa, O. pseudoleptophysa and O. pseudorosea are with a left-sided ontogenetic spectrum (pregenerative and young generative individuals predominate), the CP O. fedtschenkoana are with a centered type of spectrum. In general, in the coenotic populations of Oxytropis, a high proportion of generative plants was noted - from 36.9 to 96.2 %. In all of those, with the exception of O. lasiocarpa CP (3.8 %), the percentage of individuals of the pregenerative period is high - from 32.9 to 60.5 %, indicating successful seed renewal in these coenopopulations. A large proportion of pregenerative plants makes it possible to predict successful replenishment of the generative fraction of the plants in the near future. The fraction of plants of the post-generative period in the CP is insignificant - up to 6.3 %, suggesting that the plants remain in the generative state for almost the entire life cycle. The rare species of Oxytropis of Uzbekistan are mountain species with a narrow-locality range and a narrow ecological amplitude, with a small number of populations within the range. The number of their populations is small, and the trends of its changes have not been established. The analysis of the state of coenotic populations has shown that overgrazing, leading to destruction of seedlings, juvenile and immature individuals, as well as to a decrease in the vitality and seed productivity of generative plants due to their partial or complete eating, is one of the main limiting factors. It can be concluded that all the species of Oxytropis studied by us are vulnerable due to the peculiarities of biology (exclusively seed reproduction), stenotopy, the small size of their populations and the decrease in their numbers as a result of the anthropogenic impact. An in-depth study of the biological features of rare species of Oxytropis of Uzbekistan, the state of coenotic populations, further inventory of known habitats and search for new ones are necessary. The main condition for the conservation of currently rare species, especially such species as O. pseudorosea and O. kamelinii, consists in organizing protection of all the populations and regular monitoring of their condition at the places of the most intense anthropogenic impact. The results obtained can be used in the next edition of the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan and for organizing effective measures for protection of the species.

Two new taxa, Myosotis pospelovae O.D. Nikif. and M. nemorosa subsp. putoranica O.D. Nikif. from section Myosotis, which are listed in “Flora Putorana”, as M. scorpioides L. var. pusilla Meinsh. and M. scorpioides var. nemorosa (Besser) Schmalh are described from the the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Both taxa differ significantly from the known species of the type section in the presence of thickened rhizomes with numerous flower-bearing shoots, the pubescence of the leaves, and the shape and size of the eremocarps. M. pospelovae relatives M. nemorosa Besser, plants 5-10 cm high, stems shiny, without pubescence, crowded in a clump, leaves bare on underside. M. nemorosa subsp. putoranica is more similar to M. nemorosa in its leaf and stem pubescence, differing from the latter in its multi-stemmed life form and leaf pubescence. It differs from M. palustris in the shiny stems and in the presence of downward pointing bristly hairs on the lower surface of the leaves and in the number of chromosomes 2n = 22, instead of 2n = 44, 66. The drawings show the peculiarities of the pubescence of the leaf plate, as well as the shape and size of the eremocarps in comparison with the related species M. palustris and M. nemorosa. The issues of the priority name of the variety of the Linnaean species M. scorpioides β-palustris, as well as the relationship of M. nemorosa subsp. putoranica with the European species M. nemorosa. For new taxa, a list of studied specimens (paratypes) and photographs of type specimens are given.

This message begins a series of notes on the study of the chromosome numbers of plant species grown on the collection “Rare and endangered plant species of Siberia” in the Central Siberian Botanical Garden (CSBS SB RAS). The collection includes 429 specimens (99 % representatives of natural populations) from 278 taxa (species, hybrids), 127 genera, 58 families. 33 species are included in the list of the Red Book of the Russian Federation, 162 species in the regional Siberian Red Books. In addition to the species included in the Red Book lists, plants of species of scientific significance are grown - endemics, relics. Most species have been cultivated for more than 10 years, many of them for more than 30 years. The numbers of chromosomes of endangered species, endemic are represented insignificantly in the literature. This study is part of the certification of introducers and is necessary for the comprehensive study of rare and endangered species. Two types of roots were studied. The first type is roots in plants of vegetatively mobile species (Cruciata glabra subsp. krylovii (Iljin) E.G. Naumova), also of plants formed by self-seeding Tridactylina kirilowii (Turcz.) Sch. Bip. The second type is the roots of sprouted seeds. We used the methodological recommendations of the Central Committee of the CSBS SB RAS. The chromosome numbers have been determined: Cruciata glabra subsp. krylovii (Iljin) E.G. Naumova (2n = 22, 33, 44), Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. (2n = 16), Sibiraea laevigata (L.) Maxim. (2n = 14), Tridactylina kirilowii (Turcz.) Sch. Bip. (2n = 18), Viola dactyloides Schult. (2n = 24); Viola jooi Janka (2n = 24); Viola mauritii Tepl. (2n = 20); Viola uliginosa Besser (2n = 20). All voucher specinems are presented in the herbarium NSK.

Chromosome numbers (2n) for 17 rare, endemic plant species (25 populations) from the families: Alliaceae, Apiaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Linaceae, Papaveraceae, Valerianaceae are reported on the material from the Republic of Buryatia. For Allium udinicum Antsupova (2n = 16) the chromosome complement was examined for the first time. Chromosome numbers of Allium vodopjanovae N. Friesen (2n = 16), Ferulopsis hystrix (Bunge) Pimenov (2n = 40), Heteropappus altaicus (Willd.) Novopokr. (2n = 54), Kalimeris integrifolia Turcz. (2n = 36), Saussurea salicifolia (L.) DC. (2n = 26), Caragana pygmaea (L.) DC. (2n = 16), and Oxytropis triphylla (Pall.) Pers. (2n = 16) from Buryatia were determined for the first time. New hexaploid cytotypes for Aster alpinus L. s.l. and Heteropappus altaicus (Willd.) Novopokr. (2n = 54) were studied. For each species the distribution area and published data on karyology are given.

May 22, 2023 marks the 100th anniversary of the birth of a talented botanist-introducer, Doctor of Biological Sciences Elena VikentievnaTyurina. The whole scientific life of E.V. Tyurina was associated with the Central Siberian Botanical Garden. The main direction of her research was the biology of medicinal and aromatic plants in nature and during introduction.

The article is dedicated to the 120th anniversary of the birth of the famous Russian breeder and scientific gardener Michael Nikolaevich Salamatov.

The article presents a brief overview of the results of the IX School of Young Scientists on Plant Introduction conducted in the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) with the participation of 43 people from Siberia, the European part of Russia and Kazakhstan. There were 8 lectures on classical and modern methods of plant introduction and conservation ex situ, acquaintance with botanical collections and practical classes on molecular genetical and biochemical methods, and biotechnologies, as well as practical techniques of plant introduction and landscape design. The participants noted the importance of the acquired knowledge for their future work. Such schools are needed in the future as platforms for professional communication and exchange of experience.

We describe the approach to the preparation and contents of the Atlas of giant aufeis-taryns, a specific form of glaciation in the northeastern part of the Eurasian continent resulting from freezing of groundwater which flows out to the surface. The atlas consists of two parts: illustrative-textual, and cartographic. Part I covers the history of the studies of giant aufeis-taryns, and the dependence of aufeis fields on permafrost-hydrogeological, hydroclimatic, geomorphological and geotectonic conditions have been shown in digitized small-scale maps. A special section of the atlas is devoted to hazardous glacial and permafrost-geological phenomena on which the engineering development of the terrain depends. Results of the study indicate that about 5 % of the territory of the north-east of Russia relates to the aufeis-hazardous zone. Part II contains more than 100 maps of the distribution of aufeis-taryns along the basins of the main rivers of the north-east of Russia (Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, Anadyr, and Penzhina). The maps display the current position and size of about 7000 aufeis fields as identified from Landsat and Sentinel-2 images, and their comparison with the Cadastre of Aufeis by A.S. Simakov and Z.G. Shilnikovskaya (1958) is presented. An analysis of the collected material showed an ambiguous dynamics of aufeis fields. On the one hand, their number increased by the 21^st century and, on the other, the total aufeis area before the start of ablation decreased. Information on the historical and modern location of aufeis fields is presented in the form of a digital database for large rivers of the north-east of Russia. Most of the collected material in the Atlas needs detailed analysis.

This article discusses some approaches to building a system of indicators reflecting the state and dynamics of the transition to low-carbon development in Russia. To this end, the authors analyzed a system of indicators reflecting progress in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals in the context of transition to a low-carbon economy. As part of the study, additional indicators were proposed and partially calculated, which were proposed for inclusion in the system (such as the carbon footprint of use and production in Russia in order to use the net carbon export indicator). CO₂ emissions contained in manufactured goods and implicit in exports were calculated on the basis of an input-output model. In addition, the indicators of carbon dioxide absorption by forests in the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation were considered. This indicator was obtained on the basis of conversion-volumetric coefficients in the context of age groups. The experience of China and Germany in the development of renewable energy is considered, the analysis of the energy intensity indicators of the regions of Russia is conducted, the indicators of absorption of greenhouse gases by forests are calculated, and proposals are made to improve the indicators of low-carbon development. The study revealed a significant gap between produced and consumed carbon dioxide emissions, which is determined by a large export of carbon emissions, while the volume of carbon emissions from the forests of the Russian Arctic is 168,8 million tons of CO₂ per year. The proposed system of indicators of the transition to low-carbon development for various levels complements the known indicators of the low-carbon segment of the Sustainable Development Goals with relevant indicators, such as an increase in electricity production from renewable sources, the share of public transport running on batteries, and carbon absorption by ecosystems. Currently, the system includes ten indicators, representing four main areas (energy intensity, carbon intensity, introduction of cleaner energy sources, and carbon uptake by ecosystems).

This article analyzes the survey data for residents of the northern municipal districts of Eastern Siberia. Respondents were asked questions regarding their political behavior, socio-economic status, gender, age, and quality of life. Based on the consideration for ethnic homogeneity and the predominance of the old-timer population, which determine the greater reliability of the results, it was found that in Siberia the most suitable territory for research are the regions of Eastern Siberia equated to the regions of the Far North. Based on the results of field studies using sequential regression analysis algorithms, a group of the most significant predictors included in multifactorial models of electoral preference was identified. The use of such models, in comparison with one-factor models, makes it possible to more accurately assess the expected results of elections. Statistically significant features of the respondents’ electoral preferences are revealed. In particular, it is shown that men are more inclined to choose the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and “other parties”. Three-quarters of the women polled are in favor of United Russia, and industrial workers, compared with other groups of the population, are much less likely to support this party. It has been established that age as a factor influencing the electoral choice is, most likely, an indicator of the influence of other factors. Parametric portraits of typical supporters of the main political parties are compiled.

This article considers the possibility of using probabilistic models to analyze the maximum flow discharges of rivers in order to obtain reliable calculated statistical characteristics for hydrologically poorly studied basins. The study was carried out by using Cisbaikalia as an example, which is characterized by a flood regime of river flow. It was found that floods in the study area most often occur in the summer (July-August), which is associated with the climatic characteristics of the region, and are often destructive. The analysis of the maximum flow of rivers is based on data from the Roshydromet observation network. The series of maximum water discharges were checked for homogeneity and, in general, no disturbances in the steady state of runoff caused by climate changes were detected. As the main probabilistic model, a generalized distribution of extremes is proposed, the parameters of which are recommended to be determined on the basis of group analysis. For the first time, an integrated approach has been applied, which combines well-known methods of hydrological calculations that are most often used to clarify the characteristics obtained for the runoff in the zone of extreme values, namely: the apparatus for truncation of distributions, joint analysis of data, use of a reduction formula with reduction of the drain modulus value not only to the area of 200 km², but also to the average height of basins in the region, as well as the method of probability of probabilities for estimation of obtained results. These methods are all recommended by regulatory documents for effluent calculations and are most often used separately. The comprehensive approach described by the authors makes it possible to take into account the features of the formation of runoff in the zone of extreme values and obtain more accurate values of characteristic quantiles of a given probability of excess for use in design on poorly studied rivers of the region.

The efficient use of solar energy requires an accurate assessment of the incoming solar radiation. The study involves comparing the accuracy of monthly means of the global solar radiation flux from the ERA5 reanalysis database, the SYN1deg satellite-based observation database, climate reference data, and data of regression models for seven settlements in the east of Russia. The study employs two well-known regression models, including parameters of extraterrestrial solar radiation, total cloudiness, air humidity, minimum and maximum air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and a new regression model, which additionally includes parameters of low-level cloudiness and sun elevation angle. The accuracy of databases and regression models is evaluated by comparing their data with ground measurements of weather stations. The indices of the mean absolute error, root-mean-square error, and mean bias error are calculated. The comparison shows that the data of climate reference books for the period from 1937-1957 to 1980 have the smallest deviation from the estimates of the monthly mean flux of global solar radiation for 2006-2020 at most of the points discussed. The ERA5 monthly mean estimates of the global solar radiation flux are more accurate than the SYN1deg data at five of the seven points considered. The new regression model proposed in the study makes it possible to provide greater accuracy of monthly estimates of the global solar radiation flux compared to the data of SYN1deg and ERA5 for most of the points considered.

This paper is concerned with the analysis an assessment of the current state of forest vegetation growing in areas prone to flooding and abrasion on the shores of the Irkutsk reservoir and Lake Baikal (Irkutsk oblast), database generation, mapping and calculation of the areas of these sites as well as the analysis of methods that can be used to assess the economic damage from losses of forest. Geobotanical, cartographic, forest inventory, geoinformation-analytical and other methods were used in this study. It was found that the processes of periodic flooding have a negative impact on the forests of the shores forming, on the site of the original forest phytocenoses, forest stands with a predominance of moss-sedge communities with various types of shrubs. Rare fragments of forest vegetation in the flooded areas occupy less than 1 % of their total area and are represented by low quality, sparse forms of forest stands. It has been established that flooding processes limit the use of land in almost all types of activities. Intense abrasion processes occurring on the shores of the lake and the reservoir, which irreversibly remove land from all types of activity, pose a significant danger. Forested areas on the shores of the Irkutsk reservoir fall into the risk zone to the greatest extent, where their share of the area of abrasion areas located here reaches more than 87 % or almost 42 % of the forested lands in all abrasion areas. An analysis of the current methods showed that the most appropriate for calculating the direct loss of forests as part of economic damage, in particular, its production function, are the rates of payment for a unit of wood and other forest resources. To determine the productivity of forest resources per unit of forested area, regional data and approaches should be used. For a comprehensive assessment of the loss of various functions of forests, regional cadastral valuations of lands of forest resources can also be applied.

The transboundary part of the Altai mountains has been investigated. It was established that it is characterized by a set of geomorphological elements due to the altitudinal position, geological structure, neotectonic activity, modern and paleo-climatic conditions, and exogenous relief-forming processes. In the highlands of the Mongolian Altai, landforms associated with the formation, movement and melting of ice are widespread. The geological activity of glaciers, the work of melt water, and the presence of permafrost give rise to bright forms. The formation of the appearance of mountain landscapes and the transformation of the surface are associated with actively ongoing slope processes: avalanches, mudflows, landslides and rock falls. It was found that the objects of cryogenic genesis are landforms differing in scale, structure and location. They include: snow-ice, rock-ice formations, solifluction forms, areas with frost mounds (palza), polygonal and structural soils, aufeis, etc. It is concluded that the most representative objects of cryogenic genesis illustrating the geological work of ice are: modern glacial complexes, rock glaciers and rock streams. Glaciers constitute the main element of the high-mountain zone for complex conjugated cryogenic forms. In addition to them, smaller forms stand out, the formation of which is associated with the processes of soil change under the influence of permafrost and gravitational processes. Regularities are observed in the structure and arrangement of the landforms in the alpine zone. On the basis of information from field routes, satellite data interpretation and the use of GIS capabilities, we analyzed the distribution of cryogenic landforms. Material was prepared on the basis of working with a digital elevation model. A list (catalog) of natural cryogenic objects of different categories identified within the Altai Tavan Bogd National Park has been compiled. The study confirmed that the landforms of the highlands are of interest for further study, replenishment of the catalog of objects and development of thematic tourism.