Home – Home – Jornals – Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves 2023 number 1

The crustal stress field of the Baikal Rift System has been reconstructed by tectonophysical inversion of focal mechanisms from the catalog of earthquakes recorded by the regional seismological network. Cataclastic analysis of fault slip data developed at the Shmidt Institute of the Physics of the Earth (Moscow) revealed previously unknown features in the behavior of principal stresses. Namely, the maximum deviatoric stresses diverge off the rift axis while the normalized spherical and deviatoric stress tensor components reach high magnitudes in the crust of the Baikal Basin. The obtained stress pattern of the Baikal Rift System is consistent with the rift origin by a joint action of a vertical mantle flow (upwelling branch of convection) and a horizontal flow in the asthenosphere which drives the NW-SE motion of the Amur plate off Eurasia.

We present a filtration tomography technique for isolating components of the gravity field anomalies generated by inhomogeneities of the horizontally layered density model. The filtration algorithm of field separation relies on the solution of the forward and inverse problems of analytical continuation of harmonic functions through the horizontal boundary plane. We applied the regularizing algorithms to analytical continuation of the gravity field "down" to its generating sources. The fields successively recalculated upward and downward relative to preset depths allowed us to partition the initial (total) field as the sum of the fields generated in the layers based on the properly selected adaptive regularization parameter α. For the sake of stability of the inverse problem solution in the analytical continuation of the observed gravity field to a certain depth, we used the Lavrentiev regularization scheme involving the L -curve method (for selecting the adaptive regularization parameter). The smoothing regularization parameter values obtained from the preset successive depth intervals and grid step for the observed field are shown to be optimal for dividing the observed field into components corresponding to different depths. The developed algorithms for massively parallel computing systems and their application to a group of different heights were numerically implemented on the Uran supercomputer.

The work is concerned with the theoretical substantiation of a new geophysical technology for studying a unique geologic object with unconventional hard-to-recover hydrocarbon reserves. The technology is based on transient electromagnetic sounding from a spatially distributed system of highly deviated wells drilled in target objects near the Bazhenov Formation. The results of computer modeling predetermine a new direction for the geological exploration of unconventional hydrocarbon deposits. We consider a numerical solution to the 3D direct problem of pulsed electromagnetic sounding and, on its basis, develop a computational scheme and a computer program. A mathematical model is constructed, which describes the sensing process through a pulsed source for electromagnetic-field excitation. The Fourier transform is used for time discretization, and the vector finite element method, for spatial discretization. This approach makes it possible to obtain many independent 3D problems and solve them in parallel by applying the modern multiprocessor technology. Using the KNL and Broadwell computing nodes of the Siberian Supercomputer Center SB RAS, we performed calculations of electromagnetic signals, which showed a high efficiency of the devised computing scheme and a high performance of the implemented algorithm. Despite the fact that the total peak performance of the KNL nodes is 2.5 times higher than that of the Broadwell nodes, their practical application for performing large-scale 3D modeling on the cluster shows a high efficiency of the latter. When choosing the most suitable computing architecture for the implementation of mass calculations, one should not rely on their formal characteristics only; significant performance is achieved when taking into account the peculiarities of the computational methods employed for solving a specific problem. The implemented more efficient ways of performing parallel matrix-vector operations did not significantly increase the performance for this computational scheme. The created computational tools form the basis for further design of the configuration of a pulsed electromagnetic sounding system and for identifying the capabilities of the new geophysical technology for examining complex geologic media.

The work deals with the development of methodological and algorithmic tools for the quantitative interpretation of oil well resistivity logs. We review the results of applying the neural-network-based approach to the inversion of resistivity logs measured in thinly bedded high-contrast environments. The capabilities of the proposed approach are demonstrated by the example of the algorithm for noninterative express-inversion of unfocused lateral logs (BKZ). BKZ is the unfocused array logging method widely used in the Commonwealth of Independent States for oil well studies. BKZ logs are known for their complexity: The signals of unfocused gradient probes are highly affected by the medium properties below and above the measuring point. The developed algorithm is based on the inversion of full logs into the parameters of a 2D axisymmetric model of the medium, which allows naturally taking into account the influence of surrounding rocks and borehole conditions. Transition from the «layered» parametrization conventional for BKZ logs interpretation to a quasi-continuous change of properties along the well axis allows extracting meaningful information at every measurement point and constructing high-resolution geoelectric models of the sediments. The noniterative nature of the algorithm provides a high computing efficiency. This opens up the possibility of using the 2D inversion advantages to increase the reliability of the initial express interpretation results. Testing the algorithm on the practical data from West Siberian oilfields has revealed the field of its maximum efficiency, namely, study of impermeable and low-permeability sediments, such as the complex shaly caprocks and bituminous deposits of the Bazhenov Formation. With high-quality input data, the approach is also efficient for studying permeable terrigenous sediments.

Prediction of the open porosity factor below boreholes and in the interwell space, from electromagnetic sounding and electrical logging data, has been studied. Modeling porosity data are synthesized from laboratory studies on the samples of two boreholes drilled in the Bishkek geodynamic site. The porosity prediction is carried out using specific electrical resistivity data obtained from 1D inversion of magnetotelluric sounding data collected in the vicinities of these wells. A new approach to predict porosity is suggested, based on the constructing of electromagnetic resistivity pseudologs at the target location. The comparison of this technique with other options indicates that its application results in substantial improvement of the predicted accuracy (in particular, relative errors of prediction in double depth of the borehole and in the interwell space could be 2 and 8 %, respectively). In general, the porosity predictions, based on Archie formula, give worse results.

The Albian carbonates of the Quissama Formation in the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil, are important oil reservoirs. They make part of a carbonate platform that formed along the eastern coast of Brazil and the western coast of Africa during the Albian, which resulted in the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. Subsequently, this reservoir was subjected to different postdepositional diagenetic processes. The present study utilized geophysical well logs to estimate the porosity of this reservoir, based on density, neutron porosity, and sonic logs. The estimates do not show good results when compared with the laboratory measurements. Then, exploring the fact that these logs are obtained with different physical principles, a multiple linear regression and an artificial neural network with Bayesian stochastic approach were applied, which resulted in a better porosity estimate. As porosity is a petrophysical parameter considered significant in the characterization of reservoirs, it was used, hereafter, to estimate permeability and water saturation of the reservoir, applying empirical equations. From there, it was not enough just to estimate the porosity, but was necessary to know what type it is. For this purpose, the concepts of the electrical formation factor, cementation coefficient, tortuosity, and anisotropy were used. With them, the zones with primary intergranular and interparticle porosity as well as secondary porosity, such as fractures, fissures, and vugs, were mapped. It was concluded that, with studies of this type, it is also possible to identify the connected and nonconnected porosities, which permits estimation of the effective porosity along the well.

Results of experimental studies of diffusion combustion of hydrogen microjets performed in recent years are presented. Specific features of the hydrogen flow structure and hydrogen combustion are studied for various shapes of the nozzle, jet exhaustion velocity, and gravitation. Hydrogen combustion in mixtures with other gases and periodic actions on microjets (in the case considered, by external acoustic disturbances, is also considered.

In this study, the burst pressure of thin-walled pressure vessels made of carbon steel is numerically simulated and verified by experimental results. The effect of the length-to-diameter ratio on the burst pressure is analyzed. The numerical and experimental results are compared.

The combustion of 12 composite propellants of the following composition was studied: 60% ammonium perchlorate of the sieve fraction (180-250 μ m)-20% active combustible binder- 20% titanium of different particle size and nature (with spongy particles of size d =32-71 μ m and with rolled pseudospherical particles of size d = 71-500 μ m). Burning rates and agglomeration parameters of the metal component at pressures 0.35 MPa in nitrogen and 0.1 MPa in air were determined. It has been found that agglomerates with minimal sizes are formed when using titanium powders with particles of the smallest sizes.

The process if single-stage synthesis of composite nanoparticles of titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide in the working zone of a plasmochemical reactor is modeled with the use of the chloride method based on joint oxidation of titanium and silicon tetrachlorides. The synthesis model takes into account the possibility of aggregation not only of titanium dioxide particles forming composite particle cores, but also of silicon dioxide particles, which do not participate in the formation of particle shells. The results predicted by various models (core size, shell thickness, and number of particles of various types) are compared.

An overview of laser welding methods and additive technologies used in modern mechanical engineering is given, and the main trends and aspects of these technologies are discussed. Processes of laser welding of thermally hardened aluminum alloys and problems of obtaining high-strength welded joints are considered. The additive growth of heterogeneous materials is analysis taking into account the dimensionless parameters that determine the structure of materials formed using additive technologies.

The problem of the interaction of a solitary wave with a partially immersed stationary body over an uneven bottom. This problem is solved using the nonlinear dispersion shallow-water model (Serret-Green-Naghdi) and the model of potential flows. The influence of the horizontal and vertical sizes of bottom irregularities and their location relative to the partially immersed body on the values of the total force acting on the obstacle. It is shown that the horizontal component of this force increases monotonically with increasing vertical dimension and length of the underwater obstacle. This effect is also enhanced when approaching the body The vertical component of the force is slightly affected by the obstacle, and its dependence on the obstacle size can be nonmonotonic.

Investigation of the flow behind a hydro turbine runner on a large-sized experimental rig consisting of a spiral chamber, stator columns, guide vanes, and a runner is difficult due to the high cost and labor intensity. This paper presents an approach to modeling the flow velocity distribution at the inlet to the draft tube of a hydro turbine, which can significantly reduce the cost of testing. In this approach, the flow at the inlet to the draft tube is modeled using a special swirl apparatus - a combination of two vane swirler: fixed and rotating. The results of an analytical calculation of the shape of the vanes for reproducing a specified velocity distribution corresponding to the optimal operation of the hydro turbine are given.

The velocity of bubbles in polydisperse bubbly flow in an inclined flat channel has been studied for various values of the Reynolds number (4500-22700) and gas volume fraction. The diameter of gas bubbles was studied using the shadow photography. It has been shown that for small values of the Reynolds number, the relative velocity of the bubbles is higher. For small gas volume fraction, a significant number of bubbles has a small diameter (1 mm), and at high gas flow rates, the bubble diameter increases to 3-5 mm.

Using the methods of physical and colloidal chemistry, capillary effects at the boundaries oil - ice - atmosphere and oil - ice - water are considered and it is shown that in the presence of these effects, the spreading of oil over the ice surface is limited, in contrast to the water surface. Formulas for determining the limiting thicknesses of the oil film are obtained, which can be used to assess the spatial scale of oil pollution of solid ice cover.

In this paper, a two-dimensional, steady, laminar boundary layer analysis is presented to analyze numerically the internal heat generation and Soret-Dufour effects on mixed convection flows of power-law fluids adjacent to a vertical flat plate maintained at variable heat flux and variable mass flux conditions in a Darcy porous medium. The Ostwald-de Waele power-law model is utilized here. The transformed governing equations are solved by the Keller box method. After performing comparisons with previously published results, good agreement is obtained.

A modified form of differential equations is proposed that describes physical processes studied in applied mathematics and mechanics. It is noted that the solutions of classical equations at singular points may experience discontinuities of the first and second kind, which have no physical nature and are not observed experimentally. When deriving new equations describing physical fields and processes, we consider not infinitely small elements of the medium, but elements with finite dimensions. As a result, the classical equations include non-local functions averaged over the volume of the element and are supplemented by the Helmholtz equations establishing the relationship between non-local and actual physical variables, which are smooth functions without singular points. Singular problems of the theory of mathematical physics and the theory of elasticity are considered. The obtained solutions are compared with the experimental results.

Based on Haddad's small crack theory, a new comprehensive fatigue life model of the TC4 titanium alloy is proposed through combining the modified Chaboche model and the crack propagation formula considering the crack closure effect. The results of model validation and comparisons show that the crack initiation life and crack propagation life predicted by the model are consistent with the test data under cyclic loading of the alloy.

In this paper, a novel modified strip yield model is proposed to evaluate the load-bearing capacity of an infinite isotropic plate containing five collinear straight cracks with coalesced yield zones. It is assumed that these yield zones are subjected to a linearly varying yield stress. The well-known complex variable method is used. To assess the results, numerical studies are carried out for different cracks lengths. Good agreement of the results obtained is observed with previously published data.

A simulation mathematical model is presented that describes the process of vitrification and devitrification of the binder. Theoretical estimates of the effective physical and mechanical parameters of the material and microstructural stresses with temperature change are obtained. A numerical scheme has been developed (in the form of a computer program) that makes it possible to implement the modeling technique. Estimates of elastic moduli and submicrostructural stresses are obtained. The results can be used to select the composition of the material and its parameters at the final stages of the technological process of creating a polymer binder.

The plastic instability of an internally impulsively loaded thin-walled end-closed cylindrical shell with plastic anisotropy is investigated. The cylindrical shell is assumed to be made of a ductile material. Based on Hill's orthogonal anisotropic yield criterion, the instability strain of a thin-walled end-closed cylinder is derived, which takes into account the effects of the plastic orthotropy and strain rate. The numerical analysis of the instability strain is conducted. The results show that the instability strain for a thin-walled end-closed cylindrical shell depends upon the deviation from isotropic plasticity and the strain rate.

The Bhatnagar-Gupta method is used to consider a solution to the problem of torsion of a rod with a circular cross section cut in the longitudinal direction from a transversally isotropic plate under creep conditions is considered. It is shown that the solution agrees satisfactorily with the lower and upper estimates of the twisting angular velocity obtained on the basis of the principles of minimum total power and additional scattering, as well as with the results of numerical simulation in the Ansys finite element program. Based on the Bhatnagar-Gupta solution, the possibility of using the method of characteristic parameters for estimating the stress-strain state and the rate of the twist angle of a rod under the action of a constant moment is shown.

Theoretical aspects of natural gas liquefaction at a high-pressure gas distribution station using the Claude open cycle are considered. Based on the thermodynamic analysis of the cycle, it is shown that there are two modes of gas liquefaction: if the initial gas pressure is higher than the critical one, the liquefaction process by throttling the production flow can be considered as isenthalpic; if the initial gas pressure is below the critical one, the process of gas throttling and liquefaction should be considered as a set of processes of isentropic expansion and subsequent adiabatic expansion and deceleration of the production flow. For both modes, mathematical models and algorithms for numerical calculation of the natural gas liquefaction process have been developed. The value of the maximum yield of liquefied gas was estimated, taking into account its real properties and existing restrictions. It is shown that the obtained calculation results are in good agreement with the known experimental data.

A novel dual-axis solar tracker (DAST) based on a super-twisting high-order sliding mode controller (STHOSMC) is proposed. The surface of the photovoltaic panel is perpendicular to the solar radiation at all times. The super-twisting algorithm due to its super-spiral curve can precipitate the convergence and reduce the chattering phenomenon. Hence, the STHOSMC can promote the tracking performance of the DAST and smooth its tracking motion without the need to obtain the sliding variable time derivative. Various scenarios of the sunlight and temperature have been considered to deal with the tracking performance of this proposed controller. The simulation results under these scenarios have validated that the proposed controller accurately extracts the maximum electrical energy from the sunlight. To further evaluate the performance of the STHOSMC-based DAST, its prototype model has been provided and tested.

A kinetic model for the ignition and combustion of mixtures of propane and n-butane in the air has been developed. The model contains 348 reactions involving 72 species and includes both a high and low-temperature mechanism of propane and n-butane oxidation. The kinetic model was tested against experimental data on the ignition delay time and laminar flame speed. The model provides a good fit to experimental data on propane ignition and the laminar flame speed in propane-air mixtures, ignition of n-butane under different initial conditions (T₀ = 670 ÷ 1 550 K, ρ₀ = 1 ÷ 30 atm, φ = 0.3 ÷ 2.0), laminar flame speed in mixtures of n-butane with air at T₀ = 298 K, ρ₀ = 1 atm, and various stoichiometric ratios φ= 0.67 ÷ 1.5), as well as on the ignition of stoichiometric C₃H₈/C₄H₁₀/N₂/Ar mixtures with different relations C₃H₈/C₄H₁₀ at T ₀ = 710 ÷ 910 K and ρ₀ = 17.8 atm. The developed kinetic mechanism was used to perform a demonstration numerical simulation of combustion of propane-butane fuel in a homogeneous combustion chamber

This paper describes an experimental study of combustion initiation in a supersonic flow of a hydrogen-air mixture under the simultaneous action of focused pulse-periodic CO₂ laser radiation and an external electric field. Combustion in a supersonic jet is studied on the basis of data on the intrinsic glow of a flame at the radiation wavelengths of excited OH^* radicals. Mixture combustion initiation depends on the shape of electrodes and electrical signals. The flame that occupies the entire cross section of an air-fuel jet is observed only under the conditions of simultaneous action of laser radiation and an electric field. Thus, the combined use of optical and electrical discharges makes it possible to initiate combustion and stabilize the flame of a hydrogen-air mixture in a supersonic flow without mechanical stabilizers.

The article considers the idea of the formation of a new paradigm in science proposed by a number of authors. According to this idea, the new scientific paradigm, which is the fourth in succession, consists in the fact that scientific research is increasingly based on the analysis of big data. It results in the change of the basic process: the production of scientific knowledge is replaced by the analysis of big data. The article examines the arguments of the authors of the idea of the fourth scientific paradigm and attempts to identify the rationale for such an assumption. It is shown that a new paradigm really starts to form in science, but its core is not so much the analysis of big data (which, of course, takes place, but this is one of the criteria related to the instrumental and technological aspect of the issue), but the change in the very reality of the world. The latter consists in the transition to the paradigm of the world of worlds, the paradigm of the hybrid (social-digital) world, which also implies the formation of a new ontology. It is argued that the new paradigm requires the development of new philosophical and methodological foundations, the lack of which is felt by the authors of this idea. The question of the emerging trend of rethinking the active role of a research scientist and the need to develop a new human-artificial intelligence interface is considered. In a situation of heavy growth of big data, not so much the human scientist himself begins to play an active role in collecting, processing and analyzing data, but his digital assistant; thus, clearly expressed functional outsourcing takes place. It is shown that the key criterion for the transition to a new paradigm is not the growth of data by itself, but overcoming the border of the human dimension of the world.

By analogy with practical akrasia, epistemic akrasia is considered from two perspectives - its fundamental possibility and its rationality. Although this phenomenon is well known, it is not easy to explain it, since it seems to be a clear indication of irrationality. The conditions for the possibility of epistemic akrasia include some form of control over our opinions and beliefs, as well as awareness of choice. Its rationalization requires weakening the tenets of rationality - from strict logical consistency towards pragmatism. Further rationalization of such cases is possible with an appropriate interpretation of the “ought implies can” formula, which would limit and weaken our epistemic obligations.

The article proposes a preliminary version of the concept describing the influence of scientific philosophers on scientific knowledge. Firstly, this influence consists in criticizing the shortcomings of scientific knowledge, since science is not accustomed to criticize methods if there are no alternative approaches. Secondly, it reflects in criticism of the incorrect use of philosophical ideas in science, because non-philosophers do not always have deep and wide knowledge of philosophy. With this concept in mind, the author has analyzed Hume's Treatise on Human Nature and shows that Hume had neither original results in probability theory, nor special interest in this science. The fact is that probability theory is not suitable for the study of problems relevant to Hume, and therefore there is no reason to talk about his direct influence on it. However, Hume's criticism of this science, as well as some of his considerations, which may be interpreted as a challenge to scientists, could initiate their research in the field of probability theory, so Hume's indirect influence on this science may be logically assumed.

The article deals with the problem of demarcation between abstract and concrete entities. In its first part, the thesis about the internal variability of the spatiotemporal criterion of demarcation between abstract and concrete entities is substantiated, as well as some variants of this criterion are analyzed. The second part of the article shows how various forms of the spatiotemporal criterion can influence the determination of the status of individual entities. We consider two examples of entities, which some authors view as abstract entities, while other authors view as concrete ones. Namely, we address the problem of zero-dimensional material objects and the issue of the ontological status of possible worlds.

The paper reveals the difficulties of applying the proof verification concept to collectively obtained mathematical results using the classification theorem for finite simple groups as an example. It is shown that the difficulties that arise when trying to use the concept of proof verification to collective results can be overcome by means of socio-epistemological research. The latter allow not only to overcome the inapplicability of the classical concepts of the epistemology of mathematics to collective results, but also to create new concepts that are applicable, including beyond the limits of exclusively collective results.

"Agrocyborg" is a scientific term, the meaning of which is formed at the interface of biological-technical and cultural-philosophical concepts of the construction and functioning of a biomachine system that enhances the physical capabilities of a human being through technical means, causally controlled by the correlates of private phenomena of his consciousness. In the initial version, the agrocyborg is an agricultural worker and a bearer of soil traditions. Due to the symbiosis with the means of high technologies, the agrocyborg is an electronic personality, a representative of eHomo. In various conditions of attributing vital, mental and personal private phenomena to the biomachines of the agro-industrial complex, the cyborg self appears under the guises of a cyborg human, a cyborg animal, and a cyborg plant. The agrocyborg project is included in the methodology for building and using biomachine systems and is grounded by the "human-machine-living" triad. The "machine" block of the system includes solvers with elements of artificial intelligence technology and uses invasive implants and non-invasive interfaces, which enables the integration of biological and technical components to implement the agrocyborg concept. The authors offer concrete ways of constructing and using agrocyborgs in livestock breeding and crop production. This makes it possible to single out unsolvable, i.e. philosophical, aspects of the agrocyborg project. These include the problem of causal informational interactions of bio- and techno-subsystems, the problem of trusted attribution of cognitive phenomena to agrocyborgs of various classes, and the problem of interdisciplinary coordination.

Ideas about the visual analyzer appeared in ancient times. The ideas that arose about the functioning of vision in humans were often influenced by various philosophical systems then, while some eye surgery was already performed. In modern times, the accumulation of knowledge continued through observations and experiments and significant discoveries were made in this scientific field. Nowadays, the physiology of vision and ophthalmology are important areas of physiology and medicine. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe the main periods of the formation and development of ideas about the visual analyzer. When writing it, the comparative-historical and analytical methods, which are employed in research on the history of medicine, were used. The main results consist in identifying the stages in the development of ideas about the visual analyzer and describing the contribution of leading scientists in this field. The conclusion is made about the process of formation and development of ideas concerning the visual analyzer as a branch of biomedical knowledge.

The article considers the evolution of the concept of "state" during the formation and development of natural science cognition. It is shown that the interpretation of this concept determined the content of the scientific picture of the world

The discussion on the boundary between the semantics and pragmatics of natural language was held as part of the XX International Conference of Young Scientists in the Humanities and Social Sciences "Languages and Meanings" (October 25-27, 2022, Novosibirsk) and became a continuation of two previous events on this topic . The previous similar discussion was organized in the format of a round table "Semantics vs Pragmatics" within the framework of the International Scientific Conference "uAnalyticon-2022: Abstract Objects" (May 13-14, 2022, Yekaterinburg). The initiator was O.A. Kozyreva, and her main opponent - E.V. Borisov.

The article discusses the relationship between semantics and pragmatics of natural languages. The idea that we have to modify D. Kaplan’s semantics for dealing with indexicals and demonstratives is presented; an objection to this idea based on the unnecessary character of such semantic modification because we can explain the controversial cases by appealing to pragmatics is considered. The author argues that the attempts to pragmatize semantics are based on the idea that semantics is subordinated to the goal of explaining language communication.

In the paper under discussion, O.A. Kozyreva claims that D. Kaplan’s semantics of indexicals needs a modification because it cannot explain some controversial cases of communication. She also argues that the needed modification of Kaplan’s semantics entails a revision of the distinction between semantics and pragmatics. The author objects to the first claim, which also calls into question the second one. His objection is that Kaplan’s semantics supplemented by some pragmatic ideas successfully explains “controversial” cases of communication.

In their articles on the distinction between semantics and pragmatics of natural language, O.A. Kozyreva and E.V. Borisov present polar opinions. There is also an intermediate position (it is defended, in particular, by J. Perry), according to which there are reasons to maintain the distinction between semantics and pragmatics, but the number and set of semantically significant context factors can be radically expanded by including factors such as language. Therefore, the concept of semantic meaning is also expanded; it is proposed to be defined as a set of propositions and propositional functions that express the conditions for the statement truth, depending on the context. The article presents arguments in favor of such a position.

The article considers the application of the “semantics with an agent” and “semantics without an agent” proposed by O.A. Kozyreva to mathematical sentences. If it is possible to prove that mathematical sentences are context-dependent, these sentences will need semantic interpretation along with other context-dependent sentences. The author presents an interpretation of mathematical sentences as context-dependent by appealing to the epistemic contextualism and the epistemology of computer proof. Based on this interpretation, he argues that the understanding of semantics as “semantics with an agent” is compatible with the thesis of context dependence of mathematical sentences, while the understanding of semantics as “semantics without an agent” will require additional formalization of pragmatic factors to achieve compatibility with such sentences.

The article presents the author’s comments on the remarks of the discussants and her answers to some of their criticisms.