Home – Home – Jornals – Siberian Journal of Forest Science 2023 number 3

Results of investigations of flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition in circular smooth tubes performed for several last years at the ITMO University (Minsk, Belarus) are briefly reviewed and systematized. All stages of the flame acceleration process from initiation with a weak source to detonation are demonstrated and described.

Results of simulations of a high-velocity reacting flow of a non-premixed hydrogen-air mixture in a channel with sudden expansion in the form of backward-facing steps with transverse injection of hydrogen jets are reported. The computations are performed with the Ansys Fluent software package based on solving three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the κ-ω SST turbulence model and equations of detailed chemical kinetics of hydrogen combustion in air. The simulations predict self-ignition of the hydrogen-air mixture subsequently transforming to intense combustion with upstream motion of the flame from the ignition region. It is demonstrated that combustion occurs in thick subsonic regions, which merge at the channel axis in areas of elevated heat release, thus, forming a thermal throat. As a result, a system of normal shock waves is formed, which separate the boundary layer from the channel wall. The reverse flow transfers hot reaction products toward the step wall; thus, the thermal throat and shock waves are shifted upstream. As a result, the combustion wave and the shock wave enter the injector area, the “knocked-out” shock wave merge with the bow shock ahead of the jets, and thermal choking of the channel occurs.

Results of numerical simulations of flame acceleration in a semi-open channel filled by acetylene-based mixtures are reported. The computations are performed by the advanced dissipationless method CABARET. The effects of the channel width and the roughness of the inner wall of the channel on the flame evolution dynamics at various stages of the flame acceleration process are demonstrated based on comparisons of results obtained in different formulations. In particular, it is shown that the flame velocity and the amplitude of velocity fluctuations at the quasi-steady stage of flame propagation increase with an increase in the channel width. It is also demonstrated that flow deceleration at the channel walls produces the most pronounced effect at the stage of quasi-steady propagation of the flame owing to faster development of the boundary layer and vortex generation in the near-wall region and vortex interaction with the flame extended along the channel walls.

This paper presents experimental data on the ignition induction period of synthetic hydrocarbons at various temperatures and pressures obtained using a shock tube. The influence of the ignition induction period on the combustion completeness of hydrocarbons in high-enthalpy flows for diffusion-kinetic regimes was determined based on the experimental results. An integral mathematical model is presented that takes into account the influence of the kinetic factors of ignition and combustion on the completeness of physicochemical processes in the air flow. The results of calculations of the combustion completeness of synthetic hydrocarbons in flows with different parameters.

The gasification of a two-layer solid porous fuel in a combined low-temperature charge of a gas generator has been studied using the developed mathematical model and computational algorithm implemented in the OpenFOAM software. The influence of the two-layer nature of the solid porous fuel on its gasification has been studied in computational experiments using as an example gasifiers containing a fuel based on polymethylmethacrylate and polyethylene with different mutual arrangement of their layers. It has been shown that in a two-layer fuel, two waves of gasification propagate simultaneously, due to which the relative mass flow rate of gasification products can have two local maxima. The operating time of a gas generator using a two-layer porous fuel ambiguously depends on the mutual arrangement of the layers and can go beyond the range between the times of operation of the gasifier using each of the fuels.

Dispersed metallic fuels are energy-intensive components of various gel-like and mixed solid fuels, which significantly increase the performance of propulsion systems. This article presents the combustion characteristics of a high-energy material (HEM) containing an oxidizer, a polymeric combustible and a dispersed metallic fuel - aluminum Al, aluminum borides AlB₂ and AlB₁₂, amorphous boron. In a constant-pressure bomb, the combustion rates of HEM were measured in the pressure range of 0.7-4.0 MPa, the effect of aluminum dispersion and the nature of the metallic fuel on the combustion rate and temperature, the fuel sensitivity to pressure changes in the chamber, and the composition of condensed combustion products was established. An increase in the fineness of Al particles in the HEM significantly increases the burning rate and the sensitivity of the fuel composition to pressure changes. Replacing microsized Al powder with amorphous boron, AlB₂ or AlB₁₂ in HEM increases the combustion rate by 2.1-2.2 times at a pressure of 4.0 MPa, while the power exponent in the combustion rate law u(p) = Bp^ν increases from 0.22 to 0.45.

The processes occurring during the induction of a thermal explosion in mixtures of titanium and aluminum powders are analyzed. The role of the oxide film on aluminum particles and the heating rate of samples during the interaction of titanium with aluminum is considered, and various mechanisms of destruction of the oxide film at temperatures near the melting point are proposed. It is shown that, depending on the heating rate of the samples, three mechanisms for the formation of direct contact between titanium and aluminum are possible: mechanical destruction of the oxide film on aluminum, the reaction of aluminum oxide with titanium, and the reaction of aluminum oxide with aluminum. Mechanical activation of the powder mixture lowers the ignition temperature by 20-30 °C. Reducing the average particle size of titanium from 90 to 10 microns lowers the ignition temperature by 100 °C. It is shown that in a number of cases a two-stage ignition mechanism is observed. After the isothermal section of aluminum melting, the stage of a slow temperature rise to 700-800 °C begins, after which the temperature rise rate increases by an order of magnitude.

A promising direction in barrel ballistics to increase the muzzle velocity of a projectile is the use of new fuels as an attached charge. The paper presents an experimental and theoretical method for determining the law of fuel combustion in a manometric experiment (in a closed volume), which allows, by a small number of experiments, to determine the change in the law of combustion as the fuel burns and depending on pressure. The technique is demonstrated on the example of processing three experiments with model high-density fuel. The obtained laws of combustion of high-density fuels can later be used to calculate the gas-dynamic parameters of a shot from a barrel system or a nozzle bomb (in a semi-closed volume) using these fuels.

This paper presents a technique for non-contact diagnostics of on solid rocket motors (SRM) based on the analysis of acoustic vibrations generated by the supersonic jet of products combustion discharged from the nozzle. The combustor pressure in a model rocket motor fueled by E-5-0 solid propellant was determined experimentally by a non-invasive control method using a dynamic microphone located at a predetermined distance from the object of study and recording acoustic fields generated by the running engine. Experiments confirmed the possibility of non-contact determination of combustor pressure from the frequency of acoustic vibrations and the sound pressure generated by the jet of combustion products of the model SRM. Calculated pressures are in satisfactory agreement with the values recorded by intra-chamber pressure sensor.

Electrospark initiation of thermite mixtures based on nanosized powders of aluminum and copper oxide has been studied. Data on the effect of the energy of an electric spark discharge on the ignition delay have been obtained. When initiating long cylindrical samples of mixtures with a low-current spark, two types of unsteady combustion were observed. The first type is characterized by an exponential nature of the establishment of a constant burning rate. The second type is characterized by regions with incomplete reaction along the main direction of propagation. To obtain stationary modes of a thermite mixture with a minimum ignition delay time, it is necessary to use a discharge with energy of more than 5 mJ per 1 mm² mixture surface.

Experimental data are presented on the rate of pressure change during the combustion of an air suspension of coal dust in a closed spherical volume at various mass concentrations of coal dust. On the basis of the equations of mechanics of disperse media in a one-velocity one-temperature approximation, a physico-mathematical model for the combustion of an air suspension of coal dust in a closed spherical volume is formulated. The combustion wave propagation velocity relative to the gas suspension and the combustion velocity of a coal dust particle are model parameters and are determined by matching the calculation results with experimental data. Their agreement was good. The proposed approach can be used to assess the effect of coal dust combustion on the intensity of shock waves in coal mines during accidental methane explosions involving coal dust.

A pioneering study of the characteristics of combustion of liquid hydrocarbons in a superheated steam jet under conditions of a closed burner is performed by an example of the diesel fuel. An undated structure of an original low-power burner is presented. It is based on the principle of fuel atomization by a high-velocity steam jet and offers a possibility of controlling injection of primary and secondary air. Amounts of pollutants ejected into air are determined for different air-to-fuel ratios inside the burner. First comparisons of the developed burner with a production model of the liquid-fuel burner (Weishaupt burner) are performed. It is shown that addition of superheated steam ensures a high combustion efficiency and low contents of CO and NO_x in combustion products satisfying the most rigorous European standards.

Experiments are performed for studying the process of shock wave initiation of detonation in pure tetranitromethane and its mixtures with acetone, nitrobenzene, and methanol. Glowing of the detonation front is detected by high-speed cameras operating in slit scan and frame-by-frame modes. It is found that detonation both in pure tetranitromethane and in its mixtures with dilutants is initiated at localized sites. The number of these sites, the character of their formation, and the features of their growth and merging depend on the nature of dilutants. The evolution of the wave profiles is registered by a velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR). The resultant velocity profiles are noticeably different from those predicted by the classical pattern of detonation initiation and evolution under a shock wave action.

The structures of detonation waves in mixtures of tetranitromethane with acetone was studied in experiments using a VISAR interferometer and a NANOGATE-22 electron-optical camera. At a diluent concentration of 10-40%, there was a sharp change in the flow in the reaction zone, manifested in a decrease in the amplitude of the von Newman spike up to its complete disappearance. Detonation waves are stable in almost the entire range of concentrations, except in the range near the limiting value of 52%. In approaching the limiting concentration, the waves become unstable, which is manifested in the formation of both the cellular structure of the front and reaction failure waves. The obtained experimental dependences of the detonation velocity on acetone concentration are in good agreement with thermodynamic calculations.

When using the method of multipoint initiation of the side surface of a cylindrical charge in a section perpendicular to the axis, a detonation wave with a complex gas-dynamic structure is formed, which has the shape of a polygon with vertices at the points of wave conjugation. The sides of the polygon are always convex towards the charge axis. To obtain a smooth cylindrical detonation wave with reverse curvature, it is proposed to use special devices at the points of initiation - lenses made of an inert material. The dynamic characteristics of the material are experimentally determined, and the method for constructing the lens profile is substantiated. Mathematical modeling of the operation of the node of initiation and formation of a cylindrical detonation wave in a charge has been carried out. The features of the operation of a single initiating node and a node that is part of the experimental assembly are shown. The dynamics of axisymmetric compression by a converging detonation wave is presented and compared with calculations.

The conditions of suppression of flame combustion and thermal decomposition in model forest and peat fires using water, foam concentrate emulsion (5%), bischofite solution (10%), FR-Les 01 solution (20%), flame retardant solution (vol. 5%), OS-5 solution (15%), and bentonite slurry (5%) were determined. Temperatures in the process of ignition of model fires and extinguishing of the latter by specialized water-based compositions were measured. Minimum volumes of the extinguishing compositions and the time necessary and sufficient to suppress the pyrolysis of plant biomass were established. Minimum irrigation densities of model forest and peat fires using water-based compositions with specialized additives were determined.

The manifestation of the fear of the inquisition is treated as one of the range extremities of Descartes’ multilateral worldview and philosophical orientations. The point is made that the philosopher combined this fear with a sincere inner religiosity. It is noted that his religiosity was exactly like this due to almost ten years of study at a Jesuit college. And the news of the Inquisition verdict on Galileo actualized for Descartes the significance of his commitment to religious views. This commitment was manifested not only actively, but also militantly in Descartes’ speeches against two his opponents who showed it insufficiently in the philosopher’s opinion; those were the author who wished to remain anonymous and the Catholic priest Bourdin. It is revealed that due to such a degree of religiosity, Descartes was unable to adequately perceive and take into account in polemics with these authors their arguments in favor of recognizing the human mind not as an incorporeal substance, but as a product of the functioning of his corporeal brain. But if with regard to the anonymous author, Descartes had to be content with expressing his disagreement in a special article, then with regard to Bourdin, he did not limit himself to expressing his disagreement in a public polemic in the press, but also actually carried out a denunciation of the clergyman to his high-ranking church leader.

This research examines the emergence of formally represented knowledge, the order of its formalization and its prospects. The loss of the connecting links between reality and its formal descriptions resulted in a crisis of formalization of scientific knowledge. The article presents two basic approaches to solving information-technical problems - abstrаct-logical and engineering. It is shown how creative discomfort arises from excessive abstrаction. The issue of combining comprehended and reflexive components in making holistic decisions is investigated. Two ways of the formalization process are discussed - the explicit way and the shadow one, in which subjectively insignificant details and nuances are emasculated. Some terminological constructs that arose from the crisis of knowledge formalization, such as robotic ethics and artificial morality are considered. The conclusion is made about the increasing digitalization as a result of the crisis of the formal representation of scientific knowledge.

The article considers the emergence of science as a totality of reliable knowledge. A new synthetic approach is proposed that interprets the emergence of science as a collision of two radically different traditions - medieval scholasticism and natural philosophy of modern times. The theory of types of scientific rationality by V.S. Stepin is reconstructed and an extrapolation of post-non-classical rationality tendencies to the near future is proposed.

The object of this study is the principle of least action (PLA) taken in the dialectical unity of various aspects of its manifestation in philosophy and science. It also reveals the functional status of the PLA in working out and implementing the sustainable development strategy. The methodological basis of the study contains the ideas of classical philosophy, the ideas of L. Wittgenstein, the theoretical provisions of the French epistemological tradition, and the postmodern principles of J. Derrida’s deconstruction theory. The article substantiates the methodological significance of the PLA for fundamental ontology, for developing promising strategies of evolutionary adaptation, and for socio-ecological optimization.

The article deals with the problem of applying the concepts of “cause” and “causality” in social sciences. The author refers to analytical philosophy, where the issue of the legitimacy of using these concepts in scientific research and the problem of the possibility of building social sciences on the model of natural sciences were actively discussed. The study shows that the position of a particular philosopher concerning the strategy of building social sciences depends on his understanding of the role of causality in explaining the actions of an individual. Proponents of the standard (causal) theory of action take a positivist position and believe that social sciences should use the methods and approaches of natural sciences. On the contrary, representatives of the anti-causal wing believe that social sciences should use their own methodology. Hence, the solution of this problem should be preceded by the development of a theory of action.

The analytical method, understood as the main approach of analytic philosophy, can be treated as one of the practices that are supported in society, since they have a certain pragmatic significance for this society. In the first part of the article, we noted the need for a reform of the analytical method and showed that the basis for such a reform could be a performative approach, which recently has helped to restructure many fields of social and humanitarian knowledge. The performative approach make it possible to combine the analytical method with the methodology of social criticism, allowing to develop theories that have both analytical rigor and the necessary potential for solving current social problems. In the second part of the article, we turn to attempts of such combining and analyze its effects, in particular in analytical feminism, critical theory of gender and race, and modern social criticism in general.

The article analyzes the understanding of the essence of the future in such natural science disciplines as neurophysiology and general biology, as well as in the humanitarian sciences, namely psychology and cognitive science, that are joined with them. The data obtained suggest that the ability to imagine the future and the need to anticipate it are basic for all living organisms in general and humans in particular.

Newton developed a model of a new universality, or a homogeneous and isotropic world, which has uniform laws, in contrast to the Aristotelian concept of a hierarchical, multi-layer and specified cosmos. This model is based on a number of ontological postulates introduced by him, which can be identified among the provisions of his classical work. Newtonian mechanicalism is based on imputing universal simplicity to the world. Simplicity is determined by the general quantitative homogeneity of the universe, which has univalent internal structures - common elements and forces that can be calculated and used. The quantitative “unit” of a simple, homogeneous, physical-geometric universe is an ambivalent corpuscular point. The main constants of the “mechanistic universe” are the diversity of amounts of masses, motions and forces, quantized by clear mutual relations. Newton also introduced theoretical space and time as a privileged, absolute reference system. To harmonize the model of the physical-geometric universe with the sensually perceived, empirical reality, the third (astronomical) part of the “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” states the existence of “general properties” (qualities) of material bodies, which are obtained and verified only by experience. These are qualitative characteristics of length, hardness, impermeability, mobility and inertness. Finally, the Newtonian version of mechancalism has compulsorily metaphysical ingredients - inexplicable and transcendent qualities. These are gravity, ether and God. Thus, the ontological scheme of mechanicalism, looming in the so called “Gospel of science” of Modern times, looks like a construction based on a consistent thought experiment of representing the universe exclusively in terms of its “objectivity” and “sensory verifiability”.

The article identifies and examines four main directions in the development of corpuscular optics: those of Democritus-Gassendi, Anaxagoras-Hobbes, Philolaus-Descartes and Newton. It provides an epistemological assessment of the cognitive capabilities of corpuscular theories of light.

The article analyzes the shift that science is currently experiencing as a field of activity and an institution. It is concluded that there is a shift from science to technoscience or, more precisely, to biotechnoscience. This shift means a change in the basic setting. In the scientific paradigm, it was allowed to set on the knowledge of the world and the immutability of man as the subject of knowledge. In the techno-scientific paradigm, it is assumed that the world and man should be designed and changed to suit the engineering tasks of transformation. Man, as the main subject of change, should in principle be transformed and enhanced. The principle of human enhancement with the help of modern smart technologies is introduced. During shifting from science to technoscience, the boundary between science, culture, power and society becomes blurred and hybrid forms emerge, in which the production of new forms of life, including a new human project, becomes the basic process. In these hybrid forms, scientific knowledge ceases to be a purely epistemological unit, but integrates into large engineering projects.

Introduction. The problems of new forms of socialization associated with changed living conditions dictated by informatization are considered, where a person needs to clarify his/her social identity in the process of constructing a consistent world around him/her, where he/she him/herself acts as a creator, and social education itself acts as a “bridgeˮ connecting the world of subjective experiences, self-assessments and claims with the world of objective social reality. Methodology. The ratio of social philosophy and pedagogy makes it possible to study new forms of socialization in the space of dominance of information culture as an opportunity for the development of a new vector of the theory of pedagogy. The methodological argumentation contained in the works of a number of domestic researchers forms the theoretical basis of the work. Discussion. The transformation of forms, methods and stages of socialization, increasingly clearly articulated by informatization and digitalization, is being corrected using traditional methods. New forms of socialization have been explored - digital, individual as a necessity at a certain point in time, identical-national as a challenge to globalization and cybersocialization; the correction of existing approaches to the process of socialization is proposed, taking into account the availability of Internet opportunities, in particular, the classification of socialization processes on the basis of youth belonging to different types of communities in the online environment is considered. Conclusion. A harmonious combination of traditional, modern and innovative social factors in the information-conditioned space means an increase in the degree of awareness of society as a whole and each of its members individually, the formation of public consciousness on the basis of a universal scientifically based picture of the world.

Introduction. The most important challenge for modern humanity is the information technology era, in which knowledge is both a factor of positive transformation of reality and a source that disrupts the balance of human life and society. Parallel to these processes, transformations are also observed in art, in the form of the emergence and formation of generalized expressive images and symbols, easily recognizable, with deep meaning and cognitive potential. The purpose of the article is philosophical understanding of the genesis and integration of knowledge and art as a factor of value-positive transformation of reality. The research methodology includes a review of literary sources and a dialectical approach to the historical and art criticism analysis of the unity of the epistemological and logical in the value-containing discourse. The focus of the research is aimed at analyzing the integrative processes of knowledge through the prism of art. Discussion. A generalization is made that human civilization is developing due to the genesis of epistemological science, which sets guidelines for processes occurring at various levels of human existence. Prediction of the results of the integration of knowledge is possible provided that philosophical knowledge is addressed and its correlates are found in ideal and material value orientations. Conclusion. Integrative processes in the main forms of human knowledge (art, philosophy, science) have become the most important value bases in the formation of gnosiology, epistemology and axiology. It is reasonable that at all stages of the genesis of human knowledge, art has contributed to the integration of knowledge, contributing to the building of a certain educational system and praxiological methods for solving various life contradictions (concentration and storage of information, art therapy, emotional reflection of reality, patriotic education, preservation of museum values, the use of digital technologies and future possibilities of artificial intelligence), which, in general, contributes to the positive transformation of the social and educational space.

Introduction. New existential schemes imposed to the world and the human being in the struggle for survival in the conditions of the pandemic era exacerbate the need to rethink the modern human ontology. The purpose of this article is the author’s attempt to build understanding of the essence of such ontology as the aim of modern education. Methodology. The article is based on the following methodological understanding: being fixed in variants, ontology is “objectified” in an individual worldview and “inculcated” into a person on the basis of ways of thinking and activity, as well as the meanings of this activity. Such methodological complex is transmitted through the education system. An attempt is being made to analyze it. Discussion. Based on the analysis of the methodological complex characteristic of the modern education system, the thesis is put forward about a variant of the ontology of a modern person as a competent “user” of a demiurge system opposing his/her creative potential, focused on survival and potentially unable to surpass this system. It becomes necessary to rethink the human dimension of such ontology in the context of education. The problem of modern education lies in the absence of the supposed goal of a broad existential framework for understanding educational processes and mechanisms for creating conditions for the formation of the human in the human being. Ontologically oriented education is aimed at creating and building a natural environment for the manifestation and development of natural human subjectivity. This requires a number of conditions: the content integrity of education, the development of appropriate types of thinking (unsupported, critical, systemic, methodological), the development of reflection, the development of imagination and the ability to dream, the aesthetic nature of education, the formation of existential human meanings, the development of the theme of soul and spirituality in education. Conclusion. The mission of modern education is to turn the signs of the instability of the epoch into the possibility of building a humane (human-sized) ontology of the human. In this context, innovations become significant, but understood as a variant of traditional experience. In the case of ontologically oriented education, this is the experience of cultivating the human in the human being.

Introduction. The intensification of post-industrial social development in the technical sphere of production significantly affects the well-being/disadvantage of people and the environment. The problem of developing deontological foundations for the formation of readiness of graduates of the higher education institution of the engineering profile for moral responsibility for the safety and reliability of the result of professional activity is actualized. Methodology. Epistemological analysis involves the identification of the “object-knowledgeˮ relationship. As an object, moral duty is considered as an integral part of the professional duty of an engineering and technical employee; and as knowledge, an appeal to the provisions of deontology, which represents the ethics of duty in modern philosophy. This approach involves the differentiation of socio-philosophical positions of duty and the search for information and semantic forms of objectification of the moral duty of an engineering and technical worker. Discussion. The function of deontological elements in the structure of the educational process is realized by the competencies of a university graduate of a moral and ethical nature, administratively approved as educational goals. The presentation of educational goals in the aspect of deontology, reflecting the readiness of a graduate of an engineering higher education institution to bear professional responsibility, is achieved by taking its provisions in the field of ethical theory for granted, through appropriate imperatives in a specific form of manifestation of social necessity. The use of the provisions of deontology as a theoretical basis for the development of the structural composition and content of moral and ethical educational goals supports the accuracy of the orientation of pedagogical influence on the formation of the readiness of an engineering graduate to bear professional responsibility. The categorical status of duty described in deontology connects it with the regulatory principles of morality, reflecting the unconditional fulfillment of the requirements of moral duty in the course of professional activity of the engineering profile. Its boundaries are determined by the specific imperative of moral duty. Conclusion. Based on the concept of modern epistemology, emphasizing the social prerequisites for the functioning of knowledge, the involvement of the analytical and philosophical foundation of deontology provides a scientifically based objectification of the structural composition of the moral and ethical educational goals of the engineering profile.

Introduction. The relevance of the implementation of the Federal (Presidential) program for the training of managerial personnel for the organizations of the national economy of the Russian Federation requires a formed educational and methodological complex for the digitalization of management based on domestic experience and the best international practices of digitalization for their comprehension and dissemination. In modern management, there are many new concepts, methods and tools. The fact is stated that the “And - Andˮ principle operates in modern management, the manifestation of which is the co-existence of old and new methods and tools. Researchers note that now business processes based on Internet resources of the XXI century, managerial postulates of the mid-XX century and management principles developed in the XIX century coexist in any company. The methodology of the research is based on the analysis of the evolution of views on the training of managers and the interpretation of international experience in the implementation of the Program for the training of managerial personnel. Discussion. The article shows the development of approaches to professional retraining of Russian managers based on the analysis of 25 years of experience in the implementation of the Federal (Presidential) program of training managerial personnel for organizations of the national economy of the Russian Federation. It is noted that the Program has become an instrument of “softˮ infrastructure of support for the development of companies and management culture in the country and regions. The stages of the Program development are highlighted, reflecting the change of emphasis in the training of practical managers. The best practices of each stage of the Program implementation are described. The main challenges of the external environment are systematized and the main components and problems of the formation of digital competencies of managers are considered. Conclusion. Along with traditional skills in management, it is necessary to talk about digital competencies of managers in a broader context: modern trends in global economic and technological development; a new understanding of the principles of working with data and managing an organization based on digital technologies.

Introduction. In the last decade, the introduction of inclusive practice in the preschool education system has actualized the problem of ensuring the readiness of teachers to work in innovative conditions. The analysis of scientific research and the study of the real situation indicate significant barriers and difficulties of teachers in working with children in special purpose groups. Therefore, the development of a model of professional support for teachers and a program for its implementation in an inclusive preschool educational organization is not only relevant, but also has theoretical and practical significance. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis was made up of domestic scientific developments in the field of inclusive education. Traditional psychological and pedagogical methods were used: theoretical (study, analysis, synthesis, generalization of theoretical sources) and empirical (survey methods, methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis of empirical material). Discussion. The development of the conceptual apparatus in the aspect of the chosen topic made it possible to interpret the professional support of teachers as a specially organized and systematic interaction aimed at assisting the teacher in choosing the most effective ways to solve problems and typical problems of professional activity. The results of diagnostics of a set of valid and reliable methods with the participation of 65 kindergarten teachers allowed us to obtain complete and reliable information about the difficulties and problems of teachers who are directly related to the implementation of inclusive education in a particular educational organization. Conclusion. In the course of the study, a model of professional support for teachers of an inclusive preschool educational organization was developed in the form of a matrix that includes content and organizational components. A program has been compiled to ensure the professional readiness of teachers of a preschool educational organization to implement inclusive practice. The program has a modular structure and contains a description of the activities for the implementation of each module.

Introduction. The article analyses the terms of “interdisciplinarityˮ and “integrationˮ as integral conditions in the field of engineering education. Reasonably, in order to increase the flexibility of engineering education and the introduction of new foreign language teaching methods, the article proposes a new technology of engineering students’ foreign language training based on “interdisciplinary assembling” with an emphasis on students’ cognitive activity and self-learning advancement along with an individual foreign language educational tracking. The methodology of this research is based on analytical methods of interpretation of authors’ theories. The scientific basis of the study is an interdisciplinary approach, from the standpoint of which foreign language teaching of future engineers by means of interdisciplinary assembling is the process and result of the introduction of integrative and developmental technology, due to the thematic unification/integration of modules of several disciplines in favor of foreign language practice. The practice-oriented research tactic is an integrative-advancing approach, from the standpoint of which an engineering student’ communicative competence is studied as an integrative, dynamic professional and personal quality. Discussion. A big difference of the innovative format of interdisciplinary interaction is that it can take place at the level of personal communication and by mutual introduction of achievements and results of various sciences. The article shares the idea of interdisciplinarity as a modern educational trend. Conclusion. From the analytical review, it has been revealed that integration as a pedagogical phenomenon allows us to intensify the educational process in line with the transformation and reconfiguration of educational programs and their content within the framework of strategic and tactical purposes. From the analysis of the experience of Russian universities, it is noted that it is the variability of approaches to interdisciplinary integration that becomes a collective asset of development and the basis for the transfer and export of the most striking and effective educational practices.

Introduction. The digitalization of education leads to changes in the implementation of educational activities of teachers and students and requires reflection in terms of the adoption of innovations. The rate of adoption of innovations depends on the resource state of organizations and their subjects and varies for different cases. This leads to the use of case analysis and interest in the assessments of different groups of subjects of educational activity. Methodology. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the principles of integration of the provisions established in the theories of the digital society, digital methods of cognition of social reality, Data-anthropo approach in the analytics of educational data, digital pedagogy and didactics, and monitoring studies. The object of the study was the digitalization of educational practices of teachers in higher education. The study was aimed at identifying attitudes to changes in the professional activities of university teachers when using the digital educational environment. The study was conducted in the form of a questionnaire survey based on a continuous sample. Discussion. There is a contradiction in the assessments of the possibilities of digital educational technologies in educational communications. The proportion of teachers who believe that digital technologies bring anthropological, psychological and educational risks to the educational process remains high. At the same time, positive dynamics was recorded in the assessments of the digital educational environment and changes in professional activities occurring in the process of digitalization. Conclusion. Competencies in demand when using the digital educational environment are the skills of creating educational content of various types and design and analytics of educational data. The study of the professional activities of subjects of education in the digital space demonstrates the continuing contradictions, despite the wide educational opportunities of digital services and platforms.

The paper considers the urgency of the problem of flammability of sites for the location of oil and gas industry facilities and the need for pyrological expertise. For the first time in the Russian Federation, it is proposed to supplement the assessment of the impact on the environment of oil and gas complexes with the technology of pyrological expertise, developed at V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, and included in the Top-1000 list of the forum “Strong ideas for the new time-2022”. A proposal was made to supplement Clause 7.13.1.19 of the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources dated December 1, 2020 № 999 “On approval of requirements for environmental impact assessment materials” with a fire-fighting arrangement of the territory, in accordance with the recommendations of the pyrological expertise. The concept of the pyrological expertise is given. The state of the issue on the assessment of natural fire danger in Russia and on the environmental policy of oil and gas companies is considered. To reduce the flammability of oil and gas fields, improve the fire safety of oil and gas facilities, better integrate Russian oil and gas companies into the energy transition process outlined by the Paris Agreement in 2015, and meet the requirements for industry decarbonization and ESG development, a complete review of corporate governance principles and available technologies is required, as well as shifting in mindset. The need to include vegetation fires, the number of which increases with the development of deposits, in the list of sources of greenhouse gases is noted. A review of materials and methods that can be used in the pyrological expertise is given. Guidelines have been developed for conducting the pyrological expertise based on a modern method for assessing fire hazard: making vegetation fuel maps and assessing the fire hazard of oil and gas facilities using the results of the Yurubcheno-Tokhomskoe field study as an example. The methodological recommendations presented in this article are based on many years of fundamental pyrological studies and the use of contemporary data for remote sensing of the Еarth and geoinformation technologies. Carrying out a pyrological expertise by oil and gas companies will help reduce vegetation fires, and hence reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase the investment attractiveness of companies and the ESG-rating.

Significant areas of land has been withdrawn from the forest fund for the extraction of precious metals in the Urals. After the completion of the development of alluvial deposits, these lands require reclamation work. Low content in soils formed during the extraction of precious metals (gold, platinum, silver) of mineral nutrition elements and nitrogen excluder the agricultural direction of reclamation without the introduction of significant dozes of organic and mineral fertilizers. At the same time, the forestry direction of reclamation is effective by creating Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) forest crops. It has been established that the creation of forest crops by sowing causes their transfer to lands covered with forest vegetation’s with a density of 3.9 to 6.4 thousand pieces per ha of pine undergrowth. The proportion of decommissioned dead forest crops is 10.9 % of those created by this method. When creating forest crops by mechanized planting of 2-3 year old seedlings of Scots pine, the share of decommissioned forest crops is 4.3 % and in manually planting of the same age seedlings decommission of forest crops was not recorded. Due to the mosaic nature of soils, the transfer of established forest crops covered with forest vegetation of the ground varies from 4 to 11 years. An increase in the preservation of forest crops can ensured by the use first class quality seeds of local origin, since the dead forest crops were created mainly by seeds of the second quality class.

The problem of changing tree species in protective afforestation remains poorly covered. The dynamics of species’ change in poplar ( Populus L.) protective forest belt growing next to the forest crops of the Scotch pine ( Рinus sylvestris L.) is discussed in the article. A forest belt 450 m long and 10 m wide grows in the steppe zone near the village of Shigaikulbash, Buzdyaksky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Accounting plots are laid every 50 m. Reliable pine undergrowth in the forest belt, poplar undergrowth was not found on any of the accounting plots. Comparative characteristics of pine undergrowth (density, average age, stem height, and diameter) and the condition of poplar trees were compared for 2008 and 2020. It was revealed that there was a change in the design of the forest belt from openwork to dense, there is a partial shrinkage of poplar, in some areas there is an exit of pine undergrowth to the first tier. For both periods, the highest density of pine (over 1.5 thousand trees/ha) was detected at a distance of up to 200 meters from pine forest crops, the lowest density (no more than 0.4 thousand trees/ha) - in the center of the forest belt. In 2020, the category of small undergrowth was not found, most of it is large undergrowth, some of which have entered the reproductive phase. The drying of poplar trees is observed. This was facilitated by a complex of reasons: the complete absence of agrotechnical care in the forest belts, a drought that has been recurring for several years and the maximum age of trees in the conditions of the steppe. There is no poplar undergrowth along the entire length of the forest strip. A similar pattern is observed in neighboring forest belts, which allows to make a conclusions about the actual change of balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera L.) to Scotch pine in protective forest belts, which should be accompanied by logging and agrotechnical tillage on the edges of forest belts, followed by the formation of a young pine tree stand of openwork design.

The results of the studies of the features of adaptation of triploid aspen regenerants obtained in vitro using a hydroponic system are discussed in the article. Triploid clones of aspen ( Populus tremula L.) are characterized by rapid growth, high wood quality and increased resistance to diseases and pests compared to diploid clones and can be used to create forest plantations. Use of clonal micropropagation is advisable to preserve the valuable gene pool of triploid forms of aspen, while the adaptation of plants to ex vitro conditions is the most difficult process. Growing plants using the hydroponic method has several advantages. Triploid aspen regenerants, in which the length of the green mass prevails over the root mass, have a normal development without signs of infection and a good turgor of the green mass when they are removed from the test tube during the adaptation. Triploid aspen regenerants with decapitation of the apical shoot have the ratio of the lengths of the green mass to the root mass is close to 1:1, while the predominance of roots with values above the average is observed. Aspen plants with a predominance of root mass over green are formed from regenerants with leaving of 2 internodes and have an average of 2 roots of the first order. Triploid aspen plants-regenerants with biometric parameters of roots 5-7 cm and green mass up to 5 cm had the highest survival rates (94.7-100 %). A gradual decrease in the leaf surface area contributes to a better survival of regenerants, while it is necessary to reduce the humidity level from 100 % at the initial stage of adaptation to 60 % within 5 days, then - on 20 % with an interval of 3 days. The period of adaptation of triploid aspen plants in a hydroponic system is 16 days.

The study of the small mammal communities state in the city’s forest parks and park and in the forest, depending on changes in phytocenoses under the influence of recreation, was carried out. These studies have shown that the lower layers of phytocenoses of the forest communities belonging to pine stand characteristic of the South taiga district of the Trans-Urals foothill forest province (Kolesnikov et al., 1973) have been noticeably changed of the urban area. First of all, we observed a low renewable capacity of the main forest-forming species of the sites and the appearance of new species in the undergrowth, which are not important for forest-forming processes, but are signs of transformation of the lower layers of phytocenosis. The degree of regression digression in all urban sites was medium or weak. In the control it was very weak or absent. In forest parks and park both the extension of the shrub species composition due to synanthropic species and the increase in their number are of greater importance. The undergrowth in them is represented by raspberries ( Rubus idaeus L.), tatarian honeysuckle ( Lonicera tatarica L.), three-lobed viburnum ( Viburnum opulus L.), mountain ash ( Sorbus aucuparia L.), bird cherry ( Prunus padus L.), goat willow ( Salix caprea L.), elderberry ( Sambucus racemosa L.), round-leaved irga ( Amelanchier ovalis Medik.), dogwood ( Cotoneaster Medik.), rosehip ( Rosa acicularis Lindl.), hawthorn ( Crataegus oxyacantha L.). The undergrowth species composition of the control is much poorer than in urban localities: it contains: bird cherry, goat willow, dog rose, green broom ( Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Wol.) Klask.), mountain ash. The development of undergrowth is an influence on the growing conditions of grass-shrub species and the development of moss cover with the creation of a regime of favorability for some vegetation groups and suppression of others. Although there is a high similarity in the floral composition of the lower tiers between the forest parks, they differ in the composition of the dominant species. Changes in the lower levels of phytocenoses naturally had an impact on other components of the ecosystem, in particular, on communities of small mammals. In the urban sites appreciable share in the communities is made up of species absent from the forest: Ural field mouse ( Apodemus uralensis Pallas, 1811) and striped field mouse ( A. agrarius Pallas, 1771), which (during the years of depression in the surrounding forests) make up 60 % to 98 % of the community in the forest parks and parks. Comparison of the degree of similarity of the characteristics of the lower layers of phytocenoses and the characteristics of micromammal communities showed their high correspondence.

Species of the genus Cypress trees ( Chamaecyparis Spach), family Cupressaceae - monoecious evergreen trees with a cone-shaped dense crown and aromatic resinous needles. In nature, they grow in East Asia (China, Japan, Taiwan) and North America; ornamental plants suitable for urban gardening and modern urban floristry. These plants look good in single, group and avenue plantings, especially in places with a suitable climate. They give valuable light, fine-grained, fragrant, hard and durable wood. The varietal wealth is so great - only 4 species have produced over 1500 modern cultivars. In culture, many varieties of Japanese selection are known, which have already proven themselves well in other countries. In most cases, cypress trees are suitable in areas with a maritime climate, mild winters and high humidity. Comparison with literature and archival data shows that in recent years and decades, against the background of climate warming, there has been a significant increase in the size of plants. Blunt cypress ( Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold et Zucc.) Endl.), in the Peter the Great Botanical Garden of V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences has been known since 1870, it grown in the collection in different periods -the first mention from 1870 to 1898, then in the period from 1949 to 1977. It has been included in the modern collection of the arboretum since 2009. At the age of 14, it is a double-trunked tree 1.94 m high, with a trunk of 0.20 m. In 2018, seed production was observed for the first time. In 2021, seed offspring were obtained. Given the ongoing warming of the climate in St. Petersburg and increasingly favorable wintering conditions, blunt cypress has prospects for wider cultivation in the North-West of Russia and introduction into the modern range of gardens and parks in St. Petersburg as a new ornamental plant. For planting blunt cypress, one should choose a place protected from cold winds, without stagnant moisture, near groundwater, but a slightly shaded place is possible. In the summer, plants should be watered, this is especially important for young plants, preventing their earthen coma from drying out. In winter, during heavy snowfalls, it is useful to shake off the plants to avoid snow breakage.